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1
00:00:02,137 --> 00:00:05,103
--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
2
00:00:05,103 --> 00:00:08,103
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
3
00:00:53,482 --> 00:00:56,172
Narrator: YOU DOESN'T NEED TO
HAVE ANTLERS OVER THE FIREPLACE
4
00:00:56,172 --> 00:00:58,724
TO BRING A TOUCH OF WILDLIFE
TO YOUR DECOR.
5
00:00:58,724 --> 00:01:00,034
A MORE SUBTLE APPROACH
6
00:01:00,034 --> 00:01:02,724
CAN BE A LAMP
WITH A SHADE MADE OF RAWHIDE.
7
00:01:02,724 --> 00:01:05,103
RAWHIDE IS UNTANNED ANIMAL SKIN.
8
00:01:05,103 --> 00:01:07,482
THE HIDE TYPICALLY
COMES FROM LIVESTOCK,
9
00:01:07,482 --> 00:01:10,620
SO YOU GET THE DECORATIVE "BANG"
WITHOUT FIRING A SHOT.
10
00:01:14,586 --> 00:01:18,103
YOU TYPICALLY SEE RAWHIDE
LAMPSHADES IN RUSTIC SETTINGS,
11
00:01:18,103 --> 00:01:21,172
BUT THEY'VE ALSO BEEN KNOWN
TO ADD AN ECLECTIC TWIST
12
00:01:21,172 --> 00:01:22,448
TO A MODERN DECOR.
13
00:01:22,448 --> 00:01:24,655
THIS COMPANY HAS BEEN
USING THE SAME TECHNIQUES
14
00:01:24,655 --> 00:01:28,862
TO HAND-CRAFT RAWHIDE LAMPSHADES
SINCE 1929.
15
00:01:28,862 --> 00:01:31,551
THE FIRST STEP IS TO CONSTRUCT
THE SHADE'S FRAME
16
00:01:31,551 --> 00:01:33,586
OUT OF 3-MILLIMETER-THICK
STEEL WIRE.
17
00:01:35,793 --> 00:01:38,586
THEY BEGIN BY CUTTING
THE VARIOUS LENGTHS OF WIRE
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00:01:38,586 --> 00:01:43,034
TO MAKE THE COMPONENT'S FIRST
SHADE OF A PARTICULAR SIZE.
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00:01:43,034 --> 00:01:46,275
EVERY FRAME HAS ONE TOP RING,
ONE BOTTOM RING,
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00:01:46,275 --> 00:01:48,655
AND SEVERAL VERTICAL RIBS
CONNECTING THE TWO.
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00:01:54,586 --> 00:01:57,793
AFTER CLAMPING THE WIRES
ALONGSIDE A MEASURING GAUGE,
22
00:01:57,793 --> 00:02:02,103
THEY POSITION THE BLADE
WHERE REQUIRED AND CUT.
23
00:02:05,896 --> 00:02:07,620
THEY CURVE THE PIECES
FOR THE RINGS
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00:02:07,620 --> 00:02:09,689
WITH CRANK-OPERATED ROLLERS,
25
00:02:09,689 --> 00:02:13,413
WHICH APPLY PRESSURE
TO BEND THE WIRE.
26
00:02:13,413 --> 00:02:15,965
IT TAKES A FEW PASSES
TO WORK THE STEEL WIRE
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00:02:15,965 --> 00:02:17,137
INTO A FULL CIRCLE.
28
00:02:21,793 --> 00:02:25,000
THEN THEY SPOT-WELD THE ENDS
TOGETHER TO COMPLETE EACH RING.
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00:02:30,586 --> 00:02:32,758
THEY COOL THE HOT WELD
IN COLD WATER.
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00:02:36,068 --> 00:02:38,551
NOW IT'S TIME
TO ASSEMBLE THE FRAME.
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00:02:38,551 --> 00:02:42,482
THEY USE A JIG TO CORRECTLY
POSITION ALL THE PARTS.
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00:02:42,482 --> 00:02:47,517
THIS ONE IS FOR A SLANTED SHADE
WITH AN 18-INCH BOTTOM DIAMETER.
33
00:02:47,517 --> 00:02:49,482
AFTER LAYING IN THE BOTTOM RING,
34
00:02:49,482 --> 00:02:55,034
THEY POSITION ONE RIB AT A TIME
AND SPOT-WELD IT TO THE RING.
35
00:03:09,724 --> 00:03:11,482
THEY ASSEMBLE THE SPIDER --
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00:03:11,482 --> 00:03:14,137
THE INNER STRUCTURE
OF THE TOP RING.
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THEY TAKE A BRASS WASHER
WITH FOUR HOLES IN IT
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00:03:16,862 --> 00:03:19,689
AND INSERT A STEEL WIRE ARM
INTO EACH ONE.
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00:03:24,965 --> 00:03:28,827
A SINGLE STRIKE OF A 1-TON PRESS
LOCKS EACH ARM IN THE WASHER.
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00:03:31,689 --> 00:03:33,931
THEY SPOT-WELD THE SPIDER
TO THE TOP RING...
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00:03:39,724 --> 00:03:42,103
...THEN THE RING
TO EACH RIB OF THE FRAME.
