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Narrator: an airboat
Is a flat-bottomed vessel
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00:00:56,379 --> 00:00:58,206
With a huge propeller
At the back.
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00:00:58,310 --> 00:01:01,034
All of the boat's mechanics
Are above the water line,
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00:01:01,137 --> 00:01:03,655
And just a bit of the hull
Rests below.
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00:01:03,758 --> 00:01:07,068
This makes the airboat
The preferred mode of transport
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00:01:07,172 --> 00:01:10,551
Through shallow water,
Particularly marshes and swamps.
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00:01:13,310 --> 00:01:14,620
[ engine turns over ]
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00:01:17,206 --> 00:01:18,586
To steer an airboat,
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Large vertical rudders
Direct the propellers' airflow.
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00:01:26,965 --> 00:01:30,965
At full speed, an airboat
Can hit 62 miles per hour.
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00:01:35,586 --> 00:01:37,275
The boat's hull
Is made of aluminum
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00:01:37,379 --> 00:01:39,068
That's about
2/10 of an inch thick.
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00:01:39,172 --> 00:01:42,000
Workers stiffen
The hull's bottom plate
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00:01:42,103 --> 00:01:45,275
With aluminum "T" bars
Positioned 7 inches apart.
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00:01:48,793 --> 00:01:50,448
After they clamp the "T" bars,
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00:01:50,551 --> 00:01:52,586
A jig descends
To hold everything steady
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00:01:52,689 --> 00:01:54,172
As workers weld on the strips.
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00:01:58,241 --> 00:02:00,275
Next, they weld on
Aluminum sheets
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00:02:00,379 --> 00:02:02,931
To form the sides of the hull.
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00:02:03,034 --> 00:02:07,206
At the front, they push
The bottom up for welding,
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00:02:07,310 --> 00:02:09,862
Giving the boat a curved bow.
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00:02:17,862 --> 00:02:19,206
They complete the hull
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00:02:19,310 --> 00:02:22,793
By welding on a sheet across
The back to form the transom.
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00:02:22,896 --> 00:02:25,034
To that,
They weld a splash plate
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00:02:25,137 --> 00:02:27,931
That prevents water
From coming over the edge
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00:02:28,034 --> 00:02:29,620
Into the back of the boat.
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00:02:34,241 --> 00:02:37,896
Next, they weld various parts
To the front of the boat
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To reinforce it structurally
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00:02:39,482 --> 00:02:41,931
And to create
A covered storage area.
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00:02:44,551 --> 00:02:45,724
Once that's done,
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They screw a thick sheet
Of high-resistance polymer
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To the bottom of the hull.
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00:02:49,965 --> 00:02:52,413
Should the boat scrape
Against a rock,
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00:02:52,517 --> 00:02:55,310
This layer will shield the hull
From damage.
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00:03:06,103 --> 00:03:07,172
Once that's secured,
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00:03:07,275 --> 00:03:09,206
They paint
The inside of the boat
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With a blend of epoxy and paint.
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00:03:10,862 --> 00:03:13,655
This forms a layer
Of what they call "Webbing."
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00:03:22,275 --> 00:03:23,931
On the outside of the boat,
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00:03:24,034 --> 00:03:25,724
They apply a coat of primer
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00:03:25,827 --> 00:03:28,000
Followed by two coats
Of durable marine paint.
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00:03:31,551 --> 00:03:33,896
Meanwhile,
Others have constructed
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And painted the boat's
Above-water structure
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Out of steel or aluminum tubes.
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The rigging,
As the structure's called,
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00:03:43,448 --> 00:03:46,068
Supports the mechanics,
Two fiberglass seats,
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00:03:46,172 --> 00:03:47,758
And the instrument panel.
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00:03:52,931 --> 00:03:55,275
They mount
A belt-driven reduction unit
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To the boat's gasoline engine.
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00:04:00,137 --> 00:04:02,551
This unit
Reduces the propeller speed
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00:04:02,655 --> 00:04:05,551
In conjunction with
A preassembled set of gears.
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00:04:05,655 --> 00:04:07,896
Without it,
The propeller would turn
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00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:10,034
At the same rate as the engine.
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00:04:10,137 --> 00:04:11,724
This would exceed
The propeller's operating limits
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00:04:11,827 --> 00:04:13,758
And destroy it.
