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1
00:01:37,197 --> 00:01:38,432
(CUTLERY CLATTERS)
2
00:01:38,533 --> 00:01:44,505
(SOMEONE ON TV CHATTERS
IN THE BACKGROUND IN DUTCH)
3
00:01:49,978 --> 00:01:52,412
VOICE-OVER: 71 Ruysdaelstraat.
4
00:01:53,047 --> 00:01:57,351
Office of Keesing, printer
and publisher of magazines.
5
00:01:59,219 --> 00:02:01,421
Jacob Keesing,
his wife Esperance
6
00:02:01,522 --> 00:02:03,725
and sisters Suzanne and Marianne
7
00:02:03,825 --> 00:02:08,462
took their own lives in IJmuiden
harbour on the 15th of May 1940,
8
00:02:08,563 --> 00:02:10,832
the day the Dutch
army surrendered.
9
00:02:10,932 --> 00:02:13,668
Many Jews had hoped to escape
to England from there
10
00:02:13,768 --> 00:02:16,704
but most could not find a boat
willing to take them.
11
00:02:16,804 --> 00:02:20,407
The director of the company,
Jacob's brother Isaac Keesing,
12
00:02:20,508 --> 00:02:24,579
managed to escape
to the United States in 1942.
13
00:02:24,679 --> 00:02:29,550
He transferred the company
to his employee Peter Diesveld.
14
00:02:29,651 --> 00:02:31,653
He had to work
under a "Verwalter",
15
00:02:31,753 --> 00:02:33,955
a supervisor
the Germans installed
16
00:02:34,055 --> 00:02:36,423
at all Jewish owned businesses.
17
00:02:37,692 --> 00:02:41,294
Diesveld secretly continued
to pay fired Jewish staff.
18
00:02:41,395 --> 00:02:43,296
He moved into
Isaac Keesing's home
19
00:02:43,397 --> 00:02:46,366
and let people hide
both there and at the office.
20
00:02:46,466 --> 00:02:49,771
One man hid for days
on top of the elevator.
21
00:03:04,384 --> 00:03:06,721
Prins Bernhardplein.
22
00:03:07,320 --> 00:03:09,691
The German authorities
forbade the naming of streets
23
00:03:09,791 --> 00:03:12,960
after living members
of the Dutch Royal family.
24
00:03:13,061 --> 00:03:15,295
This square was
renamed Gooiplein,
25
00:03:15,395 --> 00:03:17,699
after a rural
area near Amsterdam.
26
00:03:29,677 --> 00:03:31,612
7 Schagerlaan.
27
00:03:32,245 --> 00:03:34,148
In December 1942,
28
00:03:34,247 --> 00:03:36,150
the Bergsma
family told the police
29
00:03:36,249 --> 00:03:39,887
that a four-month-old baby was
left in front of their house.
30
00:03:40,253 --> 00:03:44,992
Throughout 1942, newspapers
reported a "flood of
foundlings".
31
00:03:45,292 --> 00:03:49,463
In this way, Jewish children
could be taken in legally by
helpers,
32
00:03:49,564 --> 00:03:52,265
while their real identity
remained concealed.
33
00:03:52,365 --> 00:03:53,501
To stop this practice,
34
00:03:53,601 --> 00:03:56,504
the Germans announced
in January 1943
35
00:03:56,604 --> 00:03:59,941
that all foundlings
would be regarded as Jewish.
36
00:04:00,041 --> 00:04:01,809
Baby David Kurk survived the war
37
00:04:01,909 --> 00:04:04,045
as Rudolf Bergsma.
38
00:04:04,145 --> 00:04:06,514
His mother Carolina Kurk-à Cohen
39
00:04:06,614 --> 00:04:10,151
was murdered in Auschwitz
killing centre in 1944,
40
00:04:10,250 --> 00:04:15,690
his father Jacob Kurk in
Mauthausen concentration camp
in 1945.
41
00:04:16,824 --> 00:04:18,391
Demolished.
42
00:04:31,105 --> 00:04:32,974
Rembrandtplein.
43
00:04:33,074 --> 00:04:37,111
Many bars and cafés around this
square close to the old
Jewish Quarter
44
00:04:37,211 --> 00:04:38,679
were frequented by Germans
45
00:04:38,780 --> 00:04:41,849
and members of
the Dutch Nazi party, the NSB
46
00:04:41,949 --> 00:04:45,520
and their paramilitary unit,
the WA Blackshirts.
47
00:04:45,620 --> 00:04:48,589
In June 1940,
these anti-Semitic thugs,
48
00:04:48,689 --> 00:04:50,792
smashed up
the interior of De Kroon
49
00:04:50,892 --> 00:04:53,861
and other places
perceived as Jewish.
50
00:04:53,961 --> 00:04:56,564
Half a year later,
they smashed the windows of bars
51
00:04:56,664 --> 00:04:59,167
that did not hang
"Jews prohibited" signs
52
00:04:59,267 --> 00:05:03,037
and trashed a bar that still
let Jewish artists perform.
53
00:05:03,137 --> 00:05:07,575
In February 1941, numerous
street fights broke out on
this square
54
00:05:07,675 --> 00:05:10,678
between Dutch Nazis,
helped by German Order Police,
55
00:05:10,778 --> 00:05:13,514
and Jews, who started
to organise their defence
56
00:05:13,614 --> 00:05:15,750
against the brutal attacks.
57
00:05:15,850 --> 00:05:18,619
The Dutch police
were not allowed to interfere.
58
00:05:18,719 --> 00:05:21,789
From the 15th of September 1941,
59
00:05:21,889 --> 00:05:26,627
Jews were officially banned from
visiting cafés,
bars and restaurants.
60
00:05:26,727 --> 00:05:28,229
One city councillor commented
61
00:05:28,328 --> 00:05:33,134
that lost revenues were "at
least made up for" by German
soldiers.
62
00:05:33,568 --> 00:05:37,839
Later in the war, the square
became a centre for black market
activities.
63
00:07:06,127 --> 00:07:07,929
VOICE-OVER: Zeedijk.
64
00:07:08,029 --> 00:07:10,531
The red-light district
was officially off-limits
65
00:07:10,631 --> 00:07:13,000
to the Wehrmacht,
the German army.
66
00:07:13,100 --> 00:07:16,804
Later in the war, it became
a centre for the black market.
67
00:07:25,913 --> 00:07:30,051
74 Oudezijds Achterburgwal,
ground floor.
68
00:07:30,151 --> 00:07:32,153
Home of Betje Fuld.
69
00:07:32,253 --> 00:07:36,123
According to her arrest report
from the Police Department for
Jewish Affairs,
70
00:07:36,223 --> 00:07:38,759
dated the 10th of July 1942,
71
00:07:38,859 --> 00:07:42,296
she was "formerly a seamstress,
now a prostitute.
72
00:07:42,396 --> 00:07:44,365
She was outdoors
without a Jewish star
73
00:07:44,464 --> 00:07:46,968
and she prostituted herself.
74
00:07:47,068 --> 00:07:50,071
She also stated that she charged
for carnal intercourse
75
00:07:50,171 --> 00:07:51,739
with Aryan persons."
76
00:07:51,839 --> 00:07:55,876
Fuld was murdered in Auschwitz
in September 1942.
77
00:08:05,152 --> 00:08:07,054
Kalverstraat.
78
00:08:10,324 --> 00:08:15,262
A fight broke out in this street
on the 31st of August 1941,
79
00:08:15,363 --> 00:08:17,665
the birthday of
Queen Wilhelmina.
80
00:08:17,765 --> 00:08:20,835
The Dutch Queen rallied
against the Germans from London.
81
00:08:20,935 --> 00:08:24,572
Resistance worker Cor Snijders
recalled after the war:
82
00:08:24,672 --> 00:08:26,841
"We celebrated by walking
along Kalverstraat
83
00:08:26,941 --> 00:08:28,843
with flowers in our buttonholes.
84
00:08:29,143 --> 00:08:31,379
Dutch Nazi thugs
started pulling them off,
85
00:08:31,479 --> 00:08:35,449
so we decided to attach razor
blades behind the corsages.
86
00:08:35,549 --> 00:08:38,452
The next time one of
the blackshirts tried to rip out
a flower,
87
00:08:38,586 --> 00:08:40,154
it got very bloody.
88
00:08:40,254 --> 00:08:41,689
This caused quite a scrap,
89
00:08:41,789 --> 00:08:43,891
and in the end they cordoned
off part of the street.
90
00:08:43,991 --> 00:08:46,727
Everyone wearing a flower
was arrested."
91
00:08:54,035 --> 00:08:58,406
62, Max Euw Square,
then Leidsekade.
92
00:08:58,507 --> 00:09:00,608
Lido Restaurant.
93
00:09:00,708 --> 00:09:02,576
"Leidseplein
completely cleansed,"
94
00:09:02,676 --> 00:09:06,447
was the headline of an article
in the newspaper of
the Dutch Nazi party,
95
00:09:06,547 --> 00:09:09,116
in January 1941.
96
00:09:09,216 --> 00:09:13,287
It continued: "One can scarcely
believe one's own eyes.
97
00:09:13,921 --> 00:09:16,957
No Jews allowed at
the prestigious Américain hotel,
98
00:09:17,058 --> 00:09:19,794
no Jews allowed at the Lido,
which until recently
99
00:09:19,894 --> 00:09:22,596
was the gathering place
for Jews on Leidseplein,
100
00:09:22,696 --> 00:09:27,301
no Jews allowed at Amsterdam's
largest picture house,
the City cinema.
101
00:09:27,401 --> 00:09:30,404
In short, no
Jews allowed anywhere!
102
00:09:30,505 --> 00:09:33,140
It is almost too wonderful
to be true:
103
00:09:33,240 --> 00:09:36,343
there are no Jews to disturb
Christians in
their leisure time."
104
00:09:41,182 --> 00:09:42,817
In March 1943,
105
00:09:42,917 --> 00:09:45,286
after losing the battle
of Stalingrad,
106
00:09:45,386 --> 00:09:48,789
the Germans closed all
luxury restaurants and stores.
107
00:09:48,889 --> 00:09:51,392
The staff were sent to work
in Germany.
108
00:09:51,492 --> 00:09:54,595
After liberation, in May 1945,
109
00:09:54,695 --> 00:09:56,931
the Lido became
a Canadian officer's club.
110
00:09:57,031 --> 00:09:58,732
One of the resident musicians
111
00:09:58,833 --> 00:10:02,236
was the Surinamese saxophone
player Kid Dynamite.
112
00:10:04,171 --> 00:10:05,739
Demolished.
113
00:10:20,187 --> 00:10:22,656
123 Apollolaan.
114
00:10:22,756 --> 00:10:24,492
Apollo House.
115
00:10:24,593 --> 00:10:26,894
Guesthouse,
owned by the Josephs family,
116
00:10:26,994 --> 00:10:30,264
who were all murdered
in Auschwitz in 1942,
117
00:10:30,364 --> 00:10:32,199
as were many of their guests.
118
00:10:32,299 --> 00:10:35,803
It subsequently became
a guesthouse for Germans.
119
00:10:35,903 --> 00:10:39,373
The German security service,
the SD, requisitioned the hotel
120
00:10:39,473 --> 00:10:44,011
following the bombing of its
headquarters in November 1944.
121
00:10:44,111 --> 00:10:45,679
The house was partly furnished
122
00:10:45,779 --> 00:10:48,749
with items taken from the home
of the Ruys family.
123
00:10:48,849 --> 00:10:50,918
Resistance worker Gerrit Ruys
124
00:10:51,018 --> 00:10:53,754
was a solicitor
with offices on Keizersgracht,
125
00:10:53,854 --> 00:10:56,625
where he was arrested
in January 1945
126
00:10:56,724 --> 00:10:58,826
after his son Hugo was picked up
127
00:10:58,926 --> 00:11:02,263
while distributing
the underground newspaper
The Parole.
128
00:11:04,465 --> 00:11:06,635
Gerrit Ruys's other son Herman
129
00:11:06,734 --> 00:11:09,703
had already been arrested
two years earlier.
130
00:11:09,803 --> 00:11:12,541
Both sons were executed.
131
00:11:12,907 --> 00:11:16,343
Gerrit Ruys died at
Sandbostel concentration camp.
132
00:11:16,443 --> 00:11:19,614
His wife, Johanna Ruys-Bavinck,
was also arrested
133
00:11:19,713 --> 00:11:23,217
and released from prison
in April 1945.
134
00:11:36,830 --> 00:11:40,669
Amsterdam, the 15th of May 1940.
135
00:11:41,168 --> 00:11:43,605
German troops approached
Amsterdam from the east
136
00:11:43,704 --> 00:11:47,775
and drove further into town over
the Berlage bridge on
Amstel River,
137
00:11:47,875 --> 00:11:50,077
where German citizens
and Dutch sympathisers
138
00:11:50,177 --> 00:11:53,080
were orchestrated
to welcome them.
139
00:11:53,914 --> 00:11:57,818
The Dutch army had capitulated
after the Germans bombarded
Rotterdam
140
00:11:57,918 --> 00:12:00,754
and threatened
to destroy more cities.
141
00:12:00,854 --> 00:12:03,224
The Netherlands initially
had tried to stay neutral,
142
00:12:03,324 --> 00:12:05,694
like it was
during the First World War,
143
00:12:05,793 --> 00:12:07,728
but the country was attacked
by the German army
144
00:12:07,828 --> 00:12:10,599
at the same time
as Belgium and France.
145
00:12:10,699 --> 00:12:14,902
The Dutch queen, Wilhelmina,
and her cabinet fled to London.
146
00:12:16,103 --> 00:12:20,307
In 1940 around 800,000 people
lived in Amsterdam,
147
00:12:20,407 --> 00:12:24,311
not much less than now.
10% of them were Jewish.
148
00:12:24,411 --> 00:12:26,814
The Nazis considered
most other Dutch people
149
00:12:26,914 --> 00:12:28,882
fellow members
of the Aryan race
150
00:12:28,983 --> 00:12:31,185
and some hoped to eventually
incorporate the Netherlands
151
00:12:31,285 --> 00:12:33,954
into
the Greater Germanic Empire.
152
00:12:34,054 --> 00:12:37,091
They found a substantial group
of supporters in the capital.
153
00:12:37,191 --> 00:12:40,995
The Dutch Nazi party, the NSB,
got almost 30,000 votes
154
00:12:41,095 --> 00:12:42,930
in the municipal elections
in Amsterdam
155
00:12:43,030 --> 00:12:45,032
a year before the war.
156
00:12:45,399 --> 00:12:47,368
One of the first measures
the Germans took
157
00:12:47,468 --> 00:12:50,471
was putting the clock
an hour and 40 minutes forward,
158
00:12:50,572 --> 00:12:53,874
so it was the same time
in Amsterdam as in Berlin.
159
00:12:54,308 --> 00:12:57,211
The weather report disappeared
from the newspapers.
160
00:12:57,311 --> 00:13:00,180
The weather was considered
a military secret.
161
00:13:03,551 --> 00:13:04,952
From the Berlage bridge
162
00:13:05,052 --> 00:13:08,222
a part of the German troops
made their way to City Hall.
163
00:13:08,322 --> 00:13:10,924
The city had to provide housing
for all Germans,
164
00:13:11,025 --> 00:13:12,761
starting with the soldiers.
165
00:13:12,860 --> 00:13:16,397
Soon a civic administration was
installed in the Netherlands.
166
00:13:16,497 --> 00:13:19,466
The Germans began to replace
all Dutch organisations
167
00:13:19,567 --> 00:13:22,136
like worker's unions
and charity organisations
168
00:13:22,236 --> 00:13:24,639
with national socialist ones.
169
00:13:25,039 --> 00:13:27,107
he press was brought
under German control
170
00:13:27,207 --> 00:13:30,210
and even the boy scouts
would be nazified.
171
00:13:30,311 --> 00:13:32,980
On that first day of
the occupation of Amsterdam,
172
00:13:33,080 --> 00:13:34,214
an alderman informed
173
00:13:34,315 --> 00:13:36,984
the German lieutenant-general
Karl von Tiedemann
174
00:13:37,084 --> 00:13:39,554
in the name of the city council
that he hoped the Germans
175
00:13:39,654 --> 00:13:43,123
would leave the Jewish citizens
of Amsterdam undisturbed.
176
00:13:43,991 --> 00:13:45,959
Tiedemann answered cryptically:
177
00:13:46,060 --> 00:13:47,828
"If the Jews
don't want to see us,
178
00:13:47,928 --> 00:13:49,930
we will not see the Jews."
179
00:14:28,402 --> 00:14:32,373
Museumplein, then called the
grounds of the Ice-Skating Club.
180
00:14:32,473 --> 00:14:34,375
Venue for major events.
181
00:14:34,475 --> 00:14:37,344
This was where
the NSB blackshirts marched,
182
00:14:37,444 --> 00:14:41,148
where the head of the SS,
Heinrich Himmler,
inspected troops,
183
00:14:41,248 --> 00:14:43,951
and where the Dutch Nazi leader
Anton Mussert
184
00:14:44,051 --> 00:14:46,521
and Reich Commissioner
Arthur Seyss-Inquart
185
00:14:46,621 --> 00:14:48,523
spoke at large rallies.
186
00:14:50,658 --> 00:14:53,561
The villas on the east side of
the square became
the headquarters
187
00:14:53,661 --> 00:14:57,030
of the German military
and civil administration.
188
00:14:57,131 --> 00:14:58,566
Next to the Concertgebouw
189
00:14:58,666 --> 00:15:02,002
were the headquarters of
the Dutch Nazi Party, the NSB.
190
00:15:04,238 --> 00:15:05,472
In 1943,
191
00:15:05,573 --> 00:15:08,676
the Germans started building
defence works on the square,
192
00:15:08,777 --> 00:15:10,344
including barbed wire fencing
193
00:15:10,444 --> 00:15:14,148
and bunkers known popularly
as the "three peaks".
194
00:15:14,248 --> 00:15:16,917
A few streets
were also cordoned off.
195
00:15:18,419 --> 00:15:22,824
After D-Day, the allied invasion
in Normandy in June 1944,
196
00:15:22,923 --> 00:15:26,994
Adolf Hitler gave orders to
defend "the Rotterdam and
Amsterdam area
197
00:15:27,094 --> 00:15:29,163
for as long as possible."
198
00:15:29,597 --> 00:15:31,932
This square became one
of the Stützpunkte,
199
00:15:32,032 --> 00:15:35,135
or "bastions", for
the German defence of Amsterdam.
200
00:15:36,871 --> 00:15:41,341
It wasn't until 1953 that the
German bunkers were blown up.
201
00:15:52,186 --> 00:15:57,124
1 Museumstraat,
then 42 Stadhouderskade.
202
00:15:58,760 --> 00:16:00,427
The Rijksmuseum.
203
00:16:15,209 --> 00:16:18,479
In 1939,
prior to the German invasion,
204
00:16:18,580 --> 00:16:21,816
the museum transferred the most
important artworks in
its collection
205
00:16:21,916 --> 00:16:25,252
to churches and other buildings
in North Holland province,
206
00:16:25,352 --> 00:16:27,689
while construction work
on state storage bunkers
207
00:16:27,789 --> 00:16:31,291
in the coastal dunes
near Castricum was completed.
208
00:16:32,259 --> 00:16:33,828
Rembrandt's "The Night Watch"
209
00:16:33,928 --> 00:16:35,630
was stored in a castle
in North Holland,
210
00:16:35,730 --> 00:16:38,165
before being transferred
to the underground vaults
211
00:16:38,265 --> 00:16:41,503
in Mount St Peter
near Maastricht.
212
00:16:42,169 --> 00:16:45,172
During the occupation, the Nazis
tried to turn Rembrandt
213
00:16:45,272 --> 00:16:47,107
into a Germanic Hero,
214
00:16:47,207 --> 00:16:50,612
with big celebrations
on his birthday, July the 15th,
215
00:16:50,712 --> 00:16:53,013
now called Rembrandt Day.
216
00:16:53,447 --> 00:16:55,917
German Nazi
director Hans Steinhoff
217
00:16:56,016 --> 00:17:00,020
shot a feature film about
the painter in a studio in
Amsterdam.
218
00:17:00,722 --> 00:17:04,526
Members of the German Army could
enter the museum free of charge.
219
00:17:04,626 --> 00:17:08,963
The occupying authorities banned
the display of works by
Jewish artists,
220
00:17:09,062 --> 00:17:11,633
or that depicted Jewish people.
221
00:17:13,333 --> 00:17:18,405
The museum expanded its holdings
in and after the war with Jewish
owned art works.
222
00:17:20,508 --> 00:17:25,112
The museum had dealings with
the Liro Bank which looted
Jewish assets.
223
00:17:25,647 --> 00:17:29,449
Some artworks were only
returned recently to
their rightful owners.
224
00:17:31,586 --> 00:17:35,023
The Rijksmuseum had to house
several propaganda exhibitions,
225
00:17:35,122 --> 00:17:37,357
including
"The Art of the War Front",
226
00:17:37,457 --> 00:17:41,029
and "Amber: Blond Gold
of the Germanic People".
227
00:17:41,128 --> 00:17:43,598
Children's toys made
by the German Order Police
228
00:17:43,698 --> 00:17:45,499
were also put on display.
229
00:17:47,569 --> 00:17:50,605
The Rijksmuseum mounted
its own exhibitions as well.
230
00:17:50,705 --> 00:17:54,042
The exhibition Spirit of Christ
was closed down
231
00:17:54,141 --> 00:17:56,544
because it included
too many abstract works,
232
00:17:56,644 --> 00:17:59,446
which the Nazis
saw as degenerate.
233
00:17:59,547 --> 00:18:02,449
In 1944, the museum
staged an exhibition
234
00:18:02,550 --> 00:18:04,919
of wrought iron
and cast-iron objects,
235
00:18:05,019 --> 00:18:08,656
primarily because of the
material's bombproof qualities.
236
00:18:10,457 --> 00:18:13,995
The museum closed after
Dolle Dinsdag, or Mad Tuesday,
237
00:18:14,094 --> 00:18:16,196
the Tuesday in September 1944
238
00:18:16,296 --> 00:18:17,999
when public celebrations erupted
239
00:18:18,098 --> 00:18:22,570
after rumours
that the Netherlands was about
to be liberated.
240
00:18:24,072 --> 00:18:25,740
Shortly after liberation,
241
00:18:25,840 --> 00:18:29,376
the "Night Watch" was returned
to the Rijksmuseum by
inland barge.
242
00:18:33,246 --> 00:18:37,417
In October 1945,
the first 26 looted paintings
243
00:18:37,518 --> 00:18:41,522
to be returned from Germany were
welcomed in the Rijksmuseum.
244
00:19:42,617 --> 00:19:44,819
(CARS HONK)
245
00:19:48,856 --> 00:19:50,825
(POLICE SIRENS)
246
00:20:03,538 --> 00:20:06,641
VOICE-OVER: 4 and
6 Concertgebouwplein,
247
00:20:06,741 --> 00:20:10,945
formerly Jan Willem
Brouwersplein,
The Concertgebouw.
248
00:20:11,478 --> 00:20:15,149
Many national-socialist events
were held in this building.
249
00:20:15,248 --> 00:20:17,618
In 1942, for example,
250
00:20:17,719 --> 00:20:20,454
it was here
that Dutch nazi Anton Mussert
251
00:20:20,555 --> 00:20:23,223
was declared leader
of the Dutch people.
252
00:20:25,960 --> 00:20:28,696
Shows were often performed
for the German army,
253
00:20:28,796 --> 00:20:32,633
ranging from operas to
"Eleven Maidens dance and sing".
254
00:20:32,734 --> 00:20:34,635
Reich Commissioner
Seyss-Inquart,
255
00:20:34,736 --> 00:20:37,205
the highest German authority
in the Netherlands,
256
00:20:37,304 --> 00:20:39,272
enjoyed visiting
the Concertgebouw.
257
00:20:39,372 --> 00:20:43,177
He planned the building of
a private box for himself in
the theatre.
258
00:20:43,276 --> 00:20:46,714
The conductor of
the Concertgebouw Orchestra,
Willem Mengelberg,
259
00:20:46,814 --> 00:20:49,751
performed for German
organisations in
the Netherlands,
260
00:20:49,851 --> 00:20:53,788
and travelled with the orchestra
for concerts in Germany
and Austria.
261
00:20:53,888 --> 00:20:57,357
The last time that Jewish
members of the Concertgebouw
Orchestra played
262
00:20:57,457 --> 00:20:59,827
was in June 1941.
263
00:20:59,927 --> 00:21:03,097
The programme included
Beethoven's "Ninth Symphony",
264
00:21:03,197 --> 00:21:05,332
the "Ode to Joy"
with the famous line
265
00:21:05,432 --> 00:21:07,235
"Alle Menschen werden Brüder",
266
00:21:07,334 --> 00:21:09,604
or "all people become brothers".
267
00:21:09,704 --> 00:21:11,939
The audience applauded
and waved their handkerchiefs
268
00:21:12,039 --> 00:21:13,775
to the fired musicians.
269
00:21:13,875 --> 00:21:17,477
Music by Jewish composers
could no longer be played.
270
00:21:17,578 --> 00:21:21,516
In 1942, sheets of fabric
were used to hide the cartouches
271
00:21:21,616 --> 00:21:24,152
containing the names
of the Jewish composers
272
00:21:24,252 --> 00:21:27,487
Mahler, Rubinstein
and Mendelssohn.
273
00:21:27,588 --> 00:21:29,056
Conductor Willem Mengelberg
274
00:21:29,157 --> 00:21:32,260
appealed to keep the Jewish
members of the orchestra.
275
00:21:32,359 --> 00:21:34,695
Many musicians ended up
in Barneveld,
276
00:21:34,796 --> 00:21:37,430
an internment camp
set up for privileged Jews
277
00:21:37,532 --> 00:21:40,400
who initially
weren't to be deported.
278
00:21:41,869 --> 00:21:46,306
Ultimately, most were sent to
Theresienstadt
concentration camp.
279
00:21:49,677 --> 00:21:52,345
Mengelberg continued to advocate
for Jewish artists,
280
00:21:52,445 --> 00:21:57,151
to such an extent
that the leader of the German
Culture Department said:
281
00:21:57,251 --> 00:22:00,555
"A declaration from Mengelberg
has lost its meaning for us.
282
00:22:00,655 --> 00:22:03,057
He has already helped
too many Jews."
283
00:22:06,694 --> 00:22:10,031
During the last winter of the
war, known as the Hunger Winter,
284
00:22:10,131 --> 00:22:14,836
the cold and lack of electricity
led to the cancellation of many
concerts.
285
00:22:15,870 --> 00:22:19,674
A Christmas concert
did take place in 1944:
286
00:22:19,774 --> 00:22:22,109
"Candles were only lit
at the music stands,
287
00:22:22,210 --> 00:22:25,680
and the atmosphere this created
was less fairy-tale than
ghostly,"
288
00:22:25,780 --> 00:22:28,381
wrote Nel Bakker in her memoirs.
289
00:22:28,481 --> 00:22:31,418
"We sat, cold,
deep in our coats.
290
00:22:31,519 --> 00:22:34,322
The customary murmur of voices
was absent.
291
00:22:34,421 --> 00:22:37,225
The musicians who remained
played like angels.
292
00:22:37,325 --> 00:22:40,127
So, this other
world did still exist.
293
00:22:40,228 --> 00:22:41,562
Scattered around the audience
294
00:22:41,662 --> 00:22:44,565
were German officers,
they too were alone.
295
00:22:44,665 --> 00:22:48,502
Afterwards, everyone left
silently and invisibly in
the dark,
296
00:22:48,603 --> 00:22:51,806
as if we had attended a secret,
forbidden sermon.
297
00:22:51,906 --> 00:22:54,709
Now I was able to face
the remainder of the winter.
298
00:22:54,809 --> 00:22:57,044
The worst time
was still to come."
299
00:23:00,548 --> 00:23:03,517
At the orchestra's first
performance after liberation,
300
00:23:03,618 --> 00:23:05,086
the Dutch Military Authority
301
00:23:05,186 --> 00:23:08,723
forbade the playing of the Dutch
national anthem, the Wilhelmus,
302
00:23:08,823 --> 00:23:13,527
"due to the dubious attitude of
the orchestra during
the occupation".
303
00:23:14,161 --> 00:23:16,797
Mengelberg was banned
from conducting for life,
304
00:23:16,898 --> 00:23:20,134
a punishment that was
later commuted to six years.
305
00:23:21,302 --> 00:23:25,673
(A BANG AND SCREAMING VOICES)
306
00:23:33,748 --> 00:23:37,484
(ANOTHER BANG AND
POLICE WHISTLES SOUND)
307
00:23:45,893 --> 00:23:48,829
(A THIRD BANG
MORE SCREAMING)
308
00:23:50,932 --> 00:23:54,302
(A BANG)
309
00:23:54,402 --> 00:23:59,206
(A LOUD BUZZING OF VOICES)
310
00:24:01,208 --> 00:24:04,178
POLICE THROUGH LOUDSPEAKER:
Anti-riot squad, go on.
311
00:24:14,555 --> 00:24:17,024
(TIRES SCREAM)
312
00:24:30,771 --> 00:24:32,907
(ANOTHER LOUD BANG)
313
00:24:37,878 --> 00:24:43,918
(CARS HONK THEIR HORNS
AND PEOPLE PROTEST)
314
00:24:48,122 --> 00:24:52,560
(POLICE SIRENS)
315
00:25:24,392 --> 00:25:30,531
(DOGS BARK LOUDLY)
316
00:26:29,290 --> 00:26:33,327
VOICE-OVER: 28 P.C.
Hoofstraat. Vineta Bar.
317
00:26:35,129 --> 00:26:38,732
In 1940, this café was one
of the first in Amsterdam
318
00:26:38,833 --> 00:26:41,769
to hang up signs saying,
"Jews not welcome"
319
00:26:41,869 --> 00:26:44,271
or "No Jews allowed".
320
00:26:44,672 --> 00:26:47,241
Portraits of Adolf Hitler,
Herman Göring
321
00:26:47,341 --> 00:26:50,277
and Anton Mussert,
the Dutch Nazi party leader,
322
00:26:50,377 --> 00:26:52,379
decorated the walls.
323
00:26:52,480 --> 00:26:56,083
The German police often
organised parties in the bar.
324
00:27:07,962 --> 00:27:11,765
39 and 41 P.C. Hoofstraat.
325
00:27:12,266 --> 00:27:16,770
Simons, a shop selling
office supplies and souvenirs.
326
00:27:16,871 --> 00:27:19,974
The partly Jewish family
running the shop lived upstairs,
327
00:27:20,074 --> 00:27:22,643
where they sheltered
three people in hiding.
328
00:27:22,743 --> 00:27:25,079
When roundups of Jews
were taking place,
329
00:27:25,179 --> 00:27:28,682
Eva Broessler-Weissman
would hide in the cellar.
330
00:27:28,782 --> 00:27:30,050
In her memoirs she tells
331
00:27:30,151 --> 00:27:32,653
that a heavy table
was placed on the hatch.
332
00:27:32,753 --> 00:27:37,191
Eva was afraid that if
the Simons family were taken by
the Germans,
333
00:27:37,291 --> 00:27:39,260
she would be stuck there.
334
00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:43,898
The shopkeeper's daughter,
Eka Simons,
was arrested at a deserted house
335
00:27:43,998 --> 00:27:48,603
where she wanted to pick up
valuables belonging to people
who had gone into hiding.
336
00:27:48,903 --> 00:27:51,272
When a senior German officer
visited the shop,
337
00:27:51,372 --> 00:27:55,510
Eka's mother came up with a ploy
for getting Eka out of prison.
338
00:27:55,610 --> 00:28:01,315
The officer in question had
his eye on a large doll in
the shop window.
339
00:28:01,415 --> 00:28:05,352
She claimed that it was for
display only,
and wasn't for sale.
340
00:28:05,452 --> 00:28:08,889
The officer persisted
that he wanted the doll for
his little daughter,
341
00:28:08,989 --> 00:28:10,858
whereupon Eka's mother told him
342
00:28:10,958 --> 00:28:13,694
that her own daughter
had been wrongly imprisoned.
343
00:28:13,794 --> 00:28:18,065
"If she is released, I'll take
the doll from the display,"
she promised.
344
00:28:18,165 --> 00:28:20,868
Eka returned the following day.
345
00:28:42,890 --> 00:28:46,927
157 Churchilllaan, third floor.
346
00:28:47,027 --> 00:28:50,532
Photo studio run by Helmuth
and Annemie Wolff-Koller,
347
00:28:50,632 --> 00:28:53,234
who fled Germany in 1933.
348
00:28:53,334 --> 00:28:55,236
Helmuth was Jewish.
349
00:28:55,336 --> 00:28:57,572
The couple attempted
to take their own life together
350
00:28:57,672 --> 00:28:59,641
on the day of
the Dutch capitulation.
