All language subtitles for S02E01 - Eyeglass Lenses; Granite; Potato Chips; Microprocessors (576p AMZN WEB-DL x265 Garshasp)_track4_[eng]

Narrator:
Today on "How it's made"...

...Eyeglass lenses...

Granite...

Potato chips...

And computer microprocessors.

Remember when
Wearing coke-bottle eyeglasses

Was your one-way ticket
To being the class nerd?

Well, today, even if you need
A heavy-duty prescription,

You can wear
Fashionable eyeglasses

With thin and lightweight
Plastic lenses.

Eyeglass lenses start out
As large plastic disks.

The first step

Is to place a protective film
Over the convex side

So it won't get damaged

While the lab works on
The concave side.

With a scanner, they retrieve
The customer's prescription

From the central computer.

Then they program
Those measurements

Into the tray holding the disks.

Next, they heat up a mixture
Of seven metals to 122 degrees.

Any hotter would melt the disk
On contact.

Out of that molten metal,
They mold an attachment.

This allows the disk

To be mounted on a machine
For tooling.

At this point,
Robots take over.

When the tray
With the disks arrives,

The milling machine reads
The prescription information,

Then reshapes the plastic
Accordingly.

First, it thins the disk

And shaves it down
To a smaller diameter.

Then it creates
The required curvature.

The disk is now a lens.

But you can still see
The concentric circles

Left by the tooling,

And the surface of the lens
Is rough,

So they polish it
Using abrasive paper

Under water heated precisely
To 66 degrees.

The water temperature
Must be constant,

Or else the lens
Will become deformed.

Now that the lens
Is perfectly shaped,

They remove
The metal attachment...

...Then peel off
The protective film

On the other side.

Using a machine
Called a lensometer,

They make sure the prescription
Is accurate.

Next, the lenses go through

An automated
15-stage chemical cleaning

Then are coated with varnish
To make them scratch-resistant.

They go into an oven
For three hours

Until the varnish cures.

Next comes
The antireflection treatment.

This will increase
The lenses' transparency,

Allowing in more light.

The lenses go into a chamber.

They add
Different powdered chemicals,

Such as silicium oxide,
Titanium oxide,

And zirconium oxide.

They close the door, then pump
All the air out of the chamber.

Using a high-powered
Electron beam,

They heat the chemicals
To the boiling point.

The powders transform
From solid to gas,

Coating the lenses
In the process.

It's finally time to fit
The lenses to the frame.

They position a suction cup
On the lenses

To hold them in place
During the fitting.

An automated machine
Traces the shape of the frame...

...Then cuts the lenses
To that shape.

With regular frames,
The lenses simply pop in.

To attach
Ultralight metal frames,

They drill holes
Right through the lenses.

From plastic disk
To the latest in eyewear

In just three days.

Narrator: what do you get when
You cross a spider with a goat?

A silk fiber
Stronger than steel,

Yet more elastic
Than nylon.

Researchers implanted
A spider's web-spinning genes

Into a goat's mammary glands.

The result -- goat's milk
With silk proteins,

The raw material for a fabric
Strong enough to be bulletproof.

Granite is one of
The strongest stones on earth,

And it's the darling of decor
These days.

As an indoor/outdoor
Building material,

It's timeless, elegant,
And resistant to acid rain.

Nature's granite factory

Lies many miles
Beneath the earth's surface.

Boiling molten rock
Called "Magma"

Builds up pressure
From the intense heat

And rises through cracks and
Crevices in the earth's crust.

As it rises, it slowly cools
And solidifies into granite.

Most granite is buried
Under sedimentary rock,

Which makes up
Most of the earth's surface.

The challenge is to extract
As much granite

From the quarry as possible

While losing
As little as possible to damage

From the extraction process.

They start by outlining
A section of rock wall

Up to 99 feet long
By 23 feet wide.

They use a gas flame
To burn long, narrow channels

To free up the sides.

Then they drill holes
23 feet deep

Along the back and bottom.

They feed explosive cables
Into the holes.

Then they set it off.

The explosion
Detaches the section.

Then they use a combination
Of drills, steel pegs,

Plates, and wedges
To cut it down

And cut it down further
Until they have rough blocks

Measuring 10 feet long
By 5 feet wide and 5 feet deep,

A size the granite factory
Can handle.

The blocks may be small,

But each one weighs
More than 45,000 pounds.

At the factory, the first cut
Is called "Slabbing."

They use this type of saw

To cut slabs
More than 2 inches thick.

The blade's metal segments

Contain synthetic
Diamond particles,

Which create the friction needed
To make the cut.

Water keeps the saw
From overheating.

It's a slow process.

