All language subtitles for S02E03 - Personal Watercraft; Wine; Office Furniture; Ice Skates (576p AMZN WEB-DL x265 Garshasp)_track4_[eng]
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Narrator:
Today on "How it's made"...
2
00:00:25,103 --> 00:00:28,586
Personal watercraft...
3
00:00:28,586 --> 00:00:29,827
Wine...
4
00:00:29,827 --> 00:00:31,931
Particleboard
Office furniture...
5
00:00:31,931 --> 00:00:34,206
And ice skates.
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00:00:36,965 --> 00:00:40,275
They're to water
What snowmobiles are to snow,
7
00:00:40,275 --> 00:00:42,862
What motorcycles are to road.
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00:00:42,862 --> 00:00:45,206
The proper term
For these adrenaline-pumping,
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00:00:45,206 --> 00:00:48,482
Wind-in-your-face vehicles
Is personal watercraft,
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00:00:48,482 --> 00:00:50,931
But most people
Call them sea-doos.
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00:00:55,413 --> 00:00:58,724
The fiberglass shell
That's the body of the craft
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00:00:58,724 --> 00:01:00,862
Is molded at another factory.
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00:01:00,862 --> 00:01:03,310
It arrives here ready-made.
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00:01:03,310 --> 00:01:05,275
Workers use a template
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00:01:05,275 --> 00:01:08,137
To position decorative decals
On the upper shell,
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00:01:08,137 --> 00:01:09,206
Called the deck.
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00:01:20,172 --> 00:01:24,758
Next, they install
Rubber footpads on the steps.
18
00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:34,758
A robot drills holes
In the lower shell,
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Called the hull,
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00:01:36,068 --> 00:01:38,103
First for the drainage system...
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...Then for the exhaust system.
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00:02:02,172 --> 00:02:05,068
Next, workers install the straps
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00:02:05,068 --> 00:02:08,413
That will hold the internal
Components in place.
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00:02:08,413 --> 00:02:12,517
Then they install the rubber pad
That goes under the motor.
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00:02:17,931 --> 00:02:22,310
Next comes the motor mount
To hold the motor in place.
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00:02:24,413 --> 00:02:27,172
Finally, the motor itself.
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00:02:27,172 --> 00:02:29,689
This 130-horsepower engine
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00:02:29,689 --> 00:02:32,068
Arrives at the factory
Fully assembled.
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It's a matter
Of putting it in place.
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00:02:40,241 --> 00:02:42,827
Next, they install
The jet pump --
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00:02:42,827 --> 00:02:45,517
That's what gives the watercraft
Its jet power --
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00:02:45,517 --> 00:02:47,862
Then the battery,
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00:02:47,862 --> 00:02:49,413
Then the driveline --
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00:02:49,413 --> 00:02:52,965
That's what links the motor
And the jet pump.
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00:02:52,965 --> 00:02:56,620
The 14-gallon gas tank
Goes in next.
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00:03:01,793 --> 00:03:04,000
They connect the driveline...
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00:03:06,586 --> 00:03:08,482
...Then install the jet housing.
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00:03:08,482 --> 00:03:12,034
That's the protective casing
Around the jet pump.
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00:03:20,689 --> 00:03:23,965
Meanwhile,
A robot works on the deck.
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00:03:23,965 --> 00:03:28,034
It applies globs of glue
In key locations.
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00:03:43,206 --> 00:03:45,827
Workers stick on various straps
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That will hold
Internal components in place.
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00:03:53,310 --> 00:03:55,965
Then the robot glues
The circumference
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00:03:55,965 --> 00:03:58,620
Of both the hull and deck.
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00:04:01,965 --> 00:04:06,172
They heat the hull
To activate the glue...
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00:04:16,137 --> 00:04:19,448
...Then clamp the deck
To the hull.
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00:04:22,482 --> 00:04:25,965
The glue takes
About 15 minutes to dry.
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Using an ultrasound machine,
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00:04:30,448 --> 00:04:34,241
They inspect the seal
To make sure it's watertight.
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00:04:38,068 --> 00:04:42,206
Next, they install the hood
And the steering column.
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00:04:47,413 --> 00:04:50,000
Now it's time to run
An engine test.
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00:05:02,620 --> 00:05:06,206
The last step is to install
A plastic bumper.
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00:05:06,206 --> 00:05:09,034
A roller presses it
Securely into place.