351
00:28:59,740 --> 00:29:03,777
Helmuth succeeded, but Annemie
was alive when the housekeeper
arrived,
352
00:29:03,877 --> 00:29:05,446
and she survived.
353
00:29:05,746 --> 00:29:08,683
In 2008, a box was found
containing portraits
354
00:29:08,782 --> 00:29:11,318
shot by Annemie in 1943.
355
00:29:11,418 --> 00:29:14,255
In most cases, the photos appear
to have been made
356
00:29:14,355 --> 00:29:15,823
for fake IDs.
357
00:29:15,923 --> 00:29:20,127
Many people in the photos are
wearing a yellow star badge on
their clothing.
358
00:29:20,227 --> 00:29:22,997
Families also had portraits made
as a keepsake
359
00:29:23,097 --> 00:29:25,432
for in case they were separated
from each other,
360
00:29:25,533 --> 00:29:28,435
in hiding or after deportation.
361
00:29:31,038 --> 00:29:35,142
(A WOMAN CHUCKLES SOFTLY)
362
00:30:48,750 --> 00:30:51,586
VOICE-OVER: 89 Linnaeusstraat.
363
00:30:51,686 --> 00:30:53,354
Hospital.
364
00:30:55,422 --> 00:30:57,057
VOICE-OVER: Dutch soldiers
wounded in battle
365
00:30:57,157 --> 00:31:00,127
were treated here in May 1940.
366
00:31:00,829 --> 00:31:03,964
VOICE-OVER: On the 14th of
May, Jewish sergeant
Helmut Hirschfeld
367
00:31:04,064 --> 00:31:06,500
shot himself in the head
and died.
368
00:31:09,036 --> 00:31:12,239
In 1943, nurse Esmée van Eeghen
369
00:31:12,339 --> 00:31:15,275
met physician Henk Kluvers here.
370
00:31:15,643 --> 00:31:18,011
She started to help him
smuggle Jewish children
371
00:31:18,112 --> 00:31:20,414
to the northern province
of Friesland.
372
00:31:20,515 --> 00:31:23,050
In 1944 she was betrayed.
373
00:31:23,150 --> 00:31:26,387
The Germans shot her
and threw her body in a canal.
374
00:31:44,338 --> 00:31:46,240
(AN ANNOYING BUZZING SOUND)
375
00:31:50,612 --> 00:31:52,346
VOICE-OVER: 1 Victorieplein.
376
00:31:52,946 --> 00:31:58,553
In 1941 ice cream parlour Delphi
was designated as a "Jewish
premises".
377
00:31:58,986 --> 00:32:01,589
Jews could only enter shops
bearing this sign,
378
00:32:01,689 --> 00:32:05,325
as Anne Frank often did,
according to her diary.
379
00:32:05,426 --> 00:32:08,295
A reader's letter published
in June 1942
380
00:32:08,395 --> 00:32:12,232
in the anti-Semitic magazine
The Foghorn, read,
381
00:32:12,332 --> 00:32:15,235
"As if the sight of all
those stars slurping ice cream
382
00:32:15,335 --> 00:32:17,371
wasn't already
unpleasant enough,
383
00:32:17,471 --> 00:32:20,542
the most scandalous thing is
that all the wrappers and spoons
384
00:32:20,642 --> 00:32:22,242
get thrown onto the street.
385
00:32:22,342 --> 00:32:24,111
I know this is a Jewish habit,
386
00:32:24,211 --> 00:32:26,581
and that they would feel at home
in any pigsty,
387
00:32:26,681 --> 00:32:30,518
but there is still
the occasional Goy living in
the South District."
388
00:32:35,557 --> 00:32:37,525
32 Dijkstraat.
389
00:32:37,625 --> 00:32:42,062
Home of Friedrich Steinbach
and family since 1943,
390
00:32:42,162 --> 00:32:45,132
when living in caravans
was forbidden by the Germans,
391
00:32:45,232 --> 00:32:48,570
who persecuted all people
they called gypsies.
392
00:32:48,670 --> 00:32:52,640
Some Sinti people moved into
deserted houses in the Jewish
quarter.
393
00:32:52,740 --> 00:32:56,176
The Sinti registered here
were captured in May 1944
394
00:32:56,276 --> 00:32:59,279
during the nationwide
roundup of "gypsies".
395
00:32:59,379 --> 00:33:01,850
They were deported
to transit camp Westerbork
396
00:33:01,950 --> 00:33:05,319
and from there to Auschwitz,
where they were all murdered.
397
00:33:05,419 --> 00:33:06,955
Demolished.
398
00:33:07,120 --> 00:33:10,290
(SOFT BUZZING OF VOICES)
399
00:33:11,626 --> 00:33:13,695
VOICE-OVER: 6 Havenstraat.
400
00:33:13,795 --> 00:33:18,633
Detention Centre II, better
known as Amstelveenseweg Prison.
401
00:33:18,733 --> 00:33:20,735
Jewish prisoners were forced to
clean the corridors with
toothbrushes.
402
00:33:22,537 --> 00:33:24,839
The women's section
held resistance fighters
403
00:33:24,939 --> 00:33:29,176
such as students Reina Prinsen
Geerligs and Hannie Schaft,
404
00:33:29,276 --> 00:33:32,714
who both carried out attacks
on Dutch collaborators.
405
00:33:32,814 --> 00:33:36,784
Prinsen Geerligs was executed in
Sachsenhausen concentration camp
406
00:33:36,885 --> 00:33:39,521
near Berlin in 1943.
407
00:33:39,621 --> 00:33:41,823
Schaft was shot in the dunes
near Amsterdam
408
00:33:41,923 --> 00:33:44,358
a few weeks
before the war ended.
409
00:33:44,458 --> 00:33:48,462
Other people held here included
Johannes Kleiman and
Victor Kugler,
410
00:33:48,563 --> 00:33:52,600
who helped the Frank family
hiding in the "secret annex".
411
00:33:53,166 --> 00:33:57,337
In 1943 resistance worker
Johan Benders, a teacher,
412
00:33:57,437 --> 00:33:59,541
leapt to his death from
the third floor of the prison
413
00:33:59,641 --> 00:34:02,342
out of fear that
when he was interrogated,
414
00:34:02,442 --> 00:34:05,613
he would reveal the addresses
of people in hiding.
415
00:34:07,180 --> 00:34:09,082
Immediately after liberation,
416
00:34:09,182 --> 00:34:13,021
the Canadian army requisitioned
the prison to lock up war
criminals.
417
00:34:13,120 --> 00:34:16,223
A newspaper wrote in May 1945:
418
00:34:16,323 --> 00:34:21,563
"It is reassuring that all
leadership of the German
security service in Amsterdam
419
00:34:21,663 --> 00:34:22,864
was arrested.
420
00:34:22,964 --> 00:34:24,899
They wore German army uniforms,
421
00:34:24,999 --> 00:34:29,571
hoping they wouldn't be noticed
among the troops being sent
to camps."
422
00:34:32,105 --> 00:34:34,042
A few weeks later one of them,
423
00:34:34,141 --> 00:34:36,343
head of the Gestapo,
Julius Dettmann,
424
00:34:36,443 --> 00:34:39,379
died by hanging himself
in the prison.
425
00:34:49,323 --> 00:34:53,126
151 Koninginneweg,
or Queen's Road,
426
00:34:53,226 --> 00:34:55,063
ground floor.
427
00:34:55,162 --> 00:34:57,497
Home of writer Ed. de Nève.
428
00:34:57,599 --> 00:35:00,568
He set up an escape route
for downed British pilots.
429
00:35:00,668 --> 00:35:03,771
Members of the British Royal Air
Force received instructions
430
00:35:03,871 --> 00:35:08,676
that if they crashed in
the Netherlands they should go
to the "Queen's Road".
431
00:35:08,776 --> 00:35:12,412
The house number, 151,
was sewn into their collar,
432
00:35:12,513 --> 00:35:14,716
to resemble a laundry number.
433
00:35:14,816 --> 00:35:17,752
De Nève, who had contact with
British military intelligence
434
00:35:17,852 --> 00:35:18,987
before the war,
435
00:35:19,087 --> 00:35:22,122
managed to get 13 pilots
across the border.
436
00:35:22,222 --> 00:35:24,626
He also helped Dutch people
escape the country,
437
00:35:24,726 --> 00:35:27,595
like the Jewish
writer Jacques Gans.
438
00:35:27,695 --> 00:35:31,733
De Nève took over the illegal
newspaper Vrij Nederland
439
00:35:31,833 --> 00:35:32,767
or Free Netherlands
440
00:35:32,867 --> 00:35:36,436
after almost all
staff were arrested in 1941.
441
00:35:37,605 --> 00:35:40,675
He was himself caught
a few months later.
442
00:35:40,775 --> 00:35:44,812
Using insanity as a defence at
his trial,
he was not sentenced to death
443
00:35:44,912 --> 00:35:48,983
but imprisoned at
Eickelborn mental institution.
444
00:35:49,651 --> 00:35:53,220
He returned to Amsterdam
shortly after liberation.
445
00:35:59,894 --> 00:36:02,462
Cornelis Krusemanstraat.
446
00:36:04,331 --> 00:36:06,934
In her memoir
"The Year of Hunger",
447
00:36:07,035 --> 00:36:08,503
Nel Bakker wrote:
448
00:36:08,603 --> 00:36:11,238
"In the middle of Krusemanstraat
in Amsterdam,
449
00:36:11,338 --> 00:36:13,273
I suddenly saw a potato...
450
00:36:13,373 --> 00:36:15,576
I picked it up
and carried on walking,
451
00:36:15,677 --> 00:36:19,013
stooped over,
there was no traffic anyway.
452
00:36:19,446 --> 00:36:21,916
There was another one
five metres further along,
453
00:36:22,016 --> 00:36:23,283
and then another.
454
00:36:23,383 --> 00:36:26,854
All in all, I picked up
seven potatoes in the street.
455
00:36:26,954 --> 00:36:29,757
In a state of euphoria,
we carefully chose a book
456
00:36:29,857 --> 00:36:33,594
that would burn long
and well enough to boil them."
457
00:36:34,028 --> 00:36:35,863
The famine known
as the Hunger Winter
458
00:36:35,963 --> 00:36:39,299
started in the autumn of 1944.
459
00:36:39,399 --> 00:36:42,170
The south of the Netherlands
had just been liberated
460
00:36:42,269 --> 00:36:45,506
and neither food nor fuel
could reach Amsterdam,
461
00:36:45,606 --> 00:36:48,976
even less so after Dutch railway
personnel went on strike
462
00:36:49,077 --> 00:36:51,713
to help the allied war effort.
463
00:36:51,979 --> 00:36:55,750
The Germans responded with
a blockade of transport by boat.
464
00:36:55,850 --> 00:36:58,485
The famine was worsened
by the harsh winter.
465
00:36:58,586 --> 00:37:00,755
All public life shut down.
466
00:37:00,855 --> 00:37:04,058
The trams stopped, gas
and electricity were cut off,
467
00:37:04,158 --> 00:37:07,962
garbage was not collected,
the telephones did not work,
468
00:37:08,062 --> 00:37:11,733
children hardly went to school
and women stopped menstruating.
469
00:37:11,833 --> 00:37:15,268
There was a shortage
of food, coal, petrol,
470
00:37:15,368 --> 00:37:18,338
soap, medicine, even coffins.
471
00:37:18,438 --> 00:37:20,541
Many people went to farms
in the countryside
472
00:37:20,641 --> 00:37:23,544
to trade their belongings
for food.
473
00:37:27,181 --> 00:37:30,985
(SUBDUED MUSIC BY
STRING INSTRUMENTS)
474
00:37:31,085 --> 00:37:33,755
399 Singel.
475
00:37:33,855 --> 00:37:35,890
Local offices of the LO,
476
00:37:35,990 --> 00:37:41,394
one of the largest national
organisations of resistance,
in 1945.
477
00:37:41,829 --> 00:37:46,266
This protestant group assisted
those hiding from the Nazis.
478
00:37:46,366 --> 00:37:49,871
In Amsterdam, they managed
to help 25,000 people.
479
00:37:50,337 --> 00:37:54,776
The group printed a list
of 10 commandments.
480
00:37:54,876 --> 00:37:58,212
"1: You are a guest.
Behave as such,
481
00:37:58,311 --> 00:38:00,480
and fulfil
your responsibilities,
482
00:38:00,581 --> 00:38:03,851
not only in the first week
but at all times.
483
00:38:05,219 --> 00:38:08,122
2: Your presence means that,
484
00:38:08,222 --> 00:38:12,325
to some degree at least,
you will be a burden to
your host family.
485
00:38:12,425 --> 00:38:14,061
Act accordingly."
486
00:38:22,136 --> 00:38:26,707
VOICE-OVER: "3: Always try to be
of service to your host
and hostess.
487
00:38:26,808 --> 00:38:29,811
Take heavy household chores
off their hands.
488
00:38:29,911 --> 00:38:34,582
Having an additional member is
a major imposition for
the housewife.
489
00:38:34,682 --> 00:38:38,820
Lighten her load by helping the
children with their homework.
490
00:38:40,755 --> 00:38:45,993
4: Always adapt to the ways and
routines of the household
you're in,
491
00:38:46,093 --> 00:38:48,896
particularly when it comes
to eating and sleeping.
492
00:38:48,996 --> 00:38:53,067
You must say goodbye to your
personal domestic routines.
493
00:38:53,901 --> 00:38:58,206
5: Do not disrupt
the established patterns of
family life,
494
00:38:58,306 --> 00:39:00,708
do not try to become part
of the family.
495
00:39:00,808 --> 00:39:04,812
This would cause too great
a strain,
certainly in the long term.
496
00:39:04,912 --> 00:39:08,115
Behave as a lodger would.
Retreat to your private area,
497
00:39:08,216 --> 00:39:10,218
to your own
room if you have one.
498
00:39:10,318 --> 00:39:15,623
Be sure to do this when
the family gathers in
the evening or weekend.
499
00:39:16,057 --> 00:39:20,027
6: Do not hang around
the living room or kitchen.
500
00:39:20,127 --> 00:39:24,765
Even if the host and the hostess
repeatedly invite you.
501
00:39:25,365 --> 00:39:26,968
Be firm.
502
00:39:27,134 --> 00:39:32,006
Only ever stay on very rare
occasions or on specific
evenings or afternoons.
503
00:39:32,106 --> 00:39:35,209
Being in close personal contact
for long periods
504
00:39:35,309 --> 00:39:39,446
generally causes annoyance to
one of the two parties involved.
505
00:39:41,115 --> 00:39:47,321
7: Living in hiding requires
strength of character and
self-discipline.
506
00:39:47,420 --> 00:39:49,857
It demands
willpower, understanding
507
00:39:49,957 --> 00:39:53,027
and the ability to adapt
to your surroundings.
508
00:39:56,297 --> 00:40:00,334
8: You will not get along well
without regular pursuits
509
00:40:00,433 --> 00:40:01,802
and a daily routine.
510
00:40:01,903 --> 00:40:04,906
As well as carrying out
your tasks around the house,
511
00:40:05,006 --> 00:40:09,043
you should either learn
additional household skills or
start studying,
512
00:40:09,143 --> 00:40:13,413
preferably a correspondence
course in your own
professional field.
513
00:40:13,514 --> 00:40:16,449
Or else commit
to a long-term hobby.
514
00:40:19,353 --> 00:40:23,658
9: When it comes to going
outdoors, receiving visitors,
515
00:40:23,758 --> 00:40:26,827
sending letters
and any related matters,
516
00:40:26,928 --> 00:40:30,331
always consult your host
and hostess first.
517
00:40:30,430 --> 00:40:33,267
They have the final say.
518
00:40:33,935 --> 00:40:38,706
10: Even if the authorities are
not actively searching for you,
519
00:40:38,806 --> 00:40:42,176
if for example you are hiding to
avoid forced labour in Germany,
520
00:40:42,276 --> 00:40:45,980
do your best to keep
the neighbours unaware of
your presence.
521
00:40:46,080 --> 00:40:49,350
Learn these ten commands
by heart and live by them.
522
00:40:49,449 --> 00:40:52,520
Apply them in
practice every day!"
523
00:40:53,453 --> 00:40:55,056
The LO mostly helped men
524
00:40:55,156 --> 00:40:57,758
who tried to evade forced labour
in Germany.
525
00:40:57,858 --> 00:41:00,728
Only a few percent of the people
they helped were Jewish.
526
00:41:02,997 --> 00:41:05,465
VOICE-OVER: "It was very
difficult to find places
for Jews",
527
00:41:05,566 --> 00:41:07,835
said a member of the group
after the war.
528
00:41:07,935 --> 00:41:10,338
"Almost nobody
wanted to take them."
529
00:41:10,438 --> 00:41:14,675
It is estimated that 12,000
Jewish Amsterdammers went
into hiding,
530
00:41:14,775 --> 00:41:16,177
mostly outside of the city.
531
00:41:16,277 --> 00:41:19,246
A third of them were caught
before the war ended.
532
00:41:50,211 --> 00:41:51,779
Koenenkade.
533
00:41:51,879 --> 00:41:54,849
Amsterdam's
forest, or "Forest Plan",
534
00:41:54,949 --> 00:41:58,152
a park started during
the economic crisis in the '30s
535
00:41:58,252 --> 00:42:00,021
to fight unemployment.
536
00:42:01,355 --> 00:42:03,224
In August 1941,
537
00:42:03,324 --> 00:42:06,060
German air defence brought down
an RAF plane,
538
00:42:06,160 --> 00:42:10,164
which crashed in the park.
Three crew members died.
539
00:42:12,533 --> 00:42:14,001
The Germans set up work camps
540
00:42:14,101 --> 00:42:16,270
at various
places in the new park,
541
00:42:16,370 --> 00:42:20,107
often making use of
existing job creation projects.
542
00:42:26,313 --> 00:42:30,751
In early 1942, a camp was set up
next to the Ringvaart canal
543
00:42:30,851 --> 00:42:33,421
for non-Jewish
political prisoners.
544
00:42:33,522 --> 00:42:37,725
There was a camp for Jewish
prisoners near the Bosbaan
rowing course.
545
00:42:37,825 --> 00:42:43,064
In 1944, there was an additional
work camp for Jewish men over 45
546
00:42:43,164 --> 00:42:44,732
in "mixed marriages",
547
00:42:44,832 --> 00:42:46,834
meaning they were protected
from deportation
548
00:42:46,934 --> 00:42:49,336
by their marriage
to a non-Jewish spouse.
549
00:42:49,437 --> 00:42:51,639
Two hundred people worked there.
550
00:42:51,739 --> 00:42:54,108
It was a so-called
"to and fro camp",
551
00:42:54,208 --> 00:42:57,311
with workers being allowed
to return home in the evening.
552
00:42:57,411 --> 00:43:01,516
Every morning a special tram
would take them to
their workplace.
553
00:43:01,916 --> 00:43:03,751
"We are digging there
on the rowing course,"
554
00:43:03,851 --> 00:43:06,153
Sal Santen wrote in his memoirs.
555
00:43:06,253 --> 00:43:10,591
A pond they had to dig was
locally known as the "Jew Pit".
556
00:43:11,158 --> 00:43:15,196
As a child, Philo Bregstein once
went to the site to visit
his father
557
00:43:15,296 --> 00:43:20,101
Marcel Bregstein, fired as
professor of law at Amsterdam
university
558
00:43:20,201 --> 00:43:21,769
for being Jewish.
559
00:43:21,869 --> 00:43:27,007
Philo wrote of his pride at
his father "wearing boots and
working trousers,
560
00:43:27,108 --> 00:43:30,478
pushing wheelbarrows
like a real labourer."
561
00:43:30,911 --> 00:43:34,315
The violinist Paul Godwin and
other musicians from the camp
562
00:43:34,415 --> 00:43:36,250
formed the Forest Plan Quartet,
563
00:43:36,350 --> 00:43:39,820
which gave house concerts
on Sunday afternoons.
564
00:43:39,920 --> 00:43:44,792
On Dolle Dinsdag, Mad Tuesday,
the 5th of September 1944,
565
00:43:44,892 --> 00:43:46,894
when many people
mistakenly believed
566
00:43:46,994 --> 00:43:50,231
that Amsterdam was about
to be liberated by the Allies,
567
00:43:50,331 --> 00:43:54,268
the German supervisors set fire
to all workers accommodation,
568
00:43:54,368 --> 00:43:56,137
and vanished.
569
00:44:09,518 --> 00:44:12,353
48 Van Spilbergenstraat.
570
00:44:12,453 --> 00:44:15,789
Laundry business and
home of the Vermeulen family.
571
00:44:15,890 --> 00:44:19,827
In 1943,
there were 21 Jews hiding here,
572
00:44:19,927 --> 00:44:23,664
each of them paying 45 guilders
for their expenses.
573
00:44:23,764 --> 00:44:26,568
They earned this money
in various ways, including
574
00:44:26,667 --> 00:44:28,836
making woodcarvings
of Jesus Christ,
575
00:44:28,936 --> 00:44:31,705
the Westerkerk church
and other views of the city.
576
00:44:35,544 --> 00:44:39,780
VOICE-OVER: After the war,
Sjaak de Wolf, who sheltered,
remembered,
577
00:44:39,880 --> 00:44:42,416
"There was no
question of privacy, of course.
578
00:44:42,517 --> 00:44:46,687
We slept on the bare floor,
side-by-side on a threadbare
blanket.
579
00:44:46,787 --> 00:44:49,256
We were young
and not sexually inactive.
580
00:44:49,356 --> 00:44:52,226
Even simply sharing
this kind of intimate moment
581
00:44:52,326 --> 00:44:55,462
could often lead to situations
that upset people.
582
00:44:55,564 --> 00:44:58,032
But necessity knows no law."
583
00:44:58,365 --> 00:45:01,035
One of the people hiding here
became pregnant.
584
00:45:01,135 --> 00:45:03,971
When there was nothing to eat
anymore in the Hunger Winter,
585
00:45:04,071 --> 00:45:07,474
the resistance
found other hiding places.
586
00:45:07,576 --> 00:45:16,750
(SUBDUED CLASSICAL MUSIC)
587
00:46:05,600 --> 00:46:08,536
321 Prinsengracht.
588
00:46:08,637 --> 00:46:10,771
Medicinal rationing office.
589
00:46:10,871 --> 00:46:12,741
After the liberation
of the Netherlands,
590
00:46:12,840 --> 00:46:14,975
people suffering
from famine oedema
591
00:46:15,075 --> 00:46:18,045
could exchange their coupons
for rations here.
592
00:46:18,145 --> 00:46:21,115
One coupon entitled the holder
to a two-week ration
593
00:46:21,215 --> 00:46:24,918
of four tins of condensed milk,
500 grams of sugar,
594
00:46:25,019 --> 00:46:27,488
and 600 grams of biscuits.
595
00:46:30,858 --> 00:46:33,294
384 Prinsengracht,
596
00:46:33,394 --> 00:46:34,629
first floor.
597
00:46:34,729 --> 00:46:38,499
Home of Johanna van
Hal-Veltstra,
or "Auntie Hallie".
598
00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:42,537
She offered shelter to people
in her guest house.
599
00:46:43,103 --> 00:46:46,340
Resistance fighters stayed for
short periods in the front room,
600
00:46:46,440 --> 00:46:50,277
and more long-term Jewish
residents lived in
the rear annex.
601
00:46:50,578 --> 00:46:52,079
Van Hal installed an alarm,
602
00:46:52,246 --> 00:46:55,983
and if she spotted a possible
threat through one of the
peeping mirrors in the window,
603
00:46:56,083 --> 00:46:57,885
she would set it off.
604
00:47:04,793 --> 00:47:12,900
(KOOL AND
THE GANG'S "CELEBRATION" PLAYS)
605
00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:17,505
385 to 395 Prinsengracht.
606
00:47:17,605 --> 00:47:19,273
The new Suykerhofje,
607
00:47:19,373 --> 00:47:22,510
known to its residents
as the "Princes' Cloister".
608
00:47:22,610 --> 00:47:25,879
Many of the occupants around
the courtyard were students,
609
00:47:25,979 --> 00:47:28,982
several of whom were members
of resistance groups.
610
00:47:29,083 --> 00:47:32,252
They helped people living
in hiding, here and elsewhere,
611
00:47:32,353 --> 00:47:35,122
and set up an escape route
to Switzerland.
612
00:47:35,889 --> 00:47:37,925
In April 1943,
613
00:47:38,025 --> 00:47:42,697
the German security service
raided the building and arrested
15 people.
614
00:47:42,797 --> 00:47:44,566
One of them was Bram Kuiper,
615
00:47:44,666 --> 00:47:48,902
a biology student and member
of the CS6 resistance group.
616
00:47:49,002 --> 00:47:50,538
He was released after a month,
617
00:47:50,638 --> 00:47:53,207
but rearrested in Belgium
the following summer
618
00:47:53,307 --> 00:47:55,376
while checking an escape route.
619
00:47:55,476 --> 00:47:59,748
In October 1943 Bram
was executed in the dunes,
620
00:47:59,848 --> 00:48:04,652
three weeks after his brother
Sape, a fellow CS6 member.
621
00:48:04,985 --> 00:48:08,889
The Jewish artist Bob Hanf
lived in hiding here.
622
00:48:08,989 --> 00:48:11,826
He was also
arrested in April '44.
623
00:48:11,925 --> 00:48:13,795
Hanf died in September that year
624
00:48:13,894 --> 00:48:16,664
in or on the way to Auschwitz.
625
00:48:35,449 --> 00:48:42,891
(LOUD MUSIC,
VOICES AND LAUGHTER)
626
00:51:00,260 --> 00:51:09,537
(THE SOUNDS DISAPPEAR
AND CHANGE INTO RIPPLING WATER)
627
00:51:36,096 --> 00:51:39,499
763 Keizersgracht.
628
00:51:41,301 --> 00:51:43,738
Jewish artist and writer
Eduard Veterman
629
00:51:43,838 --> 00:51:45,640
ran the "Falsification Bureau"
630
00:51:45,740 --> 00:51:47,240
from this address.
631
00:51:48,442 --> 00:51:51,478
In 1942 he became head
of the drama department
632
00:51:51,579 --> 00:51:54,448
of the Hollandsche Schouwburg
or Dutch theatre,
633
00:51:54,549 --> 00:51:58,218
when only Jews were allowed to
perform and visit the theatre.
634
00:51:58,853 --> 00:52:02,624
One of the last plays
to be performed, in June 1942,
635
00:52:02,724 --> 00:52:04,391
was written by Veterman.
636
00:52:04,491 --> 00:52:08,663
Its title was "Things Won't Turn
out the Way You Expect".
637
00:52:11,231 --> 00:52:13,801
Veterman forged
around 2,000 blank ID cards
638
00:52:13,901 --> 00:52:15,435
for resistance groups.
639
00:52:15,536 --> 00:52:19,007
He also made his own versions
of unknown documents.
640
00:52:19,574 --> 00:52:23,077
Resistance worker Guusje Rübsaam
said after the war:
641
00:52:23,176 --> 00:52:25,412
"Veterman made
Brazilian birth certificates
642
00:52:25,513 --> 00:52:27,615
even though
he'd never seen a real one.
643
00:52:27,715 --> 00:52:30,852
Nobody knew what a Brazilian
birth certificate looked like!"
644
00:52:33,655 --> 00:52:36,490
Some of these "unknown
documents" were used by people
645
00:52:36,591 --> 00:52:39,560
in their contact with the German
lawyer Hans Calmeyer,
646
00:52:39,661 --> 00:52:41,796
who processed petitions
from Dutch people
647
00:52:41,896 --> 00:52:44,832
who contested
their registration as "Jewish".
648
00:52:44,932 --> 00:52:48,102
Veterman himself was exempt
from deportation for a time
649
00:52:48,201 --> 00:52:50,838
because he worked
for the Jewish Council.
650
00:52:50,938 --> 00:52:55,342
In October 1943, Veterman
was betrayed and arrested.
651
00:52:55,442 --> 00:52:58,211
He was sentenced to death
in 1944,
652
00:52:58,311 --> 00:53:01,949
but survived the war
in various German prisons.
653
00:53:02,583 --> 00:53:06,386
In 1946, Veterman
and his wife Katy van Witsen
654
00:53:06,486 --> 00:53:08,388
were killed in a car accident,
655
00:53:08,488 --> 00:53:12,060
in what some people believed
were suspicious circumstances.
656
00:53:12,160 --> 00:53:16,564
Veterman was vocal about
the corruption and collaboration
of people in high places,
657
00:53:16,664 --> 00:53:19,266
and exasperated
by the amateurish performance
658
00:53:19,366 --> 00:53:22,870
of the Dutch secret services
in London during the war.
659
00:53:27,175 --> 00:53:34,281
(SOMETHING RATTLES)
660
00:53:45,492 --> 00:53:48,162
470 Sarphatistraat.
661
00:53:48,261 --> 00:53:50,263
Cavalry barracks.
662
00:53:52,567 --> 00:53:54,669
During the German invasion
of the Netherlands,
663
00:53:54,769 --> 00:53:57,705
the Dutch army used these
barracks to lock up German
nationals
664
00:53:57,805 --> 00:54:00,775
and members
of the Dutch Nazi party.
665
00:54:00,875 --> 00:54:02,342
During the occupation,
666
00:54:02,442 --> 00:54:04,545
it was requisitioned
by the German army
667
00:54:04,645 --> 00:54:08,850
where they prepared
for "Operation Sea Lion",
668
00:54:08,950 --> 00:54:13,721
the codename for the planned
invasion of the United Kingdom
in 1940.
669
00:54:18,391 --> 00:54:20,260
The Commander Felix Steiner
670
00:54:20,360 --> 00:54:22,663
was also tasked with forming
a Waffen SS division
671
00:54:22,764 --> 00:54:25,700
made up of Western European
volunteers.
672
00:54:28,435 --> 00:54:30,270
This later became the "Wiking",
673
00:54:30,370 --> 00:54:32,573
an SS Panzer Division
that was first deployed
674
00:54:32,673 --> 00:54:34,675
during Operation Barbarossa,
675
00:54:34,776 --> 00:54:38,579
the German invasion
of the Soviet Union in 1941.
676
00:54:38,679 --> 00:54:49,724
(RHYTHMIC EXPERIMENTAL MUSIC)
677
00:56:13,107 --> 00:56:17,044
VOICE-OVER: 45
Rapenburgerstraat, third floor.
678
00:56:17,144 --> 00:56:19,146
Home of the Tak family.
679
00:56:20,681 --> 00:56:25,452
In February 1941, the Germans
arrested Isaac Tak, a coalman,
680
00:56:25,553 --> 00:56:27,088
during the first raid on Jews
681
00:56:27,188 --> 00:56:30,524
and detained him in
Camp Schoorl in the Netherlands.
682
00:56:30,625 --> 00:56:35,162
From there he was deported to
Mauthausen,
where he died in September.
683
00:56:35,596 --> 00:56:39,967
A German official mockingly
recorded the cause of death as
ulcus molle,
684
00:56:40,067 --> 00:56:44,171
a venereal disease primarily
encountered in the tropics.
685
00:56:44,272 --> 00:56:54,181
(HAPPY COUNTRY MUSIC)
686
00:57:03,858 --> 00:57:07,662
Isaac Tak's wife
Bloeme Tak-Philips and
their four children
687
00:57:07,762 --> 00:57:12,233
were transported to Westerbork
in May 1943.
688
00:57:12,733 --> 00:57:15,937
The Germans allowed one of the
boys, Nico, to leave the camp
689
00:57:16,037 --> 00:57:20,408
because he was Bloeme's son from
a marriage to a non-Jewish man,
690
00:57:20,508 --> 00:57:23,511
and was therefore regarded
as half-Jewish.
691
00:57:26,714 --> 00:57:30,450
Nico went back to Amsterdam
to live with an uncle.
692
00:57:31,118 --> 00:57:35,122
Bloeme, Nathan, Suzanna and
Mozes Tak were murdered in
Auschwitz
693
00:57:35,222 --> 00:57:37,892
in August 1943.
694
00:57:45,299 --> 00:57:46,934
Demolished.
695
00:57:54,075 --> 00:58:02,984
(ROCK 'N' ROLL MUSIC)
696
00:58:06,887 --> 00:58:09,090
25 Amstel.
697
00:58:09,190 --> 00:58:13,761
Department of the Jewish Council
for Travel and
Relocation Permits.
698
00:58:13,861 --> 00:58:17,765
In the spring of 1942
this was one of the 14 locations
699
00:58:17,865 --> 00:58:19,867
where Jews had to buy
yellow badges
700
00:58:19,967 --> 00:58:24,071
in the shape of a star of David
with the word "Jew"
printed on it.
701
00:58:24,171 --> 00:58:28,009
For non-Jews, wearing this badge
was a punishable offence.
702
00:58:28,976 --> 00:58:30,678
Demolished.
