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--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Narrator:
The bead is the lip of the tire
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00:00:54,931 --> 00:00:57,827
That fits to a wheel rim.
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00:00:57,827 --> 00:01:00,241
High-tensile steel wires
Inside the bead
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00:01:00,241 --> 00:01:05,758
Pull the tire tightly
And uniformly to the rim.
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00:01:05,758 --> 00:01:07,965
These bead wires
Provide stability
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00:01:07,965 --> 00:01:10,551
So the wheels can start turning.
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00:01:14,448 --> 00:01:16,551
These bronze-coated steel wires
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00:01:16,551 --> 00:01:19,275
Are the muscle
In the bead of a tire.
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00:01:19,275 --> 00:01:20,827
They're a source
Of hidden strength
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00:01:20,827 --> 00:01:22,965
That we
Don't usually think about.
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00:01:22,965 --> 00:01:26,655
But without them, tires
Wouldn't properly grip the rim,
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00:01:26,655 --> 00:01:29,379
And riding on wheels
Would be dangerous.
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00:01:34,655 --> 00:01:38,793
Production starts with coils
Of high-carbon steel.
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00:01:38,793 --> 00:01:43,448
A forklift slides the coils
Onto metal cones.
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00:01:43,448 --> 00:01:47,620
A worker cuts the ties
Around the wire.
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00:01:47,620 --> 00:01:49,758
Then the cone moves
Into an upright position
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00:01:49,758 --> 00:01:52,034
On the carousel.
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00:01:52,034 --> 00:01:53,344
A motorized system
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Uncoils the wire and pulls it up
Through the cone.
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00:01:59,482 --> 00:02:00,758
At the top,
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00:02:00,758 --> 00:02:05,896
A guide positions the wire
To enter a descaler.
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00:02:05,896 --> 00:02:08,931
The device
Has a revolving sandpaper belt
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00:02:08,931 --> 00:02:11,448
Which smoothes and refines
The wire.
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00:02:15,275 --> 00:02:16,965
Next, the wire travels
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00:02:16,965 --> 00:02:19,103
Through a channel
Filled with powdered soap,
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00:02:19,103 --> 00:02:21,620
Which acts as a dry lubricant.
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00:02:21,620 --> 00:02:25,758
Then, the system pulls the wire
Through a series of dies,
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00:02:25,758 --> 00:02:28,689
Each with progressively smaller
Openings.
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00:02:32,758 --> 00:02:34,827
The process is called drawing
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00:02:34,827 --> 00:02:37,379
Because it draws
Down the diameter of the wire,
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00:02:37,379 --> 00:02:40,620
Stretching it longer
And thinner.
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00:02:40,620 --> 00:02:44,517
The process reduces the wire's
Diameter by almost half.
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00:02:46,344 --> 00:02:48,275
A carriage
Lifts the thinner wire
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00:02:48,275 --> 00:02:50,448
Onto a spool that winds it up.
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00:02:53,586 --> 00:02:55,655
The table the spool
Sits on turns
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00:02:55,655 --> 00:02:58,344
To deliver the wire
To the next operation.
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00:03:01,586 --> 00:03:04,034
The spool of wire is one of 40
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00:03:04,034 --> 00:03:07,862
That now unwind simultaneously
At a controlled speed.
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00:03:12,448 --> 00:03:14,793
Large cones keep them separate
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00:03:14,793 --> 00:03:16,448
So they'll be ready
For the next stage
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00:03:16,448 --> 00:03:19,965
Of the journey --
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00:03:19,965 --> 00:03:22,000
A trip through a long oven.
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00:03:28,068 --> 00:03:31,586
It's heated
To an incredible 1,800 degrees.
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00:03:35,275 --> 00:03:36,758
Inside, intense heat
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00:03:36,758 --> 00:03:39,655
Recrystalizes the microstructure
Of the wires.
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00:03:39,655 --> 00:03:43,482
This reduces brittleness.
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00:03:43,482 --> 00:03:46,172
Then spools take up the wires.
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00:03:48,379 --> 00:03:50,172
The wires take a dip in a tank
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00:03:50,172 --> 00:03:53,137
Filled with hot water
And phosphate solution.
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00:03:56,137 --> 00:03:59,655
A floating foam blanket
Keeps the solution hot.