42
00:03:48,551 --> 00:03:50,793
THE FRAME IS NOW
FULLY CONSTRUCTED
43
00:03:50,793 --> 00:03:53,413
AND READY TO BE COATED
WITH BAKED-ON PAINT.
44
00:03:53,413 --> 00:03:55,965
THIS NOT ONLY MAKES
THE FRAME MORE ATTRACTIVE,
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00:03:55,965 --> 00:03:57,310
IT PREVENTS THE STEEL
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00:03:57,310 --> 00:04:01,931
FROM RUSTING AS IT COMES
IN CONTACT WITH THE WET RAWHIDE.
47
00:04:01,931 --> 00:04:03,758
THE FRESHLY-WASHED SHEEPSKIN
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00:04:03,758 --> 00:04:06,344
IS THE HIGHEST GRADE OF HIDE
AVAILABLE,
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00:04:06,344 --> 00:04:08,206
SO THE COLOR
IS AN EVEN BUTTERSCOTCH --
50
00:04:08,206 --> 00:04:12,137
RARELY ANY COLOR VARIATIONS
OR SPOTS.
51
00:04:12,137 --> 00:04:14,896
THEY CENTER THE FRAME
UPSIDE-DOWN ON THE SKIN,
52
00:04:14,896 --> 00:04:16,896
THEN WORK THEIR WAY AROUND,
53
00:04:16,896 --> 00:04:18,896
FOLDING THE SKIN
UPWARD AND OVER,
54
00:04:18,896 --> 00:04:22,241
CLAMPING IT IN PLACE
WITH CLOTHESPINS.
55
00:04:22,241 --> 00:04:24,413
THEN, THEY FLIP
THE SHADE RIGHT SIDE UP
56
00:04:24,413 --> 00:04:26,965
AND SLIT THE SKIN AT THE TOP
WITH A RAZOR BLADE
57
00:04:26,965 --> 00:04:28,137
TO RELEASE SOME TENSION.
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00:04:30,310 --> 00:04:34,000
NOW THEY SEW THE SKIN TO THE TOP
AND BOTTOM OF THE FRAME
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00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:35,586
WITH RAWHIDE LACE.
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00:04:35,586 --> 00:04:37,862
HOWEVER, THIS RAWHIDE
IS COW SKIN.
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00:04:42,724 --> 00:04:46,793
ONCE THE SEWING IS COMPLETE,
THEY CUT OFF THE EXCESS SKIN.
62
00:04:55,517 --> 00:04:59,413
THE RAWHIDE IS STILL QUITE WET,
SO THEY DRY THE LAMPSHADE
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00:04:59,413 --> 00:05:01,827
IN A HEATED CLOSET
FOR ABOUT FIVE HOURS.
64
00:05:06,137 --> 00:05:07,448
WHEN IT COMES OUT,
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00:05:07,448 --> 00:05:10,275
THEY BATHE THE RAWHIDE
IN A MOISTURIZING AGENT
66
00:05:10,275 --> 00:05:12,241
THEN A FINISHING SOLUTION,
67
00:05:12,241 --> 00:05:16,482
THE SPECIFICS OF WHICH ARE A
CLOSELY-GUARDED COMPANY SECRET.
68
00:05:16,482 --> 00:05:19,275
THESE TREATMENTS BRING OUT
THE BUTTERSCOTCH COLOR
69
00:05:19,275 --> 00:05:23,310
AND SEAL THE HIDE TO PREVENT IT
FROM DRYING OUT AND CRACKING.
70
00:05:23,310 --> 00:05:25,758
THE LAMPSHADE THEN GOES BACK
INTO THE HEATED CLOSET
71
00:05:25,758 --> 00:05:27,000
FOR 24 HOURS.
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00:05:29,689 --> 00:05:32,655
LAMPSHADES ARE OFTEN
HANDS-PAINTED BEFORE THIS,
73
00:05:32,655 --> 00:05:36,000
IN WHICH CASE THE FINISHING
SOLUTION SEALS THE OIL PAINT
74
00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:37,482
AS WELL AS THE HIDE.
75
00:05:40,655 --> 00:05:44,586
EACH DESIGN IS ORIGINAL
AND SIGNED BY THE ARTIST --
76
00:05:44,586 --> 00:05:47,586
A UNIQUE WORK OF ART
DESIGNED TO LIGHT UP A ROOM.
77
00:06:02,137 --> 00:06:03,275
Narrator: LEGEND HAS IT
THAT CHOCOLATE-CHIP COOKIES
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00:06:03,275 --> 00:06:05,068
WERE INVENTED IN 1930
79
00:06:05,068 --> 00:06:08,862
BY AN AMERICAN INNKEEPER WHO
RAN OUT OF BAKER'S CHOCOLATE.
80
00:06:08,862 --> 00:06:11,793
SHE IMPROVED BY BREAKING
A SEMI-SWEET CHOCOLATE BAR
81
00:06:11,793 --> 00:06:13,379
INTO SMALL PIECES.
82
00:06:13,379 --> 00:06:16,137
INSTEAD OF MELTING,
THE CHOCOLATE MERELY SOFTENED,
83
00:06:16,137 --> 00:06:18,896
DOTTING THE COOKIE
WITH CHOCOLATE CHIPS.
