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--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Narrator: carbon fiber
Is an engineer's dream --
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Lightweight
Yet incredibly strong.
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00:00:59,103 --> 00:01:02,724
It's a string with thousands
Of parallel filaments.
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00:01:02,724 --> 00:01:05,655
Multiple strings
Can be twisted into yarns,
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Woven into fabrics,
Or molded with resin
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00:01:08,655 --> 00:01:12,379
To produce materials
Called carbon-fiber composites.
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00:01:14,379 --> 00:01:17,655
Carbon fiber is five times
Stronger than steel
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Yet less than half the weight.
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00:01:19,310 --> 00:01:22,551
To make it,
They take a plastic fiber
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00:01:22,551 --> 00:01:24,655
Composed of thousands
Of filaments
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00:01:24,655 --> 00:01:26,586
Far thinner than human hair.
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00:01:26,586 --> 00:01:28,551
They then chemically alter it
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00:01:28,551 --> 00:01:31,206
To form a perfect chain
Of carbon atoms
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00:01:31,206 --> 00:01:32,931
For the final product.
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This mammoth machine lines up
Dozens of those fibers
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00:01:36,620 --> 00:01:39,068
Which then travel
Through an oxidation oven
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00:01:39,068 --> 00:01:41,137
For a couple of minutes.
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The oven temperature,
About 480 degrees fahrenheit,
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Prompts the fibers to pick up
Oxygen molecules from the air.
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00:01:48,758 --> 00:01:51,586
This rearranges
The fibers' atomic structure,
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Rendering them resistant
To high heat.
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00:01:56,241 --> 00:01:58,517
As the fibers oxidize,
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00:01:58,517 --> 00:02:01,896
They change color
To eventually turn black.
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00:02:01,896 --> 00:02:06,103
They're now primed for the next
Process, carbonization.
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00:02:06,103 --> 00:02:10,137
Furnaces heat the fibers
In an oxygen-free gas mixture.
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00:02:10,137 --> 00:02:12,275
This expels the non-carbon atoms
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00:02:12,275 --> 00:02:15,137
And transforms
The remaining carbon atoms
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00:02:15,137 --> 00:02:18,206
Into tightly bonded crystals
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00:02:18,206 --> 00:02:21,206
Running parallel
To the length of the fiber.
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00:02:21,206 --> 00:02:23,827
This gives the fiber
Its strength.
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00:02:23,827 --> 00:02:25,517
The exiting fibers travel
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00:02:25,517 --> 00:02:28,206
Through a bath
Of electrically charged water
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00:02:28,206 --> 00:02:33,379
That etches the fibers' surface
So they'll better absorb resin.
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00:02:33,379 --> 00:02:36,517
The next station applies a light
Preliminary coat of resin.
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This will strengthen
The fibers' chemical bond
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00:02:39,655 --> 00:02:41,931
To the molding resin.
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00:02:41,931 --> 00:02:44,517
A spooling machine
Winds each fiber,
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00:02:44,517 --> 00:02:47,206
Now referred to
As a carbon-fiber tow,
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00:02:47,206 --> 00:02:48,586
Onto a bobbin
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00:02:48,586 --> 00:02:52,137
Which buyers either weave
Into a carbon-fiber fabric
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00:02:52,137 --> 00:02:55,275
Or mix with resin
To mold a product.
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00:02:55,275 --> 00:02:58,448
Another form of carbon fiber
Is prepreg --
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00:02:58,448 --> 00:03:03,068
Sheets of resin-impregnated
Carbon fiber ready for molding.
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00:03:03,068 --> 00:03:06,034
It's like ready-to-bake
Cake mix.
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00:03:06,034 --> 00:03:08,724
The resin is a formula of epoxy
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00:03:08,724 --> 00:03:13,413
And various powdered hardeners
And accelerators.
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00:03:13,413 --> 00:03:16,482
Workers pour the resin
Into a filming machine
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00:03:16,482 --> 00:03:20,931
Which spreads it
In a thin, wet layer onto paper.
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00:03:23,172 --> 00:03:26,034
The paper is pre-treated
With a release agent
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00:03:26,034 --> 00:03:29,379
To prevent the final product
From sticking,
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00:03:29,379 --> 00:03:34,241
Like spraying a baking pan
With non-stick coating.