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00:04:01,793 --> 00:04:04,827
The phosphate solution
And a subsequent rinse lubricate
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00:04:04,827 --> 00:04:07,793
The bead wire
For the next process --
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00:04:07,793 --> 00:04:09,034
A second drawing
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00:04:09,034 --> 00:04:11,931
That squeezes the wire
Even longer and narrower.
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00:04:14,344 --> 00:04:17,965
The holes in a series of dies
Become progressively narrower
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00:04:17,965 --> 00:04:22,413
To reduce the wire's diameter
Even further.
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00:04:22,413 --> 00:04:24,241
After each trip through a die,
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00:04:24,241 --> 00:04:26,482
A drum winds up the wire.
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00:04:26,482 --> 00:04:31,655
Each drum turns a little
Faster than the one before it.
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00:04:31,655 --> 00:04:33,275
That's because longer wires
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00:04:33,275 --> 00:04:36,379
Need to be wound up quicker
To prevent slack in the system.
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00:04:40,344 --> 00:04:42,103
This final drawing process
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Brings the wire's diameter
Down to less than 1 millimeter.
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00:04:48,448 --> 00:04:51,275
The bead wires
Are now at the correct width.
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00:04:56,172 --> 00:05:00,724
Next, the bead wires
Receive their bronze coating.
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00:05:00,724 --> 00:05:02,137
Bronzing the steel wires
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00:05:02,137 --> 00:05:04,931
Allows them to adhere
To the tire rubber.
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00:05:07,689 --> 00:05:10,000
After the bronze solution dries,
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00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:12,413
Two rollers
Straighten the wires.
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00:05:14,551 --> 00:05:18,310
Then a spool
Winds up the bead wire.
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00:05:18,310 --> 00:05:20,689
They produce bead wire
In different thicknesses
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00:05:20,689 --> 00:05:24,241
And metal coatings
For a variety of tire sizes.
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00:05:27,068 --> 00:05:31,793
They test the wires
Before they leave the factory.
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00:05:31,793 --> 00:05:34,517
If it can withstand up
To 1,500 pounds of force
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Before it breaks,
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00:05:36,310 --> 00:05:39,103
Then it's ready to be shipped
To the tire factory.
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00:05:41,655 --> 00:05:44,310
Once they're installed
In rubber tires,
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These bead wires will be
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An important source
Of strength, doing their part
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To keep your vehicle
Moving forward safely.
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Narrator: mini pepperoni
Makes a great portable snack.
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It's made of red meat
Or poultry.
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This protein-packed snack
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00:06:11,206 --> 00:06:15,551
Can alleviate even the most
Serious hunger pains.
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The meat sticks
Are fermented and dehydrated,
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So they don't need
To be refrigerated.
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This brand of mini pepperoni
Is made entirely of pork.
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It comes
In a variety of flavors,
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Each made
With different seasonings.
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00:06:36,103 --> 00:06:39,172
First,
They prepare the raw meat.
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They combine different cuts
In specific proportions
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00:06:42,137 --> 00:06:45,137
To attain
Their target meat-to-fat ratio.
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The meat comes from the pig's
Back, shoulder, and belly.
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The butcher loads the pork
Into an automated grinder.
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It grinds the pork
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00:07:07,448 --> 00:07:10,034
Until it's the right texture
For mini pepperoni.
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00:07:13,827 --> 00:07:15,172
The meat was frozen,
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00:07:15,172 --> 00:07:18,551
Then partially thawed
Before entering the machine.
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As a result,
The pork grinds cleanly.
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The seasoning recipe includes
Paprika, cayenne pepper,
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Dextrose, anise, and salt.
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00:07:30,724 --> 00:07:32,896
They also mix in sodium nitrate,
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A preservative
That prevents bacterial growth
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00:07:35,275 --> 00:07:39,517
And gives the meat
A cured flavor.
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00:07:39,517 --> 00:07:42,241
They load the ground pork
Into a mixer
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00:07:42,241 --> 00:07:45,931
And pour in some lactic acid
Bacterial culture,
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00:07:45,931 --> 00:07:48,931
Which will kick-start
Fermentation later.
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00:07:48,931 --> 00:07:50,965
Next, they add the seasoning mix
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And a premeasured amount
Of concentrated liquid paprika.
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They continue mixing
For a couple of minutes,
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Distributing the ingredients
Evenly.
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00:08:05,827 --> 00:08:08,448
Then they transfer the ground
Pork from the mixer
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To a meat buggy.
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They roll the meat buggy over
To the filling machine...