84
00:06:21,344 --> 00:06:22,517
THEY LOOK HOMEMADE,
85
00:06:22,517 --> 00:06:23,896
AND THEY TASTE HOMEMADE,
86
00:06:23,896 --> 00:06:26,379
BUT THIS HOME IS A FACTORY.
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00:06:26,379 --> 00:06:29,758
EACH INGREDIENT GOES
INTO AN INDUSTRIAL-SIZE MIXER,
88
00:06:29,758 --> 00:06:32,379
STARTING WITH WHITE SUGAR.
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00:06:32,379 --> 00:06:33,586
THEN BROWN SUGAR.
90
00:06:36,344 --> 00:06:37,724
THEN BUTTER.
91
00:06:41,448 --> 00:06:46,241
THE MIXER THOROUGHLY BLENDS
THESE FIRST INGREDIENTS
92
00:06:46,241 --> 00:06:48,689
UNTIL THE BUTTER
BECOMES SOFT AND CREAMY
93
00:06:48,689 --> 00:06:51,275
AND THE SUGARS
ARE EVENLY DISPERSED.
94
00:06:53,275 --> 00:06:55,068
THEN IT'S TIME
FOR THE HEADLINER --
95
00:06:55,068 --> 00:06:57,000
CHOCOLATE CHIPS.
96
00:06:57,000 --> 00:06:58,344
THEY'RE SEMI-SWEET,
97
00:06:58,344 --> 00:07:00,758
WHICH IS A MIXTURE
OF BITTER AND SWEET CHOCOLATE.
98
00:07:03,310 --> 00:07:06,275
NEXT, FLOUR,
99
00:07:06,275 --> 00:07:09,931
FOLLOWED BY BAKING SODA
TO MAKE THE DOUGH RISE
100
00:07:09,931 --> 00:07:13,413
AND SALT TO ADD FLAVOR.
101
00:07:13,413 --> 00:07:16,655
THE FINAL INGREDIENTS
ARE WHOLE EGGS, BEATEN,
102
00:07:16,655 --> 00:07:18,241
COMBINED WITH VANILLA,
103
00:07:18,241 --> 00:07:22,034
MADE FROM BEANS HARVESTED
IN MADAGASCAR, AFRICA.
104
00:07:22,034 --> 00:07:25,379
MIXING RESUME
UNTIL EVERYTHING'S WELL-BLENDED,
105
00:07:25,379 --> 00:07:28,206
WHICH USUALLY
TAKES ABOUT FIVE MINUTES.
106
00:07:28,206 --> 00:07:31,137
THE COMPANY
CLOSELY GUARDS RECIPE SPECIFICS,
107
00:07:31,137 --> 00:07:32,551
BUT IF YOU'RE CURIOUS,
108
00:07:32,551 --> 00:07:34,620
YOU COULD PROBABLY
FIGURE THEM OUT
109
00:07:34,620 --> 00:07:37,482
BY MULTIPLYING THE INGREDIENTS
OF A HOME RECIPE
110
00:07:37,482 --> 00:07:40,068
TO THE YIELD
OF A PRODUCTION BATCH.
111
00:07:40,068 --> 00:07:41,793
WORKERS TRANSFER
THE COOKIE DOUGH
112
00:07:41,793 --> 00:07:43,793
TO A MACHINE CALLED THE FORMER.
113
00:07:43,793 --> 00:07:46,103
IT PUSHES THE DOUGH
THROUGH ROUND DIES,
114
00:07:46,103 --> 00:07:47,724
PRODUCING ROW UPON ROW
115
00:07:47,724 --> 00:07:51,448
OF ROUND PIECES WEIGHING
1.4 OUNCES EACH,
116
00:07:51,448 --> 00:07:55,241
ONE OF SEVERAL SIZES
THE FACTORY PRODUCES.
117
00:07:55,241 --> 00:07:58,206
THE FACTORY THEN FLASH-FREEZES
THE DOUGH ROUNDS
118
00:07:58,206 --> 00:08:00,517
FOR SALE TO FOOD-SERVICE
CUSTOMERS
119
00:08:00,517 --> 00:08:02,482
SUCH AS RESTAURANTS AND HOTELS,
120
00:08:02,482 --> 00:08:05,344
WHICH BAKE THE COOKIES
IN THEIR OWN KITCHENS.
121
00:08:05,344 --> 00:08:07,413
THE FREEZE TUNNEL
USES LIQUID NITROGEN
122
00:08:07,413 --> 00:08:09,896
TO CREATE
THE FRIGID TEMPERATURE.
123
00:08:09,896 --> 00:08:11,103
THE PASSING DOUGH ROUNDS
124
00:08:11,103 --> 00:08:15,310
SOLIDIFY IN APPROXIMATELY
FIVE MINUTES.
125
00:08:15,310 --> 00:08:16,896
EXITING THE FREEZE TUNNEL,
126
00:08:16,896 --> 00:08:19,793
THE DOUGH ROUNDS
PASS UNDER A METAL DETECTOR
127
00:08:19,793 --> 00:08:23,000
TO ENSURE THEY DON'T CONTAIN
ANY METAL PARTICLES.