703
00:58:31,846 --> 00:58:42,957
(ROCK 'N' ROLL MUSIC CONTINUES)
704
00:58:51,999 --> 00:58:53,968
(MUSIC STOPS)
705
00:59:07,715 --> 00:59:11,185
In front of 170
Nieuwe Achtergracht.
706
00:59:12,720 --> 00:59:15,423
Dutch Nazi party member
Gerrit Kaldenberg
707
00:59:15,524 --> 00:59:18,359
had been arrested
after the liberation.
708
00:59:18,459 --> 00:59:20,961
On the 9th of November 1945,
709
00:59:21,062 --> 00:59:23,831
just released from prison
and now free on parole,
710
00:59:23,931 --> 00:59:26,867
he was hit by a bullet
in the larynx here.
711
00:59:26,967 --> 00:59:29,570
During the war, Kaldenberg
had ran a guesthouse
712
00:59:29,670 --> 00:59:31,639
where he lured Jews
to come live in hiding
713
00:59:31,739 --> 00:59:33,874
and then betrayed them.
714
00:59:56,831 --> 01:00:00,535
Corner of Weesperstraat
and Nieuwe Keizersgracht.
715
01:00:01,168 --> 01:00:05,439
On the 13th of July 1942,
just before the first train
716
01:00:05,540 --> 01:00:07,842
to transit camp Westerbork
would depart,
717
01:00:07,942 --> 01:00:10,512
fish and fruit
trader Eliazar Moffie
718
01:00:10,611 --> 01:00:14,949
was arrested, standing in
the queue for the headquarters
of the Jewish Council,
719
01:00:15,049 --> 01:00:17,751
for inciting
an anti-German rally.
720
01:00:17,852 --> 01:00:20,589
A Dutch police report
recorded Moffie's words:
721
01:00:20,688 --> 01:00:22,656
"We must refuse
to go to Germany.
722
01:00:22,756 --> 01:00:24,892
They pick up our women
and children at night
723
01:00:24,992 --> 01:00:27,328
because they don't dare to do so
in the daytime.
724
01:00:27,428 --> 01:00:31,632
There will be a revolt.
I hope it starts today."
725
01:00:32,066 --> 01:00:34,802
Moffie was handed over
to the German security police
726
01:00:34,902 --> 01:00:39,173
and murdered in Auschwitz
in September 1942.
727
01:00:39,541 --> 01:00:43,277
His wife and daughters were
murdered there a year later.
728
01:01:14,909 --> 01:01:17,077
VOICE-OVER: Weesperstraat.
729
01:01:17,745 --> 01:01:21,048
Before the war,
the Weesperstraat was a narrow
shopping street
730
01:01:21,148 --> 01:01:23,784
with the nickname
"Jewish Street".
731
01:01:23,884 --> 01:01:26,754
70% of the people in
this neighbourhood were Jewish,
732
01:01:26,854 --> 01:01:29,056
the highest percentage
in Amsterdam.
733
01:01:29,156 --> 01:01:31,192
In February 1941
734
01:01:31,292 --> 01:01:36,197
this area, together with
the old Jewish Quarter,
was cordoned off.
735
01:01:36,297 --> 01:01:38,799
The Germans wanted to create
a sealed ghetto,
736
01:01:38,899 --> 01:01:41,468
like they had done
in Eastern Europe.
737
01:01:41,570 --> 01:01:45,607
The plan was not carried out
after the city administration
objected.
738
01:01:45,706 --> 01:01:47,041
According to the mayor,
739
01:01:47,274 --> 01:01:50,444
a ghetto would be too
disruptive to the infrastructure
of the city.
740
01:01:50,545 --> 01:01:55,015
Moreover, a lot of "Christian
families" would have to
relocate.
741
01:02:09,863 --> 01:02:15,002
VOICE-OVER: In May 1941
the Germans did establish
a so-called "optical ghetto"
742
01:02:15,102 --> 01:02:18,839
by placing signs with the words
"Jewish area", "Jewish Street"
743
01:02:18,939 --> 01:02:21,610
and "Jewish canal" around it.
744
01:02:21,710 --> 01:02:23,177
In 1942
745
01:02:23,277 --> 01:02:26,380
this area became one of
the three areas of Amsterdam
746
01:02:26,480 --> 01:02:30,150
and the rest of the country
where Jews were still permitted
to live.
747
01:02:30,251 --> 01:02:33,854
There were five butchers,
five hairdressers and two cafés
748
01:02:33,954 --> 01:02:37,124
designated here
as "Jewish premises".
749
01:02:37,224 --> 01:02:40,595
The street signs were removed
at the end of 1943,
750
01:02:40,695 --> 01:02:42,296
when the deportations had ended,
751
01:02:42,396 --> 01:02:45,165
and the Germans
declared Amsterdam "Judenrein",
752
01:02:45,266 --> 01:02:46,701
or "free of Jews".
753
01:02:46,800 --> 01:02:48,035
During the Hunger Winter,
754
01:02:48,135 --> 01:02:50,070
Amsterdammers stripped
all vacant houses
755
01:02:50,170 --> 01:02:52,473
of wood and other materials.
756
01:02:52,574 --> 01:02:57,278
After the war, the city
authorities decided not to
rebuild the area.
757
01:02:57,378 --> 01:03:01,683
They said there were already too
many social and
traffic-related issues
758
01:03:01,782 --> 01:03:03,150
before the war.
759
01:03:03,317 --> 01:03:07,021
All the buildings were
demolished,
and the street was widened.
760
01:03:07,121 --> 01:03:12,960
(NOSTALGIC CLASSICAL MUSIC)
761
01:03:35,717 --> 01:03:46,260
(WISTFUL MUSIC)
762
01:05:09,276 --> 01:05:12,614
VOICE-OVER: In 1950 a monument
was erected at this spot,
763
01:05:12,714 --> 01:05:14,649
the monument of
Jewish gratitude.
764
01:05:14,749 --> 01:05:19,788
It was founded by Jewish
survivors and dedicated to
non-Jewish helpers.
765
01:05:19,888 --> 01:05:23,357
Over the years, this monument
was more and more seen as wry,
766
01:05:23,457 --> 01:05:26,260
especially because there was
no monument that commemorated
767
01:05:26,360 --> 01:05:30,097
Jewish, Sinti and Roma victims
individually.
768
01:05:31,265 --> 01:05:34,935
In 2021
the monument of Jewish gratitude
769
01:05:35,035 --> 01:05:38,372
made way for the National
Holocaust Names Memorial.
770
01:05:38,472 --> 01:05:42,009
The Gratitude monument
was moved to a spot nearby.
771
01:05:42,109 --> 01:05:53,187
(SOMEONE SOFTLY SINGS IN HEBREW)
772
01:06:25,118 --> 01:06:35,295
(A LARGE VEHICLE THRUMS)
773
01:07:09,162 --> 01:07:15,068
(THE VOICE FADES AWAY)
774
01:07:20,808 --> 01:07:22,577
VOICE-OVER: Ceintuurbaan.
775
01:07:23,477 --> 01:07:25,580
On the day Germany capitulated,
776
01:07:25,680 --> 01:07:28,081
the 4th of May 1945,
777
01:07:28,181 --> 01:07:32,119
a German patrol started shooting
at people celebrating out on
the streets
778
01:07:32,219 --> 01:07:35,222
after the start
of curfew at 7pm.
779
01:07:35,322 --> 01:07:37,324
A bullet struck Sigi Mendels,
780
01:07:37,424 --> 01:07:40,127
a Jewish boy who had ventured
outside for the first time
781
01:07:40,227 --> 01:07:42,162
after hiding for years.
782
01:07:42,262 --> 01:07:45,132
Eight months later
he died of his injuries.
783
01:07:48,502 --> 01:07:51,739
The Germans had imposed a curfew
at the start of the occupation.
784
01:07:51,839 --> 01:07:54,909
No one could be out
between midnight and 4am.
785
01:07:55,009 --> 01:07:58,846
Only members of the air raid
service were allowed outside.
786
01:07:58,947 --> 01:08:00,882
From September 1944
787
01:08:00,982 --> 01:08:05,520
the curfew started at 8pm,
sometimes 7pm as a punishment.
788
01:08:06,286 --> 01:08:07,655
The Germans hung up placards
789
01:08:07,755 --> 01:08:11,291
stating that anybody
out in the street could be shot.
790
01:08:14,127 --> 01:08:24,237
(OMINOUS AND STRAINED MUSIC)
791
01:12:49,502 --> 01:12:59,614
(THE MAN PRAYS SOFTLY)
792
01:13:16,364 --> 01:13:21,434
VOICE-OVER: 9 Pijnackerstraat.
Vredeskerk, or 'Peace Church'.
793
01:13:25,940 --> 01:13:29,476
In 1940, young parishioners
set up a resistance group
794
01:13:29,577 --> 01:13:32,113
known as
the 'Dutch Orange Army'.
795
01:13:32,613 --> 01:13:36,150
They planned acts of sabotage,
and an escape to England.
796
01:13:39,820 --> 01:13:43,991
Someone betrayed them, however,
and several members were
arrested.
797
01:13:44,091 --> 01:13:47,595
Frank and Jan Fontaine,
Jan Kootwijk and Jaap Besters
798
01:13:47,695 --> 01:13:50,497
did not return
from the concentration camps.
799
01:13:51,866 --> 01:13:54,602
Catholic priests were not
allowed to perform
the sacraments
800
01:13:54,702 --> 01:13:58,072
for members of
the Dutch Nazi party, the NSB.
801
01:13:58,172 --> 01:14:00,841
In July 1942 in all Catholic
802
01:14:00,942 --> 01:14:03,311
and most protestant churches
in the Netherlands
803
01:14:03,411 --> 01:14:04,845
a letter was read out loud
804
01:14:04,946 --> 01:14:08,448
condemning forced labour
and the deportation of Jews.
805
01:14:08,549 --> 01:14:13,154
The Nazi's retaliated by
arresting and deporting more
than 200 Jews
806
01:14:13,254 --> 01:14:15,556
who had
converted to Catholicism.
807
01:14:30,338 --> 01:14:33,374
The church bell was removed
in 1942.
808
01:14:33,473 --> 01:14:35,076
Prior to the German invasion,
809
01:14:35,176 --> 01:14:38,346
the Dutch authorities registered
all church bells in
the Netherlands
810
01:14:38,446 --> 01:14:42,717
with an eye to melting them
down if necessary in
the event of war.
811
01:14:42,817 --> 01:14:44,685
It was partly
thanks to this register
812
01:14:44,785 --> 01:14:47,355
that in just six months
the Germans were able to remove
813
01:14:47,455 --> 01:14:52,460
almost 7,000 of the country's
9,000 bells from church towers.
814
01:14:53,995 --> 01:14:57,965
Two thirds of those bells were
melted down and turned into
armaments.
815
01:14:58,065 --> 01:15:02,370
There was a saying that 'When
the bells are gone,
the war is done',
816
01:15:02,470 --> 01:15:05,906
meaning that if the Germans
needed to melt down church bells
for metal,
817
01:15:06,007 --> 01:15:09,043
their chances of winning the war
couldn't be good.
818
01:15:27,395 --> 01:15:31,565
(THE FIRE TRUCK HONKS)
819
01:15:35,136 --> 01:15:36,771
Hekelveld.
820
01:15:37,972 --> 01:15:41,008
On the night of
the 4th of May 1945,
821
01:15:41,108 --> 01:15:45,713
a patrol of
the German Order Police shot
dead nurse Annick van Hardeveld.
822
01:15:45,813 --> 01:15:50,151
Van Hardeveld, 21, was
a messenger for the resistance.
823
01:15:50,251 --> 01:15:53,522
She was cycling to the north of
Amsterdam to pass on a message
824
01:15:53,621 --> 01:15:56,557
about the impending surrender
of the Germans.
825
01:15:56,657 --> 01:15:58,959
Van Hardeveld was wearing
a Red Cross uniform
826
01:15:59,060 --> 01:16:01,629
so she could be outside
during curfew.
827
01:16:01,729 --> 01:16:04,965
Over her uniform,
she had thrown a Dutch flag.
828
01:16:21,282 --> 01:16:23,951
56 Stadhouderskade.
829
01:16:24,318 --> 01:16:28,789
Headquarters of the 2000
resistance group in 1945,
830
01:16:28,889 --> 01:16:31,592
in the home of
the Verwoerd family.
831
01:16:31,692 --> 01:16:35,930
After the couple's son Leo was
caught with forged identity
documents,
832
01:16:36,030 --> 01:16:38,666
the German security service,
the SD,
833
01:16:38,766 --> 01:16:42,002
raided the building
on the 9th of March 1945.
834
01:16:43,237 --> 01:16:46,307
The Verwoerds quickly took
Rob Waaker, a young Jewish boy
835
01:16:46,407 --> 01:16:49,343
living in hiding with them
to their neighbours.
836
01:16:49,443 --> 01:16:52,547
Each member of the 2000 group
had their own code number
837
01:16:52,646 --> 01:16:54,248
recorded in a register.
838
01:16:54,348 --> 01:16:58,452
The "key" for the register was
hidden beneath the entrance to
the office.
839
01:16:58,553 --> 01:17:02,656
It was imperative that this key
didn't fall into the hands
of the SD,
840
01:17:02,756 --> 01:17:04,225
so on the 10th of March
841
01:17:04,325 --> 01:17:08,129
several members of the group
forced their way into
the building.
842
01:17:08,929 --> 01:17:13,334
In the ensuing gunfight, SS
Hauptscharführer Ernst Wehner,
843
01:17:13,434 --> 01:17:17,138
a criminal investigator
with the SD, was killed.
844
01:17:17,238 --> 01:17:20,474
The SD retaliated
by executing 30 prisoners
845
01:17:20,575 --> 01:17:24,745
from Weteringschans prison
in the Eerste Weteringplantsoen.
846
01:17:24,845 --> 01:17:27,681
They included
Leo and Henk Verwoerd.
847
01:17:27,781 --> 01:17:31,752
The Germans gathered passers-by
and people who lived around
the park
848
01:17:31,852 --> 01:17:34,455
and forced them
to watch the executions.
849
01:17:34,556 --> 01:17:36,123
Anyone who averted their eyes
850
01:17:36,223 --> 01:17:38,425
was "kicked into
the right direction,
851
01:17:38,527 --> 01:17:40,895
or worked over
with a rifle butt".
852
01:17:41,228 --> 01:17:43,397
The bodies fell onto
the mountain of rubbish
853
01:17:43,497 --> 01:17:46,967
that had built up in front of
an air raid shelter in
the preceding weeks
854
01:17:47,067 --> 01:17:49,571
because
it wasn't being collected.
855
01:17:49,670 --> 01:17:50,971
A few days later,
856
01:17:51,071 --> 01:17:53,774
unknown people draped
a Dutch flag over this spot.
857
01:18:11,660 --> 01:18:14,862
VOICE-OVER: Jacoba van Tongeren,
the leader of the 2000 group,
858
01:18:14,962 --> 01:18:17,198
watched the executions
from her hiding place
859
01:18:17,298 --> 01:18:20,301
in a first-aid post
beneath a nearby bridge.
860
01:18:22,136 --> 01:18:24,639
"I cry like I've
never cried before,"
861
01:18:24,738 --> 01:18:26,541
she wrote in her memoirs.
862
01:18:26,641 --> 01:18:30,978
After, she entered
the headquarters via
a neighbouring building
863
01:18:31,078 --> 01:18:33,948
and took away the key
to the code register.
864
01:19:04,945 --> 01:19:08,382
5 Spinozastraat. Ground floor.
865
01:19:08,482 --> 01:19:12,353
Home of the renowned cancer
researcher Nathaniël Waterman.
866
01:19:12,453 --> 01:19:17,057
The Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek Hospital had to fire
him in 1941.
867
01:19:20,629 --> 01:19:22,631
VOICE-OVER: In September 1943,
868
01:19:22,731 --> 01:19:26,400
Waterman was part of the last
large-scale deportation of Jews
869
01:19:26,500 --> 01:19:28,235
to Westerbork.
870
01:19:30,337 --> 01:19:33,841
In November, however,
the Germans sent him back to
Amsterdam
871
01:19:33,941 --> 01:19:35,510
to set up a laboratory
in his home
872
01:19:35,610 --> 01:19:40,247
to pursue his research into the
carcinogenic effects of dyes.
873
01:19:40,347 --> 01:19:44,485
He kept his laboratory mice in a
special enclosure in the garden.
874
01:19:44,985 --> 01:19:47,821
Waterman's wife
Mien Waterman-Rippe
875
01:19:47,921 --> 01:19:50,625
had to remain in
the transit camp as a hostage.
876
01:19:50,725 --> 01:19:53,260
Both she and her husband
survived the war.
877
01:19:53,360 --> 01:19:55,362
Two of their children
were murdered,
878
01:19:55,462 --> 01:19:59,833
Elizabeth Fischer-Waterman
in September 1942 in Auschwitz,
879
01:19:59,933 --> 01:20:04,104
Dolf Waterman
in November 1942 in Mauthausen.
880
01:20:06,407 --> 01:20:10,512
Their son Léon Waterman,
an architect, survived.
881
01:20:10,612 --> 01:20:14,214
In 1962 he designed
the first Holocaust memorial
882
01:20:14,315 --> 01:20:16,984
in the Hollandsche Schouwburg
or Dutch theatre,
883
01:20:17,084 --> 01:20:20,120
the main deportation centre
in Amsterdam.
884
01:20:33,400 --> 01:20:35,035
Nieuwmarkt.
885
01:20:35,637 --> 01:20:39,406
This square became a hub
for black market activities.
886
01:20:41,041 --> 01:20:44,512
In August 1942 a man
was arrested here
887
01:20:44,612 --> 01:20:46,313
for selling ration coupons,
888
01:20:46,413 --> 01:20:48,449
necessary for
buying food staples
889
01:20:48,550 --> 01:20:50,184
like bread and milk.
890
01:20:50,284 --> 01:20:54,288
A police officer recognised him
as Jan Catoen,
a notorious burglar
891
01:20:54,388 --> 01:20:57,592
who had escaped from Amersfoort
concentration camp.
892
01:20:57,692 --> 01:20:59,059
After a show trial,
893
01:20:59,159 --> 01:21:02,196
a German court sentenced Catoen
and two accomplices to death
894
01:21:02,296 --> 01:21:04,733
for robbing a rationing office.
895
01:21:04,833 --> 01:21:08,235
They were executed
in September 1942.
896
01:21:11,305 --> 01:21:13,240
Over the course
of the occupation,
897
01:21:13,340 --> 01:21:16,276
four children were shot dead
on Nieuwmarkt.
898
01:21:16,377 --> 01:21:19,146
Four-year-old Annie Meijer
was gunned down during a raid
899
01:21:19,246 --> 01:21:23,350
by the German Order Police
in September 1944.
900
01:21:23,450 --> 01:21:28,523
Teenagers Bari Baars and Israël
Deegen died in March 1945,
901
01:21:28,623 --> 01:21:32,059
when Germans started shooting
dumdum bullets at black
marketeers.
902
01:21:32,960 --> 01:21:35,597
On the 12th of April 1945,
903
01:21:35,697 --> 01:21:40,334
16-year-old Alex Evers was
walking across Nieuwmarkt on
his way home.
904
01:21:40,434 --> 01:21:44,438
It was two minutes past 8pm,
two minutes past curfew.
905
01:21:44,539 --> 01:21:46,940
The German Order Police
started shooting.
906
01:21:47,040 --> 01:21:48,843
A bullet hit Alex in the hand,
907
01:21:48,942 --> 01:21:52,781
and he made his way into the air
raid shelter in the middle of
the square.
908
01:21:52,881 --> 01:21:57,151
When he came out on the other
side, the Order Police shot at
him again.
909
01:21:57,451 --> 01:22:01,488
Alex died in an ambulance cart
on the way to the hospital.
910
01:22:03,056 --> 01:22:14,001
(HAPPY POP MUSIC)
911
01:22:34,054 --> 01:22:37,725
Europaplein,
formerly Westerscheldeplein.
912
01:22:40,327 --> 01:22:43,163
On the 11th of November 1940,
913
01:22:43,263 --> 01:22:45,132
a small Italian Air Force plane
914
01:22:45,232 --> 01:22:47,334
that had been part
of an air raid over England
915
01:22:47,434 --> 01:22:50,370
landed on this square
with engine trouble.
916
01:22:50,471 --> 01:22:52,306
From July 1942,
917
01:22:52,406 --> 01:22:54,609
the square was used
as an assembly point
918
01:22:54,709 --> 01:22:56,477
during roundups of Jews.
919
01:22:56,578 --> 01:23:00,582
People were transported by tram
from here to
Amsterdam's Central Station,
920
01:23:00,682 --> 01:23:04,151
from where the train to transit
camp Westerbork departed.
921
01:23:04,251 --> 01:23:07,589
Young people aged 16 and over
had to walk.
922
01:23:12,459 --> 01:23:21,603
(THE WOMEN CONVERSE INAUDIBLY)
923
01:24:18,492 --> 01:24:30,404
(POPPY MUSIC)
924
01:25:18,720 --> 01:25:24,659
(THE MUSIC FADES AWAY)
925
01:25:38,640 --> 01:25:41,009
VOICE-OVER: 8
to 10 Haarlemmerweg.
926
01:25:41,109 --> 01:25:43,377
Wester Gas Factory.
927
01:25:44,444 --> 01:25:46,981
This gasworks was one
of the three locations
928
01:25:47,081 --> 01:25:52,319
where Amsterdammers had to hand
in their bicycles in July 1942.
929
01:25:52,987 --> 01:25:57,190
Before the war there were around
300,000 bicycles in Amsterdam.
930
01:25:57,290 --> 01:26:00,460
After, there were 160,000.
931
01:26:01,896 --> 01:26:03,196
During the Hunger Winter
932
01:26:03,296 --> 01:26:05,933
people tried to steal coal
from the factory.
933
01:26:06,034 --> 01:26:10,437
Police would shoot at
the thieves, sometimes with
fatal consequences.
934
01:28:08,790 --> 01:28:13,426
MAN SINGS:
♪ no more fascism now ♪
935
01:28:13,528 --> 01:28:21,702
♪ no more fascism nowno more fascism now ♪
936
01:28:46,561 --> 01:28:49,096
Next stop,Amsterdam Muiderpoort.
937
01:28:51,732 --> 01:28:53,400
VOICE-OVER: Oosterspoorplein.
938
01:28:53,500 --> 01:28:55,603
Muiderpoort train station.
939
01:28:56,336 --> 01:28:58,973
Starting in October 1942,
940
01:28:59,073 --> 01:29:02,510
at least 11,000 people
were deported from this station,
941
01:29:02,610 --> 01:29:04,411
mostly to
transit camp Westerbork
942
01:29:04,512 --> 01:29:06,180
in the north-east
of the Netherlands
943
01:29:06,280 --> 01:29:09,482
and from there to the killing
centres Auschwitz and Sobibor
944
01:29:09,584 --> 01:29:11,652
in occupied Poland.
945
01:29:15,189 --> 01:29:18,425
Staff from the Jewish Council
were posted in the hall of
the station
946
01:29:18,526 --> 01:29:20,460
to register the "departers",
947
01:29:20,561 --> 01:29:23,698
who were required to hand over
the keys to their homes.
948
01:29:23,798 --> 01:29:25,533
Their houses would be sealed
949
01:29:25,633 --> 01:29:28,368
until the furniture and other
belongings were registered,
950
01:29:28,468 --> 01:29:31,939
taken away and often
transported to Germany.
951
01:29:43,985 --> 01:29:52,793
(RAP MUSIC PLAYS)
952
01:30:04,272 --> 01:30:05,673
VOICE-OVER: Wibaustraat.
953
01:30:05,773 --> 01:30:08,175
Renamed Weesperpoortstraat.
954
01:30:08,276 --> 01:30:12,346
In 1942 the Germans
changed the names of 18 streets
955
01:30:12,445 --> 01:30:14,081
named after Jews.
956
01:30:14,181 --> 01:30:17,618
They also changed the name of a
street named after a socialist,
957
01:30:17,718 --> 01:30:20,621
alderman of
Amsterdam Floor Wibaut.
958
01:30:20,721 --> 01:30:24,191
He had been a prominent member
of the Dutch Labour Party.
959
01:31:19,347 --> 01:31:23,483
(THE MUSIC STOPS)
960
01:31:24,986 --> 01:31:28,522
VOICE-OVER: 36 and
38 Plantage Kerklaan.
961
01:31:28,622 --> 01:31:31,325
Civil Registry Office.
962
01:31:31,692 --> 01:31:34,195
The German occupiers
decreed that all citizens
963
01:31:34,295 --> 01:31:38,199
had to carry their identity card
with them at all times.
964
01:31:38,299 --> 01:31:42,837
Cards of Jewish citizens were
marked with a large black
letter J.
965
01:31:42,937 --> 01:31:46,607
This new Dutch-made card, with
a photo and two fingerprints,
966
01:31:46,707 --> 01:31:48,476
was extremely hard to forge
967
01:31:48,576 --> 01:31:52,079
and it could always be compared
against the records in
the Registry.
968
01:31:53,114 --> 01:31:55,883
In 1942, the PBC,
969
01:31:55,983 --> 01:31:59,053
a group of artists who
specialised in forged documents,
970
01:31:59,153 --> 01:32:02,356
started to plan an attack
on the Registry Office.
971
01:32:02,456 --> 01:32:05,526
On the 27th of March 1943,
972
01:32:05,626 --> 01:32:08,562
resistance fighters
disguised as police officers
973
01:32:08,662 --> 01:32:10,798
entered the office
and "neutralised" eight guards
974
01:32:10,898 --> 01:32:13,401
from
the Amsterdam Police Battalion.
975
01:32:13,501 --> 01:32:15,469
They injected
them with a sedative
976
01:32:15,569 --> 01:32:18,572
and laid them out
in the garden of Artis Zoo.
977
01:32:18,672 --> 01:32:21,175
The attackers doused
the filing cards with benzene
978
01:32:21,275 --> 01:32:23,411
and set TNT charges.
979
01:32:23,512 --> 01:32:27,915
At 11pm, loud explosions were
heard, and a fire broke out.
980
01:32:28,015 --> 01:32:30,051
"Amsterdam enjoyed the bonfire",
981
01:32:30,151 --> 01:32:33,354
wrote the underground paper
The Parole.
982
01:32:34,121 --> 01:32:36,724
The attack became one of the
best-known acts of resistance
983
01:32:36,824 --> 01:32:38,492
and boosted morale.
984
01:32:38,592 --> 01:32:40,594
"One good little piece of news",
985
01:32:40,694 --> 01:32:44,065
Anne Frank wrote in her diary
in the secret annex.
986
01:32:46,834 --> 01:32:49,970
The fire however did not destroy
all the cards,
987
01:32:50,071 --> 01:32:53,574
neither did the overzealous
actions of the fire brigade.
988
01:32:55,309 --> 01:32:59,980
Ultimately, only 15% of
the records were permanently
destroyed.
989
01:33:00,081 --> 01:33:04,285
Moreover, the Germans kept
separate sets of records
elsewhere.
990
01:33:06,387 --> 01:33:09,690
Willy Lages, the head of
the German security services,
991
01:33:09,790 --> 01:33:12,059
offered a reward
of 10,000 guilders
992
01:33:12,159 --> 01:33:15,830
for information leading
to the capture of the attackers.
993
01:33:25,739 --> 01:33:29,810
24 Vondelstraat, ground floor.
994
01:33:31,245 --> 01:33:34,815
In a telex message
to SS leader Heinrich Himmler
995
01:33:34,915 --> 01:33:37,952
dated the 2nd of April 1943,
996
01:33:38,052 --> 01:33:42,823
Hanns Albin Rauter, the SS and
police leader in
the Netherlands, stated:
997
01:33:42,923 --> 01:33:44,325
"Over the course of the night,
998
01:33:44,425 --> 01:33:47,461
several arrests were made
in Amsterdam and Utrecht.
999
01:33:47,562 --> 01:33:49,363
As a result, it is certain
1000
01:33:49,463 --> 01:33:52,099
that three perpetrators
of the sabotage arson attack
1001
01:33:52,199 --> 01:33:55,669
on the Civil Registry
of Amsterdam are in custody."
1002
01:33:57,705 --> 01:33:59,874
One of those arrested
was Sjoerd Bakker,
1003
01:33:59,974 --> 01:34:02,676
a fashion designer and tailor.
1004
01:34:02,776 --> 01:34:04,879
He made the replica
Dutch police uniforms
1005
01:34:04,979 --> 01:34:07,982
worn by the attackers
here in his studio.
1006
01:34:08,082 --> 01:34:11,452
He and 11 others involved
in the attack were executed
1007
01:34:11,553 --> 01:34:14,623
in the dunes
on the 1st of July 1943
1008
01:34:14,722 --> 01:34:17,324
and thrown into a mass grave.
1009
01:34:17,424 --> 01:34:22,129
At his own request, Bakker wore
a pink shirt for his execution.
1010
01:34:22,229 --> 01:34:24,633
When the grave was discovered
after the war,
1011
01:34:24,732 --> 01:34:27,735
the pink shirt
helped identify the group.
1012
01:34:47,955 --> 01:34:51,560
225 Kerkstraat, ground floor.
1013
01:34:51,660 --> 01:34:56,631
Home of Henry van Adelsbergen,
a Jewish man in a "mixed"
marriage.
1014
01:34:56,730 --> 01:34:58,533
While being held
at camp Westerbork,
1015
01:34:58,633 --> 01:35:02,803
he was forced to choose between
being deported or being
sterilised.
1016
01:35:02,903 --> 01:35:06,740
He opted for sterilisation
and returned to Amsterdam.
1017
01:35:06,840 --> 01:35:10,579
In March 1943, Van Adelsbergen
divorced his wife
1018
01:35:10,679 --> 01:35:12,713
and moved elsewhere.
1019
01:35:13,280 --> 01:35:18,587
In 1944, he was summoned to
the headquarters of
the German police.
1020
01:35:18,687 --> 01:35:20,854
There he accidently ran
into the occupant
1021
01:35:20,955 --> 01:35:23,057
of the apartment above him
on Kerkstraat,
1022
01:35:23,157 --> 01:35:25,660
Branca Simons, a Jewish informer
1023
01:35:25,759 --> 01:35:28,563
who betrayed people
to save herself.
1024
01:35:28,663 --> 01:35:32,601
Simons reported that since her
former neighbour was divorced,
1025
01:35:32,701 --> 01:35:35,570
he was no longer exempt
from deportation.
1026
01:35:35,670 --> 01:35:38,239
Van Adelsbergen was arrested
at once.
1027
01:35:38,339 --> 01:35:40,307
He died in March 1945
1028
01:35:40,407 --> 01:35:43,712
in Vaihingen concentration camp
in Germany.
1029
01:35:43,811 --> 01:35:46,280
After the war Simons
was sentenced to death
1030
01:35:46,380 --> 01:35:49,049
but was freed in 1959.
1031
01:35:49,483 --> 01:35:50,451
Demolished.
1032
01:35:54,989 --> 01:35:58,926
26 Vegastraat, ground floor.
1033
01:35:59,493 --> 01:36:02,029
Dina Gobitz-Wagenaar
and four of her children
1034
01:36:02,129 --> 01:36:04,633
lived in hiding here
in their own home
1035
01:36:04,733 --> 01:36:08,737
following their escape from
the Dutch theatre
deportation centre.
1036
01:36:08,836 --> 01:36:13,575
After the war, Dina's daughter
Carla Kaplan-Gobitz remembered:
1037
01:36:13,675 --> 01:36:17,712
"Resistance people had created
all sorts of hiding places in
our house,
1038
01:36:17,811 --> 01:36:19,113
and they worked so well
1039
01:36:19,213 --> 01:36:21,382
that more and more people
came there to hide.
1040
01:36:21,482 --> 01:36:24,586
Some of them had been previously
hiding in a sewage pipe.
1041
01:36:24,686 --> 01:36:26,453
I found living in hiding awful.
1042
01:36:26,554 --> 01:36:29,658
Everyone was scared,
and I wasn't able to play.
1043
01:36:29,758 --> 01:36:31,760
You weren't allowed
to open the curtains.
1044
01:36:31,859 --> 01:36:33,260
We had to be really quiet,
1045
01:36:33,360 --> 01:36:36,765
because it had to look like
nobody was living in the house."
1046
01:36:36,864 --> 01:36:42,503
(THE CAR HAS TROUBLE STARTING)
1047
01:36:45,005 --> 01:36:47,074
Kaplan-Gobitz
and her sister claimed
1048
01:36:47,174 --> 01:36:49,843
that a German guard
named Alfons Zündler
1049
01:36:49,943 --> 01:36:52,714
had helped them escape
from the deportation centre.