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00:08:20,172 --> 00:08:23,068
...And empty the contents.
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00:08:23,068 --> 00:08:25,620
A worker loads a tube
Of sausage casing.
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00:08:25,620 --> 00:08:31,206
The casing is made
Of bovine collagen.
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00:08:31,206 --> 00:08:35,655
The filling machine pumps
Out 1.6 ounces of ground pork
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00:08:35,655 --> 00:08:38,689
Then twists the casing
Between each one to form a link.
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00:08:47,620 --> 00:08:51,758
The machine feeds 25-link chains
Onto a hanging line.
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00:08:51,758 --> 00:08:53,689
The line spaces them out
To preserve
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00:08:53,689 --> 00:08:55,620
Their perfect sausage shape.
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00:08:57,758 --> 00:09:01,000
One casing tube makes 100 links.
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00:09:05,172 --> 00:09:08,793
Next, they ferment, smoke,
And dry the meat.
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00:09:13,344 --> 00:09:17,931
Workers hang three dozen 25-link
Chains on each smokehouse rack.
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00:09:21,137 --> 00:09:23,896
Then they roll the rack
Into the smokehouse.
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00:09:23,896 --> 00:09:26,206
First, they humidify
And heat the links
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00:09:26,206 --> 00:09:29,862
To approximately 77 degrees,
Triggering fermentation.
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00:09:29,862 --> 00:09:32,137
The lactic acid
Bacterial culture
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00:09:32,137 --> 00:09:36,172
Starts feeding on the dextrose
In the seasoning.
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00:09:36,172 --> 00:09:40,034
The process increases
The acidity in the meat,
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00:09:40,034 --> 00:09:42,310
Preventing harmful bacteria
From growing.
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00:09:42,310 --> 00:09:44,931
It also produces a fermented
Flavor.
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After about 14 hours,
They lower the temperature
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00:09:51,965 --> 00:09:54,241
And humidity
To halt fermentation.
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00:09:54,241 --> 00:09:57,000
Next, they start up
The smoke generator,
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00:09:57,000 --> 00:10:00,379
Which they've loaded
With maple and beechwood chips.
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00:10:00,379 --> 00:10:04,551
They run several smoking cycles
Until the links change color
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00:10:04,551 --> 00:10:09,034
And acquire a slightly sweet
And smoky taste.
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00:10:09,034 --> 00:10:12,379
Then they raise the heat again
To cook the meat thoroughly.
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00:10:16,137 --> 00:10:18,413
Finally, they dry the links
In a temperature
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00:10:18,413 --> 00:10:21,655
And humidity-controlled room
For a couple of days.
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00:10:25,275 --> 00:10:26,724
Workers separate the links
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00:10:26,724 --> 00:10:31,275
And put 10 into the bottom
Of each tray.
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00:10:31,275 --> 00:10:34,448
The trays go
Into a vacuum-packing machine,
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00:10:34,448 --> 00:10:38,241
Which sucks out the air
Then seals the top with plastic.
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00:10:43,448 --> 00:10:47,482
The pepperoni is tested by an
In-house lab before packaging.
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They confirm that the moisture
Content is sufficiently low
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00:10:52,103 --> 00:10:54,793
And the acidity reading
Is sufficiently high.
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If it is, the final product
Is considered shelf-stable,
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00:10:59,068 --> 00:11:01,344
Meaning that it isn't perishable
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00:11:01,344 --> 00:11:04,034
And doesn't require
Refrigeration.
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Narrator:
Where mother nature fails,
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A center-pivot irrigation system
Can succeed.
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00:11:24,172 --> 00:11:26,172
If you can't afford
To wait on the rain,
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These systems
Can water your crops.
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00:11:29,206 --> 00:11:31,068
They're essentially
A huge sprinkler
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On wheels that pivots
Around a central point
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In a slow, circular path.
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00:11:38,448 --> 00:11:40,482
Developed in the 20th century,
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Center-pivot sprinklers have
Become a staple on large farms.
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They can be up to a half-mile
In length
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And sprawl across fields,
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Ensuring there isn't a dry spot
In sight.
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They custom-design
Each sprinkler for the field
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It will be irrigating.
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00:12:01,551 --> 00:12:04,517
Then, they transform flat,
High-strength steel
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00:12:04,517 --> 00:12:08,827
Into a water pipe
For the sprinkler system.