128
00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:27,206
THIS SAFETY MEASURE IS STANDARD
PRACTICE IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY.
129
00:08:27,206 --> 00:08:30,586
THE PACKAGING SYSTEM
IS ENTIRELY AUTOMATED.
130
00:08:30,586 --> 00:08:32,931
THE FIRST STATION
ERECTS THE BOX.
131
00:08:32,931 --> 00:08:37,172
THE SECOND STATION LINES
IT WITH PLASTIC.
132
00:08:42,137 --> 00:08:43,931
A CONVEYER BELT, MEANWHILE,
133
00:08:43,931 --> 00:08:48,517
FEEDS THE FROZEN, UNBAKED
COOKIES ONTO AUTOMATED SCALES.
134
00:08:48,517 --> 00:08:51,206
ONCE A SCALE
HITS THE PER-BOX WEIGHT,
135
00:08:51,206 --> 00:08:52,551
FEEDING PAUSES.
136
00:08:52,551 --> 00:08:53,965
THE BOTTOM SWINGS OPEN,
137
00:08:53,965 --> 00:08:56,103
AND THE COOKIES
DROP INTO THE BOX
138
00:08:56,103 --> 00:08:57,862
AWAITING DIRECTLY UNDERNEATH.
139
00:09:01,586 --> 00:09:04,413
THE NEXT STATIONS SEAL
AND LABEL THE BOXES,
140
00:09:04,413 --> 00:09:07,172
WHICH WORKERS THEN LOAD
ONTO PALLETS.
141
00:09:07,172 --> 00:09:09,413
THE PALLETS GO
INTO A STORAGE FREEZER,
142
00:09:09,413 --> 00:09:10,827
WHERE THEY STAY UNTIL IT'S TIME
143
00:09:10,827 --> 00:09:15,206
TO SHIP THEM OUT, BY FREEZER
TRUCK, TO THE CUSTOMER.
144
00:09:15,206 --> 00:09:18,551
THIS COMPANY ALSO SELLS GIFT
TINS OF COOKIES ONLINE
145
00:09:18,551 --> 00:09:20,551
AND BY CATALOG.
146
00:09:20,551 --> 00:09:23,103
FOR THAT MARKET,
THEY BAKE THE COOKIES IN-HOUSE.
147
00:09:25,275 --> 00:09:26,862
WORKERS LAY OUT THE DOUGH ROUNDS
148
00:09:26,862 --> 00:09:31,034
2 INCHES APART ON TRAYS
LINED WITH PARCHMENT PAPER.
149
00:09:31,034 --> 00:09:33,172
THIS PREVENTS STICKING,
MAKING IT EASY
150
00:09:33,172 --> 00:09:35,379
TO REMOVE THE BAKED COOKIES
WITHOUT BREAKING THEM.
151
00:09:37,448 --> 00:09:42,931
THE DOUGH ROUNDS ARE NEARLY 1½
INCHES WIDE BY 1 INCH HIGH.
152
00:09:42,931 --> 00:09:46,206
AS THEY BAKE, THEY FLATTEN OUT
AND DOUBLE IN DIAMETER.
153
00:09:48,344 --> 00:09:50,931
THE TRAYS REMAIN IN THE OVEN
FOR SEVEN MINUTES
154
00:09:50,931 --> 00:09:52,724
AT 300 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.
155
00:09:56,275 --> 00:09:58,620
A TURNTABLE INSIDE ROTATES THEM
156
00:09:58,620 --> 00:10:01,793
SO THAT THE COOKIES BAKE
EVENLY THROUGHOUT THE TRAY.
157
00:10:01,793 --> 00:10:05,241
A FEW COOKIES PER BATCH GO
TO THE QUALITY CONTROL TESTER,
158
00:10:05,241 --> 00:10:06,724
WHO, UNFORTUNATELY,
159
00:10:06,724 --> 00:10:08,379
DOESN'T GET TO CONDUCT
THE ASSESSMENT
160
00:10:08,379 --> 00:10:10,448
BY EATING THE SAMPLES.
161
00:10:10,448 --> 00:10:13,413
RATHER, THE TESTER
MEASURES THE DIAMETER AND HEIGHT
162
00:10:13,413 --> 00:10:16,241
TO ENSURE CONSISTENCY
IN SIZE AND CHIP CONTENT.
163
00:10:18,344 --> 00:10:21,482
IN THE ONLINE AND CATALOGUE
ORDER ASSEMBLY AREA,
164
00:10:21,482 --> 00:10:25,137
WORKERS LINE THE BOTTOM PART
OF THE GIFT TIN
165
00:10:25,137 --> 00:10:28,068
WITH A DECORATIVE
CELLOPHANE BAG.
166
00:10:28,068 --> 00:10:30,206
THEN, THEY CAREFULLY LAYER
THE CORRECT NUMBER
167
00:10:30,206 --> 00:10:34,137
OF FRESH COOKIES INSIDE
IN A STAGGERED CONFIGURATION.
168
00:10:34,137 --> 00:10:36,793
THIS NOT ONLY CREATES
A NICE PRESENTATION,
169
00:10:36,793 --> 00:10:40,310
IT ALSO PREVENTS DAMAGE
IN TRANSIT.