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Another machine, meanwhile,
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00:03:35,931 --> 00:03:38,827
Groups 200 to 300
Carbon-fiber tows
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00:03:38,827 --> 00:03:42,206
Into a giant band of fibers
Called a web.
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00:03:49,413 --> 00:03:51,517
The width and thickness
Of the web
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00:03:51,517 --> 00:03:55,620
Determines the width and
Thickness of the prepreg sheet.
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00:03:55,620 --> 00:03:59,310
Workers mount two rolls
Of resin-coated paper
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00:03:59,310 --> 00:04:02,068
Onto the resin-impregnation
Machine.
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00:04:02,068 --> 00:04:05,344
A heating element
Warms up the web as it enters
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00:04:05,344 --> 00:04:07,965
To facilitate resin absorption.
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00:04:09,413 --> 00:04:11,655
Then the heated carbon-fiber web
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00:04:11,655 --> 00:04:17,206
Is sandwiched between two sheets
Of resin-coated paper.
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00:04:17,206 --> 00:04:20,379
High-pressure heated rollers
Thin out the resin
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00:04:20,379 --> 00:04:23,827
So it penetrates the millions
Of carbon-fiber filaments.
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00:04:25,310 --> 00:04:29,241
Cooling plates then turn
The liquid resin to gel
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00:04:29,241 --> 00:04:31,827
So that the next station
Can remove the paper,
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00:04:31,827 --> 00:04:34,827
Which pulls off easily
Thanks to the release agent.
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00:04:38,379 --> 00:04:41,137
The next station covers the top
Of the prepreg sheet
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00:04:41,137 --> 00:04:45,206
With polyester film.
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00:04:47,448 --> 00:04:49,275
This prevents the prepreg sheet
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00:04:49,275 --> 00:04:52,275
From sticking to itself
At the end of the line
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00:04:52,275 --> 00:04:55,965
When it's wound into a roll
Like a fruit roll-up.
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00:05:00,965 --> 00:05:02,896
In the factory's lab,
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00:05:02,896 --> 00:05:07,551
Technicians run quality control
Tests on prepreg samples.
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First they weigh the sample.
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00:05:09,310 --> 00:05:12,103
Then they wash off the resin
With chemicals
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00:05:12,103 --> 00:05:13,689
And weigh the sample again.
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00:05:13,689 --> 00:05:17,448
This verifies whether the ratio
Of carbon fiber to resin
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00:05:17,448 --> 00:05:18,689
Is correct.
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00:05:18,689 --> 00:05:21,827
The lab also analyzes
Samples of composite --
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00:05:21,827 --> 00:05:24,068
Carbon-fiber reinforced resin --
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00:05:24,068 --> 00:05:26,482
In this tensile strength test.
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00:05:26,482 --> 00:05:29,896
The computer measures how much
Strain the sample withstands
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00:05:29,896 --> 00:05:32,034
Before breaking.
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00:05:35,344 --> 00:05:37,620
Such testing ensures
The carbon fiber
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00:05:37,620 --> 00:05:42,827
Delivers optimum strength,
Durability, and heat resistance,
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00:05:42,827 --> 00:05:45,068
Whether it's used
To make an auto part,
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00:05:45,068 --> 00:05:48,931
A wind-turbine blade,
Or a golf club.
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00:06:02,689 --> 00:06:05,034
Narrator: antique gilded frames
Have spent many years
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00:06:05,034 --> 00:06:06,862
Protecting paintings
And enhancing them.
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00:06:06,862 --> 00:06:10,965
But over time, grime can obscure
The gold-leaf shine
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00:06:10,965 --> 00:06:14,103
And the frame can suffer damage
And deterioration.
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00:06:14,103 --> 00:06:17,034
But these frames
Are highly collectible,
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00:06:17,034 --> 00:06:20,172
And restoring them
Preserves their value.
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00:06:22,241 --> 00:06:24,310
With elaborate
Cast ornamentation
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And gold-leaf work,
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This 19th-century gilded frame
Is itself a work of art.
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00:06:31,206 --> 00:06:33,655
But it's in need of renewal.
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Restoration work
Done many years ago has cracked,
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And gold leaf is deteriorating
Elsewhere on the frame.
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The technician carefully
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Pries the cracked acorn casting
Loose
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And removes it from the frame.