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00:05:28,275 --> 00:05:32,413
Narrator:
Researchers invented a way
To identify faraway objects,
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00:05:32,413 --> 00:05:35,413
Even in thick fog
Or complete darkness.
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00:05:35,413 --> 00:05:39,000
They use a laser combined with
Military night vision technology
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00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:42,448
To locate objects or people
Up to miles away.
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00:05:42,448 --> 00:05:44,586
The system is so precise,
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00:05:44,586 --> 00:05:47,551
It can read the name of a boat
In the dead of night.
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00:05:53,068 --> 00:05:55,448
The next time you enjoy
A glass of wine,
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Think about your place
In history.
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Wine may date back to 6000 b.C.
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00:06:00,551 --> 00:06:02,586
Nowadays, wine comes in bottles,
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Not animal skins,
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00:06:03,965 --> 00:06:07,862
But the basic principles
Of winemaking remain the same.
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00:06:10,965 --> 00:06:14,551
Wine grapes grow best
In temperate climates.
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00:06:18,586 --> 00:06:21,517
The riper the grapes,
The sweeter the wine,
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So growers wait
As long as possible
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Before harvesting their crop.
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Pickers gather grapes by hand,
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Cutting off the bunches
With shears
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00:06:30,862 --> 00:06:32,827
To avoid tearing the plant.
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00:06:32,827 --> 00:06:36,586
For red wine, winemakers
Use the entire red grape --
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00:06:36,586 --> 00:06:39,482
Juice, skin, pulp,
And even seeds.
75
00:06:39,482 --> 00:06:44,827
For white wine, they use
Just the juice of white grapes.
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00:06:44,827 --> 00:06:48,310
While the winemaking process
Itself is certainly a factor,
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The quality of the grapes
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Is what ultimately determines
The quality of the wine.
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Grapes are affected by weather,
By soil conditions,
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And by how the vines are pruned
During and between seasons.
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The grapes go into the crusher,
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Then into the presser,
Which squeezes out the juice.
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Inside the winery,
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The result of all that crushing
And pressing
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Ends up in large
Stainless steel tanks.
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The winemaker adds yeast
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To convert the sugar
In the grape juice to alcohol.
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That's called fermentation.
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Winemakers constantly experiment
With fermentation
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To try to improve the quality
Of their wine.
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They take samples of grape juice
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And mix them
With different types of yeast.
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Yeast is found throughout
The environment,
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In wild berries, for instance.
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They hydrate the yeast
With a bit of grape juice,
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00:08:02,068 --> 00:08:04,724
Then pour the mix
Into the grape juice sample,
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00:08:04,724 --> 00:08:08,655
Let it ferment,
And then see how it turns out.
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00:08:12,758 --> 00:08:15,655
The big fermentation tanks
Are refrigerated,
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00:08:15,655 --> 00:08:18,413
And monitoring their temperature
Is critical.
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00:08:18,413 --> 00:08:22,448
White wine must be fermented
At around 63 degrees,
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00:08:22,448 --> 00:08:26,000
Red wine at 86 to 95 degrees.
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The fermentation period
Depends on the type of wine.
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00:08:29,413 --> 00:08:32,000
White wine has to ferment
For three weeks,
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00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:34,275
Red wine for just 10 days.
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00:08:34,275 --> 00:08:38,137
Rosé wine is somewhat
Of a half-breed...
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Made with red grapes,
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00:08:39,379 --> 00:08:41,931
But fermented slowly,
Like white wine.
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00:08:41,931 --> 00:08:45,172
It comes out pink.
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There's an extra step
In making red wine.
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During fermentation,
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They drain the tank
To aerate the wine.
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The oxygen helps
The yeast work faster
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Over the short 10-day
Fermentation period.
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00:09:02,827 --> 00:09:05,965
Then they pump the wine back in
Through the top of the tank
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00:09:05,965 --> 00:09:08,172
To mix everything thoroughly.
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00:09:08,172 --> 00:09:09,551
During fermentation,
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They not only
Monitor temperature,
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00:09:11,655 --> 00:09:13,689
But also the sugar level.
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00:09:13,689 --> 00:09:16,586
As the juice becomes wine,
The sugar level drops,
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00:09:16,586 --> 00:09:19,103
And the alcohol level increases.