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The engine is now ready
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To take its place
At the rear of the rigging.
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00:04:19,413 --> 00:04:21,793
Heavy-duty bolts secure it.
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00:04:25,034 --> 00:04:27,793
Under the engine goes
A 50-gallon fuel tank --
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00:04:27,896 --> 00:04:30,344
At the very back,
An aluminum radiator.
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00:04:33,413 --> 00:04:36,206
Then they bolt the rigging
To the hull's "T" bars.
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00:04:41,586 --> 00:04:44,827
Next comes a floor panel
And a 3-passenger bench seat
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With a storage compartment
Underneath.
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00:04:52,034 --> 00:04:53,517
The boat's exhaust system
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Consists
Of stainless-steel pipe,
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00:04:55,758 --> 00:04:57,275
Which attaches with band clamps
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To a header
Coming off the engine.
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00:05:04,172 --> 00:05:07,724
The other end leads
To a stainless-steel muffler.
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00:05:07,827 --> 00:05:11,793
From that, an exhaust pipe
Runs out the rear of the boat.
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00:05:11,896 --> 00:05:14,655
Next, they mount
The propeller guard,
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00:05:14,758 --> 00:05:16,827
A stainless-steel safety cage
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00:05:16,931 --> 00:05:19,551
That surrounds
The engine and propeller.
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00:05:19,655 --> 00:05:23,034
The three propeller blades
Are made of carbon fiber.
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00:05:25,655 --> 00:05:27,344
Aluminum rudders steer the boat
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00:05:27,448 --> 00:05:29,655
By directing
The propellers' airflow.
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00:05:29,758 --> 00:05:32,896
Cables or rods connect
The rudders to a control stick.
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00:05:35,724 --> 00:05:37,758
Smaller airboats, like this one,
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Are ideal
For hunting and fishing.
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There are also much larger
Pleasure models
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That can carry 18 or more
Passengers on excursions.
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Narrator:
Historians believe
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Consumption
Of this common vegetable
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Dates back to prehistoric times,
When it grew in the wild.
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00:06:08,793 --> 00:06:11,448
Man eventually learned
To cultivate onions,
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And this strong-tasting
Plant bulb
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Became a food staple
Of many ancient civilizations
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00:06:16,965 --> 00:06:18,344
Throughout the world.
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00:06:24,862 --> 00:06:28,655
In ancient egypt, the onion
Was an object of worship,
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00:06:28,758 --> 00:06:31,137
The inner structure
Of concentric rings
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00:06:31,241 --> 00:06:33,862
Symbolizing
The eternal circle of life.
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00:06:33,965 --> 00:06:37,758
Today mechanical harvesters
Pull the bulbs out of the ground
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And lay them out in rows.
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00:06:39,586 --> 00:06:41,448
After drying for a day or two,
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A tractor collects them
Into large baskets for storage.
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00:06:49,620 --> 00:06:51,137
To prevent spoilage,
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The onions are stored at between
34 and 36 degrees fahrenheit.
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00:06:58,965 --> 00:07:00,862
When they arrive from the field,
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Their first stop
Is a cooling tunnel
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00:07:02,931 --> 00:07:05,793
From which powerful fans
Remove the heat.
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00:07:05,896 --> 00:07:08,344
The vegetables
Take about five hours
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To cool down
To the storage temperature.
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The grower separates the onions
According to variety and size,
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Then either bags them
For sale whole
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Or sells them
To a processing plant.
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At the processing plant,
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Workers load the onions
On a conveyer
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That leads to the peeling
And cutting stations.
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A cutter chops off each bulb's
Top and tail simultaneously.
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It also scores the skin
To prep it for peeling.
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The onions then move into a
Custom-designed peeling machine.
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It uses a combination
Of air and water pressure
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To blow off the skin.
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00:08:09,241 --> 00:08:11,275
The onions then roll off
The peeler
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And pass before quality-control
Workers
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Who swiftly cut away bruises
And any other imperfections
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As well as anything the cutter
And peeler might have missed.
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The next machine
Rinses the onions
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With cold, ozonated water
That kills bacteria.