1050
01:36:52,813 --> 01:36:54,516
But when they and several others
1051
01:36:54,616 --> 01:36:58,653
put Zündler forward
for a Yad Vashem award in 1993,
1052
01:36:58,753 --> 01:37:00,254
which would have him honoured
in Israel
1053
01:37:00,354 --> 01:37:02,489
as "Righteous
among the Nations",
1054
01:37:02,590 --> 01:37:04,958
it sparked a storm of protest.
1055
01:37:05,059 --> 01:37:10,464
(THE MOTOR RATTLES)
1056
01:37:14,602 --> 01:37:17,137
The opponents said that
this member of the SS
1057
01:37:17,237 --> 01:37:21,108
only helped others in exchange
for alcohol or sex.
1058
01:37:21,208 --> 01:37:23,778
It did turn out that Zündler
and two other guards
1059
01:37:23,877 --> 01:37:26,113
had been arrested in 1943
1060
01:37:26,213 --> 01:37:28,415
for having sexual relations
with Jewish women,
1061
01:37:28,516 --> 01:37:32,086
and given a ten-year
jail sentence by a German court.
1062
01:37:32,554 --> 01:37:36,490
(THE CAR STARTS)
1063
01:37:37,726 --> 01:37:42,129
In a 2012 interview,
resistance worker Harry Cohen,
1064
01:37:42,229 --> 01:37:45,933
a courier for the Jewish
council, said about Zündler,
1065
01:37:46,033 --> 01:37:48,202
"Yes, he did save people,
1066
01:37:48,302 --> 01:37:51,205
but when he was up for being
honoured with
the Yad Vashem award,
1067
01:37:51,305 --> 01:37:52,373
I protested.
1068
01:37:52,473 --> 01:37:54,208
That was a step too far.
1069
01:37:54,308 --> 01:37:55,677
Come off it,
1070
01:37:55,777 --> 01:37:59,179
I mean he was in the SS and
he got to make life and death
decisions!"
1071
01:38:38,553 --> 01:38:42,791
VOICE-OVER: 201 and
203 Van Ostadestraat.
1072
01:38:42,891 --> 01:38:45,025
Herman Elte School.
1073
01:38:45,125 --> 01:38:48,095
In September 1941
the Germans decreed
1074
01:38:48,195 --> 01:38:51,331
Jewish children had to go
to separate schools.
1075
01:38:51,432 --> 01:38:53,868
The Amsterdam city
administration obliged
1076
01:38:53,967 --> 01:38:56,437
by creating
more than 40 new schools,
1077
01:38:56,538 --> 01:38:58,840
mostly in
existing school buildings,
1078
01:38:58,939 --> 01:39:02,409
for around 7,500 pupils.
1079
01:39:02,510 --> 01:39:05,279
Jewish schools that existed
already before the war,
1080
01:39:05,379 --> 01:39:07,682
also became part of the system.
1081
01:39:07,782 --> 01:39:12,085
After the deportations began,
the classes got smaller
each day.
1082
01:39:12,186 --> 01:39:16,457
In September 1943,
all Jewish schools had closed.
1083
01:39:20,294 --> 01:39:22,429
(BOY SCREAMS IN FRUSTRATION)
1084
01:39:34,441 --> 01:39:35,409
(FINLEY SCREAMS)
1085
01:39:47,522 --> 01:39:51,559
VOICE-OVER: 44 Albrecht
Dürerstraat, first floor.
1086
01:39:52,259 --> 01:39:55,062
In 1943, Sonja van Hesteren
1087
01:39:55,162 --> 01:39:58,165
moved into what she described
as a "luxurious room"
1088
01:39:58,265 --> 01:40:02,269
in an apartment formerly
occupied by a Jewish family.
1089
01:40:02,369 --> 01:40:05,038
She worked
at the Hausraterfassungstelle,
1090
01:40:05,138 --> 01:40:06,908
the department that registered
the contents
1091
01:40:07,007 --> 01:40:09,644
of the homes of deported Jews.
1092
01:40:09,744 --> 01:40:13,347
After the war, Van Hesteren
claimed that to keep on
living there,
1093
01:40:13,447 --> 01:40:17,251
she had to join the staff
of the German security police.
1094
01:40:17,351 --> 01:40:20,187
There she helped to entrap
resistance workers.
1095
01:40:20,287 --> 01:40:24,224
In April 1944 she made
a phone call to Henk Dienske,
1096
01:40:24,324 --> 01:40:26,728
a leader
of the LO resistance group,
1097
01:40:26,828 --> 01:40:30,197
pretending to be the daughter
of a communist leader.
1098
01:40:30,632 --> 01:40:33,735
She said she had a message
for him from her father.
1099
01:40:33,835 --> 01:40:37,906
Dienske agreed to meet her
and was immediately arrested.
1100
01:40:38,272 --> 01:40:41,141
Dienske died in
1945 in Beendorf,
1101
01:40:41,241 --> 01:40:44,746
a subcamp of Neuengamme
concentration camp in Germany.
1102
01:40:44,846 --> 01:40:49,249
After the war, Van Hesteren was
sentenced to 12 years in prison.
1103
01:40:49,349 --> 01:40:54,187
(LIGHT THUNDER RUMBLES)
1104
01:40:57,157 --> 01:41:01,261
154 Beethovenstraat,
third floor.
1105
01:41:01,361 --> 01:41:04,197
Home of physician Johan Strak.
1106
01:41:05,432 --> 01:41:09,102
He was a member of
the Dutch Nazi party, the NSB,
1107
01:41:09,202 --> 01:41:14,141
and of the SS, and a confidant
of SD chief Willy Lages.
1108
01:41:14,241 --> 01:41:17,110
In 1942 he became
Amsterdam's alderman
1109
01:41:17,210 --> 01:41:19,313
for public health.
1110
01:41:19,413 --> 01:41:22,082
As a physician,
Strak carried out assessments
1111
01:41:22,182 --> 01:41:24,886
of women who wanted
to marry members of the SS,
1112
01:41:24,986 --> 01:41:28,556
to determine whether they were
of "pure Germanic race".
1113
01:41:29,323 --> 01:41:31,593
In 1942 it was his task
1114
01:41:31,693 --> 01:41:34,729
to determine whether foundlings
might be Jewish.
1115
01:41:34,829 --> 01:41:38,066
He decided a baby known
as "Remi van Duinwijck",
1116
01:41:38,165 --> 01:41:40,267
named after the address
he was found at,
1117
01:41:40,367 --> 01:41:43,605
was Jewish,
although he was not circumcised.
1118
01:41:43,705 --> 01:41:47,942
Strak, however, said the boy
had "Jewish ears".
1119
01:41:48,042 --> 01:41:51,546
Remi was murdered in 1943
in Sobibor.
1120
01:41:51,646 --> 01:41:56,551
His real name, Koen Gezang,
was only discovered in 2002.
1121
01:41:56,651 --> 01:42:00,622
After the war, Strak was
sentenced to six years in
prison.
1122
01:42:02,023 --> 01:42:04,092
WOMAN: Witnesseson the front row.
1123
01:42:04,358 --> 01:42:07,194
VOICE-OVER: 3
Amstel, ground floor.
1124
01:42:07,294 --> 01:42:09,597
Bookshop owned by Louis Lamm,
1125
01:42:09,697 --> 01:42:13,101
one of the largest Jewish
antiquarian bookshops in Europe.
1126
01:42:13,200 --> 01:42:18,873
- Do I haveBruna Dos Santos Vieira? - Yes.
1127
01:42:20,074 --> 01:42:23,410
- And Magteld Elsemiek Jakobs?- Yes.
1128
01:42:24,144 --> 01:42:26,614
Well, please rise.
1129
01:42:29,083 --> 01:42:31,653
Give each other your right hand.
1130
01:42:33,153 --> 01:42:36,057
Look each other in the eyes.
1131
01:42:36,591 --> 01:42:39,927
And listen to the questionsI'm going to pose to you.
1132
01:42:43,898 --> 01:42:45,499
Do you, Bruna...
1133
01:42:45,767 --> 01:42:47,735
VOICE-OVER: When
the deportations began,
1134
01:42:47,835 --> 01:42:51,806
Lamm's upstairs neighbour,
resistance worker Cas Oorthuys,
1135
01:42:51,906 --> 01:42:53,608
found a safe address for him,
1136
01:42:53,708 --> 01:42:58,245
but Lamm, who had fled Germany
in 1933, declined the offer.
1137
01:42:59,179 --> 01:43:00,581
Lamm and his daughter Ruth
1138
01:43:00,682 --> 01:43:04,585
were murdered in Auschwitz
in November 1943.
1139
01:43:04,686 --> 01:43:07,855
WOMAN: Then I declare asa register ofthe Amsterdam Records Office
1140
01:43:07,955 --> 01:43:10,725
that you are hereby joinedin registered partnership.
1141
01:43:10,825 --> 01:43:14,327
VOICE-OVER: The bookshop was
"purged" by the Reichsleiter
Rosenberg Taskforce,
1142
01:43:14,428 --> 01:43:18,498
a Nazi organisation that looted
Jewish cultural property.
1143
01:43:18,599 --> 01:43:22,570
After the war, Lydia
Oorthuys-Krienen remembered:
1144
01:43:22,670 --> 01:43:24,237
"Once they'd been taken away,
1145
01:43:24,337 --> 01:43:27,340
there were suddenly ladders
leaning against the front of
the building,
1146
01:43:27,441 --> 01:43:29,544
and a long wooden chute
ran from the window,
1147
01:43:29,644 --> 01:43:31,879
over the quayside,
to a flat barge."
1148
01:43:33,915 --> 01:43:35,516
VOICE-OVER:
"They spent days using the chute
1149
01:43:35,616 --> 01:43:38,653
to chuck all those
valuable books onto the barge."
1150
01:43:39,921 --> 01:43:41,488
Demolished.
1151
01:43:55,235 --> 01:43:57,404
Van Woustraat.
1152
01:43:58,940 --> 01:44:00,808
In September 1942,
1153
01:44:00,908 --> 01:44:04,612
a police officer arrested
journalist Philip Mechanicus
1154
01:44:04,712 --> 01:44:07,380
for not wearing
a yellow star badge.
1155
01:44:07,481 --> 01:44:10,551
Two members of the Dutch Nazi
party had recognised him
1156
01:44:10,651 --> 01:44:14,287
and pointed him out in a tram
or on a tram stop.
1157
01:44:14,387 --> 01:44:17,225
Mechanicus was sent
to Amersfoort concentration camp
1158
01:44:17,324 --> 01:44:19,861
and from there to Westerbork.
1159
01:44:19,961 --> 01:44:23,430
Mechanicus kept a diary that was
smuggled out of the transit camp
1160
01:44:23,531 --> 01:44:27,267
and published after the war
as "Waiting for Death".
1161
01:44:30,838 --> 01:44:35,475
"I feel as if I'm live reporting
from a shipwreck",
he wrote from the camp.
1162
01:44:37,578 --> 01:44:42,583
In October 1944, Mechanicus
was shot dead in Auschwitz.
1163
01:44:51,893 --> 01:44:54,294
149 Van Woustraat.
1164
01:44:54,394 --> 01:44:59,200
Koco, one of two ice cream
parlours run by German Jewish
refugees
1165
01:44:59,299 --> 01:45:02,003
Ernst Cahn and Alfred Kohn.
1166
01:45:02,103 --> 01:45:04,539
The windows of their other
parlour on Rijnstraat
1167
01:45:04,639 --> 01:45:07,407
were smashed in February 1941,
1168
01:45:07,508 --> 01:45:10,077
so the owners got together
a group of regular customers
1169
01:45:10,178 --> 01:45:11,913
to protect the shops.
1170
01:45:13,014 --> 01:45:14,148
A couple of days later,
1171
01:45:14,248 --> 01:45:17,985
a gang of Dutch Nazis passed the
parlour, singing as they went,
1172
01:45:18,085 --> 01:45:20,555
so the owners closed the shop.
1173
01:45:20,655 --> 01:45:22,489
Someone started pounding
at the door,
1174
01:45:22,590 --> 01:45:24,892
and the defenders of the parlour
sprayed ammonia gas at them
1175
01:45:24,992 --> 01:45:28,395
using a cylinder kept in
the shop to cool ice cream.
1176
01:45:29,429 --> 01:45:31,431
But instead
of the expected Blackshirts,
1177
01:45:31,532 --> 01:45:34,467
they were German Order
Police officers.
1178
01:45:35,002 --> 01:45:37,038
For the Nazis this event
was one of the grounds
1179
01:45:37,138 --> 01:45:40,107
for the first roundup
in the old Jewish Quarter,
1180
01:45:40,208 --> 01:45:43,343
on the 22nd and
23rd of February.
1181
01:45:43,443 --> 01:45:46,547
Ernst Cahn was condemned
to death by a Nazi court.
1182
01:45:46,647 --> 01:45:49,016
On the 3rd of March 1941,
1183
01:45:49,116 --> 01:45:51,484
he became the first resistance
fighter in the Netherlands
1184
01:45:51,586 --> 01:45:54,387
to die in front
of a firing squad.
1185
01:45:55,122 --> 01:45:57,758
Alfred Kohn died in 1945,
1186
01:45:57,859 --> 01:46:00,862
probably on a death march
from Auschwitz.
1187
01:46:11,272 --> 01:46:21,082
(TENSE CLASSICAL MUSIC)
1188
01:46:29,657 --> 01:46:34,595
9 De Mirandalaan, formerly
Burgemeester van Leeuwenweg.
1189
01:46:35,428 --> 01:46:37,798
Amstel Park swimming pool.
1190
01:46:43,337 --> 01:46:46,107
From the 21st of May 1941,
1191
01:46:46,207 --> 01:46:49,877
the Germans banned Jews from
all municipal swimming pools.
1192
01:46:49,977 --> 01:46:53,247
The only pool at which they were
allowed to swim was this one,
1193
01:46:53,347 --> 01:46:56,684
on Mondays, Wednesdays
and Fridays.
1194
01:46:57,251 --> 01:47:01,522
Less than a month later,
they were also banned from this
last pool.
1195
01:47:01,622 --> 01:47:05,226
All swimming pools closed
in the autumn of 1944
1196
01:47:05,326 --> 01:47:08,062
due to the lack of gas
and electricity.
1197
01:47:12,465 --> 01:47:13,901
During the Hunger Winter,
1198
01:47:14,001 --> 01:47:16,804
people chopped down trees and
bushes around the outdoor pools
1199
01:47:16,904 --> 01:47:18,706
for firewood.
1200
01:47:18,806 --> 01:47:21,776
The wooden diving board
was chopped up as well.
1201
01:47:29,383 --> 01:47:30,718
In the 1930s,
1202
01:47:30,818 --> 01:47:33,220
the pool had become known
as the De Miranda Pool,
1203
01:47:33,321 --> 01:47:34,722
after its instigator,
1204
01:47:34,822 --> 01:47:37,758
socialist alderman
Monne de Miranda.
1205
01:47:37,858 --> 01:47:40,561
He was arrested in July 1942
1206
01:47:40,661 --> 01:47:43,664
and taken to Amersfoort
concentration camp,
1207
01:47:43,764 --> 01:47:47,201
where he was subjected to such
severe physical abuse
1208
01:47:47,301 --> 01:47:50,805
by other Dutch captives
that he died ten days later.
1209
01:47:51,906 --> 01:47:54,842
In 1946 this pool
was officially named
1210
01:47:54,942 --> 01:47:56,043
De Miranda Pool.
1211
01:47:56,143 --> 01:47:59,747
A few years later the street
was also named after him.
1212
01:48:01,182 --> 01:48:02,783
Demolished.
1213
01:48:03,684 --> 01:48:14,762
(THE TENSE
STRAINED MUSIC CONTINUES)
1214
01:49:52,359 --> 01:49:54,095
Binnen Bantammerstraat,
1215
01:49:54,195 --> 01:49:57,298
known since the 1920s
as Tong Yan Kai,
1216
01:49:57,398 --> 01:49:59,767
or "Street of the Chinese".
1217
01:50:00,267 --> 01:50:03,604
Several hundred Chinese sailors
who were unable to leave
Amsterdam
1218
01:50:03,704 --> 01:50:06,207
due to the war,
managed to scrape a living
1219
01:50:06,307 --> 01:50:07,975
by running small businesses.
1220
01:50:08,075 --> 01:50:10,811
Unemployed men had to work
for the Germans.
1221
01:50:10,911 --> 01:50:12,446
Forty Chinese-Dutch weddings
1222
01:50:12,547 --> 01:50:14,882
were held in Amsterdam
during the war.
1223
01:50:14,982 --> 01:50:19,653
In 1943, Storm, a magazine
for the Dutch SS, wrote:
1224
01:50:19,753 --> 01:50:23,791
"How can it be that the Dutch
women do not hang their heads
in shame,
1225
01:50:23,891 --> 01:50:26,760
that they throw themselves
into the arms of an easterner,
1226
01:50:26,861 --> 01:50:30,464
who is, furthermore,
little more than a beggar."
1227
01:50:30,565 --> 01:50:32,399
Amsterdam's oldest
Chinese restaurant,
1228
01:50:32,500 --> 01:50:36,670
Kong Hing at number 11,
closed during the Hunger Winter.
1229
01:50:36,770 --> 01:50:38,772
After the capitulation of Japan,
1230
01:50:38,873 --> 01:50:41,675
the Chinese in Amsterdam
held a grand victory party
1231
01:50:41,775 --> 01:50:44,178
on Nieuwmarkt and Dam Square.
1232
01:50:58,692 --> 01:51:02,363
26 Molenbeekstraat,
second floor.
1233
01:51:02,463 --> 01:51:05,833
Home of Philip van der Kar,
Sophia van der Kar-Polak
1234
01:51:05,933 --> 01:51:08,936
and their children
Sieg and Mary.
1235
01:51:09,503 --> 01:51:13,774
Sophia Polak managed to obtain
a so-called "Calmeyer Stamp",
1236
01:51:13,874 --> 01:51:17,144
which indicated that she
was only "partly" Jewish.
1237
01:51:17,244 --> 01:51:19,180
She and her sister
gained this status
1238
01:51:19,280 --> 01:51:21,583
on the basis
that their biological father
1239
01:51:21,682 --> 01:51:23,518
was not Samson Polak,
1240
01:51:23,618 --> 01:51:25,886
but the deceased
Albertus Demmenie,
1241
01:51:25,986 --> 01:51:29,624
a non-Jewish man her mother
would have had an affair with.
1242
01:51:29,723 --> 01:51:33,093
Demmenie's son
agreed to tell this lie.
1243
01:51:33,194 --> 01:51:36,263
To be granted their stamps,
Sophia and her sister Stella
1244
01:51:36,363 --> 01:51:39,800
had to undergo a "physical
racial verification procedure"
1245
01:51:39,900 --> 01:51:41,969
at Amsterdam's Zentralstelle,
1246
01:51:42,069 --> 01:51:45,206
the Central Office
for Jewish Emigration.
1247
01:51:45,306 --> 01:51:48,442
The two middle-aged sisters
were instructed to lift up
their skirts
1248
01:51:48,543 --> 01:51:53,180
for Ferdinand Aus der Fünten,
the head of the Zentralstelle.
1249
01:51:53,548 --> 01:51:57,484
With their skirts raised,
they had to walk up and down on
stockinged feet
1250
01:51:57,586 --> 01:52:00,555
so that the SS-Hauptsturmführer
could determine
1251
01:52:00,655 --> 01:52:03,157
whether they had "Jewish legs".
1252
01:52:03,257 --> 01:52:07,428
The Van der Kar-Polak family
produced forgeries of ID
documents,
1253
01:52:07,529 --> 01:52:11,332
and always had people hiding
with them, crowding the rooms.
1254
01:52:11,432 --> 01:52:14,501
"I spent at least three years
sharing a bed with my parents",
1255
01:52:14,603 --> 01:52:17,037
Mary said after the war.
1256
01:52:17,137 --> 01:52:20,007
Once the "houseguests" had been
there for a few days,
1257
01:52:20,107 --> 01:52:22,443
Sophia and Mary would take them
out of the city
1258
01:52:22,544 --> 01:52:24,311
to hide in the countryside.
1259
01:52:24,411 --> 01:52:27,881
On the four occasions that the
authorities raided the house,
1260
01:52:27,982 --> 01:52:30,251
the guests hid on the roof,
behind the chimney.
1261
01:52:39,694 --> 01:52:42,796
VOICE-OVER: 29
Niersstraat, first floor.
1262
01:52:42,896 --> 01:52:47,868
Home of Simon de la Bella,
a Jewish senator for
the socialist party.
1263
01:52:48,737 --> 01:52:51,272
When he was arrested
in July 1940,
1264
01:52:51,372 --> 01:52:53,841
he tried to kill himself
by taking poison,
1265
01:52:53,941 --> 01:52:55,909
but he did not succeed.
1266
01:52:57,612 --> 01:52:59,179
He died in 1942
1267
01:52:59,280 --> 01:53:02,349
in Dachau concentration camp
in Germany.
1268
01:53:10,858 --> 01:53:14,028
VOICE-OVER: De la Bella's
daughter Carla joined
the resistance,
1269
01:53:14,128 --> 01:53:17,398
spreading illegal papers
and transporting weapons.
1270
01:53:17,498 --> 01:53:18,932
She later said:
1271
01:53:19,033 --> 01:53:21,902
"Before the war my parents
had authority over me,
1272
01:53:22,002 --> 01:53:24,071
and I wasn't
allowed to do anything.
1273
01:53:24,171 --> 01:53:27,609
I realise now I was thrown
into total adulthood.
1274
01:53:27,709 --> 01:53:31,178
There were no boundaries
anymore.
You could do what you wanted.
1275
01:53:31,278 --> 01:53:34,081
Compared with before the war
it was mayhem.
1276
01:53:34,181 --> 01:53:36,450
Everybody was living
with everybody else,
1277
01:53:36,551 --> 01:53:38,052
and you slept with everybody.
1278
01:53:38,152 --> 01:53:40,522
If you had a bottle of drink
it was party time.
1279
01:53:40,622 --> 01:53:42,156
It was a madhouse.
1280
01:53:42,256 --> 01:53:46,393
It was also our way to respond
to the tension of
resistance work."
1281
01:53:46,695 --> 01:53:57,104
(A LOW RUMBLING SOUND)
1282
01:54:17,358 --> 01:54:21,495
Valentijnkade,
Zeeburg Jewish cemetery.
1283
01:54:22,797 --> 01:54:25,265
The cemetery was full in 1914
1284
01:54:25,366 --> 01:54:28,068
and was only used
sporadically thereafter.
1285
01:54:28,168 --> 01:54:31,338
Around 100,000 people
are buried here.
1286
01:54:32,473 --> 01:54:34,609
In 1942, the German army
1287
01:54:34,709 --> 01:54:38,178
repurposed part of the cemetery
as a training ground.
1288
01:54:41,716 --> 01:54:44,552
Illegal burials were performed
at the Jewish cemeteries
1289
01:54:44,652 --> 01:54:46,755
in nearby Diemen and Ouderkerk,
1290
01:54:46,855 --> 01:54:50,825
but it has not been proved that
such burials took place here.
1291
01:54:51,559 --> 01:54:55,095
After the war, a story went
around that during
the Hunger Winter
1292
01:54:55,195 --> 01:54:57,832
a German man
let a cow graze here.
1293
01:54:57,965 --> 01:54:59,333
According to this tale,
1294
01:54:59,433 --> 01:55:02,936
people from the neighbourhood
stole it and slaughtered it.
1295
01:55:03,504 --> 01:55:07,542
In 1956, the local authorities
acquired a part of the cemetery
1296
01:55:07,642 --> 01:55:09,410
to build a road.
1297
01:55:12,379 --> 01:55:16,049
Under rabbinical supervision,
the graves in this part
were exhumed
1298
01:55:16,150 --> 01:55:18,385
and the remains moved
to the cemetery in Diemen,
1299
01:55:18,485 --> 01:55:21,255
along with what few headstones
were left.
1300
01:55:33,802 --> 01:55:36,003
58 Nieuwe Keizersgracht,
1301
01:55:36,103 --> 01:55:38,238
Headquarters of
the Jewish Council,
1302
01:55:38,338 --> 01:55:42,577
the organisation the Nazi's
forced upon Jewish
people in 1941
1303
01:55:42,677 --> 01:55:44,445
to enact their policies.
1304
01:55:44,546 --> 01:55:47,214
The Council remains
controversial to this day.
1305
01:55:47,314 --> 01:55:49,216
Was the organisation
collaborating
1306
01:55:49,316 --> 01:55:51,886
or did it just try
to prevent the worst?
1307
01:55:51,985 --> 01:55:53,922
The public entrance
was at basement level,
1308
01:55:54,021 --> 01:55:57,692
and the queues sometimes
stretched all the way to
Weesperstraat.
1309
01:55:57,792 --> 01:56:01,195
Everyone wanted to work for
the Jewish Council because
initially,
1310
01:56:01,295 --> 01:56:03,130
Council personnel
and their families
1311
01:56:03,230 --> 01:56:05,567
were exempt from deportation.
1312
01:56:05,934 --> 01:56:09,503
The organisation created
numerous departments all over
the city,
1313
01:56:09,604 --> 01:56:13,173
from Travel Permits to
the Distribution of Vegetables.
1314
01:56:13,273 --> 01:56:16,811
In its decisions, the Council
tended to favour the elite.
1315
01:56:16,911 --> 01:56:20,682
Chairman David Cohen defended
this policy in his memoirs:
1316
01:56:20,782 --> 01:56:23,518
"Of course one should value
every life equally,
1317
01:56:23,618 --> 01:56:26,320
but a life that has value
for other people as well
1318
01:56:26,420 --> 01:56:28,790
must remain more protected
in times of war
1319
01:56:28,890 --> 01:56:32,861
than the life of a person that
is only important to himself."
1320
01:56:32,961 --> 01:56:36,831
Some reports about what was
happening in the camps in
occupied Poland
1321
01:56:36,931 --> 01:56:40,300
did reach the Jewish Council,
but they were not believed.
1322
01:56:40,400 --> 01:56:43,370
In 1947,
a Special Court of Justice
1323
01:56:43,470 --> 01:56:46,006
placed David Cohen
and Abraham Asscher,
1324
01:56:46,106 --> 01:56:48,843
the two chairmen,
in pre-trial detention.
1325
01:56:48,943 --> 01:56:50,678
They were
released a month later.
1326
01:56:50,778 --> 01:56:53,347
That same year,
a Jewish Community Tribunal
1327
01:56:53,447 --> 01:56:55,249
found that Cohen and Asscher
1328
01:56:55,349 --> 01:56:58,820
"had failed in a world
that had itself been at fault".
1329
01:56:58,920 --> 01:57:10,565
(CALMING HUMMING TONES)
1330
01:57:47,200 --> 01:57:48,570
You're welcome.
1331
01:57:55,075 --> 01:57:57,411
VOICE-OVER: 15 Valeriusplein.
1332
01:57:58,046 --> 01:58:00,247
Amsterdam's Lyceum.
1333
01:58:02,016 --> 01:58:04,986
In 1940, Jewish teachers
were fired,
1334
01:58:05,085 --> 01:58:06,521
as were all civil servants,
1335
01:58:06,621 --> 01:58:09,824
in one of the first measures
to isolate the Jews.
1336
01:58:09,924 --> 01:58:11,491
In 1941,
1337
01:58:11,593 --> 01:58:15,029
an official farewell ceremony
was held in the assembly hall
1338
01:58:15,128 --> 01:58:17,765
for the 72 Jewish pupils.
1339
01:58:17,865 --> 01:58:19,601
The headmaster, Piet Gunning,
1340
01:58:19,701 --> 01:58:22,937
had previously taken them away
for a week to Cloud Land,
1341
01:58:23,037 --> 01:58:24,973
the school's
place in the country.
1342
01:58:25,073 --> 01:58:27,407
Gunning was fired in 1942
1343
01:58:27,508 --> 01:58:30,143
and interned for the crime
of "Judenbegünstigung",
1344
01:58:30,243 --> 01:58:32,479
doing favours for Jews.
1345
01:58:32,580 --> 01:58:35,115
After the liberation
he was reinstated.
1346
01:59:05,212 --> 01:59:08,415
VOICE-OVER: Various German
organisations requisitioned
the school,
1347
01:59:08,516 --> 01:59:12,486
including the Order Police
and the Air Force.
1348
01:59:12,587 --> 01:59:14,722
The soldiers were billeted
to the classrooms,
1349
01:59:14,822 --> 01:59:18,126
while the officers lived
at the director's residence.
1350
01:59:18,225 --> 01:59:20,128
The Germans bred pigs
in the basement,
1351
01:59:20,227 --> 01:59:23,131
and built a dog kennel
on the grounds.
1352
01:59:23,230 --> 01:59:26,067
Barbed wire fences
protected the building.
1353
01:59:26,166 --> 01:59:28,936
Lessons for the pupils
continued elsewhere.
1354
01:59:33,941 --> 01:59:35,977
VOICE-OVER: Several of the
school's teachers and students
1355
01:59:36,077 --> 01:59:37,912
were involved in the resistance.
1356
01:59:41,983 --> 01:59:44,052
In December 1942,
1357
01:59:44,152 --> 01:59:46,888
two students from the school
travelled to Camp Westerbork
1358
01:59:46,988 --> 01:59:50,490
with a microscope for their
biology teacher Jacob Heimans,
1359
01:59:50,591 --> 01:59:52,794
because he missed it so much.
1360
01:59:55,429 --> 01:59:58,099
They also passed on
a forged baptism certificate
1361
01:59:58,231 --> 02:00:00,068
to the mother of a classmate,
1362
02:00:00,168 --> 02:00:02,837
in the hope
she could be "Aryanised".
1363
02:00:02,937 --> 02:00:04,939
MAN: Pay attention.
1364
02:00:07,207 --> 02:00:08,843
Yes, go on.
1365
02:00:10,812 --> 02:00:12,446
(LOUD MUSIC PLAYS)
1366
02:00:12,547 --> 02:00:14,682
MAN: Stay triumphant.-Yeah.
1367
02:00:14,782 --> 02:00:20,722
(MUSIC BUILDS UP)
1368
02:00:31,599 --> 02:00:34,969
VOICE-OVER: Corner of Apollolaan
and Beethovenstraat.
1369
02:00:35,603 --> 02:00:39,107
From September 1944,
there was an unspoken truce
1370
02:00:39,207 --> 02:00:41,042
between the German
security police
1371
02:00:41,142 --> 02:00:42,977
and the Dutch armed resistance:
1372
02:00:43,077 --> 02:00:46,647
if there were no violent attacks
against the occupying forces,
1373
02:00:46,748 --> 02:00:49,851
then they wouldn't carry out
any executions.
1374
02:00:53,453 --> 02:00:55,890
The KP resistance militia
weren't intending
1375
02:00:55,990 --> 02:00:57,558
to kill Herbert Oelschlägel:
1376
02:00:57,658 --> 02:00:59,761
they were going to kidnap him.
1377
02:00:59,861 --> 02:01:02,530
This infamous SD detective
spoke Dutch
1378
02:01:02,630 --> 02:01:05,666
and controlled a network
of informers.
1379
02:01:05,767 --> 02:01:10,270
The KP wanted him to reveal his
informers and then release him.
1380
02:01:10,370 --> 02:01:12,305
They shadowed the detective
for four weeks
1381
02:01:12,405 --> 02:01:13,941
and made a plan to seize him.
1382
02:01:14,041 --> 02:01:17,377
But on the 23rd of October 1944
1383
02:01:17,477 --> 02:01:19,947
he didn't appear
at the expected time.
1384
02:01:20,047 --> 02:01:23,350
The KP found him at a café
in the city centre.
1385
02:01:23,450 --> 02:01:25,520
They tailed him back
to the South District,
1386
02:01:25,620 --> 02:01:28,589
but then their target realised
he was being followed,
1387
02:01:28,689 --> 02:01:31,458
so, at the corner of Apollolaan
and Beethovenstraat,
1388
02:01:31,559 --> 02:01:33,261
they pounced on him.
1389
02:01:33,360 --> 02:01:35,229
In the ensuing
struggle in the dark,
1390
02:01:35,328 --> 02:01:37,899
the bottle of chloroform
the KP intended to use
1391
02:01:37,999 --> 02:01:41,035
to sedate the detective
fell to the ground and broke.
1392
02:01:41,135 --> 02:01:43,638
One of the attackers
shot Oelschlägel in the head.
1393
02:01:43,738 --> 02:01:45,706
His body remained where it lay,
1394
02:01:45,807 --> 02:01:49,844
in front of the tobacconist
at number 6 Beethovenstraat.
1395
02:01:51,179 --> 02:01:52,747
Retaliation for killing a German
1396
02:01:52,847 --> 02:01:55,382
was always greater
than for killing a Dutchman.