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00:06:47,034 --> 00:06:49,724
He'll make a new one
From scratch.
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00:06:49,724 --> 00:06:52,793
It will need to completely fill
The empty space
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00:06:52,793 --> 00:06:55,862
And look exactly like the others
On the frame.
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00:06:59,206 --> 00:07:03,172
He starts by making a mold
With dental impression rubber.
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He kneads the two putty-like
Components together
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00:07:06,206 --> 00:07:09,103
To activate the ingredients.
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00:07:09,103 --> 00:07:12,137
When the color's uniform
And there are no streaks,
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00:07:12,137 --> 00:07:14,862
The rubber is ready for molding.
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00:07:14,862 --> 00:07:16,724
He must act quickly
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00:07:16,724 --> 00:07:20,241
Because in just three minutes
The rubber will cure.
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He presses it around
The acorn ornament on the frame
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To capture the detail.
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He now has a mold he can use
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00:07:30,241 --> 00:07:34,517
To cast a new ornament
For the frame.
120
00:07:34,517 --> 00:07:38,137
He'll use this wood epoxy
For that.
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00:07:38,137 --> 00:07:40,241
Like the dental impression
Rubber,
122
00:07:40,241 --> 00:07:43,068
It must be mixed thoroughly
To activate it.
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00:07:43,068 --> 00:07:46,724
He presses the epoxy
Into the contours of the mold,
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00:07:46,724 --> 00:07:48,758
Pushing it from one end
To the other.
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00:07:48,758 --> 00:07:51,724
This will prevent air from
Becoming trapped in the casting
126
00:07:51,724 --> 00:07:53,965
And compromising its integrity.
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00:07:53,965 --> 00:07:58,758
After a 10-minute cure,
The epoxy casting is ready,
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00:07:58,758 --> 00:08:03,172
And he extracts it
From the mold.
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00:08:03,172 --> 00:08:04,931
He examines the detail
130
00:08:04,931 --> 00:08:08,517
And confirms that it is
An exact reproduction.
131
00:08:08,517 --> 00:08:12,000
Then, using a scoop chisel,
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00:08:12,000 --> 00:08:15,379
He sculpts the edges
And the inside of the casting
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00:08:15,379 --> 00:08:18,862
To shape it
To the picture frame.
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00:08:18,862 --> 00:08:20,931
In this comparison shot,
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00:08:20,931 --> 00:08:24,137
The shaped part
Is the one on the left.
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00:08:24,137 --> 00:08:28,068
He places the cast epoxy
Ornament on the frame
137
00:08:28,068 --> 00:08:31,413
And nails it down.
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00:08:31,413 --> 00:08:33,586
The epoxy is still soft enough
139
00:08:33,586 --> 00:08:38,275
That he can drive the nail
Into it without breaking it.
140
00:08:38,275 --> 00:08:40,862
He fills the gap between
The casting and the frame
141
00:08:40,862 --> 00:08:42,344
With more epoxy,
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00:08:42,344 --> 00:08:47,241
Providing a seamless transition
From new to old.
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00:08:47,241 --> 00:08:49,379
After the epoxy solidifies,
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00:08:49,379 --> 00:08:52,000
He brushes something called bole
Onto it.
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00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:56,000
Bole is a mix of clay
And rabbit-skin glue.
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00:08:56,000 --> 00:08:59,172
It provides a surface
That the gold can adhere to,
147
00:08:59,172 --> 00:09:01,724
And the rabbit-skin glue
Will give it flex
148
00:09:01,724 --> 00:09:04,000
As the wood expands
And contracts.
149
00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:10,896
He then transfers the 23-karat
Gold leaf to the casting.
150
00:09:12,275 --> 00:09:15,137
Before he lays each piece
Of gold leaf,
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00:09:15,137 --> 00:09:17,310
He wets the surface
Of the ornament
152
00:09:17,310 --> 00:09:19,000
With a gilder's liqueur --
153
00:09:19,000 --> 00:09:22,793
A mix of water, alcohol,
And rabbit-skin glue.
154
00:09:22,793 --> 00:09:24,862
This causes the gold leaf
155
00:09:24,862 --> 00:09:29,206
To conform to the contours
Of the ornament and adhere.