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00:08:34,551 --> 00:08:37,517
Then the onions pass through
A metal detector,
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00:08:37,620 --> 00:08:39,586
Just as a precautionary measure.
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00:08:39,689 --> 00:08:43,068
At this point, there's a fork
In the processing road.
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One direction leads to slicing,
The other to dicing.
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00:08:47,448 --> 00:08:48,551
On the slicing line,
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00:08:48,655 --> 00:08:50,620
Workers load the onions
Into tubes
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That feed slicing blades.
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These blades are adjustable
To output slices
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Anywhere from 1 1/2
To 25 millimeters thick.
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00:09:03,137 --> 00:09:05,344
Workers gather up
The complete slices
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00:09:05,448 --> 00:09:07,724
And fill 5-pound plastic trays.
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00:09:13,310 --> 00:09:15,758
A conveyer moves the trays
Through a machine
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00:09:15,862 --> 00:09:18,172
That seals them
With plastic film.
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00:09:18,275 --> 00:09:20,758
The film
Has microperforations
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00:09:20,862 --> 00:09:23,793
Designed to allow in
Just the right amount of oxygen
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00:09:23,896 --> 00:09:25,379
To keep the onions fresh.
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00:09:29,310 --> 00:09:31,000
On the dicing line, meanwhile,
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The onions collide head-on
With a rotary blade
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00:09:33,931 --> 00:09:35,551
That chops them to bits
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00:09:35,655 --> 00:09:38,827
Ranging from 3 to 25 millimeters
In diameter.
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00:09:38,931 --> 00:09:42,689
The diced onions then go
For a bath in cold water.
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00:09:42,793 --> 00:09:46,482
Chopping an onion
Releases juice from its tissue,
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Paving the way
For bacteria to grow.
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00:09:48,965 --> 00:09:51,689
This cold-water treatment
Reverses the damage,
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Restoring shelf life.
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00:09:55,896 --> 00:09:58,448
Next, an escalator
Transports them
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00:09:58,551 --> 00:10:01,793
From a spin dryer
To the packaging department.
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00:10:01,896 --> 00:10:03,586
There an automatic scale
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00:10:03,689 --> 00:10:06,482
Portions out the specific weight
They're packaging
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00:10:06,586 --> 00:10:07,862
In this production run.
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00:10:07,965 --> 00:10:11,137
When the target weight
Is reached,
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00:10:11,241 --> 00:10:12,862
A trapdoor swings open,
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00:10:12,965 --> 00:10:15,482
Dropping the portion
Into the waiting package.
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00:10:17,896 --> 00:10:21,655
Restaurants buy their diced
Onions in jumbo-sized bags.
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00:10:21,758 --> 00:10:23,103
The filling machine
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00:10:23,206 --> 00:10:26,034
Automatically
Forms plastic into a bag,
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00:10:26,137 --> 00:10:29,448
Adds a zipper closure,
Then seals the bag.
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00:10:37,068 --> 00:10:38,103
For grocery stores,
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00:10:38,206 --> 00:10:40,344
The factory packages
Smaller quantities
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00:10:40,448 --> 00:10:43,896
Of both diced and sliced onions
In plastic containers.
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00:10:46,689 --> 00:10:48,758
Kept in the fridge,
They remain fresh
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For at least a couple of weeks.
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00:10:51,172 --> 00:10:55,137
For busy cooks, it's a
Convenient, no-tears time-saver.
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00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:12,482
Narrator: building complex
Shapes out of metal
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00:11:12,586 --> 00:11:14,931
Typically requires weeks
Of manufacturing,
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00:11:15,034 --> 00:11:18,344
Using tailor-made casts
Or precise machining techniques.
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00:11:18,448 --> 00:11:21,275
But 3-d metal printers
Are faster and cheaper.
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00:11:21,379 --> 00:11:22,482
They build objects
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00:11:22,586 --> 00:11:25,068
From successive layers
Of metal powder,
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00:11:25,172 --> 00:11:28,275
Which are then fused together
At high temperatures.
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00:11:33,862 --> 00:11:36,000
3-d metal printing makes it easy
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00:11:36,103 --> 00:11:38,655
To manufacture
Complex metal shapes
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00:11:38,758 --> 00:11:40,931
Using a fully automated process.