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00:12:08,827 --> 00:12:10,206
The steel travels
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00:12:10,206 --> 00:12:14,000
Between forming tools
And then a series of rollers.
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00:12:16,655 --> 00:12:19,448
They curve the steel upwards,
Taking it from flat
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00:12:19,448 --> 00:12:21,206
To cylindrical.
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00:12:25,448 --> 00:12:28,551
More rollers squeeze the pipe
To close the gap.
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00:12:28,551 --> 00:12:31,965
Then an automated induction
Welder can fuse the joint.
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00:12:34,448 --> 00:12:38,551
A carbide blade trims excess
Metal from the welded seam.
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The metal is collected
On a spool to be recycled.
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00:12:43,310 --> 00:12:47,172
Next, they douse the pipe
With coolant.
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00:12:47,172 --> 00:12:49,551
A plasma torch
Then moves along the pipe
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00:12:49,551 --> 00:12:51,931
To cut it into 40-foot sections.
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The pipes fall off
The cutting line and roll
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00:12:56,724 --> 00:12:58,310
Into a holding area.
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00:13:01,482 --> 00:13:04,034
After the pipes
Have been inspected for flaws,
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00:13:04,034 --> 00:13:07,034
A team clamps flanges
To the ends.
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00:13:07,034 --> 00:13:09,448
These flanges will be used
To link the water pipes
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00:13:09,448 --> 00:13:11,586
In the field.
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00:13:11,586 --> 00:13:14,103
They weld the flanges
To the pipes.
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00:13:16,827 --> 00:13:19,448
Next, the welder
Uses a plasma torch to cut
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00:13:19,448 --> 00:13:22,689
Outlets for sprinkler heads.
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00:13:22,689 --> 00:13:26,724
He welds a threaded fitting
Onto each outlet.
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00:13:26,724 --> 00:13:29,275
The water pipe is complete.
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00:13:29,275 --> 00:13:30,931
They'll use dozens
Of these pipes
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00:13:30,931 --> 00:13:33,965
For a single irrigation system.
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00:13:33,965 --> 00:13:38,206
Next, a progressive die stamps
Hook plates from steel.
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00:13:38,206 --> 00:13:41,172
Hook plates hold the spans
Of the sprinkler together.
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00:13:41,172 --> 00:13:45,620
They also keep the sprinkler
Flexible as it moves.
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00:13:45,620 --> 00:13:49,448
Robots weld mounting plates
And other parts to a pipe,
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00:13:49,448 --> 00:13:50,965
Creating a base
For the sprinkler
200
00:13:50,965 --> 00:13:53,000
System's wheeled towers.
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00:14:00,724 --> 00:14:05,310
Then they dip all the parts
In molten zinc.
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00:14:05,310 --> 00:14:08,379
The zinc hardens
As it cools to give the pipes
203
00:14:08,379 --> 00:14:12,241
A glossy, rust-proof finish.
204
00:14:12,241 --> 00:14:15,724
Next, an employee
Assembles the sprinkler heads.
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00:14:15,724 --> 00:14:18,275
She screws a weight
To the plastic sprinkler body
206
00:14:18,275 --> 00:14:21,517
To stabilize it.
207
00:14:21,517 --> 00:14:23,517
Then she snaps on
A spray nozzle.
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00:14:23,517 --> 00:14:25,931
The nozzles come
In various sizes
209
00:14:25,931 --> 00:14:29,310
For different applications.
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00:14:29,310 --> 00:14:32,172
Finally,
She adds a pressure regulator.
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00:14:34,862 --> 00:14:36,586
The next member of the team
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00:14:36,586 --> 00:14:40,172
Lubricates the wheel rims
With soapy water.
213
00:14:40,172 --> 00:14:42,689
Then he installs the rubber
Tires.
214
00:14:45,379 --> 00:14:46,793
The tire size and tread
215
00:14:46,793 --> 00:14:50,655
Are selected based
On expected field conditions.
216
00:14:50,655 --> 00:14:51,931
These tires
217
00:14:51,931 --> 00:14:55,034
Should allow the sprinkler
System to rotate freely.
218
00:14:59,344 --> 00:15:01,448
They ship the parts
Of the sprinkler system
219
00:15:01,448 --> 00:15:04,517
To the field.
220
00:15:04,517 --> 00:15:06,344
They arrange the pipes
On the ground
221
00:15:06,344 --> 00:15:08,344
In the correct configuration...