156
00:09:29,206 --> 00:09:31,862
After the golf leaf sets
For an hour or two,
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00:09:31,862 --> 00:09:34,413
He burnishes it
To a very high shine
158
00:09:34,413 --> 00:09:39,137
Using a tool made from agate,
A very hard, semiprecious stone.
159
00:09:39,137 --> 00:09:40,793
Hundreds of years ago,
160
00:09:40,793 --> 00:09:44,000
Craftsman used dogs' teeth
For this job.
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He rubs the shiny, new
Gold surface
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00:09:48,655 --> 00:09:51,241
With very fine-grade steel wool.
163
00:09:51,241 --> 00:09:54,896
This removes some of the gold
To simulate natural wear
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00:09:54,896 --> 00:09:59,655
So that it matches the patina
Of the rest of the frame.
165
00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:03,000
And what a transformation
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00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:06,758
This plain epoxy casting
Has undergone.
167
00:10:06,758 --> 00:10:09,275
Newly gilded, and it looks like
168
00:10:09,275 --> 00:10:12,551
It's always been part
Of the antique frame.
169
00:10:15,103 --> 00:10:19,103
Other sections of the frame
Require regilding.
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00:10:19,103 --> 00:10:21,344
He rubs alcohol onto those areas
171
00:10:21,344 --> 00:10:23,931
To get rid
Of atmospheric residue
172
00:10:23,931 --> 00:10:27,551
That would prevent the adhesion
Of the new gold.
173
00:10:29,551 --> 00:10:31,931
And after applying
Gilder's liqueur,
174
00:10:31,931 --> 00:10:35,586
He lays sheets of
The new gold leaf over the old,
175
00:10:35,586 --> 00:10:40,379
Working with a steady rhythm to
Give the area complete coverage.
176
00:10:40,379 --> 00:10:43,413
He's aiming for more of
A matte finish on this section,
177
00:10:43,413 --> 00:10:45,931
So he doesn't polish it.
178
00:10:45,931 --> 00:10:50,103
He brushes a protective coat
Of shellac onto it.
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00:10:50,103 --> 00:10:53,862
He's used a combination
Of old materials and new
180
00:10:53,862 --> 00:10:56,758
To restore
This antique gilt frame,
181
00:10:56,758 --> 00:11:00,310
And it's picture-perfect.
182
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Narrator: pushing and pulling
Railcars at the train yard
183
00:11:12,827 --> 00:11:14,586
Is the job of a large
Motorized vehicle
184
00:11:14,586 --> 00:11:17,551
Appropriately called
A railcar mover.
185
00:11:17,551 --> 00:11:20,724
It switches the cars
From one track to another,
186
00:11:20,724 --> 00:11:23,724
Shuttles them in and out
Of the cargo loading area,
187
00:11:23,724 --> 00:11:28,000
And positions them in line
Behind the locomotive.
188
00:11:30,965 --> 00:11:35,137
A railcar mover has to drive
Both on and off the train track,
189
00:11:35,137 --> 00:11:37,517
So it has two types of wheels --
190
00:11:37,517 --> 00:11:41,137
Four steel rail wheels
For guiding it on the track
191
00:11:41,137 --> 00:11:43,206
And four wheels
With rubber tires
192
00:11:43,206 --> 00:11:46,206
For driving on the ground.
193
00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:52,172
When building a railcar mover,
They start with the frame.
194
00:11:52,172 --> 00:11:54,448
A computer-guided plasma cutter
195
00:11:54,448 --> 00:11:59,344
Cuts out all the frame parts
From a 4-inch-thick steel plate.
196
00:12:00,517 --> 00:12:02,896
Once all the frame parts
Are ready,
197
00:12:02,896 --> 00:12:05,482
Workers begin welding them
Together.
198
00:12:05,482 --> 00:12:09,896
They position the deck plate,
The mover's floor, upside down
199
00:12:09,896 --> 00:12:11,896
And weld on the frame rails.
200
00:12:11,896 --> 00:12:16,103
These will hold the axles
For the rubber wheels.
201
00:12:16,103 --> 00:12:20,689
Then, to those frame rails,
They weld the rail arm mounts.
202
00:12:20,689 --> 00:12:25,379
These will hold the rail arms
Which hold the rail wheels.
203
00:12:25,379 --> 00:12:30,000
After welding several additional
Components to the frame,
204
00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:32,000
Workers bolt the axles
For the rubber wheels
205
00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:34,379
To the frame rails...