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00:09:19,103 --> 00:09:21,344
Except for very sweet wines,
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00:09:21,344 --> 00:09:24,310
Fermentation is finished
When the sugar's gone
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00:09:24,310 --> 00:09:28,413
And the alcohol content
Is 11% to 13% for red wine,
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00:09:28,413 --> 00:09:33,379
Or 11% to 11 1/2%
For white and rosé.
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00:09:36,275 --> 00:09:38,586
The wine is stored
For a few months,
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00:09:38,586 --> 00:09:41,000
Then it's run through
Several pressure filters
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00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:44,413
To remove any particles.
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00:09:46,758 --> 00:09:49,724
Then it's time
To bottle the wine.
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00:09:49,724 --> 00:09:53,068
Large wineries have
Fully automated bottling plants.
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00:09:53,068 --> 00:09:54,758
Smaller operations
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00:09:54,758 --> 00:09:57,724
Have semi-automated systems
Like this one.
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00:09:57,724 --> 00:10:01,758
The key in bottling wine
Is to avoid getting air inside
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00:10:01,758 --> 00:10:05,344
Because oxygen turns wine sour.
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00:10:05,344 --> 00:10:08,103
The colored wine bottles
Protect the wine from light,
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00:10:08,103 --> 00:10:12,137
Which can also affect the taste.
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00:10:12,137 --> 00:10:15,965
People have used cork to plug
Wine bottles since ancient times
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00:10:15,965 --> 00:10:19,206
Because it creates a tight seal
That keeps the air out.
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00:10:19,206 --> 00:10:23,517
Cork, incidentally,
Is a type of tree bark.
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00:10:29,344 --> 00:10:30,758
Inside the bottle,
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00:10:30,758 --> 00:10:34,172
The wine continues to undergo
Subtle organic changes
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As it ages.
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00:10:45,862 --> 00:10:48,931
Narrator:
Nowadays, you have to be
Pretty high up in a company
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00:10:48,931 --> 00:10:50,862
To have a solid wood desk.
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00:10:50,862 --> 00:10:53,655
Your desk is more likely
Made of pressed wood --
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00:10:53,655 --> 00:10:57,344
An inexpensive alternative
Made from lumber by-products.
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00:10:57,344 --> 00:11:00,965
Particleboard is a common type
Of pressed wood.
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00:11:03,896 --> 00:11:05,448
Lumber mill leftovers
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00:11:05,448 --> 00:11:08,206
Provide the raw materials
For particleboard.
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00:11:08,206 --> 00:11:12,172
The process starts
With truckloads of sawdust.
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00:11:15,103 --> 00:11:18,655
The next ingredients
Are wood shavings and wood chips
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00:11:18,655 --> 00:11:21,000
From all types of lumber.
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00:11:21,000 --> 00:11:24,586
They feed those chips
And shavings into a large mill
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00:11:24,586 --> 00:11:27,241
That works like
A giant food processor,
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00:11:27,241 --> 00:11:30,172
Chopping them up
Into little bits.
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00:11:32,965 --> 00:11:34,379
When the milling's done,
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00:11:34,379 --> 00:11:39,034
The particles are between
.008 and .5 inches in size
157
00:11:39,034 --> 00:11:42,172
And less than .03 inches thick.
158
00:11:45,517 --> 00:11:47,896
To make the humidity level
Uniform,
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00:11:47,896 --> 00:11:50,689
They put the particles
Into giant dryers
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00:11:50,689 --> 00:11:53,551
Whose combustion chambers
Are fueled by leftover dust
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From the chopping mill.
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00:11:54,965 --> 00:11:57,482
After 15 to 25 minutes,
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00:11:57,482 --> 00:12:01,034
The humidity level drops
To 1.5%.
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00:12:01,034 --> 00:12:03,827
From here, they'll send
The dried-out particles
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00:12:03,827 --> 00:12:05,275
To a screening machine,
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00:12:05,275 --> 00:12:07,896
Which will separate them
By size.
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00:12:07,896 --> 00:12:11,586
Pieces too big for particleboard
Are fed through the mill again.
168
00:12:11,586 --> 00:12:14,241
Sawdust will become fuel
For the dryers.
169
00:12:14,241 --> 00:12:17,344
Larger particles
Go into the rougher core layer
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00:12:17,344 --> 00:12:18,655
Of the particleboard,
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00:12:18,655 --> 00:12:22,448
Smaller pieces into
The smoother surface layer.