222
00:15:10,586 --> 00:15:14,172
...And set all the structural
Components beside them.
223
00:15:14,172 --> 00:15:17,344
Then they start assembling
The immense sprinkler system,
224
00:15:17,344 --> 00:15:22,620
Beginning with the triangular
Supports for the water pipes.
225
00:15:22,620 --> 00:15:25,793
They hoist the ends of two pipes
Onto the supports
226
00:15:25,793 --> 00:15:28,931
And bolt them at the flanges.
227
00:15:28,931 --> 00:15:31,103
They repeat this process
Until the structure
228
00:15:31,103 --> 00:15:34,379
Stretches across the field.
229
00:15:34,379 --> 00:15:38,517
A crew member screws
The sprinklers to hoses.
230
00:15:38,517 --> 00:15:40,862
He connects the hoses
To u-shaped fittings
231
00:15:40,862 --> 00:15:42,758
Screwed into the pipes.
232
00:15:46,586 --> 00:15:49,689
Next, they
Complete the electrical wiring.
233
00:15:49,689 --> 00:15:52,172
Then they roll the wheels
To the end towers
234
00:15:52,172 --> 00:15:54,965
And bolt them
To the gear motor hubs.
235
00:15:58,310 --> 00:16:01,724
It takes a full day to assemble
A center-pivot sprinkler system
236
00:16:01,724 --> 00:16:05,344
In the field.
237
00:16:05,344 --> 00:16:07,724
By tapping
Into an underground source,
238
00:16:07,724 --> 00:16:11,413
The system can pump out water
Through the sprinkler heads.
239
00:16:11,413 --> 00:16:13,896
During a drought,
This irrigation system
240
00:16:13,896 --> 00:16:18,000
Can provide a long, cold drink
For crops on a hot summer day.
241
00:16:32,448 --> 00:16:35,241
Narrator: gloves have long been
A part of human history.
242
00:16:35,241 --> 00:16:36,620
Up until the middle ages,
243
00:16:36,620 --> 00:16:38,689
Most people
Ate with their hands.
244
00:16:38,689 --> 00:16:41,344
So, ancient romans wore silk
Or linen gloves
245
00:16:41,344 --> 00:16:43,827
To protect their hands
From hot food.
246
00:16:43,827 --> 00:16:47,172
Today, leather gloves are
Mainly used to provide warmth,
247
00:16:47,172 --> 00:16:49,965
But they can also
Make a fashion statement.
248
00:16:53,137 --> 00:16:58,000
These gloves are made
Of high-quality lambskin.
249
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The tanneries process the hides
To make the leather smooth,
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00:17:01,275 --> 00:17:03,793
Supple, and very durable.
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00:17:03,793 --> 00:17:08,137
The gloves are then handcrafted
In france.
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00:17:08,137 --> 00:17:10,172
Making a fine pair
Of leather gloves
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00:17:10,172 --> 00:17:12,413
Starts with a master
Glove-cutter.
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00:17:12,413 --> 00:17:14,482
Cutting expertise
Is just as important
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00:17:14,482 --> 00:17:17,000
As the quality
Of leather they use.
256
00:17:19,689 --> 00:17:23,896
First, he adds water
To make the leather supple.
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00:17:23,896 --> 00:17:28,206
Then he stretches the skin
In a single direction.
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00:17:28,206 --> 00:17:31,034
This prevents the glove from
Stretching and losing its shape
259
00:17:31,034 --> 00:17:32,827
After it's made.
260
00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:38,827
He uses a rectangular template
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00:17:38,827 --> 00:17:41,344
To make indentations
In the leather,
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Then cuts them with shears.
263
00:17:45,034 --> 00:17:49,517
He produces two rectangles,
One for each glove in the pair.
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00:17:52,827 --> 00:17:55,862
He stretches the leather again.
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00:17:55,862 --> 00:17:58,068
A master glove-cutter
Knows how to optimize
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00:17:58,068 --> 00:18:00,827
The natural stretch in the skin.
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00:18:00,827 --> 00:18:03,103
He deliberately leaves room
In certain areas
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00:18:03,103 --> 00:18:05,206
For comfort and eliminates
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00:18:05,206 --> 00:18:08,103
Stretch in other areas
To preserve the glove's fit.
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00:18:11,275 --> 00:18:15,413
Using the template again, he
Marks and makes his final cuts.