206
00:12:39,137 --> 00:12:42,275
...Then the rail arms
To the rail mounts.
207
00:12:43,896 --> 00:12:47,241
Now the frame goes
To the paint shop
208
00:12:47,241 --> 00:12:51,034
For a coat of primer followed
By a coat of automotive paint.
209
00:12:51,034 --> 00:12:54,000
Workers also roll on
A textured floor coating
210
00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:55,793
To create a non-slip surface
211
00:12:55,793 --> 00:13:00,344
For the driver to safely walk
To and from the cab.
212
00:13:02,137 --> 00:13:06,241
When the paint dries, the frame
Returns to the assembly line
213
00:13:06,241 --> 00:13:07,620
Where workers begin mounting
214
00:13:07,620 --> 00:13:12,965
The 4.5-foot-wide rail wheels
Onto the rail arms.
215
00:13:12,965 --> 00:13:15,379
After mounting each wheel
On the spindle,
216
00:13:15,379 --> 00:13:18,965
They install a bearing,
Then a large nut.
217
00:13:18,965 --> 00:13:21,551
They must tighten the nut
To the correct torque
218
00:13:21,551 --> 00:13:26,965
Yet not over-tighten it,
Or the wheel won't turn freely.
219
00:13:29,413 --> 00:13:32,344
Once they've got
Just the correct torque,
220
00:13:32,344 --> 00:13:35,827
They secure the nut
With a retaining lock nut.
221
00:13:35,827 --> 00:13:37,517
They finish off
This installation
222
00:13:37,517 --> 00:13:41,034
With the rail-wheel equivalent
Of a hubcap.
223
00:13:41,034 --> 00:13:43,448
This steel cover
Holds in the grease
224
00:13:43,448 --> 00:13:45,448
That lubricates the wheel
And bearing
225
00:13:45,448 --> 00:13:47,137
While keeping out dust and dirt.
226
00:13:49,965 --> 00:13:52,793
Next they mount
The four rubber wheels,
227
00:13:52,793 --> 00:13:56,206
Securing each one
With a dozen bolts.
228
00:14:00,586 --> 00:14:02,965
These steel wheels
With rubber tires
229
00:14:02,965 --> 00:14:07,275
Are about 6 1/2 feet
In diameter.
230
00:14:07,275 --> 00:14:09,586
Workers mount
Several other components,
231
00:14:09,586 --> 00:14:12,310
Including a pair of air tanks
With gauges
232
00:14:12,310 --> 00:14:15,793
For the railcar's
Pneumatic brake system.
233
00:14:15,793 --> 00:14:17,827
These are the brakes
The driver uses
234
00:14:17,827 --> 00:14:20,862
When the mover
Is coupled to railcars.
235
00:14:20,862 --> 00:14:22,275
When it's not,
236
00:14:22,275 --> 00:14:25,103
The mover has its own separate
Hydraulic brake system,
237
00:14:25,103 --> 00:14:31,137
The components of which workers
Also install at this stage.
238
00:14:34,310 --> 00:14:38,413
They attach a hydraulic cylinder
To the steer axle.
239
00:14:38,413 --> 00:14:40,965
This controls the steering
Of the rubber wheels
240
00:14:40,965 --> 00:14:44,379
When the mover
Is off the train track.
241
00:14:44,379 --> 00:14:48,241
The rail wheels, of course,
Don't require any steering,
242
00:14:48,241 --> 00:14:51,758
As they simply follow the track.
243
00:14:51,758 --> 00:14:56,655
Now workers install the
300-horsepower diesel engine.
244
00:14:56,655 --> 00:15:00,000
It's already bolted
To the transmission.
245
00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:04,275
Then they hook up
The electrical wiring,
246
00:15:04,275 --> 00:15:06,241
Which connects the engine
And transmission
247
00:15:06,241 --> 00:15:08,448
To the computer
Controlling them.
248
00:15:11,379 --> 00:15:14,931
They lower the hood over
The engine and transmission.
249
00:15:14,931 --> 00:15:17,793
The hood has three components
Already installed --
250
00:15:17,793 --> 00:15:21,896
The engine air intake,
Air cleaner, and muffler.
251
00:15:23,310 --> 00:15:25,724
Finally, they install the cab.