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00:12:22,448 --> 00:12:25,965
Meanwhile, the factory's
Glue department gets to work
173
00:12:25,965 --> 00:12:30,000
Mixing resin, water, wax,
And chemical hardeners.
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00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:32,689
Machines mix the glue
And the particles,
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00:12:32,689 --> 00:12:36,448
Then push out
A long, continuous mat.
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00:12:38,275 --> 00:12:40,965
A cold compressor
Forces the air out of the mat.
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00:12:40,965 --> 00:12:43,448
Then a hot press
Activates the glue
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00:12:43,448 --> 00:12:45,827
And forces it all together.
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00:12:45,827 --> 00:12:48,793
Next, a saw cuts
The continuous mat
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00:12:48,793 --> 00:12:51,931
Into large sheets
Called master boards.
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00:12:51,931 --> 00:12:53,758
They're still hot
From the hot press,
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00:12:53,758 --> 00:12:59,068
So they're put aside to cool
For about a half-hour.
183
00:12:59,068 --> 00:13:02,310
Once the master boards are cool,
They're sanded.
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00:13:02,310 --> 00:13:06,586
Then a stacking machine
Piles them about 80 sheets high.
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00:13:08,172 --> 00:13:11,862
A saw cuts them into a smaller,
More manageable size
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00:13:11,862 --> 00:13:15,000
To be sent off
To a furniture factory.
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00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:16,655
At the furniture factory,
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00:13:16,655 --> 00:13:20,103
The first step is to laminate
The particleboard panels
189
00:13:20,103 --> 00:13:22,172
With a decorative covering.
190
00:13:22,172 --> 00:13:26,310
First, the glue spreader covers
The board's surface with glue.
191
00:13:26,310 --> 00:13:28,482
Then another machine sticks on
192
00:13:28,482 --> 00:13:31,655
A 4- to 5-foot strip
Of decorative paper
193
00:13:31,655 --> 00:13:35,172
Fortified with resin, varnish,
And other chemicals.
194
00:13:35,172 --> 00:13:38,758
This covering comes in many
Different colors and designs,
195
00:13:38,758 --> 00:13:42,344
From solids
To imitation granite or wood.
196
00:13:42,344 --> 00:13:47,068
A blade cuts the paper
Between each board.
197
00:13:47,068 --> 00:13:52,448
Then a machine stacks the boards
To prepare them for cutting.
198
00:13:52,448 --> 00:13:55,310
The saw cuts through six
To eight boards at a time,
199
00:13:55,310 --> 00:13:57,448
Depending on their thickness.
200
00:13:59,793 --> 00:14:03,586
The next step is to cover
The edges of the particleboard.
201
00:14:03,586 --> 00:14:05,965
They take a strip
Made of pvc plastic
202
00:14:05,965 --> 00:14:08,206
That matches the laminate.
203
00:14:08,206 --> 00:14:12,689
They glue it over the edges,
Then trim it for a neat finish.
204
00:14:25,551 --> 00:14:28,689
Next, they prepare
The pieces for assembly.
205
00:14:28,689 --> 00:14:32,724
A multiple-head drill
Makes screw holes in the panels.
206
00:14:36,827 --> 00:14:39,206
Meanwhile, they prepare
The bag of hardware.
207
00:14:41,103 --> 00:14:42,275
There's a separate bin
208
00:14:42,275 --> 00:14:46,551
For each screw, nut, bolt,
And connector.
209
00:14:46,551 --> 00:14:49,793
The machines count out
The exact number of hardware
210
00:14:49,793 --> 00:14:52,137
Each piece
Of furniture requires.
211
00:14:54,172 --> 00:14:56,379
Then the hardware
Is automatically bagged
212
00:14:56,379 --> 00:14:58,655
And weighed
To make sure nothing's missing.
213
00:15:00,103 --> 00:15:03,068
Every so often,
A worker assembles a sample
214
00:15:03,068 --> 00:15:06,379
To make sure everything
Fits together properly.
215
00:15:06,379 --> 00:15:08,517
If it does,
Production continues,
216
00:15:08,517 --> 00:15:11,206
And they can proceed
To packaging.