170
00:10:40,310 --> 00:10:42,586
THEY CLOSE THE BAG
WITH A GOLD TWIST TIE
171
00:10:42,586 --> 00:10:44,000
TO SEAL IN THE FRESHNESS...
172
00:10:46,137 --> 00:10:47,931
...CLOSE UP THE TIN,
173
00:10:47,931 --> 00:10:50,413
THEN PACK IT FOR SHIPPING.
174
00:10:50,413 --> 00:10:53,965
THIS IS HOW TO GIVE A GIFT OF
HOMEMADE CHOCOLATE CHIP COOKIES
175
00:10:53,965 --> 00:10:56,000
WITHOUT EVER SETTING FOOT
IN THE KITCHEN.
176
00:11:09,413 --> 00:11:12,206
Narrator: THE MRI SCANNER
WAS INVENTED IN 1977,
177
00:11:12,206 --> 00:11:15,379
AND IT HAS REVOLUTIONIZED
MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS.
178
00:11:15,379 --> 00:11:17,758
SHORT
FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING,
179
00:11:17,758 --> 00:11:20,620
AN MRI OFFERS AN INSIDE LOOK
AT THE HUMAN BODY
180
00:11:20,620 --> 00:11:22,896
WITHOUT SURGERY OR X-RAYS.
181
00:11:22,896 --> 00:11:24,862
WHEN INVESTIGATION HEALTH
PROBLEMS,
182
00:11:24,862 --> 00:11:26,931
IT'S A GREAT WAY
TO GET THE PICTURE.
183
00:11:30,965 --> 00:11:33,827
USING MAGNETIC FIELDS
AND RADIO-WAVE PULSES,
184
00:11:33,827 --> 00:11:36,103
AN MRI CAN LOOK
RIGHT THROUGH YOU
185
00:11:36,103 --> 00:11:41,000
TO DETERMINE WHAT'S GOING ON
UNDER THE SKIN.
186
00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:43,586
THE MAGNET
IS INCREDIBLY POWERFUL.
187
00:11:43,586 --> 00:11:47,172
IT'S UP TO 30,000 TIMES STRONGER
THAN THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD.
188
00:11:50,793 --> 00:11:52,758
TO MAKE AN MRI SCANNER,
189
00:11:52,758 --> 00:11:55,689
THEY WELD ALUMINUM CASING
AROUND THE MAGNET,
190
00:11:55,689 --> 00:11:57,862
CREATING A TUNNEL
IN THE CENTER FOR THE PATIENT.
191
00:11:59,931 --> 00:12:02,137
THE SEAMS MUST BE
EXTREMELY TIGHT
192
00:12:02,137 --> 00:12:04,310
BECAUSE THE TUBE
WILL ALSO CONTAIN
193
00:12:04,310 --> 00:12:06,206
THE SUPER-COLD
LIQUID HELIUM
194
00:12:06,206 --> 00:12:08,724
WHICH WILL MAKE THE MAGNET
SO INCREDIBLY POWERFUL.
195
00:12:10,931 --> 00:12:12,724
ONCE THE WELDS ARE COMPLETE,
196
00:12:12,724 --> 00:12:15,827
THEY CAP THE MAGNET AND TRANSFER
IT TO A TEST CHAMBER.
197
00:12:18,896 --> 00:12:21,241
THEY PUMP HELIUM GAS
INTO THE TUBE
198
00:12:21,241 --> 00:12:23,793
AND ACTIVATE A VACUUM SYSTEM
THAT SUCKS OUT THE AIR
199
00:12:23,793 --> 00:12:25,689
IN THE CHAMBER.
200
00:12:25,689 --> 00:12:28,241
A SENSOR CONFIRMS
THERE ARE NO LEAKS
201
00:12:28,241 --> 00:12:29,931
AND THE WELDS ARE TIGHT.
202
00:12:33,931 --> 00:12:37,931
THEY NOW CONSTRUCT A SECOND
ALUMINUM TUBE AROUND THE MAGNET.
203
00:12:37,931 --> 00:12:39,862
THIS WILL ACT
AS AN INSULATING SHIELD.
204
00:12:45,896 --> 00:12:48,103
THEY WRAP
AND ALUMINIZED MYLAR BLANKET
205
00:12:48,103 --> 00:12:50,551
TIGHTLY AROUND THE MAGNET.
206
00:12:50,551 --> 00:12:51,827
ALUMINIZED MYLAR
207
00:12:51,827 --> 00:12:53,965
WAS FIRST DEVELOPED
AS AN INSULATING MATERIAL
208
00:12:53,965 --> 00:12:55,827
FOR SPACE SUITS.
209
00:12:55,827 --> 00:12:58,620
IN THIS CASE, IT WILL BE USED
TO DEFLECT HEAT
210
00:12:58,620 --> 00:12:59,965
TO KEEP THE MAGNET COLD.
211
00:13:03,965 --> 00:13:07,206
THEY NOW INSERT THE MAGNET
INTO A STEEL SHELL.
212
00:13:07,206 --> 00:13:09,620
THIS IS KNOW
AS THE VACUUM VESSEL.