252
00:15:25,724 --> 00:15:28,344
It has a steering wheel
For driving off-rail
253
00:15:28,344 --> 00:15:31,896
And a control console
That rotates 180 degrees
254
00:15:31,896 --> 00:15:35,068
To let the driver operate
At whichever side of the cab
255
00:15:35,068 --> 00:15:36,344
Provides the best view
256
00:15:36,344 --> 00:15:40,137
Of all the railcars
The mover is pulling or pushing.
257
00:15:42,275 --> 00:15:45,068
The finished railcar mover
Doesn't leave the factory
258
00:15:45,068 --> 00:15:48,827
Before a burn-in period
In the test pit.
259
00:15:48,827 --> 00:15:50,827
The test is so intense,
260
00:15:50,827 --> 00:15:54,689
The rubber tires
Have to be cooled with water.
261
00:15:54,689 --> 00:15:57,551
Pulling as many as 40 railcars
At a time
262
00:15:57,551 --> 00:16:00,000
Is no job for a lightweight.
263
00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:05,413
That's why a railcar mover
Weighs in at up to 45 tons.
264
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:20,206
Narrator: at first,
Hood ornaments were used
265
00:16:20,206 --> 00:16:23,758
To beautify external temperature
Gauges and radiator caps.
266
00:16:23,758 --> 00:16:26,310
They then evolved
Into signature pieces
267
00:16:26,310 --> 00:16:28,758
That embodied the car brand.
268
00:16:28,758 --> 00:16:31,620
And when the radiator caps
Were moved under the hood,
269
00:16:31,620 --> 00:16:34,448
The ornaments stayed on top.
270
00:16:38,724 --> 00:16:41,793
A hood ornament is a little
Piece of automotive art.
271
00:16:41,793 --> 00:16:44,310
Popular mainly
On luxury cars now,
272
00:16:44,310 --> 00:16:47,620
These ornaments symbolize
The spirit of the car
273
00:16:47,620 --> 00:16:51,206
And can make quite a statement
On the street.
274
00:16:52,758 --> 00:16:54,137
Each ornament starts
275
00:16:54,137 --> 00:16:57,344
With an aluminum mold
That consists of many parts
276
00:16:57,344 --> 00:17:00,689
In order to achieve
A complex shape.
277
00:17:00,689 --> 00:17:03,551
An injector pumps
Specially formulated wax
278
00:17:03,551 --> 00:17:06,551
Into the mold cavity.
279
00:17:07,931 --> 00:17:11,068
The wax solidifies quickly.
280
00:17:11,068 --> 00:17:16,620
The operator dismantles the mold
And removes the cast wax model.
281
00:17:17,793 --> 00:17:21,620
The detail is impressive.
282
00:17:21,620 --> 00:17:24,482
He examines it for flaws.
283
00:17:24,482 --> 00:17:29,689
He cools the model in water
Until the wax firms.
284
00:17:29,689 --> 00:17:31,931
This wax model
Will be used to make a mold
285
00:17:31,931 --> 00:17:34,137
To cast the metal ornament
286
00:17:34,137 --> 00:17:39,103
Using a technique that
Dates back thousands of years.
287
00:17:39,103 --> 00:17:42,862
He attaches numerous cast models
To a wax riser
288
00:17:42,862 --> 00:17:45,931
By melting the wax a little
So they adhere.
289
00:17:48,482 --> 00:17:51,517
The next worker then dips
The models and riser
290
00:17:51,517 --> 00:17:55,896
Into specially formulated
Ceramic slurry.
291
00:17:55,896 --> 00:18:01,241
He makes sure that the liquid
Covers every detail.
292
00:18:03,931 --> 00:18:07,344
Still wet, the models
Then go into the rain sander,
293
00:18:07,344 --> 00:18:11,551
So named because
It actually rains grit.
294
00:18:11,551 --> 00:18:15,551
The grit sticks to the models
For a stucco effect.
295
00:18:15,551 --> 00:18:19,724
He repeats the ceramic dip
And grit process three times
296
00:18:19,724 --> 00:18:24,275
To build up substantial shells
Around the wax models.
297
00:18:24,275 --> 00:18:29,448
These shells will serve as molds
To cast the hood ornament.
298
00:18:29,448 --> 00:18:33,172
In this case,
The casting material is steel.