217
00:15:13,793 --> 00:15:16,000
They put together
The particleboards
218
00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:18,103
For each piece of furniture,
219
00:15:18,103 --> 00:15:21,827
Add the hardware bag
And instruction booklet,
220
00:15:21,827 --> 00:15:25,655
Then seal everything
In plastic film.
221
00:15:25,655 --> 00:15:29,758
From here, it goes into a box
To be shipped to the store.
222
00:15:38,793 --> 00:15:41,206
Narrator: getting your
First pair of ice skates
223
00:15:41,206 --> 00:15:43,344
Is like getting
Your first bicycle.
224
00:15:43,344 --> 00:15:45,620
It's a childhood rite
Of passage,
225
00:15:45,620 --> 00:15:48,689
And one that leads to another
Well-known ritual --
226
00:15:48,689 --> 00:15:53,310
Landing on your backside
The first time you try them out.
227
00:15:59,379 --> 00:16:03,517
How long have we been
Ice-skating?
228
00:16:03,517 --> 00:16:08,034
An iron skate found in
Scandinavia dates to 200 a.D.,
229
00:16:08,034 --> 00:16:12,000
But people likely put blades
Made of bone under their shoes
230
00:16:12,000 --> 00:16:14,724
Even earlier than that.
231
00:16:14,724 --> 00:16:17,413
Skaters tied on
Their blades with straps
232
00:16:17,413 --> 00:16:22,758
Until the advent of the
Skate boot in the early 1900s.
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Today, skates
Are lightweight and high-tech
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And are designed
For specific sports --
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Figure skating,
Speed skating, and hockey.
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It takes 145 steps to make
This high-end hockey skate.
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The skate boot is made
Of a synthetic material
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That looks
And feels like leather.
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Once they've cut the pieces
That will make up the boot,
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They shave the edges,
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Thinning them out
So the boot won't be bulky,
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Particularly where
There's overlap at the seams.
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They position
A reinforcement piece
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Onto what's called
The quarter --
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The main structural piece
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That will form the sides
And back of the skate boot.
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They glue it on
With a hot press.
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The boot pieces now go
To the sewing department.
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They stitch together
The tongue piece,
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Then, using a sturdy
Zigzag stitch,
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They attach the quarter
And the heel piece.
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They spray glue
On the quarter...
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...And on the ankle support...
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...Then stick
On a foam ankle pad
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Designed to mold to the contours
Of the skater's ankles.
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Next comes the lining.
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They must center it perfectly
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For the skate to be
Properly aligned and balanced.
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The eyelet machine
Works like a hole punch,
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Punching out eyelets
In the quarter.
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They reinforce each eyelet
With an aluminum washer.
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The last step
In the sewing department
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Is called forming.
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They place the boot
Over a metal foot form.
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A hot press laminates the boot
To give the back
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And sides of the quarter
Their shape.
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In the assembly department,
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They put the parts together
Using a foot form.
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They tack on
A white plastic insole
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And a black plastic toe cap.
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They brush on a layer of glue...
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...And attach the boot.
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They sand the bottom of the boot
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To roughen up the surface
For better adhesion.
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An automated machine
Applies a layer of glue
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Along the contours
Of the boot's underside.
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The boot then goes through
A heat machine
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For a couple of seconds
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To evaporate the solvent
In the glue,
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Making it tackier.
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As with the lining,
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They must position
The sole perfectly,
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Or they'll throw
The skate off-balance.
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An 8-ton press
Presses it onto the boot.
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The sole is made
Of strong carbon
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Or carbon composite
Depending on the skate model.
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Once the glue is dry,
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They drill two holes
Through the sole
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For attaching the skate blade.
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The blade sits
In a plastic holder.
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They screw it in place
Through the holes,
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Then secure it
With five steel rivets
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And four more resistant
Copper rivets.
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Like the lining in the sole,
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The blade's alignment
Is crucial.
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Roller hockey skates are made
Almost the same way
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As ice hockey skates,
Just instead of a blade,
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They attach an aluminum chassis
With rollers.
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In the finishing department,
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They inspect the inside
Of the skate,
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Checking the blade holes
And rivets in particular.
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They plug the blade holes.
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Then they lace up
The first three sets of eyelets.
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Finally, they install
What's called the footbed --
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The high-density foam padding
That lies under the foot.
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Last, but not least,
They clean the skate,
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Trimming excess threads
And removing any glue residue.
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--captions by vitac--
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications, inc.
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