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00:11:41,034 --> 00:11:44,724
Every item starts with
A computer model of the object.
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This is the build box in which
The object will be created.
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00:11:48,793 --> 00:11:51,448
A technician plugs in
Electric heaters
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00:11:51,551 --> 00:11:53,827
And pours superfine
Stainless-steel powder
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00:11:53,931 --> 00:11:56,344
Into the box.
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00:11:56,448 --> 00:11:58,862
The heat will keep
The metal powder from clumping.
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00:12:01,482 --> 00:12:03,517
He pushes the box
Into the machine,
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00:12:03,620 --> 00:12:06,724
Then fills the feed box with
More stainless-steel powder,
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00:12:06,827 --> 00:12:09,241
Which will be needed later
In the process.
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00:12:13,275 --> 00:12:15,275
The machine
Spreads the first layer
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00:12:15,379 --> 00:12:17,827
Of stainless-steel powder
In the build box.
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00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:28,000
Tubes carry a binding substance
To the machine's printhead.
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00:12:28,103 --> 00:12:30,551
This binder
Acts like a weak glue
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00:12:30,655 --> 00:12:33,724
And is injected in very narrow
Jets by the printhead.
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00:12:39,896 --> 00:12:41,896
As the printhead
Moves back and forth
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00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:43,965
Over the stainless-steel
Powder bed,
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It deposits binder
At the exact locations
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00:12:46,758 --> 00:12:48,448
Specified by the computer.
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00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:56,241
As soon as the printhead
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Has finished printing
A full slice of the object,
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00:12:58,896 --> 00:13:02,793
Powerful overhead heaters ensure
The layer is completely dry.
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00:13:07,586 --> 00:13:09,689
A roller applies
A new layer of powder
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00:13:09,793 --> 00:13:11,724
A fraction
Of a millimeter thick.
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00:13:15,034 --> 00:13:18,000
Then the printhead
Adds a new layer of binder.
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00:13:18,103 --> 00:13:21,000
This builds the object
From the bottom up.
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00:13:25,241 --> 00:13:28,137
The printing process
Takes several hours.
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00:13:36,275 --> 00:13:37,965
Once the layering is done,
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00:13:38,068 --> 00:13:40,793
They put the build box
In a curing oven
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00:13:40,896 --> 00:13:44,034
Heated to 350 degrees fahrenheit
For 24 hours.
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00:13:44,137 --> 00:13:48,034
This will evaporate all the
Moisture and harden the binder.
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00:13:49,862 --> 00:13:51,724
They vacuum out
The loose powder,
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00:13:51,827 --> 00:13:53,000
And the piece emerges,
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00:13:53,103 --> 00:13:54,586
Its stainless-steel particles
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00:13:54,689 --> 00:13:56,758
Lightly held together
By the binder.
206
00:13:59,344 --> 00:14:04,379
They gently blow air
To dislodge any excess powder.
207
00:14:04,482 --> 00:14:08,551
At this point,
The object is very porous
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00:14:08,655 --> 00:14:10,448
And contains about 40% air.
209
00:14:10,551 --> 00:14:11,931
It is so fragile
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00:14:12,034 --> 00:14:15,862
That it can easily be crushed
With bare hands.
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00:14:23,965 --> 00:14:25,862
Using more
Stainless-steel powder,
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00:14:25,965 --> 00:14:27,206
They prepare another box
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00:14:27,310 --> 00:14:30,241
In which the piece
Will be infused with bronze.
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00:14:30,344 --> 00:14:32,586
They're making
A support structure
215
00:14:32,689 --> 00:14:34,310
On which to rest the pieces
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00:14:34,413 --> 00:14:36,896
During the next phase
Of the process.
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00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:51,275
They carefully fill the box
With alumina oxide grit,
218
00:14:51,379 --> 00:14:55,068
Which will support the pieces
During the infusion process.
219
00:14:58,482 --> 00:15:02,965
This dam prevents the grit
From leaking out.
220
00:15:03,068 --> 00:15:06,103
Now they pour in bronze powder.
221
00:15:09,827 --> 00:15:12,689
The piece is then heated
In a furnace
222
00:15:12,793 --> 00:15:16,551
At more than 2,000 degrees
Fahrenheit for 24 hours.