299
00:18:33,172 --> 00:18:36,241
They melt rejected
Hood ornaments with steel chunks
300
00:18:36,241 --> 00:18:40,586
To transform them
Into a white-hot liquid.
301
00:18:41,896 --> 00:18:44,724
The ceramic models
Have by now been cured
302
00:18:44,724 --> 00:18:47,517
And the wax melted out.
303
00:18:49,931 --> 00:18:54,862
Workers ladle the molten steel
Into the riser feeder cup.
304
00:18:54,862 --> 00:18:57,620
The steel flows
Into all of the ceramic molds.
305
00:18:59,482 --> 00:19:01,758
They top it off
With a manganese mixture
306
00:19:01,758 --> 00:19:03,310
That catches fire
307
00:19:03,310 --> 00:19:07,586
And keeps the steel hot
And liquid a little longer,
308
00:19:07,586 --> 00:19:11,551
Ensuring that it feeds
Into all of the molds.
309
00:19:11,551 --> 00:19:15,689
The steel cools for
Several hours and solidifies.
310
00:19:15,689 --> 00:19:18,827
An employee then breaks open
The network of molds
311
00:19:18,827 --> 00:19:22,241
To reveal
The cast hood ornaments.
312
00:19:22,241 --> 00:19:25,344
He inserts a pneumatic hammer
Into the feeder cup,
313
00:19:25,344 --> 00:19:29,793
And it shakes off most
Of the remaining ceramic shards.
314
00:19:29,793 --> 00:19:31,896
This machine blasts off the rest
315
00:19:31,896 --> 00:19:36,068
Using very fine
Stainless-steel particles.
316
00:19:36,068 --> 00:19:38,172
They're ready to cut
The cast ornaments
317
00:19:38,172 --> 00:19:40,724
Free from the main base.
318
00:19:40,724 --> 00:19:42,689
With the riser on its side,
319
00:19:42,689 --> 00:19:46,310
The worker slices off
One hood ornament at a time
320
00:19:46,310 --> 00:19:49,724
Using an aluminum-oxide
Cutting wheel.
321
00:19:49,724 --> 00:19:52,896
At this angle,
He can't make a clean cut.
322
00:19:52,896 --> 00:19:57,275
He leaves a fairly thick chunk
On the base.
323
00:19:57,275 --> 00:20:01,965
He grinds off that chunk
Using an abrasive belt.
324
00:20:01,965 --> 00:20:06,206
The base of the hood ornament
Is now smooth and level.
325
00:20:06,206 --> 00:20:10,379
Next he refines the shape
Of the hood ornament.
326
00:20:11,655 --> 00:20:13,758
He grinds away excess material
327
00:20:13,758 --> 00:20:15,931
To improve the profile
Of the piece
328
00:20:15,931 --> 00:20:18,896
And generally clean it up.
329
00:20:20,551 --> 00:20:25,448
This process also adds shine
To the stainless steel.
330
00:20:29,689 --> 00:20:32,103
To give the hood ornaments
A real polish,
331
00:20:32,103 --> 00:20:36,379
They plunge them
Into a sulfuric-acid solution.
332
00:20:36,379 --> 00:20:40,551
The solution eats away
Impurities to expose the nickel.
333
00:20:42,137 --> 00:20:44,448
A worker buffs
Each hood ornament
334
00:20:44,448 --> 00:20:48,448
Against a cloth wheel
Until it gleams.
335
00:20:48,448 --> 00:20:52,000
He examines his work
Under a magnifying glass.
336
00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:54,379
Defects won't be tolerated,
337
00:20:54,379 --> 00:20:58,103
And even at this stage,
The statuette could be rejected
338
00:20:58,103 --> 00:21:00,413
And melted into a new one.
339
00:21:00,413 --> 00:21:03,241
It passes inspection.
340
00:21:04,448 --> 00:21:10,103
Made of steel, silver, or gold,
A hood ornament on a luxury car
341
00:21:10,103 --> 00:21:13,724
Is a great way
To say you've arrived.
342
00:21:21,896 --> 00:21:24,068
If you have any comments
About the show,
343
00:21:24,068 --> 00:21:26,965
Or if you'd like to suggest
Topics for future shows,
344
00:21:26,965 --> 00:21:29,758
Drop us a line at...
28032
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