213
00:13:09,620 --> 00:13:11,172
THE AIR WILL BE
PULLED FROM THE SPACE
214
00:13:11,172 --> 00:13:13,034
BETWEEN IT AND THE MAGNET,
215
00:13:13,034 --> 00:13:15,896
CREATING A VACUUM WHICH WILL
SERVE AS ANOTHER INSULATOR.
216
00:13:23,413 --> 00:13:26,206
THEY MASK THE MRI TUNNEL
WITH PLASTIC
217
00:13:26,206 --> 00:13:30,068
AND SPRAY PAINT
THE EXTERIOR WHITE.
218
00:13:30,068 --> 00:13:32,034
THE PAINT WILL PROTECT THE STEEL
FROM RUST.
219
00:13:35,517 --> 00:13:37,586
NEXT, THEY INSTALL
A REFRIGERATION UNIT
220
00:13:37,586 --> 00:13:38,862
KNOWS AS THE COLD HEAD.
221
00:13:41,862 --> 00:13:43,724
THE COLD HEAD
WILL MAINTAIN THE HELIUM
222
00:13:43,724 --> 00:13:45,965
AROUND THE MRI'S PRIMARY MAGNET
223
00:13:45,965 --> 00:13:49,034
AT THE INCREDIBLY CHILLY
TEMPERATURE
224
00:13:49,034 --> 00:13:51,241
OF -452 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.
225
00:13:51,241 --> 00:13:54,344
THIS WILL KEEP THE HELIUM
IN A LIQUID STATE.
226
00:13:54,344 --> 00:13:55,689
WITHOUT THE COLD HEAD,
227
00:13:55,689 --> 00:13:58,586
SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS
WOULD VAPORIZE AND BE LOST.
228
00:14:01,413 --> 00:14:05,344
THEY NOW PUMP THE LIQUID HELIUM
INTO THE MAGNET.
229
00:14:05,344 --> 00:14:07,862
IT'S ONE OF THE COLDEST THINGS
ON THE PLANET,
230
00:14:07,862 --> 00:14:09,655
AND THE FILL NOZZLES
TURN FROSTY.
231
00:14:11,896 --> 00:14:14,379
EXPOSED TO THIS EXTREME COLD,
232
00:14:14,379 --> 00:14:17,206
THE MAGNET
LOSES ALL ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
233
00:14:17,206 --> 00:14:19,241
AND BECOMES A SUPER CONDUCTOR,
234
00:14:19,241 --> 00:14:21,827
GENERATING INTENSE
MAGNETIC FIELDS.
235
00:14:23,896 --> 00:14:26,034
WITH THE MRI MAGNET COMPLETE,
236
00:14:26,034 --> 00:14:28,206
THEY MOVE ON
TO THE GRADIENT COIL,
237
00:14:28,206 --> 00:14:30,551
WHICH WILL CONTROL
THE ORIENTATION OF THE IMAGE
238
00:14:30,551 --> 00:14:32,862
WITH ELECTRICAL PULSES.
239
00:14:32,862 --> 00:14:35,172
IT STARTS WITH A FIBERGLASS
EPOXY TUBE
240
00:14:35,172 --> 00:14:36,724
CUT TO THE CORRECT LENGTH.
241
00:14:38,793 --> 00:14:41,034
A WORKER CARVES GROOVES
IN THE TUBE
242
00:14:41,034 --> 00:14:42,896
AND FILLS THOSE GROOVES
WITH EPOXY.
243
00:14:48,068 --> 00:14:51,724
HE THEN WINDS COPPER WIRE
INTO THE EPOXY-FILLED GROOVES,
244
00:14:51,724 --> 00:14:54,413
AND IT ADHERES,
FORMING THE GRADIENT COIL.
245
00:15:00,965 --> 00:15:04,827
THE TEAM SLATHERS
EPOXY ONTO THE ENTIRE TUBE.
246
00:15:04,827 --> 00:15:06,862
THE EPOXY SEALS THE WIRE,
247
00:15:06,862 --> 00:15:09,586
PREVENTING VIBRATIONS OF
THE COIL WHEN IT'S IN OPERATION.
248
00:15:13,965 --> 00:15:16,689
THEY LAYER ETCHED COPPER PLATES
ONTO THE EPOXY,
249
00:15:16,689 --> 00:15:18,000
AND THEY ADHERE.
250
00:15:24,965 --> 00:15:27,931
THEY WRAP THE COIL
TIGHTLY WITH TEFLON CLOTH.
251
00:15:32,793 --> 00:15:35,482
A WORKER POURS EPOXY RESIN
ONTO THE FABRIC.
252
00:15:37,896 --> 00:15:40,517
HE THEN WINDS TUBING
AROUND THE GRADIENT COIL,
253
00:15:40,517 --> 00:15:43,758
WHICH ADHERES
TO THE EPOXY-COATED CLOTH.
254
00:15:43,758 --> 00:15:45,448
THESE ARE COOLING LINES.
255
00:15:45,448 --> 00:15:48,172
THEY'LL DISPERSE HEAT GENERATED
BY THE GRADIENT COIL.
256
00:15:50,827 --> 00:15:54,137
ANOTHER WORKER NOW PREPS
THE NEXT FIBERGLASS TUBE.