1397
02:01:55,482 --> 02:01:56,951
So early the next morning,
1398
02:01:57,051 --> 02:02:01,889
the SD took 29 captives from
Weteringschans prison to
Apollolaan.
1399
02:02:01,989 --> 02:02:04,826
Not all of them were on the list
of "death candidates".
1400
02:02:04,926 --> 02:02:06,260
One was a thief.
1401
02:02:06,359 --> 02:02:10,198
The SD ordered local residents
to come out of their houses
and watch,
1402
02:02:10,298 --> 02:02:12,533
and shot the prisoners dead
in rows of ten
1403
02:02:12,633 --> 02:02:16,070
in front of the air-raid shelter
in the public garden.
1404
02:02:19,574 --> 02:02:23,410
The Germans also set fire
to two townhouses on the corner,
1405
02:02:23,511 --> 02:02:27,548
one of which had belonged to
the Jewish couple Mina and
Louis Stibbe,
1406
02:02:27,648 --> 02:02:30,751
who had taken their own lives
in 1942.
1407
02:02:34,222 --> 02:02:35,890
Unbeknownst to the SD,
1408
02:02:35,990 --> 02:02:38,993
the villa was now occupied
by a Dutch collaborator.
1409
02:02:39,093 --> 02:02:41,428
He tried to get compensated
for the loss,
1410
02:02:41,529 --> 02:02:44,098
but SD leader Willy Lages said:
1411
02:02:44,198 --> 02:02:48,401
"what we destroy, the city
of Amsterdam has to pay for".
1412
02:03:15,428 --> 02:03:23,436
(A TRUMPET SOUNDS)
1413
02:03:37,785 --> 02:03:40,655
VOICE-OVER:
On Monday the 7th of May 1945,
1414
02:03:40,755 --> 02:03:42,690
Amsterdammers flocked
to Dam Square
1415
02:03:42,790 --> 02:03:45,626
to celebrate the liberation
of the Netherlands.
1416
02:03:45,726 --> 02:03:50,898
But in Amsterdam the German army
was still present and had not
yet been disarmed.
1417
02:03:53,601 --> 02:03:56,469
That afternoon, a reconnaissance
unit of the British army
1418
02:03:56,570 --> 02:03:58,406
arrived at Dam Square,
1419
02:03:58,505 --> 02:04:01,309
where bystanders climbed
onto their cars.
1420
02:04:01,409 --> 02:04:05,445
According to some eyewitnesses,
once the British unit departed,
1421
02:04:05,546 --> 02:04:10,483
a cart arrived on the square
carrying women who had had
German lovers.
1422
02:04:10,584 --> 02:04:13,754
After the war,
Karel Marquenie remembered,
1423
02:04:13,854 --> 02:04:15,890
"The women were shaved
and tarred.
1424
02:04:15,990 --> 02:04:18,659
This was carried out
in a none too gentle manner,
1425
02:04:18,759 --> 02:04:21,362
blood was streaming
over their faces.
1426
02:04:21,461 --> 02:04:23,431
The women screamed
and called out for help
1427
02:04:23,531 --> 02:04:26,334
as the Germans looked on."
1428
02:04:26,434 --> 02:04:28,636
It is not known
what the exact cause was,
1429
02:04:28,736 --> 02:04:31,072
but the German Navy troops
in Paleisstraat
1430
02:04:31,172 --> 02:04:34,508
who had witnessed everything
from the windows and the roof
1431
02:04:34,608 --> 02:04:39,513
started to shoot at the crowd,
a gunfight with the Dutch
resistance followed.
1432
02:04:39,947 --> 02:04:42,516
Bystanders sought refuge
wherever they could,
1433
02:04:42,616 --> 02:04:45,686
even behind lamp posts
and behind a street organ.
1434
02:04:45,786 --> 02:04:48,022
More than 30 people were killed.
1435
02:05:27,461 --> 02:05:34,301
(THE KETTLEDRUM SILENCES
TRUMPETS SOUND)
1436
02:05:56,525 --> 02:06:06,267
(THE DUTCH ANTHEM PLAYS)
1437
02:06:07,935 --> 02:06:09,770
VOICE-OVER: Dam Square.
1438
02:06:11,939 --> 02:06:15,776
In June 1945, a three-day party
was organised
1439
02:06:15,876 --> 02:06:18,712
by "The committee for the
celebration of the liberation
1440
02:06:18,813 --> 02:06:21,816
of the capital
from German oppression".
1441
02:06:21,916 --> 02:06:24,018
On the last day,
Queen Wilhelmina appeared
1442
02:06:24,118 --> 02:06:25,953
on the balcony
of the Royal Palace,
1443
02:06:26,053 --> 02:06:27,888
and looked at a parade
of Allied troops
1444
02:06:27,988 --> 02:06:29,790
and Domestic Armed Forces,
1445
02:06:29,890 --> 02:06:34,462
followed by
a procession of floats.
1446
02:06:35,129 --> 02:06:38,032
On one of the floats Indonesians
stood in traditional costume
1447
02:06:38,132 --> 02:06:41,202
holding up the sign
"Indonesia oppressed".
1448
02:06:41,302 --> 02:06:44,605
During the war, Indonesians
that studied in the Netherlands
1449
02:06:44,705 --> 02:06:46,874
had joined the resistance,
under the motto,
1450
02:06:46,974 --> 02:06:50,978
"First free the Netherlands
and then Indonesia".
1451
02:06:51,078 --> 02:06:55,816
The so-called "Dutch Indies" had
been occupied by Japan in 1942,
1452
02:06:55,916 --> 02:07:00,488
but the freedom asked
by the Perhimpoenan Indonesia
1453
02:07:00,589 --> 02:07:03,958
was freedom from
the Dutch coloniser as well.
1454
02:07:07,596 --> 02:07:19,306
(THE TRUMPETER
SOUNDS THE TATTOO)
1455
02:08:18,365 --> 02:08:25,306
(TENSE CREAKING)
1456
02:08:48,896 --> 02:08:50,931
VOICE-OVER: 41 Ringweg,
1457
02:08:51,031 --> 02:08:54,703
formerly the rural part
of Sloten village.
1458
02:08:55,102 --> 02:09:00,174
On the 15th of July 1943,
CS6 resistance group members
1459
02:09:00,274 --> 02:09:02,476
Sape Kuiper
and Johan Kalshoven
1460
02:09:02,577 --> 02:09:06,648
shot policeman Hendrik Blonk and
his wife Johanna Blonk-Martens,
1461
02:09:06,747 --> 02:09:08,382
at their home.
1462
02:09:08,482 --> 02:09:10,084
They both survived the attack.
1463
02:09:10,184 --> 02:09:12,019
Blonk was a notorious detective
1464
02:09:12,119 --> 02:09:15,222
at the Amsterdam Police
Department for Jewish Affairs.
1465
02:09:15,322 --> 02:09:19,193
He claimed to have arrested at
least 100 Jews living in hiding.
1466
02:09:19,293 --> 02:09:22,796
After the war, Blonk was
sentenced to eight years
in prison.
1467
02:09:22,896 --> 02:09:25,366
He was released in 1949.
1468
02:09:25,466 --> 02:09:30,538
Kalshoven and Kuiper were caught
and executed in October 1943.
1469
02:09:30,639 --> 02:09:32,206
Demolished.
1470
02:09:59,567 --> 02:10:02,537
7 Gabriël Metsustraat.
1471
02:10:02,870 --> 02:10:05,674
In 1944 this Christian school
for girls
1472
02:10:05,774 --> 02:10:07,609
was claimed as
a training facility
1473
02:10:07,709 --> 02:10:09,843
for drivers of the NSKK,
1474
02:10:09,943 --> 02:10:12,079
the National Socialist
Motor Corps,
1475
02:10:12,179 --> 02:10:15,550
a paramilitary organisation that
supported the German army
1476
02:10:15,650 --> 02:10:17,585
and transported
German officials.
1477
02:10:18,852 --> 02:10:21,188
Around 10,000
Dutch men enlisted,
1478
02:10:21,288 --> 02:10:23,725
often after they were found
unfit for service
1479
02:10:23,824 --> 02:10:25,859
in the Waffen or Armed SS.
1480
02:10:25,959 --> 02:10:36,503
(QUICK TENSE MUSIC)
1481
02:12:08,663 --> 02:12:10,397
VOICE-OVER: Polderweg.
1482
02:12:10,497 --> 02:12:12,132
Base of
the Dutch military police
1483
02:12:12,232 --> 02:12:14,736
taken over by the Germans.
1484
02:12:14,836 --> 02:12:18,807
It was used as an assembly point
during mass roundups.
1485
02:12:18,907 --> 02:12:22,176
On the night
of the 2nd of October 1942,
1486
02:12:22,276 --> 02:12:24,311
the occupiers detained
Jewish men here
1487
02:12:24,411 --> 02:12:27,515
from work camps
in and around Amsterdam.
1488
02:12:27,615 --> 02:12:29,918
The next day these men
and their families,
1489
02:12:30,017 --> 02:12:31,886
who were taken
from their homes,
1490
02:12:31,985 --> 02:12:34,856
were sent
to Westerbork transit camp.
1491
02:12:35,523 --> 02:12:38,760
All Jews living in Amsterdam
who didn't have a "Sperre",
1492
02:12:38,860 --> 02:12:40,662
an exemption from deportation,
1493
02:12:40,762 --> 02:12:45,132
were ordered to report here
on Thursday the 20th of May 1943
1494
02:12:45,232 --> 02:12:47,902
and hand in their house keys.
1495
02:12:48,001 --> 02:12:49,203
From that day onwards
1496
02:12:49,303 --> 02:12:51,706
no Jews were permitted
to reside in Amsterdam,
1497
02:12:51,806 --> 02:12:55,209
unless they had explicit
permission from
the Zentralstelle,
1498
02:12:55,309 --> 02:12:58,278
the Central Office
for Jewish Emigration.
1499
02:12:58,378 --> 02:13:01,683
Only a thousand people
turned up that day.
1500
02:13:02,382 --> 02:13:05,486
Ferdinand Aus der Fünten,
the head of the Zentralstelle,
1501
02:13:05,587 --> 02:13:07,922
responded by ordering
the Jewish Council
1502
02:13:08,021 --> 02:13:10,991
to select 7,000 people
from its own ranks,
1503
02:13:11,091 --> 02:13:14,161
amounting to half
of the Council's staff.
1504
02:13:14,261 --> 02:13:17,532
They had to report here
on the 25th of May.
1505
02:13:17,632 --> 02:13:21,836
This time, around
1,600 people showed up.
1506
02:13:21,936 --> 02:13:24,137
The German authorities
had expected this
1507
02:13:24,238 --> 02:13:26,741
and had already made plans
for a mass roundup
1508
02:13:26,841 --> 02:13:28,877
in the old Jewish Quarter.
1509
02:13:29,309 --> 02:13:30,979
At two in the morning
the next day
1510
02:13:31,078 --> 02:13:33,280
they started rounding people up.
1511
02:13:33,380 --> 02:13:35,015
They gathered
them in the synagogue,
1512
02:13:35,115 --> 02:13:37,886
and used trams to transport
around 3,000 people
1513
02:13:37,986 --> 02:13:39,086
to this base
1514
02:13:39,186 --> 02:13:41,388
or straight
to nearby Muiderpoort station,
1515
02:13:41,488 --> 02:13:44,057
where trains were waiting
to take them to Westerbork.
1516
02:13:47,194 --> 02:13:48,997
Some people managed to escape
1517
02:13:49,096 --> 02:13:51,365
with the help
of Jewish council staff.
1518
02:13:51,465 --> 02:13:54,167
Sam de Hond pretended
he had to take a group of people
1519
02:13:54,268 --> 02:13:56,971
to the Dutch theatre
deportation centre.
1520
02:13:57,070 --> 02:13:59,707
When they got there
he told them to flee.
1521
02:13:59,807 --> 02:14:03,143
After liberation,
this building became Camp East,
1522
02:14:03,243 --> 02:14:05,914
an internment camp
for "political delinquents".
1523
02:14:06,014 --> 02:14:08,081
In May 1946,
1524
02:14:08,181 --> 02:14:11,285
Wietze Zootjes, a notorious
member of the Landwacht,
1525
02:14:11,385 --> 02:14:13,922
a police force made up
of Dutch Nazis,
1526
02:14:14,022 --> 02:14:15,857
managed to escape
through a hole he made
1527
02:14:15,957 --> 02:14:18,091
in the floor of his room.
1528
02:14:18,191 --> 02:14:21,796
In August the same year,
ten members of the NSB escaped
1529
02:14:21,896 --> 02:14:25,767
by using stolen pliers to bend
the window bars of the camp.
1530
02:14:27,635 --> 02:14:29,169
Demolished.
1531
02:14:34,509 --> 02:14:37,579
MAN:
I can see you're very busy.
1532
02:14:55,863 --> 02:14:58,533
VOICE-OVER: 321 Keizersgracht.
1533
02:14:58,633 --> 02:15:01,669
"The Red House" was bought
by artist Han van Meegeren
1534
02:15:01,769 --> 02:15:03,805
in 1943.
1535
02:15:03,905 --> 02:15:06,908
He sold his versions
of paintings by old masters
1536
02:15:07,008 --> 02:15:10,210
to Dutch museums and to
high-ranking Nazi customers
1537
02:15:10,310 --> 02:15:13,615
like
Reich Marshall Hermann Göring.
1538
02:15:13,715 --> 02:15:16,483
His studio was situated
further along the canal,
1539
02:15:16,584 --> 02:15:19,787
and the artist
held wild parties there.
1540
02:15:19,887 --> 02:15:21,421
Shortly after liberation,
1541
02:15:21,522 --> 02:15:24,491
Van Meegeren was arrested
for collaboration.
1542
02:15:24,592 --> 02:15:27,160
To convince the court
he did not collaborate,
1543
02:15:27,260 --> 02:15:30,230
the artist revealed
his paintings were forgeries.
1544
02:15:30,330 --> 02:15:32,199
To prove this, during his trial
1545
02:15:32,299 --> 02:15:35,135
he painted a new work
in the style of Vermeer.
1546
02:15:35,235 --> 02:15:37,371
The artist was given one year
in prison,
1547
02:15:37,471 --> 02:15:40,507
but died before he could
begin his sentence.
1548
02:16:14,174 --> 02:16:21,248
(VOICES BUZZING LOUDLY)
1549
02:16:38,498 --> 02:16:42,670
VOICE-OVER: 120
Westerstraat, ground floor.
1550
02:16:43,104 --> 02:16:46,206
Fish shop run by Isaäc Gerritse.
1551
02:16:46,306 --> 02:16:49,777
From June 1942
only Jews could shop here.
1552
02:16:49,877 --> 02:16:53,447
A year later, Gerritse
was deported to Westerbork.
1553
02:16:53,548 --> 02:16:57,952
He was murdered in Auschwitz
in August 1943.
1554
02:16:58,452 --> 02:17:00,888
Following his deportation,
the local authorities
1555
02:17:00,988 --> 02:17:03,991
bricked up the property
to protect it from looters.
1556
02:17:04,092 --> 02:17:05,225
After the war,
1557
02:17:05,325 --> 02:17:07,628
the municipality presented
an invoice for this work
1558
02:17:07,729 --> 02:17:10,464
to Isaäc's
only surviving son Maurits,
1559
02:17:10,565 --> 02:17:13,735
who had to pay 1,100 guilders.
1560
02:17:13,835 --> 02:17:17,772
In 1943, the city put aside
70,000 guilders
1561
02:17:17,872 --> 02:17:20,942
for measures preventing people
from removing timber
1562
02:17:21,042 --> 02:17:23,144
from unoccupied buildings.
1563
02:17:23,243 --> 02:17:25,580
These included building walls
around houses,
1564
02:17:25,680 --> 02:17:27,515
but an official
report pointed out
1565
02:17:27,615 --> 02:17:29,784
that this was in fact
counter-productive,
1566
02:17:29,884 --> 02:17:31,953
because once the looters
were behind the walls,
1567
02:17:32,053 --> 02:17:34,889
they could go about
their business undisturbed.
1568
02:18:19,700 --> 02:18:23,237
Vliegen Woods,
formerly IJ-Woods.
1569
02:18:23,336 --> 02:18:26,040
On the 2nd of July 1942,
1570
02:18:26,140 --> 02:18:28,441
Abraham Prins,
a physiotherapist,
1571
02:18:28,543 --> 02:18:31,712
cycled through this park,
which, like all parks,
1572
02:18:31,813 --> 02:18:35,750
Jews were forbidden to enter
from September 1941.
1573
02:18:36,083 --> 02:18:39,520
The Amsterdam Police Battalion
was on drill exercise in
the park,
1574
02:18:39,620 --> 02:18:42,023
and an officer arrested him.
1575
02:18:42,123 --> 02:18:46,093
Prins claimed he had forgotten
that he was not allowed to be in
the park.
1576
02:18:46,194 --> 02:18:48,696
He was deported to Westerbork.
1577
02:18:48,796 --> 02:18:51,398
On the way to Auschwitz,
he threw a note from the train
1578
02:18:51,498 --> 02:18:53,466
that reached
his non-Jewish wife.
1579
02:18:53,568 --> 02:18:57,470
It said: "Better let
sister drown herself."
1580
02:18:57,572 --> 02:19:01,943
Prins was murdered in Auschwitz
in September 1942.
1581
02:19:02,043 --> 02:19:05,546
In February 1945 the Order
Police were looking for men
1582
02:19:05,646 --> 02:19:08,481
for forced labour in Germany.
1583
02:19:08,583 --> 02:19:09,784
During the roundup,
1584
02:19:09,884 --> 02:19:12,587
Willem Schreuder fled
into the park and was shot.
1585
02:19:12,687 --> 02:19:15,122
Schreuder died within minutes.
1586
02:19:15,223 --> 02:19:18,993
Many trees in the park were
chopped down during
the Hunger Winter.
1587
02:19:31,739 --> 02:19:36,577
92 Jacob Obrechstraat,
Central Jewish Hospital.
1588
02:19:37,879 --> 02:19:41,448
On the night
of the 28th of September 1943,
1589
02:19:41,549 --> 02:19:44,352
the hospital was
cleared of patients.
1590
02:19:44,451 --> 02:19:46,419
The Germans then ordered
that it be used
1591
02:19:46,520 --> 02:19:50,423
for the sterilisation of
Jewish women in mixed marriages.
1592
02:19:50,791 --> 02:19:52,760
Some members of
the hospital staff
1593
02:19:52,860 --> 02:19:55,263
who had already
been deported to Westerbork
1594
02:19:55,363 --> 02:19:58,431
were brought back
to carry out this work.
1595
02:19:58,866 --> 02:20:02,103
The operations were led
by a Dutch Nazi surgeon.
1596
02:20:03,470 --> 02:20:04,639
Later in the war,
1597
02:20:04,739 --> 02:20:07,909
the Nazi-run welfare
organisation, the NVD,
1598
02:20:08,009 --> 02:20:09,977
used the building
as a maternity clinic
1599
02:20:10,077 --> 02:20:13,848
for women who had become
pregnant by German soldiers.
1600
02:20:13,948 --> 02:20:16,684
After the war, it opened again
as a Jewish hospital
1601
02:20:16,784 --> 02:20:19,887
and took in concentration camp
survivors.
1602
02:20:21,856 --> 02:20:23,423
Demolished.
1603
02:20:39,674 --> 02:20:42,643
1 Adama van Scheltemaplein.
1604
02:20:43,878 --> 02:20:47,581
In June 1942, this vacant school
1605
02:20:47,682 --> 02:20:50,418
became the "Zentralstelle
für Judische Auswanderung",
1606
02:20:50,518 --> 02:20:53,020
the Central Office
for Jewish Emigration,
1607
02:20:53,120 --> 02:20:56,123
the German office
that organised the deportations.
1608
02:20:56,223 --> 02:20:59,527
Jews could only enter it
through the backdoor.
1609
02:20:59,894 --> 02:21:02,596
The first 4,000 people
were called up to report
1610
02:21:02,697 --> 02:21:05,299
for so-called labour service
in Germany,
1611
02:21:05,399 --> 02:21:10,671
mostly Jews who had fled
Germany,
on the 5th of July 1942.
1612
02:21:11,339 --> 02:21:14,842
When fewer and fewer people
responded to such calls
to report,
1613
02:21:14,942 --> 02:21:17,445
the Germans introduced
a new approach.
1614
02:21:17,545 --> 02:21:20,648
In the evening regular Amsterdam
police officers
1615
02:21:20,748 --> 02:21:22,683
now took people
directly from their homes,
1616
02:21:22,783 --> 02:21:24,185
without prior warning.
1617
02:21:24,285 --> 02:21:27,822
For this task, supervised
by the German Order Police
1618
02:21:27,922 --> 02:21:32,059
also men from the new Amsterdam
Police Battalion were used.
1619
02:21:32,159 --> 02:21:36,097
This unit became especially
known for its brutality and
corruption.
1620
02:21:36,530 --> 02:21:40,968
Around 18,000 Jewish people were
deported from the Zentralstelle,
1621
02:21:41,068 --> 02:21:44,238
where they were held in the
gymnasium or in the courtyard.
1622
02:21:44,338 --> 02:21:48,109
Journalist Heinz Wielek, who had
worked for the Jewish Council,
1623
02:21:48,209 --> 02:21:49,276
wrote shortly after the war
1624
02:21:49,410 --> 02:21:53,481
about the sinister, SS-like
atmosphere in the building:
1625
02:21:53,914 --> 02:21:56,917
"How many times a frightened,
silent mass of people
1626
02:21:57,018 --> 02:21:59,320
stood in the courtyard
throughout the night,
1627
02:21:59,420 --> 02:22:02,690
packed so tightly
nobody could move."
1628
02:22:02,790 --> 02:22:06,193
When the Dutch theatre became
the main deportation centre,
1629
02:22:06,293 --> 02:22:08,696
the Zentralstelle remained
the bureaucratic core
1630
02:22:08,796 --> 02:22:10,931
of the Holocaust in Amsterdam.
1631
02:22:11,332 --> 02:22:12,633
The theft of Jewish belongings
1632
02:22:12,733 --> 02:22:16,537
was also orchestrated
from the Zentralstelle.
1633
02:22:16,637 --> 02:22:18,806
In November 1944,
1634
02:22:18,906 --> 02:22:21,242
the building was destroyed
during an Allied air raid
1635
02:22:21,342 --> 02:22:25,179
on the German security service
headquarters across the street.
1636
02:22:36,323 --> 02:22:38,292
Mosveld.
1637
02:22:38,692 --> 02:22:40,995
The grounds
of Volewijckers football club,
1638
02:22:41,095 --> 02:22:43,731
which owes its reputation
as a "resistance club"
1639
02:22:43,831 --> 02:22:46,500
to Douwe and Gerben Wagenaar.
1640
02:22:46,600 --> 02:22:48,035
Douwe chaired the club,
1641
02:22:48,135 --> 02:22:51,839
Gerben was an important figure
in the communist resistance.
1642
02:22:52,706 --> 02:22:54,842
In July 1943,
1643
02:22:54,942 --> 02:22:57,445
the grounds were hit
during an allied bombardment.
1644
02:22:57,546 --> 02:22:58,879
A month later,
1645
02:22:58,979 --> 02:23:01,248
the Volewijckers played a match
against a club from The Hague
1646
02:23:01,348 --> 02:23:02,517
wearing orange shirts
1647
02:23:02,616 --> 02:23:05,653
rather than their usual
green and white kit.
1648
02:23:05,920 --> 02:23:09,690
The authorities arrested
Douwe Wagenaar immediately after
the match
1649
02:23:09,790 --> 02:23:11,826
and held him for three days.
1650
02:23:11,926 --> 02:23:16,163
The club won the national
championship in 1944.
1651
02:23:52,099 --> 02:23:56,670
176 P.C.
Hoofstraat, ground floor.
1652
02:23:56,770 --> 02:23:59,640
The socialist Professor
of criminology Willem Bonger
1653
02:23:59,740 --> 02:24:02,243
and his wife
Maria Bonger-van Heteren
1654
02:24:02,343 --> 02:24:06,947
attempted to take their own
lives here on the 15th of
May 1940.
1655
02:24:07,047 --> 02:24:10,818
He wrote in a note:
"I see no future for me anymore,
1656
02:24:10,918 --> 02:24:15,489
and will not bow down to those
thugs who are going to be in
control now."
1657
02:24:15,590 --> 02:24:18,292
Maria Bonger-van Heteren
survived.
1658
02:24:19,493 --> 02:24:20,995
Demolished.
1659
02:24:24,198 --> 02:24:29,303
108 Gerrit van der Veenstraat,
formerly Euterpestraat.
1660
02:24:29,403 --> 02:24:31,305
Second floor.
1661
02:24:31,606 --> 02:24:33,073
Home of the Klingensteins,
1662
02:24:33,174 --> 02:24:36,578
a Jewish family who had
fled Germany in the '30s.
1663
02:24:36,677 --> 02:24:39,213
On the 15th of May 1940,
1664
02:24:39,313 --> 02:24:43,083
six members of the family ended
their lives by gas asphyxiation.
1665
02:24:43,184 --> 02:24:47,221
Their housemaid Karoline Falk
also chose death.
1666
02:24:53,794 --> 02:24:58,098
128 Willemsparkweg,
ground floor.
1667
02:24:58,399 --> 02:24:59,668
Studio Larette.
1668
02:24:59,767 --> 02:25:01,735
Sales Centre
for Conjuring Tricks
1669
02:25:01,835 --> 02:25:05,372
belonging to the Hungarian
magician Cornel Hauer.
1670
02:25:05,472 --> 02:25:08,510
Hauer was a baptised Catholic
in a "mixed marriage",
1671
02:25:08,610 --> 02:25:11,178
which protected him
from deportation.
1672
02:25:11,278 --> 02:25:13,113
In May 1943,
1673
02:25:13,214 --> 02:25:15,216
two German soldiers
rang at the door,
1674
02:25:15,316 --> 02:25:18,687
whereupon Hauer
used a pistol to kill himself.
1675
02:25:18,786 --> 02:25:20,555
There had been
German soldiers before,
1676
02:25:20,655 --> 02:25:22,856
but they came
to buy magic tricks.
1677
02:25:22,957 --> 02:25:26,160
Now the officers came
because Hauer, who was deaf,
1678
02:25:26,260 --> 02:25:30,097
had been loudly listening to
English radio,
which was forbidden.
1679
02:25:30,197 --> 02:25:32,933
The men had
heard it from outside.
1680
02:25:40,808 --> 02:25:43,944
6 Deurloostraat, ground floor.
1681
02:25:44,044 --> 02:25:46,914
Home of the Jewish family
Wolfsbergen.
1682
02:25:47,014 --> 02:25:50,384
Ellie, Willy, their son Fred,
who was 17,
1683
02:25:50,484 --> 02:25:51,986
and his grandmother Rika
1684
02:25:52,086 --> 02:25:54,388
ended their lives
by gas asphyxiation
1685
02:25:54,488 --> 02:25:57,291
on the 14th of May 1940.
1686
02:25:57,391 --> 02:25:59,960
In a suicide note
addressed to their neighbours,
1687
02:26:00,060 --> 02:26:02,029
Ellie Wolfsbergen wrote:
1688
02:26:02,129 --> 02:26:05,232
"Before we depart,
I send you a final greeting.
1689
02:26:05,332 --> 02:26:08,269
It is impossible for us
to live as outcasts.
1690
02:26:08,369 --> 02:26:09,770
Fred agrees with us,
1691
02:26:09,870 --> 02:26:12,540
otherwise
we would have not done it.
1692
02:26:12,641 --> 02:26:14,375
Any of you who wish to do so,
1693
02:26:14,475 --> 02:26:17,545
may take a keepsake
from a drawer or wherever else,
1694
02:26:17,646 --> 02:26:20,381
be it silver or anything at all.
1695
02:26:20,481 --> 02:26:22,249
Take what you like."
1696
02:26:22,883 --> 02:26:34,061
(SAD CLASSICAL MUSIC)
1697
02:27:03,991 --> 02:27:08,195
104 Eerste Helmersstraat,
Wilhelmina Hospital.
1698
02:27:10,565 --> 02:27:14,803
In 1942, the Germans changed
the name to West hospital.
1699
02:27:14,935 --> 02:27:16,738
Just after
the Dutch capitulation,
1700
02:27:16,837 --> 02:27:20,841
a lot of people were brought
here following failed suicide
attempts.
1701
02:27:20,941 --> 02:27:25,346
156 suicides were recorded
in 1940 in Amsterdam,
1702
02:27:25,446 --> 02:27:27,848
most of them
in the south of the city.
1703
02:27:27,948 --> 02:27:32,019
128 of these cases
concerned Jewish people.
1704
02:27:32,119 --> 02:27:36,123
Often, entire families died,
including children.
1705
02:27:36,223 --> 02:27:39,259
The cause of death
was usually gas asphyxiation,
1706
02:27:39,360 --> 02:27:42,096
sometimes a sedative
or poison was used.
1707
02:27:42,196 --> 02:27:45,933
Several people drowned
themselves in the river Amstel.
1708
02:27:46,433 --> 02:27:49,303
The Germans installed an Air
Force military hospital here,
1709
02:27:49,403 --> 02:27:53,040
with around 800 beds
and its own German personnel.
1710
02:27:53,140 --> 02:27:55,710
An auxiliary hospital was opened
elsewhere in the city
1711
02:27:55,810 --> 02:27:57,779
for Amsterdammers.
1712
02:27:57,878 --> 02:27:59,213
WOMAN: Almost done.
1713
02:27:59,313 --> 02:28:01,616
VOICE-OVER: Captured resistance
fighters who were injured
1714
02:28:01,716 --> 02:28:03,785
were also
treated in this hospital.
1715
02:28:03,884 --> 02:28:06,487
The resistance managed
to free some of them.
1716
02:28:07,722 --> 02:28:09,490
In November 1944
1717
02:28:09,591 --> 02:28:11,626
there was not enough
German personnel left
1718
02:28:11,726 --> 02:28:13,160
to treat wounded soldiers,
1719
02:28:13,260 --> 02:28:16,230
so Dutch nurses
were assigned to the task.
1720
02:28:19,466 --> 02:28:23,337
Nurses who refused to do this
work were suspended or fired.
1721
02:28:23,437 --> 02:28:26,073
The soldiers were not allowed
to return to their units,
1722
02:28:26,173 --> 02:28:29,243
but would be deployed
in the defence of Amsterdam.
1723
02:28:53,200 --> 02:28:56,970
213 Nieuwe Herengracht,
1724
02:28:57,070 --> 02:28:59,406
framing shop of
Benjamin de Vries.
1725
02:28:59,506 --> 02:29:03,444
He was murdered in Sobibor
in 1943.
1726
02:29:03,845 --> 02:29:05,547
The house became
a temporary refuge
1727
02:29:05,647 --> 02:29:08,917
for people who escaped from the
Dutch theatre deportation centre
1728
02:29:09,016 --> 02:29:11,251
but didn't have a place to hide.
1729
02:29:11,351 --> 02:29:14,589
After the war, De Vries'
son-in-law Jac van de Kar,
1730
02:29:14,689 --> 02:29:17,958
a bicycle courier
for the Jewish Council, said:
1731
02:29:18,058 --> 02:29:21,663
"During the day the escapees
would either leave of
their own accord
1732
02:29:21,763 --> 02:29:24,998
or we would telephone
their relations,
who came to collect them.
1733
02:29:25,098 --> 02:29:28,001
As a rule, the freed people
had no luggage,
1734
02:29:28,101 --> 02:29:31,706
and their clothes, which stank
and were crumpled,
1735
02:29:31,806 --> 02:29:33,708
had to be cleaned."
1736
02:29:33,808 --> 02:29:35,309
Demolished.
1737
02:29:44,418 --> 02:29:48,121
VOICE-OVER: 65
Singel, ground floor.
1738
02:29:48,723 --> 02:29:50,525
Home of Willem Arondéus,
1739
02:29:50,625 --> 02:29:53,494
an artist and the writer
of the Brandarisletter,
1740
02:29:53,595 --> 02:29:56,296
one of the first
illegal publications.
1741
02:29:56,396 --> 02:29:59,934
Arondéus became a leader
of the PBC resistance group,
1742
02:30:00,033 --> 02:30:02,804
which started
with forging identity papers.
1743
02:30:02,904 --> 02:30:06,674
He also took part in the attack
on the Civil Registry.
1744
02:30:06,774 --> 02:30:09,844
The authorities arrested him
the month after the attack,
1745
02:30:09,944 --> 02:30:12,446
and on the 1st of July 1943
1746
02:30:12,547 --> 02:30:16,383
he was executed in the dunes
together with 11 others.
1747
02:30:16,483 --> 02:30:18,318
The day before the execution,
1748
02:30:18,418 --> 02:30:22,389
Arondéus urged his lawyer,
resistance worker Lau Mazirel,
1749
02:30:22,489 --> 02:30:24,626
to let people know
after the war that
1750
02:30:24,726 --> 02:30:29,129
"homosexuals are no less
courageous than other people."