223
00:15:16,655 --> 00:15:17,931
This melts the bronze,
224
00:15:18,034 --> 00:15:20,448
Which then gets sucked up
Into the piece
225
00:15:20,551 --> 00:15:21,965
Like water by a sponge.
226
00:15:24,931 --> 00:15:28,724
Infused with bronze,
The piece is now solid metal.
227
00:15:30,793 --> 00:15:32,931
They knock off the base
With a hammer.
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00:15:43,206 --> 00:15:45,000
It's taken just a few days
229
00:15:45,103 --> 00:15:48,758
To build this intricately
Designed piece of hardware.
230
00:15:48,862 --> 00:15:51,448
It can now be polished,
Gold-plated,
231
00:15:51,551 --> 00:15:53,655
Or painted to match any decor.
232
00:15:56,172 --> 00:15:59,172
Whether they build
Sophisticated door handles
233
00:15:59,275 --> 00:16:00,620
Or fancy sculptures,
234
00:16:00,724 --> 00:16:04,310
3-d metal printers work faster
Than conventional methods
235
00:16:04,413 --> 00:16:06,379
At just a fraction of the cost.
236
00:16:18,586 --> 00:16:20,827
Narrator: to create
Classic, elegant style
237
00:16:20,931 --> 00:16:22,206
In a kitchen or bathroom,
238
00:16:22,310 --> 00:16:24,724
Decorators typically use
Traditional materials
239
00:16:24,827 --> 00:16:26,206
Such as wood and marble.
240
00:16:26,310 --> 00:16:28,758
Curved cabinets
Can heighten that effect.
241
00:16:28,862 --> 00:16:31,551
But their unique style
Comes at a higher price
242
00:16:31,655 --> 00:16:34,482
Because, for the most part,
These elegant doors
243
00:16:34,586 --> 00:16:36,896
Must be custom-ordered
And handmade.
244
00:16:42,241 --> 00:16:46,068
Most cabinet doors produced
By this factory are custom-made.
245
00:16:49,344 --> 00:16:51,931
They typically start out
As a sketch,
246
00:16:52,034 --> 00:16:55,586
Which the factory transforms
Into a technical drawing.
247
00:16:55,689 --> 00:16:57,413
They then use that drawing
248
00:16:57,517 --> 00:17:00,172
To program the automated
Woodworking machines.
249
00:17:02,206 --> 00:17:04,827
After cutting all the pieces
Of wood they'll need,
250
00:17:04,931 --> 00:17:06,965
They run each one
Through a planer.
251
00:17:09,586 --> 00:17:14,724
It simultaneously smoothes both
The top and bottom surfaces.
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00:17:14,827 --> 00:17:17,896
A cabinet door consists
Of a center panel
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00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:19,620
Surrounded by a frame.
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00:17:19,724 --> 00:17:21,862
This machine, called a molder,
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00:17:21,965 --> 00:17:24,448
Carves the frame's
Two vertical pieces
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00:17:24,551 --> 00:17:26,172
And cuts a groove on one edge
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00:17:26,275 --> 00:17:28,586
Into which
The center panel will fit.
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00:17:30,310 --> 00:17:31,896
To construct that center panel,
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00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:34,275
A worker feeds planks
Through a wood shaper
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00:17:34,379 --> 00:17:36,034
That bevels their edges.
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00:17:36,137 --> 00:17:38,172
The angle of the bevel is such
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00:17:38,275 --> 00:17:41,275
That when the pieces line up
Side by side,
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00:17:41,379 --> 00:17:42,931
They'll form a curve.
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00:17:47,241 --> 00:17:50,137
After trimming the pieces to
The length of the center panel,
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00:17:50,241 --> 00:17:52,793
Another worker runs them
Through a glue applicator,
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00:17:52,896 --> 00:17:55,068
Which coats the beveled edges
In adhesive.
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00:17:59,103 --> 00:18:02,103
Then she lines up the pieces
In an assembly fixture
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00:18:02,206 --> 00:18:05,655
That's been adjusted to the
Center panel's width and radius.
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00:18:10,172 --> 00:18:12,034
Once everything's positioned,
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00:18:12,137 --> 00:18:15,965
She applies clamps which force
The pieces tightly together.