257
00:15:54,137 --> 00:15:58,793
THIS ONE IS FOR THE MRI's
RADIO-FREQUENCY COIL.
258
00:15:58,793 --> 00:16:01,896
THERE'S MUCH MORE TO COME
BEFORE THIS MRI SCANNER
259
00:16:01,896 --> 00:16:05,413
IS READY TO PROVIDE AN INSIDE
LOOK AT THE HUMAN BODY,
260
00:16:05,413 --> 00:16:07,448
SO STAY TUNED.
261
00:16:17,241 --> 00:16:18,586
Narrator:
AN MRI SCANNER
262
00:16:18,586 --> 00:16:20,482
PRODUCES DETAILED IMAGES
OF BONES, ORGANS,
263
00:16:20,482 --> 00:16:23,379
AND OTHER STRUCTURES
INSIDE THE HUMAN BODY.
264
00:16:23,379 --> 00:16:26,551
IT DOES THIS BY GENERATING
A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD
265
00:16:26,551 --> 00:16:29,482
THAT CAUSES THE BODY'S HYDROGEN
ATOMS TO ALIGN
266
00:16:29,482 --> 00:16:30,965
AND SEND A SIGNAL.
267
00:16:30,965 --> 00:16:33,517
THE RESULT IS A PICTURE
THAT COULD LEAD TO A DIAGNOSIS.
268
00:16:37,517 --> 00:16:39,931
WORK ON THE MRI's
RADIO-FREQUENCY COIL
269
00:16:39,931 --> 00:16:41,413
IS UNDER WAY.
270
00:16:41,413 --> 00:16:43,620
A TECHNICIAN ATTACHES
PLASTIC RISERS
271
00:16:43,620 --> 00:16:47,551
AND PADS TO THE FIBERGLASS CORE.
272
00:16:47,551 --> 00:16:48,931
THE RISERS AND PADS
273
00:16:48,931 --> 00:16:52,413
WILL HOLD THE CIRCUITRY PARTS
AT A UNIFORM LEVEL.
274
00:16:52,413 --> 00:16:55,172
SHE APPLIES
ADHESIVE-BACKED STRIPS OF COPPER
275
00:16:55,172 --> 00:16:58,310
FROM ONE BAND OF RISERS
TO THE OTHER.
276
00:16:58,310 --> 00:17:00,862
THESE COPPER STRIPS
ARE THE ANTENNA.
277
00:17:00,862 --> 00:17:03,413
THEY'LL SEND AND RECEIVE SIGNALS
FROM THE BODY
278
00:17:03,413 --> 00:17:07,103
AND RELAY THEM TO A COMPUTER
TO PRODUCE THE MRI IMAGE.
279
00:17:12,448 --> 00:17:14,793
SHE PRESSES THE COPPER
WITH ROUND-TIPPED TOOL
280
00:17:14,793 --> 00:17:16,448
FOR BETTER ADHESION TO THE CORE.
281
00:17:18,655 --> 00:17:22,068
SHE THEN DABS EPOXY GLUE
INTO THE RISER COMPARTMENTS.
282
00:17:27,482 --> 00:17:31,206
SHE INSERTS CAPACITORS INTO
THE GLUE-FILLED COMPARTMENTS.
283
00:17:31,206 --> 00:17:34,137
THESE LITTLE CAPACITORS
WILL STORE ENERGY
284
00:17:34,137 --> 00:17:37,241
AND CHANGE THE FREQUENCY OF
THE COIL TO MATCH THE MAGNETS.
285
00:17:40,482 --> 00:17:43,000
THE TECHNICIAN SOLDERS THE ENDS
OF THE CAPACITORS
286
00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:45,931
TO THE COPPER ANTENNA
AS SHE BUILDS THE CIRCUITRY.
287
00:17:50,482 --> 00:17:53,379
SHE TRANSFERS NUMEROUS
HIGH-VOLTAGE INDUCTOR BOARDS
288
00:17:53,379 --> 00:17:56,137
TO THE PADS
AND SCREWS THEM IN PLACE.
289
00:18:03,586 --> 00:18:06,413
NEXT UP ARE CABLE-SPLITTER
UNITS.
290
00:18:06,413 --> 00:18:09,517
ANOTHER TECHNICIAN INSTALLS ONE
NEAR AN INDUCTOR BOARD.
291
00:18:12,586 --> 00:18:14,620
SHE ROUTES SOME OF THE CABLES
FROM THE SPLITTER
292
00:18:14,620 --> 00:18:16,310
TO THE SEVERAL OF THE INDUCTORS.
293
00:18:22,551 --> 00:18:24,931
AND SHE SOLDERS THE CABLES
TO THE INDUCTORS.
294
00:18:32,448 --> 00:18:34,413
SHE PLACES A PLASTIC CABLE TRACK
295
00:18:34,413 --> 00:18:36,896
ON THE SIDE
OF THE RADIO-FREQUENCY COIL
296
00:18:36,896 --> 00:18:39,034
AND SNAKES THE MAIN POWER CABLE
THROUGH IT.
297
00:18:43,482 --> 00:18:45,448
SHE SOLDERS THE CABLE
TO THE ANTENNA.