1751
02:30:40,575 --> 02:30:44,579
31 Roelof Hartstraat,
third floor.
1752
02:30:44,679 --> 02:30:46,413
Home of nurse Antje Roos.
1753
02:30:46,514 --> 02:30:49,851
In 1942, Bernardine
Bloemgarten-Hertog
1754
02:30:49,951 --> 02:30:51,853
started hiding here.
1755
02:30:51,953 --> 02:30:56,089
After the war, her son Salvador
described what he saw from
the window
1756
02:30:56,189 --> 02:30:58,258
on the 14th of July that year,
1757
02:30:58,358 --> 02:31:01,361
during a roundup
by the German Order Police:
1758
02:31:01,461 --> 02:31:03,998
"What struck me most
was the pride and dignity
1759
02:31:04,097 --> 02:31:06,433
with which our people
went to meet their fate,
1760
02:31:06,534 --> 02:31:08,468
straight-backed
and, as it were,
1761
02:31:08,570 --> 02:31:11,405
negating the presence
of the uniformed guards.
1762
02:31:11,505 --> 02:31:13,440
It all became too much
for Roos.
1763
02:31:13,541 --> 02:31:16,209
She yelled out
'Murderers, murderers',
1764
02:31:16,310 --> 02:31:18,312
and we had to pull her away
from the window
1765
02:31:18,412 --> 02:31:21,081
because the guards
adopted a menacing stance."
1766
02:31:21,181 --> 02:31:23,017
The Germans
carried out this "razzia"
1767
02:31:23,116 --> 02:31:25,252
because not enough Jewish people
had reported
1768
02:31:25,352 --> 02:31:27,154
for forced labour in Germany.
1769
02:31:27,254 --> 02:31:29,089
800 people were arrested
1770
02:31:29,189 --> 02:31:31,759
and threatened to be sent
to Mauthausen in Austria,
1771
02:31:31,859 --> 02:31:35,195
a concentration camp that was
already known and feared.
1772
02:31:35,295 --> 02:31:37,065
In the end,
enough people appeared
1773
02:31:37,164 --> 02:31:39,199
to fill the first train
to Westerbork,
1774
02:31:39,299 --> 02:31:41,636
and most hostages were released.
1775
02:31:41,736 --> 02:31:45,138
Roos was involved in the attack
on the Civil Registry.
1776
02:31:45,238 --> 02:31:47,642
She was arrested and
sentenced to a year of labour
1777
02:31:47,742 --> 02:31:50,243
in Ravensbrück
concentration camp.
1778
02:31:50,344 --> 02:31:52,847
Upon her return
she resumed her resistance.
1779
02:31:52,947 --> 02:31:56,450
Bernardine Bloemgarten-Hertog
was caught elsewhere.
1780
02:31:56,551 --> 02:32:00,655
In May 1943 she was murdered
at Sobibor.
1781
02:32:26,781 --> 02:32:30,685
45 and 47 Victorieplein.
1782
02:32:30,785 --> 02:32:34,488
The 12-storey house,
known as the "Skyscraper".
1783
02:32:40,695 --> 02:32:43,931
The tenants in the 24 apartments
included...
1784
02:32:45,298 --> 02:32:48,168
number 45, eighth floor.
1785
02:32:48,268 --> 02:32:51,139
Home of Stefan Schlesinger,
a graphic designer,
1786
02:32:51,238 --> 02:32:53,808
and his wife Anna Kerdijk,
a translator.
1787
02:32:54,942 --> 02:32:58,813
They were both murdered
at Auschwitz in 1944.
1788
02:32:58,913 --> 02:33:01,115
From early 1943 onwards,
1789
02:33:01,214 --> 02:33:04,085
Viennese refugee
Irene Hellmann-Redlich
1790
02:33:04,184 --> 02:33:05,953
hid in this apartment.
1791
02:33:06,054 --> 02:33:08,589
Hellmann moved again
in 1944,
1792
02:33:08,690 --> 02:33:10,858
but went back to the apartment
to pick something up
1793
02:33:10,958 --> 02:33:12,392
and got arrested.
1794
02:33:12,492 --> 02:33:15,596
Hellmann was also murdered
in Auschwitz.
1795
02:33:22,804 --> 02:33:25,707
Number 45, fourth floor.
1796
02:33:25,807 --> 02:33:27,474
Home of Anthonie Donker,
1797
02:33:27,575 --> 02:33:30,377
a writer who urged
all writers and other artists
1798
02:33:30,477 --> 02:33:33,748
to resist joining the Nazi-run
Chamber of Culture.
1799
02:33:33,848 --> 02:33:36,918
Only members of this
organisation could perform,
1800
02:33:37,018 --> 02:33:39,453
exhibit or publish their work.
1801
02:33:39,554 --> 02:33:41,022
Donker wrote in a manifesto
1802
02:33:41,122 --> 02:33:45,225
that art should not be
subordinated to political
principles.
1803
02:33:45,325 --> 02:33:48,228
After it was published
in February 1943,
1804
02:33:48,328 --> 02:33:50,531
Donker was fired
as professor of literature
1805
02:33:50,631 --> 02:33:52,332
at the University of Amsterdam
1806
02:33:52,432 --> 02:33:54,569
and interned at a hostage camp.
1807
02:33:54,669 --> 02:33:57,071
He was released by mistake.
1808
02:33:57,171 --> 02:34:00,742
Hiding here was the Surinamese
writer and resistance worker
1809
02:34:00,842 --> 02:34:02,110
Albert Helman.
1810
02:34:02,210 --> 02:34:04,512
He was a well-known
anti-fascist.
1811
02:34:04,612 --> 02:34:06,948
Just before the war
he had published the book
1812
02:34:07,048 --> 02:34:11,351
"The Suffering of Millions:
The Tragedy of Jewish Refugees".
1813
02:34:13,020 --> 02:34:21,028
(HOPEFUL CLASSICAL MUSIC)
1814
02:34:21,129 --> 02:34:24,364
Number 47, fifth floor.
1815
02:34:25,199 --> 02:34:29,937
Famous singer Julia Culp and
her sister,
pianist Betsy Rijkens-Culp,
1816
02:34:30,037 --> 02:34:32,807
went into hiding in 1942.
1817
02:34:37,344 --> 02:34:39,547
An intervention
by Willem Mengelberg,
1818
02:34:39,647 --> 02:34:41,949
the conductor
of the Concertgebouw orchestra,
1819
02:34:42,049 --> 02:34:45,987
and Wilhelm Furtwängler,
the conductor of
the Berlin Philharmonic,
1820
02:34:46,087 --> 02:34:48,890
meant they were able to return
to the "Skyscraper".
1821
02:34:48,990 --> 02:34:52,827
Under the name Cabaret Flore,
they would give occasional
concerts
1822
02:34:52,927 --> 02:34:56,363
on Sunday afternoons
in the bicycle shelter.
1823
02:34:58,166 --> 02:35:09,043
(IN THE BACKGROUND A MAN SPEAKS
IN A VIDEO CONFERENCE)
1824
02:35:19,620 --> 02:35:22,156
Number 47, seventh floor.
1825
02:35:22,256 --> 02:35:26,426
Home of dentist Davy Schaap,
Debora Schaap-Ossedrijver,
1826
02:35:26,527 --> 02:35:29,297
and their children Franz
and Josephina.
1827
02:35:29,396 --> 02:35:30,965
They were murdered in Auschwitz,
1828
02:35:31,065 --> 02:35:34,068
Sobibor and Oberlangen
concentration camps.
1829
02:35:47,982 --> 02:35:50,218
Number 45, tenth floor.
1830
02:35:50,318 --> 02:35:53,588
Home of
Gerben Sonderman, a pilot.
1831
02:35:53,688 --> 02:35:56,657
During the German invasion
in May 1940,
1832
02:35:56,757 --> 02:35:59,660
he shot down
three German planes.
1833
02:36:03,865 --> 02:36:06,601
Sonderman was the right-hand man
of Piet Six,
1834
02:36:06,701 --> 02:36:09,502
the leader
of the OD resistance group.
1835
02:36:09,604 --> 02:36:12,505
In 1944 he installed
a radio transmitter
1836
02:36:12,607 --> 02:36:14,507
in a vacant apartment
in this building
1837
02:36:14,609 --> 02:36:17,278
to send messages to London.
1838
02:36:17,912 --> 02:36:20,915
During transmissions there would
be a British radio operator
1839
02:36:21,015 --> 02:36:23,117
in a Royal Air Force
reconnaissance plane
1840
02:36:23,217 --> 02:36:25,353
circling Amsterdam.
1841
02:36:25,452 --> 02:36:27,588
On the day
the country was liberated,
1842
02:36:27,688 --> 02:36:29,523
Sonderman flew
a celebratory round
1843
02:36:29,624 --> 02:36:32,960
over Amsterdam
in a small sport plane.
1844
02:36:54,615 --> 02:37:04,091
(PEOPLE CONVERSE INAUDIBLY)
1845
02:37:09,096 --> 02:37:14,001
(COOKING UTENSILS CLATTER)
1846
02:37:18,339 --> 02:37:28,616
(A HAPPY SONG
PLAYS IN THE BACKGROUND)
1847
02:37:29,517 --> 02:37:34,255
609 and 611 Keizersgracht.
1848
02:37:34,355 --> 02:37:36,891
Home of
the Fodor art collection.
1849
02:37:46,267 --> 02:37:47,835
Prior to the German invasion,
1850
02:37:47,935 --> 02:37:50,838
the artworks were stored
at other museums.
1851
02:37:50,938 --> 02:37:52,840
The building
became the head office
1852
02:37:52,940 --> 02:37:54,909
of Amsterdam's
Air Raid Defence Service,
1853
02:37:55,009 --> 02:37:58,546
set up to help civilians
after a bombardment.
1854
02:37:58,646 --> 02:38:01,515
In every quarter of the city
the Service built shelters
1855
02:38:01,615 --> 02:38:03,417
and installed a small office,
1856
02:38:03,517 --> 02:38:05,485
where first aid could be given.
1857
02:38:05,586 --> 02:38:08,723
Volunteers made their rounds
every night.
1858
02:38:08,823 --> 02:38:11,192
Resistance workers
often took this job,
1859
02:38:11,292 --> 02:38:14,929
because it meant they could be
legally outside during curfew.
1860
02:38:16,464 --> 02:38:20,201
At headquarters compulsory
courses in self-protection
were given,
1861
02:38:20,301 --> 02:38:23,404
and the organisation placed
sand buckets all around the city
1862
02:38:23,503 --> 02:38:25,505
for extinguishing fires.
1863
02:38:25,606 --> 02:38:27,641
They announced
in the newspapers:
1864
02:38:27,742 --> 02:38:30,177
"Citizens must ensure
the sand is not used
1865
02:38:30,277 --> 02:38:35,149
for other purposes or spread
around by children at play."
1866
02:38:35,249 --> 02:38:36,450
During the war,
1867
02:38:36,550 --> 02:38:39,854
the air raid sirens went off
around a hundred times
each year,
1868
02:38:39,954 --> 02:38:43,290
but Amsterdam
was not bombed often.
1869
02:38:43,691 --> 02:38:47,361
The largest air raid
took place in July 1943.
1870
02:38:47,461 --> 02:38:50,865
The allied bombs were meant
for the Fokker aircraft factory,
1871
02:38:50,965 --> 02:38:54,568
which the Germans had taken
over, in the north of the city.
1872
02:38:54,668 --> 02:38:56,103
But due to low visibility
1873
02:38:56,203 --> 02:38:59,340
and possibly the inexperience
of the American crew,
1874
02:38:59,440 --> 02:39:01,375
all bombs fell
on a residential area
1875
02:39:01,475 --> 02:39:03,344
near the factory.
1876
02:39:03,444 --> 02:39:05,446
Around 200 people died.
1877
02:39:05,546 --> 02:39:07,048
a church, a police station
1878
02:39:07,148 --> 02:39:10,084
and a few hundred houses
were destroyed.
1879
02:39:10,184 --> 02:39:12,486
The municipality relocated
the homeless
1880
02:39:12,586 --> 02:39:14,121
in the houses that stood empty
1881
02:39:14,221 --> 02:39:17,358
after the deportation
of their Jewish inhabitants.
1882
02:39:17,458 --> 02:39:19,393
A week later
planes of the RAF
1883
02:39:19,493 --> 02:39:21,195
did manage to hit the target
1884
02:39:21,295 --> 02:39:24,498
and destroyed
most of the Fokker factory.
1885
02:39:25,266 --> 02:39:28,569
After the war this building
housed
the Evacuation Department,
1886
02:39:28,669 --> 02:39:30,504
which was tasked
with finding homes
1887
02:39:30,604 --> 02:39:33,240
for people that had been living
in hiding.
1888
02:39:36,877 --> 02:39:46,987
(HAPPY RHYTMIC POP SONG PLAYS)
1889
02:40:51,553 --> 02:40:55,122
14 Kleine-Gartman Plantsoen.
1890
02:40:55,222 --> 02:40:56,724
Detention Centre I,
1891
02:40:56,824 --> 02:41:00,127
better known
as Weteringschans Prison.
1892
02:41:00,227 --> 02:41:02,263
In the German
section of the jail
1893
02:41:02,363 --> 02:41:05,966
political prisoners and
resistance members were
detained.
1894
02:41:06,066 --> 02:41:09,970
The "Jewish barrack", a shelter
without any sanitary facilities,
1895
02:41:10,070 --> 02:41:11,839
stood in the prison yard.
1896
02:41:11,939 --> 02:41:15,442
A single cell could contain
up to 16 inmates.
1897
02:41:15,544 --> 02:41:17,878
Jewish prisoners were forced
to walk around the yard
1898
02:41:17,978 --> 02:41:20,114
for hours at a time chanting
1899
02:41:20,214 --> 02:41:24,351
"I am a Jew. Beat me to death.
It's my own fault."
1900
02:41:24,785 --> 02:41:27,221
The German police detective
Kurt Döring
1901
02:41:27,321 --> 02:41:28,989
kicked a pregnant woman
so ferociously
1902
02:41:29,089 --> 02:41:31,258
that she suffered a miscarriage.
1903
02:41:33,928 --> 02:41:36,197
Resistance fighters
were held in "hunger cells"
1904
02:41:36,297 --> 02:41:38,432
to force confessions.
1905
02:41:38,533 --> 02:41:41,035
After the war,
Anton Beekman wrote:
1906
02:41:41,135 --> 02:41:43,070
"There was a constant
smell of food
1907
02:41:43,170 --> 02:41:47,274
rising up from a grate in
my cell. It drove me crazy."
1908
02:41:47,374 --> 02:41:49,710
Prisoners would communicate
with the outside world
1909
02:41:49,810 --> 02:41:51,879
through letters smuggled out
in the laundry,
1910
02:41:51,979 --> 02:41:55,015
which their families
had to clean at home.
1911
02:41:57,084 --> 02:41:59,787
Prisoners designated
as "Todeskandidaten",
1912
02:41:59,887 --> 02:42:01,388
or "death candidates",
1913
02:42:01,488 --> 02:42:03,123
could be executed in retaliation
1914
02:42:03,224 --> 02:42:06,093
for attacks on Germans
by the resistance.
1915
02:42:06,193 --> 02:42:09,263
If that happened,
the wives of the executed men
1916
02:42:09,363 --> 02:42:12,366
could collect their wedding
rings here the next day.
1917
02:42:14,735 --> 02:42:18,138
The resistance made two
attempts to free comrades from
the prison.
1918
02:42:18,239 --> 02:42:21,742
The first, on the night
of the 1st of May 1944,
1919
02:42:21,842 --> 02:42:23,811
led by Gerrit van der Veen,
1920
02:42:23,911 --> 02:42:26,113
failed when he had to shoot
an unexpected watchdog,
1921
02:42:26,213 --> 02:42:28,449
and the sound
alerted the guards.
1922
02:42:28,550 --> 02:42:31,452
In the second raid in July,
a Dutch prison guard
1923
02:42:31,553 --> 02:42:34,021
was supposed to help a group
led by Johannes Post,
1924
02:42:34,121 --> 02:42:36,423
but he informed his superiors
of the plan,
1925
02:42:36,524 --> 02:42:38,826
and the group was ambushed.
1926
02:42:40,894 --> 02:42:42,597
Around 25,000 people
1927
02:42:42,697 --> 02:42:45,799
were incarcerated at the prison
over the course of the war
1928
02:42:45,899 --> 02:42:48,802
most of them, including
Anne Frank and her family,
1929
02:42:48,902 --> 02:42:51,405
were held here
for just a few days.
1930
02:42:52,139 --> 02:42:55,109
In September 1944 the rumour
1931
02:42:55,209 --> 02:42:58,045
went around that the Allies were
about to liberate Amsterdam.
1932
02:42:58,145 --> 02:43:01,015
This prompted panic
among the occupiers.
1933
02:43:01,115 --> 02:43:03,652
The prison director
had most documents burned,
1934
02:43:03,752 --> 02:43:06,588
and the portrait of Hitler
taken down.
1935
02:43:06,688 --> 02:43:09,356
In September and November 1944,
1936
02:43:09,456 --> 02:43:13,027
many inmates held on
minor charges were dismissed.
1937
02:43:14,495 --> 02:43:17,998
A day after liberation,
all the prisoners were released.
1938
02:43:18,098 --> 02:43:19,933
The Dutch Domestic Armed Forces
1939
02:43:20,034 --> 02:43:22,570
immediately brought
new captives to the prison,
1940
02:43:22,671 --> 02:43:24,438
like mover Abraham Puls,
1941
02:43:24,539 --> 02:43:28,876
whose company had taken
belongings from the houses of
deported Jews.
1942
02:43:28,976 --> 02:43:31,845
So-called "moffenhoeren",
or "Kraut whores",
1943
02:43:31,945 --> 02:43:35,349
women suspected of having had
sexual relations with
German men,
1944
02:43:35,449 --> 02:43:38,553
had their heads shaved
in front of the prison gates.
1945
02:43:38,653 --> 02:43:40,454
Partly demolished.
1946
02:43:46,026 --> 02:43:50,164
(CARS DRIVE PAST)
1947
02:44:01,241 --> 02:44:03,877
Jonas Daniël Meijerplein.
1948
02:44:04,411 --> 02:44:07,682
This square between
the Sephardic and the Ashkenazi
synagogues
1949
02:44:07,782 --> 02:44:11,418
was named after the first Jewish
lawyer in the Netherlands.
1950
02:44:11,519 --> 02:44:14,388
The German authorities
changed the name to "Houtmarkt",
1951
02:44:14,488 --> 02:44:16,023
or Wood market.
1952
02:44:16,123 --> 02:44:18,626
The first mass roundup of Jews
in Amsterdam
1953
02:44:18,727 --> 02:44:20,194
took place in this area,
1954
02:44:20,294 --> 02:44:22,196
the heart of
the old Jewish Quarter,
1955
02:44:22,296 --> 02:44:26,801
on the 22nd and 23rd
of February 1941.
1956
02:44:27,134 --> 02:44:30,037
The German Order Police arrested
more than 400 Jewish men
1957
02:44:30,137 --> 02:44:31,238
in the streets.
1958
02:44:31,338 --> 02:44:33,675
They forced them to sit
hunched on the ground,
1959
02:44:33,775 --> 02:44:35,509
and beat and kicked them.
1960
02:44:35,610 --> 02:44:37,378
The men were later transported
1961
02:44:37,478 --> 02:44:41,348
to the concentration camps
Buchenwald and Mauthausen,
1962
02:44:41,448 --> 02:44:44,885
where most of them
would perish soon after.
1963
02:44:44,985 --> 02:44:48,823
This first "razzia" was one of
the causes for
the February Strike.
1964
02:44:48,922 --> 02:44:50,491
The underground Communist Party
1965
02:44:50,592 --> 02:44:54,562
initiated the protest against
the German treatment of Jews.
1966
02:45:20,722 --> 02:45:24,324
VOICE-OVER: On the 25th of
February most tram drivers
refused to depart
1967
02:45:24,425 --> 02:45:27,829
and many workers
in public services, factories
1968
02:45:27,928 --> 02:45:30,464
and shops joined demonstrations.
1969
02:45:30,565 --> 02:45:34,201
The next day almost
300,000 people were on strike.
1970
02:45:34,301 --> 02:45:37,971
This massive protest
took the occupiers by surprise.
1971
02:45:38,071 --> 02:45:40,207
The second day the strike
was harshly suppressed
1972
02:45:40,307 --> 02:45:41,942
by the German Order Police,
1973
02:45:42,042 --> 02:45:44,813
who opened fire at
people gathered in the streets.
1974
02:45:44,913 --> 02:45:47,014
Nine people died.
1975
02:45:48,482 --> 02:45:50,951
The Germans later executed
four of the strikers,
1976
02:45:51,051 --> 02:45:52,453
and imprisoned many.
1977
02:45:52,554 --> 02:45:54,823
They fired the mayor
and the head of police
1978
02:45:54,923 --> 02:45:57,659
and replaced them
with Nazi sympathisers.
1979
02:46:19,413 --> 02:46:29,356
(HOPEFUL FLUTE MUSIC PLAYS)
1980
02:46:31,992 --> 02:46:33,862
VOICE-OVER: Oosterpark.
1981
02:46:34,261 --> 02:46:37,632
In March 1944,
the Germans closed the park
1982
02:46:37,732 --> 02:46:40,735
and started using it
for their vehicle fleet.
1983
02:46:58,318 --> 02:47:00,622
VOICE-OVER: On
the 4th of May 1945,
1984
02:47:00,722 --> 02:47:03,457
the German Order Police
started shooting from the park
1985
02:47:03,558 --> 02:47:06,961
at people stealing wooden blocks
from between the tram rails,
1986
02:47:07,060 --> 02:47:09,162
to use in their stoves at home.
1987
02:47:09,263 --> 02:47:12,800
Johan van Es, who was cycling
past, was fatally wounded.
1988
02:49:01,876 --> 02:49:08,850
(PEOPLE CLAP)
1989
02:49:12,620 --> 02:49:22,563
(WISTFUL MUSIC)
1990
02:49:46,821 --> 02:49:52,359
VOICE-OVER: 296 Amsteldijk
and DR. C.W. Ittmannpad,
1991
02:49:52,459 --> 02:49:54,829
Rozenoord plant nursery.
1992
02:49:54,929 --> 02:49:56,329
In 1944
1993
02:49:56,430 --> 02:49:58,700
the Germans started
carrying out executions
1994
02:49:58,800 --> 02:49:59,734
on this plot.
1995
02:49:59,834 --> 02:50:02,302
As a rule,
the Germans executed people
1996
02:50:02,402 --> 02:50:04,639
at the site of an attack
by the resistance,
1997
02:50:04,739 --> 02:50:07,274
but late in the war
a lack of fuel and cars
1998
02:50:07,374 --> 02:50:09,777
sometimes made this impossible.
1999
02:50:09,877 --> 02:50:14,148
Approximately 140 men
were executed at Rozenoord.
2000
02:50:14,247 --> 02:50:17,250
The identities of a hundred men
are known.
2001
02:50:17,350 --> 02:50:20,253
Most were prisoners
from Weteringschans prison.
2002
02:50:20,353 --> 02:50:25,893
The largest group, 53 men,
were shot here on the 8th of
March 1945,
2003
02:50:25,993 --> 02:50:30,565
as a retaliation for an attack
on SS leader Hanns Rauter.
2004
02:50:33,801 --> 02:50:36,971
Executions were generally
carried out early in
the morning,
2005
02:50:37,071 --> 02:50:40,675
with the members of the firing
squad selected the night before.
2006
02:50:40,775 --> 02:50:44,377
To refuse was to risk
one's own execution.
2007
02:50:44,478 --> 02:50:47,215
The German Order Police officer
Jupp Henneböhl
2008
02:50:47,314 --> 02:50:50,017
refused to participate
on three occasions.
2009
02:50:50,118 --> 02:50:51,251
In his memoirs,
2010
02:50:51,351 --> 02:50:53,755
this "good German",
as he was described,
2011
02:50:53,855 --> 02:50:55,156
recalled that
2012
02:50:55,255 --> 02:50:57,525
"I would sometimes question
what I was doing:
2013
02:50:57,625 --> 02:51:00,094
by refusing
I wouldn't save any lives,
2014
02:51:00,194 --> 02:51:02,395
but I would run the risk
of being shot,
2015
02:51:02,496 --> 02:51:05,499
depriving the resistance
of their contact man."
2016
02:51:07,535 --> 02:51:10,738
Frans Hendrikx, the director
of the adjacent tennis park
2017
02:51:10,838 --> 02:51:11,939
Amstel View,
2018
02:51:12,039 --> 02:51:14,208
witnessed several executions.
2019
02:51:14,307 --> 02:51:16,944
After the war he wrote:
2020
02:51:17,044 --> 02:51:19,113
"From my hiding place close by,
2021
02:51:19,213 --> 02:51:21,716
I could observe
the grim, ashen faces.
2022
02:51:21,816 --> 02:51:24,919
I could see the tangled hair
on their bare heads,
2023
02:51:25,019 --> 02:51:28,890
and their terrified eyes staring
in glaring fear into
the distance."
2024
02:51:32,392 --> 02:51:33,928
Demolished.
2025
02:51:44,238 --> 02:51:47,775
5 Beursplein.
The stock exchange.
2026
02:51:50,545 --> 02:51:52,947
The Liro Bank,
a Jewish owned bank,
2027
02:51:53,047 --> 02:51:56,984
was taken over by the occupiers
and used as a "looting bank".
2028
02:51:57,084 --> 02:52:00,188
Jews had to hand over all
their money and other valuables
2029
02:52:00,288 --> 02:52:03,124
like stocks, art and jewels
to this bank,
2030
02:52:03,224 --> 02:52:07,494
with which the Germans
then financed their deportation.
2031
02:52:07,595 --> 02:52:11,232
The bank traded the Jewish
shares on the stock market.
2032
02:52:11,599 --> 02:52:14,735
The chairman of the Stockbroking
Association agreed to this.
2033
02:52:14,836 --> 02:52:17,305
Jewish-owned
securities were offered
2034
02:52:17,437 --> 02:52:20,407
at reduced prices
on special "discount days".
2035
02:52:20,507 --> 02:52:21,742
Trade at the stock market
2036
02:52:21,843 --> 02:52:25,780
pretty much came to a standstill
in September 1944.
2037
02:52:25,880 --> 02:52:29,116
The brokers played dominoes
until liberation.
2038
02:52:41,062 --> 02:52:45,766
99 Gerrit Van Der Veenstraat,
formerly Euterpestraat.
2039
02:52:46,334 --> 02:52:50,638
In 1941 this school for girls
became the Amsterdam
headquarters
2040
02:52:50,738 --> 02:52:54,041
of the "Sicherheitspolizei"
and the "Sicherheitsdienst",
2041
02:52:54,141 --> 02:52:57,912
the German security police
and security service.
2042
02:52:58,012 --> 02:53:00,915
This was one of the most feared
buildings in Amsterdam.
2043
02:53:01,015 --> 02:53:04,151
The SiPO and the SD focused
on tracking down
2044
02:53:04,252 --> 02:53:06,554
all enemies of
national socialism,
2045
02:53:06,654 --> 02:53:08,923
including communists,
Freemasons
2046
02:53:09,023 --> 02:53:10,758
and Jehovah's witnesses.
2047
02:53:10,858 --> 02:53:13,861
They were all interrogated
in this building.
2048
02:53:14,161 --> 02:53:16,197
The cells were in the basement.
2049
02:53:16,297 --> 02:53:18,733
A former captive wrote
after the war:
2050
02:53:18,833 --> 02:53:22,203
"First put him for a few days
in a low-ceilinged cell
2051
02:53:22,303 --> 02:53:23,804
half-filled with water,
2052
02:53:23,905 --> 02:53:27,541
where it is impossible to sit,
or lie, or lean,
2053
02:53:27,642 --> 02:53:29,810
in the pitch dark,
without food or drink.
2054
02:53:29,911 --> 02:53:32,412
Then, at the most unexpected
of moments,
2055
02:53:32,513 --> 02:53:34,949
take him
from this filthy open sewer,
2056
02:53:35,049 --> 02:53:38,286
deal him a few vicious blows to
the head with a length of chain
2057
02:53:38,386 --> 02:53:39,921
and, if necessary,
2058
02:53:40,021 --> 02:53:41,956
give him a good kicking
in the belly.
2059
02:53:42,056 --> 02:53:45,359
Then truly
this 'filthy dog' will talk."
2060
02:53:45,458 --> 02:53:48,461
On the 26th of November 1944
2061
02:53:48,562 --> 02:53:50,698
the school was bombed
by the British Airforce
2062
02:53:50,798 --> 02:53:53,433
at the request
of the Dutch resistance.
2063
02:53:53,534 --> 02:53:55,369
The RAF opposed
the bombing of a target
2064
02:53:55,468 --> 02:53:57,038
in a residential area,
2065
02:53:57,138 --> 02:54:00,007
but carried it out at the
insistence of Prince Bernhard,
2066
02:54:00,107 --> 02:54:03,476
the supreme commander of
the Dutch Domestic Armed Forces.
2067
02:54:03,577 --> 02:54:05,413
More than 50 people were killed,
2068
02:54:05,513 --> 02:54:07,447
including
several people in hiding,
2069
02:54:07,548 --> 02:54:09,383
and four German policemen.
2070
02:54:09,482 --> 02:54:11,218
Forty buildings were destroyed.
2071
02:54:11,319 --> 02:54:14,188
According to an eyewitness
the citizens of Amsterdam
2072
02:54:14,288 --> 02:54:16,390
nonetheless
rejoiced at the sight.
2073
02:54:16,489 --> 02:54:17,992
Shortly after liberation,
2074
02:54:18,092 --> 02:54:20,594
this street was named
after executed artist
2075
02:54:20,695 --> 02:54:21,996
Gerrit van der Veen,
2076
02:54:22,096 --> 02:54:25,099
one of the best known members
of the resistance.
2077
02:54:25,199 --> 02:54:34,875
(SOFT PENSIVE CLASSICAL MUSIC)
2078
02:54:38,045 --> 02:54:39,714
1 Paleisstraat.
2079
02:54:39,814 --> 02:54:42,750
De Grote Club,
a gentlemen's club.
2080
02:54:42,850 --> 02:54:45,720
Before the war
it refused Jewish members.
2081
02:54:45,820 --> 02:54:48,055
The German navy
confiscated the building
2082
02:54:48,155 --> 02:54:50,992
and in 1943 it became
one of the strongholds
2083
02:54:51,092 --> 02:54:53,694
in the German defence
of Amsterdam.
2084
02:54:53,794 --> 02:54:57,665
It was from this building that,
on the 7th of May 1945,
2085
02:54:57,765 --> 02:55:00,001
German soldiers started to shoot
at the crowd
2086
02:55:00,101 --> 02:55:03,637
that had gathered on the square
to celebrate their liberation.
2087
02:56:27,154 --> 02:56:28,956
72 Middenweg.
2088
02:56:29,056 --> 02:56:32,760
Frankendael estate,
city plant nursery.
2089
02:56:32,860 --> 02:56:36,230
The open-air theatre in the
garden was used by Jeugdstorm,
2090
02:56:36,330 --> 02:56:38,032
the youth wing of the NSB,
2091
02:56:38,132 --> 02:56:41,902
for events such as
summer Solstice celebrations.
2092
02:56:48,577 --> 02:56:50,111
Demolished.
2093
02:57:00,154 --> 02:57:03,390
Haarlemmerweg
near Coronelstraat.
2094
02:57:03,491 --> 02:57:04,725
Following a resistance attack
2095
02:57:04,825 --> 02:57:06,627
on the railway near Sloterdijk,
2096
02:57:06,727 --> 02:57:09,663
on the 15th of December 1944
2097
02:57:09,763 --> 02:57:13,701
the occupiers retaliated
by executing three resisters:
2098
02:57:13,801 --> 02:57:16,103
Pieter Elias, a police officer,
2099
02:57:16,203 --> 02:57:19,340
Matthijs Verkuijl, the leader
of a BS resistance group
2100
02:57:19,440 --> 02:57:21,775
and his son Henk Verkuijl.
2101
02:57:21,876 --> 02:57:24,011
Their bodies were left
on the ground for two days
2102
02:57:24,111 --> 02:57:27,081
to intimidate all Amsterdammers.
2103
02:57:27,181 --> 02:57:30,851
The SD gave local police
the following instructions:
2104
02:57:30,951 --> 02:57:32,521
"These three corpses lying here
2105
02:57:32,621 --> 02:57:35,189
belong to terrorists
who we shot dead.
2106
02:57:35,289 --> 02:57:36,625
Your task is to ensure
2107
02:57:36,724 --> 02:57:39,126
no one comes near them
or takes them away.