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00:18:17,931 --> 00:18:20,517
The glue sets in 20 minutes.
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00:18:25,931 --> 00:18:28,137
Once the glue cures
To full strength,
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00:18:28,241 --> 00:18:30,862
The piece goes onto
A computer-guided router.
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00:18:30,965 --> 00:18:33,896
It rounds both sides
Of the panel
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00:18:34,000 --> 00:18:36,344
For a smooth, seamless look.
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00:18:41,034 --> 00:18:43,724
This particular door
Has a concave curve.
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00:18:43,827 --> 00:18:47,034
Others can have a convex curve
Or a crossbow curve,
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00:18:47,137 --> 00:18:48,862
Which is "S"-shaped.
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00:18:55,896 --> 00:18:58,551
The same router
Now automatically switches
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00:18:58,655 --> 00:19:02,275
To a different type of tool
And profiles the panel's edges.
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00:19:02,379 --> 00:19:03,862
It also carves a tongue
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00:19:03,965 --> 00:19:07,000
That fits into the groove
In the frame pieces.
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00:19:09,586 --> 00:19:12,344
The same machine
Can then load another tool
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00:19:12,448 --> 00:19:14,000
To engrave a custom motif
285
00:19:14,103 --> 00:19:16,551
Or monogram
If the customer desires.
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00:19:21,586 --> 00:19:25,310
Next, a computer-guided sander
Smoothes out the panel,
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00:19:25,413 --> 00:19:28,827
Preparing the wood
For stain or paint later on.
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00:19:35,758 --> 00:19:37,758
Making the frame's
Horizontal pieces
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00:19:37,862 --> 00:19:40,241
Is more complex than making
The vertical ones
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00:19:40,344 --> 00:19:41,689
Because the top and bottom
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00:19:41,793 --> 00:19:45,517
Have to curve
Just like the center panel.
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00:19:45,620 --> 00:19:48,724
Workers coat thin slices of wood
With heat-activated glue,
293
00:19:48,827 --> 00:19:52,655
Then stack them over
A curved form in a press.
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00:19:57,655 --> 00:20:00,379
The press squeezes the slices
Tightly together.
295
00:20:05,068 --> 00:20:09,068
Then a high-frequency electrical
Current generates intense heat,
296
00:20:09,172 --> 00:20:12,620
Triggering the adhesive.
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00:20:12,724 --> 00:20:14,965
The bonded slices exit the press
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00:20:15,068 --> 00:20:19,000
Looking like a solid,
Curved piece of wood.
299
00:20:19,103 --> 00:20:21,344
Once the glue has set,
300
00:20:21,448 --> 00:20:25,068
A computer-guided router carves
It to the same decorative style
301
00:20:25,172 --> 00:20:26,551
As the vertical pieces.
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00:20:26,655 --> 00:20:28,137
It also miters the corners
303
00:20:28,241 --> 00:20:30,827
So the horizontal
And vertical frame pieces
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00:20:30,931 --> 00:20:34,103
Will fit together seamlessly.
305
00:20:34,206 --> 00:20:37,413
All that's left to do
Is glue the frame to the panel.
306
00:20:37,517 --> 00:20:40,344
The tongue running along
The panel's perimeter
307
00:20:40,448 --> 00:20:43,517
Fits neatly into the groove
Of each frame piece.
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00:20:48,172 --> 00:20:50,758
Workers now clamp
Everything together
309
00:20:50,862 --> 00:20:53,517
And let the glue set
For a half-hour.
310
00:20:53,620 --> 00:20:57,413
Then the cabinet door goes off
For painting or staining.
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00:21:02,241 --> 00:21:04,379
This factory produces
Curved cabinets
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00:21:04,482 --> 00:21:06,034
In 10 different types of wood
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00:21:06,137 --> 00:21:08,137
And dozens
Of colors and finishes,
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00:21:08,241 --> 00:21:12,000
Opening the door to endless
Design possibilities.
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00:21:12,103 --> 00:21:15,000
--captions by vitac--
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00:21:15,103 --> 00:21:18,068
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317
00:21:22,724 --> 00:21:24,862
If you have any comments
About the show,
318
00:21:24,965 --> 00:21:27,517
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319
00:21:27,620 --> 00:21:29,655
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