298
00:18:51,655 --> 00:18:54,275
THE TECHNICIAN
STIFFENS THE COPPER ANTENNA
299
00:18:54,275 --> 00:18:55,655
WITH COMPOSITE BOARDS
300
00:18:55,655 --> 00:18:58,689
TO DAMPEN VIBRATIONS
WHEN THE MRI IS IN OPERATION.
301
00:19:01,517 --> 00:19:05,689
SHE APPLIES EPOXY
AROUND ALL THE CABLES.
302
00:19:05,689 --> 00:19:07,758
THE EPOXY SECURES THE CABLES
303
00:19:07,758 --> 00:19:10,310
TO KEEP THEM FROM MOVING
AROUND AND MAKING NOISE.
304
00:19:12,551 --> 00:19:14,689
THE MRI's RADIO-FREQUENCY COIL
305
00:19:14,689 --> 00:19:18,655
IS COMPLETE AND READY
TO BE PUT TO THE TEST.
306
00:19:18,655 --> 00:19:21,689
THE NEXT WORKER CAPS THE ENDS
WITH METAL DOMES
307
00:19:21,689 --> 00:19:23,310
AND BOLTS THEM TIGHTLY TOGETHER.
308
00:19:26,482 --> 00:19:28,344
SHE PUMPS HIGHLY PRESSURIZED AIR
309
00:19:28,344 --> 00:19:30,413
INTO THE CAPPED RADIO-FREQUENCY
COIL.
310
00:19:34,551 --> 00:19:38,034
SHE SPRAY SOAPY WATER
OVER THE EXTERIOR OF THE COIL
311
00:19:38,034 --> 00:19:40,862
AND LOOKS FOR AIR BUBBLES.
312
00:19:40,862 --> 00:19:43,931
BUBBLES IN THE SOAPY RESIDUE
WOULD INDICATE A LEAK,
313
00:19:43,931 --> 00:19:47,482
WHICH WOULD DISRUPT AIRFLOW
IN THE MRI.
314
00:19:47,482 --> 00:19:50,275
WITH THE RADIO-FREQUENCY
COIL LEAK-FREE,
315
00:19:50,275 --> 00:19:52,724
THEY NOW SLIDE IT
INTO THE GRADIENT COIL,
316
00:19:52,724 --> 00:19:55,551
WHICH HAS GAINED
AN OUTER FIBERGLASS SHELL
317
00:19:55,551 --> 00:19:57,000
SINCE WE LAST SAW IT.
318
00:20:02,517 --> 00:20:04,689
THE WORKER
CONNECTS EXTERIOR TUBING
319
00:20:04,689 --> 00:20:07,793
TO THE NETWORK OF COOLING LINES
INSIDE THE GRADIENT COIL.
320
00:20:10,551 --> 00:20:12,241
WITH THOSE CONNECTIONS MADE,
321
00:20:12,241 --> 00:20:15,344
THEY'RE READY TO ASSEMBLE
THE COILS TO THE MAGNET.
322
00:20:15,344 --> 00:20:16,965
THE WORKER SLIDES THE ASSEMBLY
323
00:20:16,965 --> 00:20:20,931
OFF THE CART
AND INTO THE MRI MAGNET.
324
00:20:20,931 --> 00:20:23,896
HE INSTALLS A BRACKET
THAT CENTERS THE COILS,
325
00:20:23,896 --> 00:20:28,551
MAINTAINING A SMALL GAP
BETWEEN THEM AND THE MAGNET.
326
00:20:28,551 --> 00:20:31,724
HE EQUIPS THE MRI
WITH MICROPHONES AND SPEAKERS,
327
00:20:31,724 --> 00:20:34,448
TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE PATIENT.
328
00:20:34,448 --> 00:20:36,965
THERE'S ALSO A SIGNALING SYSTEM
HERE FOR THE PATIENT TO ACTIVATE
329
00:20:36,965 --> 00:20:39,517
IN THE EVENT
OF AN EMERGENCY.
330
00:20:44,482 --> 00:20:47,034
NOW FOR THE ULTIMATE TEST.
331
00:20:47,034 --> 00:20:48,379
THEY ENERGIZE THE MAGNET
332
00:20:48,379 --> 00:20:51,241
AND SEND STANDARD TEST OBJECTS
INTO THE MRI.
333
00:20:53,655 --> 00:20:54,793
THEY SCAN THE OBJECTS
334
00:20:54,793 --> 00:20:56,275
AND CONFIRM
THE PICTURE IS CLEAR.
335
00:20:59,413 --> 00:21:02,724
THEY ADD A METAL
AND PLASTIC OUTER CASING.
336
00:21:02,724 --> 00:21:06,344
THIS MRI SCANNER IS NOW READY
TO FOCUS ON DIAGNOSIS.
337
00:21:08,517 --> 00:21:11,586
THE NEXT PICTURE IT TAKES
COULD BE A LIFE SAVER.
338
00:21:21,586 --> 00:21:23,793
IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS
ABOUT THE SHOW
339
00:21:23,793 --> 00:21:26,586
OR IF YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST
TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS,
340
00:21:26,586 --> 00:21:28,551
DROP US A LINE AT...
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