2108
02:57:39,226 --> 02:57:41,962
Only staff from Bleekemolen
funeral services
2109
02:57:42,062 --> 02:57:44,732
are allowed to
remove the corpses."
2110
02:59:04,778 --> 02:59:09,883
(THE BOYS ON SCOOTER SCREAM)
2111
02:59:26,333 --> 02:59:28,002
Saint Nicholas!
2112
02:59:29,537 --> 02:59:31,939
Saint Nicholas!
2113
02:59:33,374 --> 02:59:37,344
VOICE-OVER: 876 Prinsengracht,
ground floor.
2114
02:59:37,444 --> 02:59:41,215
House of Tom Koreman
and Yara Koreman-Wainschtok.
2115
02:59:41,315 --> 02:59:44,451
Hiding place of Dio Remiëns
and Nel Hissink,
2116
02:59:44,552 --> 02:59:48,422
who worked for the CS6
and PBC resistance groups.
2117
02:59:48,523 --> 02:59:50,659
In March 1943,
2118
02:59:50,759 --> 02:59:53,628
this house was the base for the
attack on the Civil Registry.
2119
02:59:53,728 --> 02:59:56,830
Hissink and Remiëns were
arrested after they were
betrayed
2120
02:59:56,930 --> 02:59:59,133
in the summer of 1943.
2121
02:59:59,233 --> 03:00:04,238
Remiëns was executed on the 1st
of October 1943 in the dunes.
2122
03:00:04,338 --> 03:00:08,909
Hissink was executed in
November 1943 in Sachsenhausen.
2123
03:00:09,009 --> 03:00:11,045
The SD arrested Tom Koreman
2124
03:00:11,145 --> 03:00:13,314
after they found a pistol
in his office.
2125
03:00:13,414 --> 03:00:16,917
Remiëns had given it to him
after the attack on
the registry.
2126
03:00:17,017 --> 03:00:19,186
Koreman was also executed.
2127
03:00:19,286 --> 03:00:22,691
The Germans
arrested Yara Koreman as well,
2128
03:00:22,791 --> 03:00:24,693
but she was released again.
2129
03:00:24,793 --> 03:00:27,328
Yara took her own life
a few weeks later.
2130
03:00:27,428 --> 03:00:30,497
She was pregnant
with their first child.
2131
03:00:38,707 --> 03:00:48,882
(THEY SING HAPPILY)
2132
03:00:57,826 --> 03:01:01,028
(A BOAT HORN SOUNDS)
2133
03:01:18,278 --> 03:01:21,014
In 1940 the Germans commanded
2134
03:01:21,115 --> 03:01:23,384
all streetlights and buildings
be blacked out,
2135
03:01:23,484 --> 03:01:25,486
to make it difficult
for allied planes
2136
03:01:25,587 --> 03:01:28,723
to use the light of the city
for navigation.
2137
03:01:28,823 --> 03:01:30,859
Shops sold special paper
and curtains
2138
03:01:30,958 --> 03:01:32,827
to make sure
no light shone out.
2139
03:01:32,926 --> 03:01:35,663
The police imposed heavy fines.
2140
03:01:35,764 --> 03:01:37,030
In the ensuing dark,
2141
03:01:37,131 --> 03:01:39,868
a lot of people got lost
or fell in the water,
2142
03:01:39,967 --> 03:01:44,271
the most in 1940,
when 55 people died of drowning.
2143
03:01:44,905 --> 03:01:48,610
Books on astronomy were popular
at lending libraries during
the war.
2144
03:01:48,710 --> 03:01:52,446
The blackout meant the stars
were clearly visible at night.
2145
03:02:01,388 --> 03:02:03,257
Lindengracht.
2146
03:02:03,758 --> 03:02:08,563
On the 4th of February 1945,
a patrol squad from
the Dutch police
2147
03:02:08,663 --> 03:02:12,499
started shooting at a group of
men who were sawing down trees.
2148
03:02:12,966 --> 03:02:15,502
They needed the wood
for cooking and heating.
2149
03:02:15,603 --> 03:02:18,439
A police report states
that Johannes Eijkelboom,
2150
03:02:18,540 --> 03:02:19,774
a warehouse clerk,
2151
03:02:19,874 --> 03:02:23,611
suffered gunshot wounds to
the head and chest, and died.
2152
03:02:36,423 --> 03:02:38,693
Jeroenensteeg.
2153
03:02:38,793 --> 03:02:40,360
The body of
an unidentified woman
2154
03:02:40,461 --> 03:02:44,632
was found here
on the 18th of December 1944.
2155
03:02:44,732 --> 03:02:46,233
A police report states:
2156
03:02:46,333 --> 03:02:49,604
"Probably a Jewess,
age 60 to 65,
2157
03:02:49,704 --> 03:02:51,706
broad cheekbones, grey hair.
2158
03:02:51,806 --> 03:02:54,843
The fact that the streets were
wet and the soles of
her slippers dry
2159
03:02:54,943 --> 03:02:57,344
suggests that the body
was placed here."
2160
03:02:57,444 --> 03:02:59,980
The woman was
Judith de Hond-Walvisch.
2161
03:03:00,080 --> 03:03:02,684
She had been living in hiding
around the corner.
2162
03:03:02,784 --> 03:03:05,854
She died of blood poisoning
resulting from a head injury.
2163
03:03:05,954 --> 03:03:10,324
Her sons laid her body in the
alley without identity papers.
2164
03:03:47,595 --> 03:03:51,064
VOICE-OVER: 7
Bloedstraat, ground floor.
2165
03:03:51,164 --> 03:03:54,802
Brothel room of sex worker
Catherina van Heerden.
2166
03:03:56,203 --> 03:03:58,773
On the 10th of July 1942,
2167
03:03:58,873 --> 03:04:02,610
the 19-year-old Jewish bicycle
repairer Leendert van West
2168
03:04:02,710 --> 03:04:05,279
was arrested because
he had paid two guilders here
2169
03:04:05,379 --> 03:04:09,017
for "carnal intercourse
with an Aryan woman".
2170
03:04:09,349 --> 03:04:12,286
Marriage and sexual relations
between Jews and non-Jews
2171
03:04:12,386 --> 03:04:15,523
were forbidden in
the Netherlands in March 1942
2172
03:04:15,623 --> 03:04:19,426
by the Blood Protection Law,
one of the Nuremberg Laws.
2173
03:04:21,395 --> 03:04:26,233
In May 1943, Van West
was murdered in Sobibor.
2174
03:04:37,377 --> 03:04:43,518
(WISTFUL ORGAN MUSIC)
2175
03:04:47,254 --> 03:04:51,224
218 and 220 Keizersgracht.
2176
03:04:51,325 --> 03:04:54,428
Church and monastery
of the Redemptorists.
2177
03:04:55,830 --> 03:04:57,264
Base for the Donia Department,
2178
03:04:57,364 --> 03:05:00,200
an investigative unit set up
by resistance leader
2179
03:05:00,300 --> 03:05:01,636
Walraven van Hall
2180
03:05:01,736 --> 03:05:04,137
and run by police officer
S. van der Wind,
2181
03:05:04,237 --> 03:05:06,239
who had gone underground.
2182
03:05:06,340 --> 03:05:08,610
His job was to assess
the trustworthiness
2183
03:05:08,710 --> 03:05:10,612
of resistance members.
2184
03:05:10,712 --> 03:05:12,747
From September 1944,
2185
03:05:12,847 --> 03:05:16,149
they hid the administration of
the National Support Fund here,
2186
03:05:16,249 --> 03:05:18,920
the underground institution
led by banker Van Hall
2187
03:05:19,020 --> 03:05:22,523
that organised and distributed
money for the resistance.
2188
03:05:51,786 --> 03:06:02,664
(TENSE CLASSICAL MUSIC)
2189
03:06:45,006 --> 03:06:46,774
Sarphatipark.
2190
03:06:46,874 --> 03:06:49,443
The park was named
after Samuel Sarphati,
2191
03:06:49,544 --> 03:06:52,013
a Jewish
physician and city planner.
2192
03:06:52,113 --> 03:06:55,116
In 1942
it was renamed Bollandpark,
2193
03:06:55,215 --> 03:06:57,350
after an antisemitic
philosopher.
2194
03:06:57,451 --> 03:07:00,487
The statue of Sarphati
was removed.
2195
03:07:00,588 --> 03:07:02,724
Artists Else Berg
and Mommie Schwarz
2196
03:07:02,824 --> 03:07:05,459
both had a studio
overlooking the park.
2197
03:07:05,560 --> 03:07:09,063
Some of the last paintings
they made, in 1942,
2198
03:07:09,163 --> 03:07:11,431
were landscapes of the park
in the snow.
2199
03:07:11,532 --> 03:07:15,603
Berg and Schwarz were arrested
in their home in November 1942,
2200
03:07:15,703 --> 03:07:18,873
and murdered a week later
in Auschwitz.
2201
03:07:18,973 --> 03:07:20,307
The park was an assembly point
2202
03:07:20,407 --> 03:07:22,543
at one of
the last large roundups.
2203
03:07:22,643 --> 03:07:26,180
Early in the morning
of the 20th of June 1943,
2204
03:07:26,279 --> 03:07:30,151
loudspeaker cars drove around
the south and east of Amsterdam
2205
03:07:30,250 --> 03:07:31,953
ordering Jews to
leave their houses.
2206
03:07:32,053 --> 03:07:35,823
More than 5,000 people
were captured that day.
2207
03:07:35,923 --> 03:07:46,701
(INTENSIFIYING TENSE MUSIC)
2208
03:08:30,443 --> 03:08:34,381
344 Kinkerstraat, second floor.
2209
03:08:34,481 --> 03:08:36,184
Home of Jan Bogaard,
2210
03:08:36,284 --> 03:08:38,351
a guard at
Weteringschans prison,
2211
03:08:38,451 --> 03:08:41,756
and his mother
Johanna Bogaard-van Klingeren.
2212
03:08:41,856 --> 03:08:44,926
Jan Bogaard promised to help
the KP resistance group
2213
03:08:45,026 --> 03:08:46,027
led by Johannes Post
2214
03:08:46,127 --> 03:08:51,098
to attack the prison
on Friday the 14th of July 1944.
2215
03:08:51,199 --> 03:08:52,867
To ensure his compliance,
2216
03:08:52,967 --> 03:08:56,137
the plan was that Bogaard's
mother would be brought to
a safehouse by Post
2217
03:08:56,237 --> 03:08:57,672
on Friday morning.
2218
03:08:57,772 --> 03:09:00,641
She was to be killed
if her son betrayed them.
2219
03:09:00,741 --> 03:09:04,545
But Mrs Bogaard said she was
only willing to go the next day.
2220
03:09:04,645 --> 03:09:06,781
Despite this,
the attack went ahead.
2221
03:09:06,881 --> 03:09:09,717
And Bogaard
indeed betrayed them.
2222
03:09:10,151 --> 03:09:11,719
The next morning, Johannes Post,
2223
03:09:11,819 --> 03:09:13,721
not knowing
about the betrayal yet,
2224
03:09:13,821 --> 03:09:15,756
was waiting in the Kinkerstraat
for the car
2225
03:09:15,857 --> 03:09:18,358
to collect Bogaard's mother
when he was arrested.
2226
03:09:18,458 --> 03:09:20,862
Post was executed
the following day in the dunes
2227
03:09:20,962 --> 03:09:23,731
together with other members
of his group.
2228
03:09:23,831 --> 03:09:25,533
Johannes Post's brother Marinus
2229
03:09:25,633 --> 03:09:28,202
monitored Bogaard's apartment
after the arrest,
2230
03:09:28,302 --> 03:09:29,804
but the German security police
2231
03:09:29,904 --> 03:09:33,007
had already found Bogaard
a safe address in Utrecht.
2232
03:09:33,107 --> 03:09:36,143
After the war,
Bogaard was sentenced to death.
2233
03:09:36,244 --> 03:09:39,013
He was executed in 1947.
2234
03:09:49,523 --> 03:09:55,630
(CHILDREN CHATTER HAPPILY)
2235
03:09:59,000 --> 03:10:01,802
VOICE-OVER: 78
Spaarndammerstraat.
2236
03:10:03,304 --> 03:10:06,674
Roman Catholic Association
clubhouse.
2237
03:10:06,974 --> 03:10:11,312
The building housed a famine
clinic in the summer of 1945.
2238
03:10:11,411 --> 03:10:14,447
Corpses were often found
floating in the water in this
neighbourhood
2239
03:10:14,548 --> 03:10:16,483
during the Hunger Winter.
2240
03:10:19,854 --> 03:10:22,189
Not all of these
people had drowned.
2241
03:10:22,290 --> 03:10:25,159
People sometimes threw
the bodies of deceased
family members
2242
03:10:25,259 --> 03:10:26,360
into the water,
2243
03:10:26,459 --> 03:10:28,262
either because
there was no possibility
2244
03:10:28,362 --> 03:10:29,964
of transport to the cemetery,
2245
03:10:30,064 --> 03:10:32,934
or to be able to continue
claiming ration coupons
2246
03:10:33,034 --> 03:10:34,802
for the deceased person.
2247
03:10:36,237 --> 03:10:37,638
Demolished.
2248
03:10:37,738 --> 03:10:46,013
(SOFT WISTFUL MUSIC)
2249
03:10:46,347 --> 03:10:49,250
VOICE OVER: 44 Agamemnonstraat.
2250
03:10:49,350 --> 03:10:51,719
De Blauwe Reiger nursery school.
2251
03:10:52,286 --> 03:10:55,890
After liberation, this was the
base of the Auxiliary Police,
2252
03:10:55,990 --> 03:10:58,793
a group of volunteers
who helped guard detainees,
2253
03:10:58,893 --> 03:11:01,562
buildings, and food transport.
2254
03:11:01,662 --> 03:11:03,798
They also dealt
with Canadian soldiers,
2255
03:11:03,898 --> 03:11:07,134
who came to Amsterdam
on leave from Germany.
2256
03:11:07,435 --> 03:11:09,136
The Canadians were not allowed
to mingle
2257
03:11:09,236 --> 03:11:11,238
with the population in Germany.
2258
03:11:12,640 --> 03:11:15,543
The Leave Centre was located
in the Olympic Stadium.
2259
03:11:15,643 --> 03:11:17,878
A volunteer wrote in his report:
2260
03:11:17,979 --> 03:11:20,982
"The neighbourhood around
the stadium is the setting for
repugnant scenes
2261
03:11:21,082 --> 03:11:23,184
involving soldiers.
2262
03:11:23,284 --> 03:11:25,686
The soldiers have no hesitation
in taking girls
2263
03:11:25,786 --> 03:11:28,155
of 18 or 19 years old with them
2264
03:11:28,255 --> 03:11:31,592
for the entire night
and keeping them with them.
2265
03:11:31,692 --> 03:11:35,096
The girls are very often found
in an intoxicated state.
2266
03:11:35,196 --> 03:11:38,666
On one of these occasions, even
the Canadian Military Police
2267
03:11:38,766 --> 03:11:40,234
felt compelled to intervene,
2268
03:11:40,334 --> 03:11:44,205
and to subject the cars
parked here to an investigation.
2269
03:11:46,374 --> 03:11:48,776
The results were astonishing.
2270
03:11:49,143 --> 03:11:52,713
From each car there appeared
two to four girls."
2271
03:12:03,090 --> 03:12:06,260
188 Hoogte Kadijk.
2272
03:12:06,894 --> 03:12:10,164
In 1941 the second
Municipal Central Kitchen
2273
03:12:10,264 --> 03:12:12,533
opened in this power station.
2274
03:12:14,435 --> 03:12:16,303
In October 1944
2275
03:12:16,404 --> 03:12:19,440
the gas supply for individual
households was cut off,
2276
03:12:19,540 --> 03:12:24,378
and suddenly 440,000
Amsterdammers became users of
the kitchens,
2277
03:12:24,478 --> 03:12:27,348
whose number rose
to more than 15.
2278
03:12:27,448 --> 03:12:28,849
To distribute the food,
2279
03:12:28,949 --> 03:12:31,752
schools and other
public buildings were used.
2280
03:12:34,523 --> 03:12:36,924
The menu in October 1944:
2281
03:12:37,024 --> 03:12:40,394
Monday cabbage with potatoes,
Tuesday porridge,
2282
03:12:40,494 --> 03:12:44,465
Wednesday carrots with potatoes,
Thursday beets with potatoes,
2283
03:12:44,565 --> 03:12:46,500
Friday cabbage with potatoes,
2284
03:12:46,600 --> 03:12:49,937
Saturday pea soup,
Sunday porridge.
2285
03:12:50,037 --> 03:12:53,074
When there were no potatoes left
in 1945,
2286
03:12:53,174 --> 03:12:57,078
the kitchens served sugar beets
and tulip bulbs.
2287
03:12:57,178 --> 03:12:58,946
Partially demolished.
2288
03:13:16,597 --> 03:13:19,467
552 Herengracht.
2289
03:13:19,568 --> 03:13:22,470
Fired Jewish radio presenter
Gustav Czopp
2290
03:13:22,571 --> 03:13:25,172
started to produce
and sell boardgames.
2291
03:13:25,272 --> 03:13:27,475
The shop, Variété,
2292
03:13:27,576 --> 03:13:29,743
became a cover
for resistance activities.
2293
03:13:29,844 --> 03:13:34,148
Czopp was betrayed
and in 1944 perished in Dachau.
2294
03:13:43,491 --> 03:13:44,959
MAN: Action!
2295
03:13:52,666 --> 03:13:55,636
VOICE-OVER: 38
Camperstraat, third floor.
2296
03:13:55,736 --> 03:13:59,673
In late 1943,
a baby named Charles Viskoop
2297
03:13:59,773 --> 03:14:02,409
was hiding here.
2298
03:14:02,510 --> 03:14:05,446
His mother had placed him
in the care of Adrie Bijmoer
2299
03:14:05,547 --> 03:14:07,915
soon after he was born.
2300
03:14:08,015 --> 03:14:10,217
They were betrayed
by Roza Busnach,
2301
03:14:10,317 --> 03:14:13,787
a Jewish woman who had become
an informer for the SD.
2302
03:14:13,888 --> 03:14:16,724
On the 6th of December 1943
2303
03:14:16,824 --> 03:14:19,628
the Henneicke Column carried out
a raid at this address.
2304
03:14:19,727 --> 03:14:23,364
Bijmoer brought the baby to
the Police Department for
Jewish Affairs.
2305
03:14:23,464 --> 03:14:26,800
From there, Charles was taken
to Weteringschans Prison,
2306
03:14:26,901 --> 03:14:28,769
where Janny Moffie-Bolle,
a nurse
2307
03:14:28,869 --> 03:14:30,871
who had been arrested
a few days earlier,
2308
03:14:30,971 --> 03:14:33,307
had to look
after him in her cell.
2309
03:14:33,407 --> 03:14:38,179
On the 24th of December,
baby Charles was put on
transport to Westerbork.
2310
03:14:38,279 --> 03:14:41,482
He died in January 1944
in Auschwitz.
2311
03:14:41,583 --> 03:14:44,051
His mother
Veronica Viskoop-de Brave
2312
03:14:44,151 --> 03:14:47,488
had already been killed there
in November 1943.
2313
03:14:47,589 --> 03:14:49,089
His father Sem Viskoop
2314
03:14:49,190 --> 03:14:53,160
was murdered in the same camp
in February 1944.
2315
03:14:53,260 --> 03:14:57,364
After the war, Busnach was
sentenced to two years in
prison.
2316
03:14:58,699 --> 03:15:00,267
Demolished.
2317
03:15:33,867 --> 03:15:37,171
VOICE-OVER: The Krugerplein lay
in the middle of
the Transvaalbuurt,
2318
03:15:37,271 --> 03:15:41,308
a neighbourhood with a large
Jewish population before
the war.
2319
03:15:41,408 --> 03:15:45,614
In 1942, this area
became "Jewish area II",
2320
03:15:45,714 --> 03:15:49,483
the last place where Jews were
allowed to live in
the Netherlands.
2321
03:15:52,520 --> 03:15:55,356
The square was an assembly point
during roundups.
2322
03:15:55,456 --> 03:15:59,694
After the war,
Greetje Papegaaij-van der Meer
remembered:
2323
03:15:59,793 --> 03:16:01,328
"The day came
when it was our turn.
2324
03:16:01,428 --> 03:16:03,764
My mother was expecting
with my little brother.
2325
03:16:03,864 --> 03:16:05,266
She was heavily pregnant.
2326
03:16:05,366 --> 03:16:07,167
We were already sitting
in the trucks
2327
03:16:07,268 --> 03:16:10,271
when we saw the German officers
discussing something.
2328
03:16:10,371 --> 03:16:13,107
They were scared that my mother
was going to give birth in
the truck,
2329
03:16:13,207 --> 03:16:15,309
and that it would cause trouble.
2330
03:16:15,409 --> 03:16:17,878
Then they threw
all three of us off."
2331
03:17:01,922 --> 03:17:05,627
VOICE-OVER: 28
Krugerplein, ground floor.
2332
03:17:06,193 --> 03:17:09,631
On the night
of the 31st of January 1945,
2333
03:17:09,731 --> 03:17:11,231
a group of some 50 people
2334
03:17:11,332 --> 03:17:14,001
forced open the door
of the bakery here.
2335
03:17:14,835 --> 03:17:16,571
A police report records that
2336
03:17:16,671 --> 03:17:20,575
"Approximately 300 loaves
and a bag of flour were taken."
2337
03:17:25,012 --> 03:17:34,188
(DANCE MUSIC PLAYS)
2338
03:17:34,288 --> 03:17:37,958
31 Plantage Middenlaan.
The crèche.
2339
03:17:38,058 --> 03:17:41,228
A day care centre,
from September 1941
2340
03:17:41,328 --> 03:17:44,699
only for Jewish children
and Jewish staff.
2341
03:17:44,799 --> 03:17:48,001
In October 1942
children under twelve
2342
03:17:48,102 --> 03:17:49,571
whose parents were detained
in the crowded
2343
03:17:49,671 --> 03:17:53,907
Dutch theatre deportation centre
across the road were kept here.
2344
03:17:54,007 --> 03:17:57,712
The director of the crèche,
Henriette Pimentel,
and her staff
2345
03:17:57,812 --> 03:18:01,348
worked with employees of
the Jewish Council in
the Dutch theatre
2346
03:18:01,448 --> 03:18:05,419
and several resistance groups
to save around 600 of these
children
2347
03:18:05,520 --> 03:18:08,021
once the parents of the children
had given their permission
2348
03:18:08,122 --> 03:18:11,191
and they were secretly stricken
from the records.
2349
03:18:11,291 --> 03:18:13,060
Some children were smuggled
from the crèche
2350
03:18:13,160 --> 03:18:15,496
in washing baskets or rucksacks.
2351
03:18:15,597 --> 03:18:19,066
Others escaped in the arms of
a carer while she hopped
onto a tram,
2352
03:18:19,166 --> 03:18:21,268
or while taking
a fresh air break,
2353
03:18:21,368 --> 03:18:24,405
others disappeared through
the gardens into the building
next door,
2354
03:18:24,505 --> 03:18:27,307
the Reformed
Teachers' Training College.
2355
03:18:28,308 --> 03:18:31,145
It was easiest to find homes
for babies.
2356
03:18:31,245 --> 03:18:33,548
Blond children,
known as "tea substitutes",
2357
03:18:33,648 --> 03:18:36,283
were sent to the northern Dutch
province of Friesland,
2358
03:18:36,383 --> 03:18:38,553
dark-haired children,
or "coffee substitutes",
2359
03:18:38,653 --> 03:18:41,955
went southwards,
to the province of Limburg.
2360
03:18:42,055 --> 03:18:46,293
All 70 children who were present
on the 23rd of July 1943
2361
03:18:46,393 --> 03:18:47,361
were deported,
2362
03:18:47,461 --> 03:18:50,464
along with most remaining staff
and the director.
2363
03:18:50,565 --> 03:18:54,669
The crèche was closed
permanently in September 1943.
2364
03:18:57,772 --> 03:18:59,406
Demolished.
2365
03:19:04,044 --> 03:19:07,014
24 Plantage Middenlaan.
2366
03:19:07,114 --> 03:19:10,518
The Hollandsche Schouwburg,
or Dutch Theatre.
2367
03:19:10,618 --> 03:19:15,155
This theatre was renamed the
Jewish theatre in October 1941
2368
03:19:15,255 --> 03:19:19,326
and was only open to Jewish
performers and Jewish audiences.
2369
03:19:19,426 --> 03:19:21,629
The newly formed
Jewish Symphony Orchestra
2370
03:19:21,729 --> 03:19:23,330
played here for instance,
2371
03:19:23,430 --> 03:19:26,967
many of whose members had been
part of
the Concertgebouw Orchestra
2372
03:19:27,067 --> 03:19:29,403
but were fired
because they were Jewish.
2373
03:19:29,503 --> 03:19:33,073
They could only perform music
by Jewish composers.
2374
03:19:39,112 --> 03:19:44,117
In July 1942 the theatre was
changed into
a deportation centre.
2375
03:19:44,218 --> 03:19:47,387
It was renamed Umschlagplatz
Plantage Middenlaan,
2376
03:19:47,488 --> 03:19:50,457
or Plantage Middenlaan
Transfer Facility.
2377
03:19:50,558 --> 03:19:55,028
The facility's first staff
members were the actors from
the theatre.
2378
03:19:55,462 --> 03:19:57,097
People were
detained at the theatre
2379
03:19:57,197 --> 03:20:00,200
for anything from a few hours
to a few weeks.
2380
03:20:00,300 --> 03:20:02,604
The average stay was five days.
2381
03:20:02,704 --> 03:20:06,975
Usually, three to four hundred
people would be held here at any
one time.
2382
03:20:07,074 --> 03:20:10,879
But that figure sometimes rose
to 1,400.
2383
03:20:10,979 --> 03:20:14,181
When evening came,
the chairs were stacked up
against the walls
2384
03:20:14,281 --> 03:20:16,651
and straw mattresses
were brought out from the wings,
2385
03:20:16,751 --> 03:20:18,586
and arranged on the floor.
2386
03:20:18,686 --> 03:20:21,088
When they were deported,
the prisoners either walked
2387
03:20:21,188 --> 03:20:22,991
or were taken by tram or truck
2388
03:20:23,090 --> 03:20:25,627
to one of
Amsterdam's train stations.
2389
03:20:27,160 --> 03:20:29,531
The guards had their own rooms
on the upper floor.
2390
03:20:29,631 --> 03:20:32,466
The Jewish manager of
the facility, Walter Susskind,
2391
03:20:32,567 --> 03:20:34,702
would frequently supply alcohol
to the guards
2392
03:20:34,802 --> 03:20:35,937
to get them drunk,
2393
03:20:36,036 --> 03:20:37,872
and arrange
visits by sex workers
2394
03:20:37,972 --> 03:20:39,874
to keep them occupied
in their rooms.
2395
03:20:39,974 --> 03:20:43,076
Several hundred people managed
to escape from the theatre,
2396
03:20:43,176 --> 03:20:45,980
most of them with the help
of Jewish Council staff.
2397
03:20:46,079 --> 03:20:48,716
Many of the escapees
were recaptured.
2398
03:20:48,816 --> 03:20:51,986
A Dutch Jew Hunter would get
seven guilders and 50 cents
2399
03:20:52,085 --> 03:20:54,589
for every person he brought in.
2400
03:20:57,759 --> 03:21:00,962
Wim Henneicke and his group
captured more than 8,000 people
2401
03:21:01,061 --> 03:21:03,430
before the resistance
killed him.
2402
03:21:03,531 --> 03:21:05,900
Several people killed themselves
in the theatre,
2403
03:21:06,000 --> 03:21:08,570
for instance
by jumping of the balcony.
2404
03:21:08,670 --> 03:21:10,504
In April 1943,
2405
03:21:10,605 --> 03:21:13,908
the CS6 resistance group tried
to set fire to the theatre,
2406
03:21:14,008 --> 03:21:16,443
but the blaze
was quickly extinguished.
2407
03:21:17,946 --> 03:21:21,481
The deportation centre
was in operation for 16 months.
2408
03:21:21,583 --> 03:21:24,351
Around 50,000 Jews
were deported from here,
2409
03:21:24,451 --> 03:21:26,486
usually first
to transit camp Westerbork
2410
03:21:26,588 --> 03:21:29,122
and from there to concentration
camps and killing centres
2411
03:21:29,222 --> 03:21:30,758
in occupied Europe,
2412
03:21:30,858 --> 03:21:33,327
mainly Auschwitz and Sobibor.
2413
03:21:33,427 --> 03:21:35,730
The last time people
were deported from the facility
2414
03:21:35,830 --> 03:21:38,833
was in November 1943.
2415
03:21:39,399 --> 03:21:42,502
After the war the new owner
wanted to reopen the theatre,
2416
03:21:42,604 --> 03:21:45,172
but some public outrage
prevented this.
2417
03:21:45,272 --> 03:21:49,043
In 1962 a memorial was installed
in the ruined building,
2418
03:21:49,142 --> 03:21:51,378
which since 1993 includes a wall
2419
03:21:51,478 --> 03:21:54,682
with all the family names
of deported Jews.
2420
03:23:27,474 --> 03:23:39,352
(SOFT ROMANTIC MUSIC)
2421
03:24:39,714 --> 03:24:47,522
(SWINGING
AFRICAN SOUNDING MUSIC)
2422
03:25:00,400 --> 03:25:02,003
Vondelpark.
2423
03:25:05,438 --> 03:25:08,276
Many of the luxurious townhouses
surrounding the park
2424
03:25:08,408 --> 03:25:10,845
served as quarters
for German officers.
2425
03:25:10,945 --> 03:25:13,781
They also confiscated
the pavilion in the park.
2426
03:25:13,881 --> 03:25:17,417
In 1943 German soldiers
exhibited toys there
2427
03:25:17,518 --> 03:25:19,954
that they made
in their spare time.
2428
03:25:20,755 --> 03:25:22,824
The Dutch Nazi party, the NSB,
2429
03:25:22,924 --> 03:25:25,059
held midwinter celebrations
in the park,
2430
03:25:25,159 --> 03:25:26,961
to amplify
their Germanic heritage.
2431
03:25:28,563 --> 03:25:31,431
In July 1943
The Jewish Weekly announced
2432
03:25:31,532 --> 03:25:33,801
in the "You need
to know" section that,
2433
03:25:33,901 --> 03:25:36,137
"The thoroughfares
in Amsterdam's Vondelpark
2434
03:25:36,237 --> 03:25:38,606
are considered to be
part of the park,
2435
03:25:38,706 --> 03:25:41,676
and these roads are therefore
off-limits for Jews."
2436
03:25:43,945 --> 03:25:46,747
The park was closed
in November 1944,
2437
03:25:46,848 --> 03:25:50,151
because "trees were being sawn
and chopped down everywhere".
2438
03:25:50,251 --> 03:25:51,752
Auctions were even held
2439
03:25:51,853 --> 03:25:54,655
at which it was possible
to place orders for trees.
2440
03:25:57,658 --> 03:26:00,761
Following the closure, a German
encampment and vehicle park
2441
03:26:00,862 --> 03:26:03,164
was set up
at the south end of the park,
2442
03:26:03,264 --> 03:26:05,199
cordoned off with fences
and barbed wire.
2443
03:26:05,299 --> 03:26:09,003
The closure of the park
benefited the bird population.
2444
03:26:09,103 --> 03:26:13,541
Four new species arrived,
including the oriole and
the cuckoo.
2445
03:26:24,352 --> 03:26:27,321
186 Willemsparkweg.
2446
03:26:27,420 --> 03:26:30,658
In 1941 men who wanted
to join the Dutch SS
2447
03:26:30,758 --> 03:26:33,361
underwent a physical
assessment here.
2448
03:26:33,460 --> 03:26:36,463
In total around 25,000 Dutch men
volunteered
2449
03:26:36,564 --> 03:26:39,767
to fight in the Armed SS
on the eastern front.
2450
03:26:42,036 --> 03:26:43,403
In 1942
2451
03:26:43,503 --> 03:26:46,641
this building became
the regional headquarters of
the Jeugdstorm,
2452
03:26:46,741 --> 03:26:49,509
the Nazi youth organisation.
2453
03:26:52,513 --> 03:26:54,148
Boys aged 16 to 18
2454
03:26:54,248 --> 03:26:57,985
could sign up here for "Germanic
defence sport camps" in Germany.
2455
03:26:58,085 --> 03:27:02,123
An advertisement promised:
"You will return toughened up
and strong!"
2456
03:27:04,859 --> 03:27:08,996
In 1943 this became
the headquarters for girl
members only.
2457
03:27:09,096 --> 03:27:11,799
The boys went to a bigger
building on Keizersgracht,
2458
03:27:11,899 --> 03:27:15,036
the headquarters
of the now forbidden boy scouts.