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00:18:17,724 --> 00:18:19,862
The rectangle is for the section
Of the glove
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00:18:19,862 --> 00:18:22,172
That covers the hand,
Called the trank.
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00:18:31,068 --> 00:18:33,896
He marks the glove size
With a white pencil.
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00:18:38,931 --> 00:18:41,896
He follows the same procedure
To cut pieces of leather
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00:18:41,896 --> 00:18:43,965
For the other parts
Of the glove.
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00:18:43,965 --> 00:18:45,241
They include the thumb,
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00:18:45,241 --> 00:18:47,206
The pieces
That go in between the fingers
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00:18:47,206 --> 00:18:48,620
Called the fourchettes,
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00:18:48,620 --> 00:18:51,068
And the decorative trim.
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00:18:51,068 --> 00:18:54,586
He uses a die to cut each part.
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00:18:54,586 --> 00:18:58,344
There's a separate die for
Each part of every glove model.
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00:18:58,344 --> 00:19:01,275
There's also a different die
For each size.
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00:19:01,275 --> 00:19:04,275
The cutter places a few pieces
Into a trank die.
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00:19:04,275 --> 00:19:06,827
Then, he covers the leather
With a resin block
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00:19:06,827 --> 00:19:09,275
To prevent damage
From the press.
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00:19:09,275 --> 00:19:12,655
The press
Quickly cuts the pieces.
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00:19:12,655 --> 00:19:16,068
Then, all the cut pieces are
Sent to the sewing department.
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00:19:18,793 --> 00:19:22,482
The head seamstress
Makes a paper pattern.
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00:19:22,482 --> 00:19:24,827
This model has three rows
Of stitching
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00:19:24,827 --> 00:19:28,000
And three circular openings
On the back of the hand.
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00:19:34,586 --> 00:19:37,068
She places the pattern
On the leather
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00:19:39,241 --> 00:19:42,172
Then uses talc
To transfer the design.
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00:19:47,172 --> 00:19:50,931
She uses specialized tools
To punch out the openings
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00:19:53,137 --> 00:19:55,448
And perforate the stitch holes.
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00:20:03,448 --> 00:20:06,689
Then another seamstress
Sews the glove together.
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00:20:09,793 --> 00:20:12,965
She starts with the three rows
Of decorative stitching.
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00:20:12,965 --> 00:20:15,103
They form three raised lines
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00:20:15,103 --> 00:20:20,000
And stretch the round openings
Into ovals.
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00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:23,034
The rest of the glove
Is machine-sewn.
300
00:20:23,034 --> 00:20:25,689
The seamstress turns the trank
Inside out
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00:20:25,689 --> 00:20:28,655
And stitches the fourchettes
To the fingers.
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00:20:28,655 --> 00:20:33,689
Then she sews on the thumb
And the trim on the cuff.
303
00:20:33,689 --> 00:20:36,620
She finishes off the cuff
With an engraved rivet.
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00:20:40,448 --> 00:20:41,896
Another seamstress
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00:20:41,896 --> 00:20:46,206
Attaches a silk jersey lining
To the inside of the glove.
306
00:20:46,206 --> 00:20:48,862
There are also linings
Made of cashmere, wool,
307
00:20:48,862 --> 00:20:50,965
Fur, and polar fleece.
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00:20:50,965 --> 00:20:56,310
She hand stitches the lining to
The leather in each fingertip.
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00:20:56,310 --> 00:20:58,310
She turns the glove
Right-side out,
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00:20:58,310 --> 00:21:02,000
Using a wooden tool
To gently push out the fingers.
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00:21:05,206 --> 00:21:09,137
A final seamstress slips the
Gloves onto heated hand forms.
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00:21:09,137 --> 00:21:11,344
She rubs the leather
With a downward motion
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00:21:11,344 --> 00:21:14,000
To manually iron out
All the wrinkles.
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00:21:16,517 --> 00:21:19,620
The packager wears a pair
Of cotton gloves to ensure
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00:21:19,620 --> 00:21:21,655
The leather remains pristine.
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00:21:24,034 --> 00:21:25,310
These leather gloves
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00:21:25,310 --> 00:21:28,310
Were artisan-crafted
Using century-old techniques
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00:21:28,310 --> 00:21:31,724
And nothing more advanced
Than a simple sewing machine.
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00:21:31,724 --> 00:21:36,103
Now they're ready to stylishly
Warm up even the coldest hands.
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