2459
03:27:37,925 --> 03:27:39,827
Minerva Harbour.
2460
03:27:42,063 --> 03:27:46,434
In the early morning
of the 6th of May 1941, four men
2461
03:27:46,534 --> 03:27:48,135
Mickey Beelaerts van Blokland,
2462
03:27:48,235 --> 03:27:51,005
an army officer
who had joined the resistance,
2463
03:27:51,105 --> 03:27:52,974
Govert Steen, a pilot,
2464
03:27:53,074 --> 03:27:55,543
Wijbert Lindeman,
an aircraft mechanic,
2465
03:27:55,643 --> 03:27:57,745
and aircraft builder
Wim Boomsma,
2466
03:27:57,845 --> 03:28:01,549
stole a German seaplane from
here and flew it to England.
2467
03:28:01,649 --> 03:28:04,785
The pilot had never flown
a seaplane before.
2468
03:28:04,885 --> 03:28:07,989
Beelaerts van Blokland
discovered the plane,
a Fokker T-VIII,
2469
03:28:08,089 --> 03:28:09,657
while on a bicycle trip.
2470
03:28:09,757 --> 03:28:11,491
The men used
an inflatable mattress
2471
03:28:11,592 --> 03:28:13,627
to get to the plane
in the dark.
2472
03:28:13,728 --> 03:28:15,763
The plane was emblazoned
with swastikas,
2473
03:28:15,863 --> 03:28:18,199
and when they reached England
they were shot at.
2474
03:28:18,299 --> 03:28:21,669
The passengers responded
by waving a Dutch flag.
2475
03:28:21,769 --> 03:28:24,138
Steen landed the plane
on the beach at Broadstairs,
2476
03:28:24,238 --> 03:28:26,540
in south-east England.
2477
03:28:27,241 --> 03:28:30,478
Steen retrained in England
as a Royal Air Force pilot.
2478
03:28:30,578 --> 03:28:33,447
In 1942 he was shot down
in France.
2479
03:28:33,547 --> 03:28:35,683
His body was never found.
2480
03:28:35,783 --> 03:28:39,553
Blokland became commander
of the Prinses Irene Brigade,
2481
03:28:39,653 --> 03:28:42,723
a Dutch military unit
largely made up of volunteers
2482
03:28:42,823 --> 03:28:45,192
who took part
in the liberation of Europe.
2483
03:28:46,660 --> 03:28:48,796
500 men from Suriname,
2484
03:28:48,896 --> 03:28:51,599
then a Dutch colony,
volunteered for the Brigade,
2485
03:28:51,699 --> 03:28:53,300
but were refused.
2486
03:28:53,401 --> 03:28:56,937
Piet Gerbrandy, prime minister
of the Dutch government
in exile,
2487
03:28:57,038 --> 03:28:59,940
said he did not want "n-words"
in the Brigade.
2488
03:29:00,041 --> 03:29:02,777
They might offend the volunteers
from South Africa.
2489
03:29:03,110 --> 03:29:05,514
The Dutch government in London
did accept the money
2490
03:29:05,613 --> 03:29:07,314
brought together by people
in Suriname
2491
03:29:07,415 --> 03:29:09,850
to buy a Spitfire airplane.
2492
03:29:11,886 --> 03:29:12,920
Hembrug.
2493
03:29:14,688 --> 03:29:16,757
In September 1944,
2494
03:29:16,857 --> 03:29:18,726
the German army
placed explosives
2495
03:29:18,826 --> 03:29:20,261
in the main support column
2496
03:29:20,361 --> 03:29:23,364
of the railway bridge
over the North Sea Canal.
2497
03:29:23,464 --> 03:29:24,832
The Dutch government in London
2498
03:29:24,932 --> 03:29:28,369
asked the resistance in
Amsterdam to sabotage this.
2499
03:29:28,869 --> 03:29:31,105
On the night
of the 27th of September
2500
03:29:31,205 --> 03:29:33,107
two members
of the Neptune swimming club
2501
03:29:33,207 --> 03:29:35,743
smeared themselves
with Vaseline and a dark dye,
2502
03:29:35,843 --> 03:29:36,944
swam to the column,
2503
03:29:37,044 --> 03:29:39,514
and let 400 boxes
packed with explosives
2504
03:29:39,613 --> 03:29:41,816
sink to the bottom of the canal.
2505
03:29:41,916 --> 03:29:43,717
When the Wehrmacht found out,
2506
03:29:43,818 --> 03:29:45,653
four German soldiers
guarding the bridge
2507
03:29:45,753 --> 03:29:48,756
were executed
for dereliction of duty.
2508
03:29:48,856 --> 03:29:51,659
The Germans set explosives
on the bridge again.
2509
03:29:51,759 --> 03:29:53,994
Resistance fighter Lies Schouten
sprayed water
2510
03:29:54,095 --> 03:29:56,464
from the bridge
into one of the ducts,
2511
03:29:56,565 --> 03:29:57,932
hoping this would cause
a short circuit
2512
03:29:58,032 --> 03:30:00,569
if the bridge would be blown up.
2513
03:30:00,968 --> 03:30:03,838
She received help
from a German guard.
2514
03:30:08,042 --> 03:30:09,610
Demolished.
2515
03:30:35,570 --> 03:30:39,974
West Harbour Way,
formerly 201 Hemweg.
2516
03:30:44,078 --> 03:30:47,014
The Ford factory produced
lorries with caterpillar tracks
2517
03:30:47,114 --> 03:30:49,618
and other vehicles
for the German army.
2518
03:30:49,717 --> 03:30:52,453
In 1944, almost
all the machinery
2519
03:30:52,554 --> 03:30:53,888
was shipped off to Germany,
2520
03:30:53,988 --> 03:30:55,322
as happened with the equipment
2521
03:30:55,422 --> 03:30:57,691
of most factories in Amsterdam.
2522
03:30:57,791 --> 03:30:59,126
After the liberation,
2523
03:30:59,226 --> 03:31:02,163
the factory's directors
were arrested for collaboration,
2524
03:31:02,263 --> 03:31:04,231
but they were released
soon afterwards,
2525
03:31:04,331 --> 03:31:07,902
as were most large-scale
economical collaborators.
2526
03:31:08,669 --> 03:31:11,071
From the 8th of May 1945
2527
03:31:11,172 --> 03:31:14,942
the Canadian Army detained
German prisoners of war here.
2528
03:31:15,042 --> 03:31:16,844
With the permission
of the Canadians,
2529
03:31:16,944 --> 03:31:19,747
a German court-martial tried
marines Bruno Dörfer
2530
03:31:19,847 --> 03:31:22,016
and Rainer Beck here.
2531
03:31:22,316 --> 03:31:25,052
They were deserters who had
reported back to their unit
2532
03:31:25,152 --> 03:31:26,921
after liberation.
2533
03:31:28,657 --> 03:31:30,891
Beck and Dörfer
were sentenced to death,
2534
03:31:30,991 --> 03:31:35,029
and on the 13th of May a German
firing squad executed them.
2535
03:31:35,396 --> 03:31:38,299
Rainer Beck had joined the navy
because he was partly Jewish
2536
03:31:38,399 --> 03:31:40,768
and thought he would be safer
in the army.
2537
03:31:40,868 --> 03:31:44,238
He was rehabilitated in 1997.
2538
03:31:46,440 --> 03:31:48,008
Demolished.
2539
03:32:03,224 --> 03:32:06,794
115 to125 Amstel.
2540
03:32:07,328 --> 03:32:09,029
Carré theatre.
2541
03:32:10,164 --> 03:32:11,700
In November 1940
2542
03:32:11,799 --> 03:32:14,835
the trams stopped running
after 7:30pm.
2543
03:32:14,935 --> 03:32:18,939
"Without trams, I can't
survive," claimed the director
of the theatre.
2544
03:32:19,039 --> 03:32:21,041
Matinees frequently sold out,
2545
03:32:21,141 --> 03:32:24,311
but the evening performances
were almost empty,
2546
03:32:24,411 --> 03:32:27,716
so the late shows were put on
at an earlier time.
2547
03:32:28,215 --> 03:32:30,652
Carré continued to be
exceptionally busy.
2548
03:32:30,751 --> 03:32:33,287
People craved entertainment.
2549
03:32:33,722 --> 03:32:36,558
In 1942, comedian Lou Bandy,
2550
03:32:36,658 --> 03:32:38,192
one of the stars of the theatre,
2551
03:32:38,292 --> 03:32:40,261
was arrested
after imitating the walk
2552
03:32:40,361 --> 03:32:43,831
of Reich Commissioner
Seyss-Inquart, who had a limp.
2553
03:32:43,931 --> 03:32:46,400
Bandy was not allowed
to perform anymore.
2554
03:33:19,300 --> 03:33:22,336
VOICE-OVER: In 1943 the German
police raided the theatre
2555
03:33:22,436 --> 03:33:25,640
several times during matinees
of Circus Strassburger,
2556
03:33:25,740 --> 03:33:29,711
searching for men who were
evading forced labour in
Germany.
2557
03:33:29,843 --> 03:33:31,145
When a raid occurred,
2558
03:33:31,245 --> 03:33:33,782
staff would take male visitors
to the stalls,
2559
03:33:33,881 --> 03:33:36,785
where they quickly put on
a Circus uniform.
2560
03:33:36,884 --> 03:33:38,886
The Jewish owners
of circus Strassburger
2561
03:33:38,986 --> 03:33:41,756
had fled Germany in 1935.
2562
03:33:41,855 --> 03:33:44,158
In 1939
they transferred ownership
2563
03:33:44,258 --> 03:33:46,594
to their non-Jewish impresario.
2564
03:33:48,128 --> 03:33:51,965
Carré theatre had to close
in autumn 1944.
2565
03:33:52,066 --> 03:33:54,669
The first big show
after the war was called
2566
03:33:54,769 --> 03:33:56,538
"The lights are on again".
2567
03:34:55,062 --> 03:34:59,534
104 to 114 Nieuwe Keizersgracht.
2568
03:34:59,634 --> 03:35:01,902
Dutch-Jewish Hospital.
2569
03:35:02,002 --> 03:35:04,539
This was the largest
Jewish hospital in Amsterdam,
2570
03:35:04,639 --> 03:35:06,674
with almost 300 beds.
2571
03:35:06,775 --> 03:35:09,209
In 1942 and '43,
2572
03:35:09,309 --> 03:35:12,212
Jewish doctors tried to protect
people from deportation
2573
03:35:12,312 --> 03:35:14,616
by carrying out fake operations,
2574
03:35:14,716 --> 03:35:16,450
putting
unbroken legs in plaster,
2575
03:35:16,551 --> 03:35:19,854
and administering medication
that induced fever.
2576
03:35:19,953 --> 03:35:22,791
A few of these "patients" died.
2577
03:35:22,891 --> 03:35:26,293
The hospital was closed
in August 1943.
2578
03:35:29,631 --> 03:35:31,198
Demolished.
2579
03:35:43,944 --> 03:35:49,551
(HIPHOP MUSIC)
2580
03:35:51,820 --> 03:35:54,388
88 Vijzelstraat.
2581
03:35:54,856 --> 03:35:58,058
HaKo, corset
shop of Hendrik Koot.
2582
03:35:58,492 --> 03:36:01,930
The shop windows were decorated
with portraits of Hitler.
2583
03:36:02,029 --> 03:36:04,097
Koot was a member
of the NSB blackshirts
2584
03:36:04,198 --> 03:36:06,668
and had died following clashes
in the Jewish Quarter
2585
03:36:06,768 --> 03:36:08,536
in February 1941.
2586
03:36:08,636 --> 03:36:12,206
According to the Nazi press
Jews had bitten him to death.
2587
03:36:12,306 --> 03:36:14,975
The NSB gave Koot
a grand funeral.
2588
03:36:15,075 --> 03:36:17,579
The procession passed
his corset shop.
2589
03:36:19,379 --> 03:36:20,782
Demolished.
2590
03:36:20,882 --> 03:36:32,259
(HIP HOP MUSIC CONTINUES)
2591
03:36:52,547 --> 03:36:54,281
Rivierenbuurt.
2592
03:36:56,416 --> 03:37:00,220
In 1942, the Rivierenbuurt
in the south of Amsterdam
2593
03:37:00,320 --> 03:37:03,725
was selected as one of
the city's three Jewish areas.
2594
03:37:08,362 --> 03:37:11,900
The neighbourhood had a large
Jewish population before
the war.
2595
03:37:12,000 --> 03:37:13,133
In the '30s,
2596
03:37:13,233 --> 03:37:16,303
many refugees from Germany
settled here.
2597
03:37:18,940 --> 03:37:22,677
Now "Jewish Quarter III
contained three hairdressers,
2598
03:37:22,777 --> 03:37:24,378
nine butchers and five cafés"
2599
03:37:24,478 --> 03:37:26,748
designated as "Jewish premises",
2600
03:37:26,848 --> 03:37:29,249
where only Jews could shop.
2601
03:37:31,619 --> 03:37:36,056
Following the introduction in
May 1942 of the yellow
star badge,
2602
03:37:36,156 --> 03:37:39,159
some people called this area
"the Milky Way".
2603
03:37:41,930 --> 03:37:43,263
In October that year,
2604
03:37:43,363 --> 03:37:46,433
the German authorities forced
all remaining Jewish residents
2605
03:37:46,534 --> 03:37:49,604
of Jewish Quarter III
to move to Jewish Quarter II,
2606
03:37:49,704 --> 03:37:52,740
the Transvaalbuurt
in the east of the city.
2607
03:38:13,126 --> 03:38:21,268
(WISTFUL ACCORDEON MUSIC)
2608
03:38:28,843 --> 03:38:31,378
VOICE OVER: 34B Reguliersgracht.
2609
03:38:32,013 --> 03:38:34,082
Unica fraternity house.
2610
03:38:34,181 --> 03:38:36,483
In 1943 students had to sign
2611
03:38:36,584 --> 03:38:39,754
a declaration of loyalty
to the occupiers.
2612
03:38:39,854 --> 03:38:43,891
Those who refused had to report
for forced labour in Germany.
2613
03:38:43,992 --> 03:38:46,493
A lot of students
went into hiding.
2614
03:38:46,594 --> 03:38:48,663
After most students
had left the house,
2615
03:38:48,763 --> 03:38:51,666
resistance worker Ivo Schöffer
created shelter
2616
03:38:51,766 --> 03:38:54,802
for 12 Jewish refugees
on the upstairs floors,
2617
03:38:54,902 --> 03:38:56,804
which had a separate entrance.
2618
03:38:56,904 --> 03:39:00,307
They included Gideon Kahn
and Judica Kahn-Kalker,
2619
03:39:00,407 --> 03:39:02,110
the wife of Arnold Kahn,
2620
03:39:02,209 --> 03:39:05,680
who had perished
in Buchenwald in 1941.
2621
03:39:05,780 --> 03:39:09,216
The Kahns had been neighbours
of the Schöffer family.
2622
03:39:09,316 --> 03:39:11,184
Ivo Schöffer installed an alarm
2623
03:39:11,284 --> 03:39:13,554
and built secret hiding places
in the house.
2624
03:39:14,088 --> 03:39:15,556
The residents
would use a stopwatch
2625
03:39:15,657 --> 03:39:18,860
to practice reaching their
hiding place within two minutes.
2626
03:39:20,327 --> 03:39:22,262
They were never found.
2627
03:39:28,235 --> 03:39:31,072
In 1945, a gable stone was added
2628
03:39:31,171 --> 03:39:32,239
to the façade of the building
2629
03:39:32,339 --> 03:39:34,241
depicting
St George and the Dragon,
2630
03:39:34,341 --> 03:39:36,077
accompanied by the Latin motto
2631
03:39:36,176 --> 03:39:38,478
"Submergo ut emergam",
2632
03:39:39,346 --> 03:39:42,416
I submerge so I may rise again.
2633
03:40:37,672 --> 03:40:39,272
Leidseplein.
2634
03:40:43,077 --> 03:40:47,615
Physician Frits Dekking was
walking on Leidseplein in 1942
2635
03:40:47,715 --> 03:40:50,551
when he witnessed
a lifechanging event.
2636
03:40:53,855 --> 03:40:56,824
"I saw in front of me,"
he wrote in his memoirs,
2637
03:40:56,924 --> 03:41:00,293
"a detainee being pushed to the
ground by a German policeman,
2638
03:41:00,393 --> 03:41:02,196
who then kicked him in the face.
2639
03:41:02,295 --> 03:41:04,232
Not just once, but continuously,
2640
03:41:04,331 --> 03:41:06,667
with his rotten
German military boots.
2641
03:41:06,768 --> 03:41:10,104
And I was just standing there,
and I did not do a thing.
2642
03:41:10,204 --> 03:41:12,840
I simply stood there, frozen.
2643
03:41:12,940 --> 03:41:15,777
I spent that day wandering
around Amsterdam, thinking,
2644
03:41:15,877 --> 03:41:17,545
'You just stood there
like a schmuck,
2645
03:41:17,645 --> 03:41:19,881
and you can't go on like this.'
2646
03:41:19,981 --> 03:41:23,518
So, from then on I engaged in
all sorts of little activities,
2647
03:41:23,618 --> 03:41:25,620
anti-German ones, that is.
2648
03:41:25,720 --> 03:41:28,421
Nothing heroic
or major or anything.
2649
03:41:28,523 --> 03:41:31,826
But it ended up, as you can
imagine, with me in custody.
2650
03:41:34,162 --> 03:41:39,033
That was in 1943, and
I was imprisoned until 1945."
2651
03:41:44,437 --> 03:41:51,511
(RHYTMIC DANCE MUSIC)
2652
03:42:21,474 --> 03:42:28,583
MAN: The coronavirus.
2653
03:42:30,218 --> 03:42:33,120
VOICE-OVER: 241 Lijnbaansgracht.
2654
03:42:33,420 --> 03:42:36,524
Caliënte,
an "exotic dance club".
2655
03:42:37,859 --> 03:42:41,329
NSB Blackshirts
attacked the club in 1941,
2656
03:42:41,428 --> 03:42:43,331
when there was already
a ban on dancing,
2657
03:42:43,430 --> 03:42:46,000
but the authorities
were turning a blind eye.
2658
03:42:46,100 --> 03:42:48,636
In 1942, the German occupiers
2659
03:42:48,736 --> 03:42:52,240
banned any music that had
so-called "negroid elements".
2660
03:42:52,340 --> 03:42:59,412
Latin American music
was still allowed.
2661
03:43:14,562 --> 03:43:16,931
VOICE-OVER: 90 Rubensstraat.
2662
03:43:17,031 --> 03:43:20,635
Home of SS Hauptsturmführer
Ferdinand Aus der Fünten,
2663
03:43:20,735 --> 03:43:22,536
leader of the Zentralstelle,
2664
03:43:22,637 --> 03:43:25,505
the Central Office
for Jewish Emigration.
2665
03:43:25,606 --> 03:43:28,743
Aus der Fünten was sentenced
to death in 1950,
2666
03:43:28,843 --> 03:43:32,980
but Queen Juliana commuted his
sentence to life imprisonment.
2667
03:43:33,080 --> 03:43:35,750
Aus der Fünten was one of the
group of German war criminals
2668
03:43:35,850 --> 03:43:38,252
held at a prison
in the town of Breda.
2669
03:43:38,619 --> 03:43:40,420
They were known
as the "Breda Four",
2670
03:43:40,521 --> 03:43:43,456
then the "Breda Three"
and finally the "Breda Two".
2671
03:43:53,367 --> 03:43:55,970
VOICE-OVER: The others were
German security chief
Willy Lages
2672
03:43:56,070 --> 03:44:00,107
who was released in 1966
and died in 1971,
2673
03:44:00,207 --> 03:44:03,010
deputy Commander of Amersfoort
concentration camp
2674
03:44:03,110 --> 03:44:04,245
Joseph Kotalla,
2675
03:44:04,345 --> 03:44:06,180
who died in the prison
in 1979,
2676
03:44:06,280 --> 03:44:10,217
and Franz Fischer, who had
deported Jews in The Hague.
2677
03:44:13,020 --> 03:44:18,025
Fischer and Aus der Fünten both
died shortly after being
released in 1989.
2678
03:44:18,125 --> 03:44:21,696
Intense public discussions
surrounded their releases.
2679
03:44:37,611 --> 03:44:39,947
Central Station.
2680
03:44:40,047 --> 03:44:43,884
Early in the morning
of the 15th of July 1942,
2681
03:44:43,985 --> 03:44:46,520
the first two trains
departed from Central Station
2682
03:44:46,620 --> 03:44:48,956
to transit camp Westerbork.
2683
03:44:49,056 --> 03:44:50,224
The following month,
2684
03:44:50,324 --> 03:44:53,961
the illegal communist newspaper
The Truth issued an appeal:
2685
03:44:54,061 --> 03:44:57,565
"Train drivers, consider that
each train loaded with slaves
2686
03:44:57,665 --> 03:45:01,501
transported by you, is
headed to the slaughterhouse!"
2687
03:45:02,036 --> 03:45:05,406
Dutch Railways drove around
140 so-called "Jew trains"
2688
03:45:05,505 --> 03:45:07,808
from Amsterdam to Westerbork.
2689
03:45:07,908 --> 03:45:10,444
It is estimated that
a quarter of Amsterdam's Jews
2690
03:45:10,578 --> 03:45:12,847
were deported via this station.
2691
03:45:13,247 --> 03:45:15,750
On the request of the Dutch
government in exile,
2692
03:45:15,850 --> 03:45:17,585
train drivers
and other personnel
2693
03:45:17,685 --> 03:45:20,588
did go on strike
in September 1944,
2694
03:45:20,688 --> 03:45:22,923
to help the Allied invasion.
2695
03:45:27,461 --> 03:45:29,163
The first trains
with the camp survivors
2696
03:45:29,263 --> 03:45:32,233
arrived in the empty station
shortly after liberation.
2697
03:45:32,333 --> 03:45:36,003
Rita Boas returned
from Ravensbrück via Sweden.
2698
03:45:36,103 --> 03:45:37,371
Later she recalled:
2699
03:45:37,471 --> 03:45:40,441
"I arrived at Central Station
in the evening, in the dark,
2700
03:45:40,541 --> 03:45:42,343
and made myself known.
2701
03:45:42,443 --> 03:45:43,944
I heard people say
we should be glad
2702
03:45:44,045 --> 03:45:45,880
we hadn't been here
in Amsterdam.
2703
03:45:45,980 --> 03:45:47,815
They said they'd been so hungry.
2704
03:45:47,915 --> 03:45:50,851
As if we'd just come in
from St Moritz."
2705
03:46:01,228 --> 03:46:04,533
Of the 107,000 Jews that were
deported from the Netherlands
2706
03:46:04,632 --> 03:46:06,834
only around 5,000 returned.
2707
03:46:06,934 --> 03:46:09,904
75% of Jews did not survive.
2708
03:46:10,004 --> 03:46:13,307
This is the highest percentage
of occupied Western Europe.
2709
03:46:13,407 --> 03:46:18,179
Amsterdam lost more than
60,000 of its 80,000 Jewish
inhabitants.
2710
03:46:20,948 --> 03:46:24,919
Regular train service resumed
on the 21st of June 1945,
2711
03:46:25,019 --> 03:46:26,754
to Rotterdam.
2712
03:47:23,744 --> 03:47:25,412
Dam Square.
2713
03:47:28,749 --> 03:47:30,484
In June 1940,
2714
03:47:30,585 --> 03:47:32,319
the German Army Commander
of the city
2715
03:47:32,419 --> 03:47:35,122
had a bandstand erected
in front of the Royal Palace
2716
03:47:35,222 --> 03:47:38,792
to stage a concert by the Music
Corps of the Order Police.
2717
03:47:38,893 --> 03:47:41,495
The stand stayed in place
for the remainder of the war,
2718
03:47:41,596 --> 03:47:45,332
and was used for performances
by German and Dutch Nazis.
2719
03:47:45,432 --> 03:47:48,035
The Nazi press wrote in 1941:
2720
03:47:48,135 --> 03:47:50,204
"Amsterdam's youth
was especially enraptured
2721
03:47:50,304 --> 03:47:57,378
by the punchy marches
and battle songs."
2722
03:48:09,123 --> 03:48:11,792
Sound check, sound check, one...
2723
03:48:12,594 --> 03:48:13,928
VOICE-OVER: 1 Dam Square.
2724
03:48:14,028 --> 03:48:17,164
The Bijenkorf department store.
2725
03:48:17,264 --> 03:48:18,799
In June 1940
2726
03:48:18,899 --> 03:48:21,802
members of the National
Socialist Dutch Workers Party
2727
03:48:21,902 --> 03:48:24,305
smashed eight of the large
shopfront windows.
2728
03:48:24,405 --> 03:48:26,907
Many of the Bijenkorf's staff
were Jewish,
2729
03:48:27,007 --> 03:48:29,743
so German soldiers were
not allowed to visit the shop.
2730
03:48:29,843 --> 03:48:32,213
The lunchroom on the top floor
on the other hand
2731
03:48:32,313 --> 03:48:34,348
was prohibited for Jews.
2732
03:48:34,448 --> 03:48:36,750
The Jewish owners
managed to leave the country.
2733
03:48:36,850 --> 03:48:38,452
In February 1941
2734
03:48:38,553 --> 03:48:41,755
the Germans installed Dutch
collaborators as supervisors.
2735
03:48:41,855 --> 03:48:44,158
They fired all Jewish staff.
2736
03:48:44,258 --> 03:48:46,227
When the yellow star badges
were introduced
2737
03:48:46,327 --> 03:48:48,262
in the spring of 1942,
2738
03:48:48,362 --> 03:48:52,099
resistance group The Spark
produced 300,000 paper stars
2739
03:48:52,199 --> 03:48:56,503
printed with the slogan "Jews
and non-Jews united in battle".
2740
03:48:56,605 --> 03:48:59,340
Some of the stars were thrown
from the roof of the Bijenkorf,
2741
03:48:59,440 --> 03:49:02,309
and fluttered down
onto the streets below.
2742
03:49:02,409 --> 03:49:09,283
(HAPPY BARREL ORGAN MUSIC)
2743
03:50:31,999 --> 03:50:33,867
VOICE-OVER: 9 Dam Square,
2744
03:50:33,967 --> 03:50:38,339
then 187 to 205 Warmoesstraat.
2745
03:50:38,939 --> 03:50:40,407
In August 1940
2746
03:50:40,507 --> 03:50:43,344
the Commander of the city
set up a German Army Club
2747
03:50:43,444 --> 03:50:44,813
at the Polmans House,
2748
03:50:44,945 --> 03:50:47,414
a part of Hotel Krasnapolsky.
2749
03:50:47,515 --> 03:50:51,352
It welcomed around 1,300 guests
on most days.
2750
03:50:51,452 --> 03:50:53,788
There were billiard
and table tennis tables.
2751
03:50:53,887 --> 03:50:55,122
Large maps on the wall
2752
03:50:55,222 --> 03:50:58,258
showed the progress of the war
on the frontlines.
2753
03:50:58,793 --> 03:51:01,796
500 to 750 members
of the German army
2754
03:51:01,895 --> 03:51:03,665
stayed at the hotel every month,
2755
03:51:03,765 --> 03:51:05,633
as they did
in other luxurious hotels
2756
03:51:05,734 --> 03:51:07,736
like the Amstel and L'Europe.
2757
03:51:07,836 --> 03:51:12,072
Over Christmas and other
holidays, the Nazi-run charity
organisation
2758
03:51:12,172 --> 03:51:15,309
Winter Aid
would provide meals to children.
2759
03:51:15,409 --> 03:51:17,945
Every Friday there was
a special screening of films
2760
03:51:18,045 --> 03:51:20,080
for the German Air Force.
2761
03:51:21,248 --> 03:51:24,918
In 1943, Amsterdam police
officers had to come here
2762
03:51:25,018 --> 03:51:26,387
to watch propaganda films
2763
03:51:26,487 --> 03:51:28,556
about the German police
in the Netherlands
2764
03:51:28,656 --> 03:51:30,692
and on the eastern front.
2765
03:51:31,058 --> 03:51:33,127
Anyone making noise
in the auditorium
2766
03:51:33,227 --> 03:51:35,597
could expect
a cut in his salary.
2767
03:52:23,977 --> 03:52:26,213
What do we want?- Climate justice!
2768
03:52:26,313 --> 03:52:28,482
- When do we want it?- Now!
2769
03:52:28,583 --> 03:52:30,885
- What do we want?- Climate justice!
2770
03:52:30,984 --> 03:52:32,854
- When do we want it?- Now!
2771
03:52:32,953 --> 03:52:34,988
Right on! Let's go!
2772
03:52:35,088 --> 03:52:45,633
(UPLIFTING RHYTMIC MUSIC)
2773
03:53:20,501 --> 03:53:22,871
VOICE-OVER: Dam Square
was the location of many rallies
2774
03:53:22,971 --> 03:53:25,974
by the German Police
or the Dutch Nazi party.
2775
03:53:26,073 --> 03:53:27,474
If they were held elsewhere,
2776
03:53:27,575 --> 03:53:29,811
loudspeakers were sometimes
set up on this
2777
03:53:29,911 --> 03:53:31,813
and other squares in the city.
2778
03:53:31,913 --> 03:53:35,917
In June 1941, Reich Commissioner
Seyss-Inquarts' words
2779
03:53:36,016 --> 03:53:38,252
were sounded over Dam Square:
2780
03:53:38,352 --> 03:53:41,455
"For the 2,000-year-old history
of Europe to make sense,
2781
03:53:41,556 --> 03:53:44,959
Germany has to win,
and not only defeat the Soviets,
2782
03:53:45,058 --> 03:53:47,361
but also their puritan partners
in England
2783
03:53:47,461 --> 03:53:50,030
and above all the Jewish mind."
2784
03:53:50,632 --> 03:54:02,610
(THEY CHANT)
2785
03:54:17,525 --> 03:54:19,459
In February 1945
2786
03:54:19,561 --> 03:54:22,062
food distribution
reached a new low.
2787
03:54:22,162 --> 03:54:24,298
The Central Kitchens
could only provide a meal
2788
03:54:24,398 --> 03:54:26,935
of a few hundred calories
per day,
2789
03:54:27,035 --> 03:54:30,905
and on the illegal market, food
prices had gone through
the roof.
2790
03:54:31,371 --> 03:54:35,475
A loaf of bread cost 200 times
as much as it did a year
earlier.
2791
03:54:37,511 --> 03:54:40,782
The illegal communist party
incited women to protest.
2792
03:54:40,882 --> 03:54:44,117
Their newspaper wrote:
"Women, fight for our children.
2793
03:54:44,217 --> 03:54:45,553
Demand more food.
2794
03:54:45,653 --> 03:54:48,690
Don't grumble and complain
but take action!"
2795
03:54:55,797 --> 03:55:00,068
On the 21st of February
a group of 200 women marched to
City Hall
2796
03:55:00,167 --> 03:55:02,302
and demanded to see the mayor.
2797
03:55:02,402 --> 03:55:04,606
One of the women
said after the war:
2798
03:55:04,706 --> 03:55:07,675
"With this demonstration
we wanted to make it clear
that the mayor
2799
03:55:07,775 --> 03:55:11,546
had to assure that our children
would not die of hunger."
2800
03:55:11,646 --> 03:55:13,915
The mayor did visit
two Central Kitchens,
2801
03:55:14,015 --> 03:55:15,984
confirmed the bad
quality of the food
2802
03:55:16,084 --> 03:55:19,219
and promised improvements.
To no avail.
2803
03:55:19,319 --> 03:55:21,756
A week later,
the women marched again,
2804
03:55:21,856 --> 03:55:23,256
this time with their children,
2805
03:55:23,357 --> 03:55:25,827
but the mayor
did not receive them.
2806
03:55:25,927 --> 03:55:29,063
(UPLIFTING MUSIC)
2807
03:55:29,162 --> 03:55:30,464
The Germans
ordered the Dutch police
2808
03:55:30,565 --> 03:55:32,366
to shoot at
the women and children,
2809
03:55:32,466 --> 03:55:34,769
stating large gatherings
were forbidden.
2810
03:55:34,869 --> 03:55:37,905
The police did not
follow the orders this time.
2811
03:55:38,673 --> 03:55:42,476
The Central Kitchens shut down
completely at the end of April.
2812
03:55:46,014 --> 03:55:47,347
Before liberation,
2813
03:55:47,447 --> 03:55:51,119
around 4,000 people in Amsterdam
had died from hunger and cold,
2814
03:55:51,218 --> 03:55:53,521
mostly old men
and young children.
2815
03:56:07,068 --> 03:56:15,442
(A HORN SOUNDS)
2816
03:56:35,328 --> 03:56:37,431
(ELEPHANT TRUMPETING)
2817
03:57:01,155 --> 03:57:10,430
(MELANCHOLY MUSIC)
234053
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