The saw cuts less than 22 square
Feet of granite per hour.

They use a gang saw to cut slabs
Thinner than 5 centimeters

To make kitchen countertops,
For example.

This saw has steel blades --

Tense enough not to bend under
The pressure of cutting

And calibrated to cut
As straight as possible.

The gang saw cuts at a rate of
About 86 square feet per hour.

It takes three entire days
To cut through the rough block.

Once a slab is cut,
It goes for polishing.

This is what will bring out
The beauty of the stone.

The polishing line has 19 heads,

Each of which has six bricks
That polish by abrasion,

Like sandpaper.

The brick grains
Get progressively finer

As you go down the line.

The polishing line processes

About a 10 square feet
Of granite per minute.

For a high-gloss finish, a slab
Goes through all 19 heads.

For a semigloss finish, it goes
Through just the first 10 heads.

For a rough finish, slabs skip
The polishing line altogether

And instead go through a process
Called "Flaming."

With a stream of water
To keep the slab

From cracking under the heat,

They run a propane flame
At 2,000 degrees fahrenheit

Across the surface.

This intense heat

Makes the quartz
Inside the granite explode,

Creating a rough surface.

They often use this technique
For nonslip flooring.

After the finish,

The last step is to
Cut the slabs to specifications.

Granite is composed
Of various minerals.

They're interlocked
Like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle,

Giving the stone
Its trademark speckles

And its remarkable strength.

Narrator:
They say chips were invented

When someone sent back
His fried potatoes,

Complaining the slices
Were too thick.

The insulted chef cut them
Paper-thin

And fried them to a crisp.

So pride, not necessity,

Was the mother
Of this invention.

Potato chips have since become
The consummate snack food.

They have to be made
With fresh potatoes,

No more than 24 hours old,

Otherwise the chips
Will have black spots.

After a brushing machine
Removes the dirt,

The potatoes travel along
A water canal to the peeler.

They tumble around and around

Against the peeler's
Abrasive rollers

Until the skins come off.

This machine can peel 12,000
Pounds of potatoes per hour.

Next stop -- a machine that
Separates the potatoes by size.

The small ones fall below
To be rinsed.

The larger ones stay on top
To be cut.

Then they fall down
To the rinser, too.

Next, the potatoes
Go through slicers.

The slicers' blades
Are adjustable.

They can be set
To different thicknesses

Or to different shapes, to slice
Ripple chips, for example.

The centrifugal force
Created by the spinning

Throws the potatoes
Against the sharp blades.

To make regular chips, they cut
Slices 6/100 of an inch thick.

An average potato
Will yield about 36 chips.

Finally, it's time
To wash the potato slices.

They spin inside
A giant barrel

Of cold, fresh water
For about a minute.

Then, like at the car wash,

The slices pass under
An air blower

To dry up the excess water.

The fryer contains canola oil

Boiling at
375 degrees fahrenheit.

It takes just 3 minutes

To fry the potato slices
Into potato chips.

As the chips exit the fryer
On the conveyor belt,

The excess oil drips off.

Next, a shower of salt.

The chips then move on
To the sorter.

An electronic camera
Identifies any chips

That have brown spots
Or other defects.

The camera then triggers
The thin pipe

Directly above that bum chip

To blow it off the conveyor belt
With air pressure.

Elsewhere in the factory,

They're making another popular
Snack food, cheese puffs.

They take corn flour
And mix it with water.

An extrusion machine forces
The mixture through round holes.

When the snakelike streams
Come out the other end,

A knife cuts them into pieces.

The heat in the machine

Then causes the flour
In those pieces to explode,

Creating slightly curled puffs.

They spray those puffs
With a mixture of canola oil,

Powdered cheese,
And natural colorings.

A revolving drum
Mixes it all together.

Back in the chips department,

They spray the potato chips
With powdered seasonings,

Which simulate flavors such as
Barbecue or salt and vinegar.

The next machine separates
And weighs the portions

To be packaged.

The chips drop into bags
That are then heat-sealed.

It's taken about 15 minutes

To go from raw potato
To potato chips --

A lot longer
Than it takes to eat them.

Narrator: a microprocessor
Is the brain inside a computer.

Its made up of a microchip
On an electronic card.

Preparing the chip
To be installed on the card

Is a delicate
And precise operation.

Scientists built
The first computer in 1937,

But it could only do algebra.

The first general-purpose
Computer, in 1946,

Was the size
Of 20 refrigerators.

During the 1950s, transistors
Replaced bulky vacuum tubes,

Then integrated circuits
Replaced transistors.

But the biggest breakthrough
Came in 1971

With the microprocessor --

All the components
On one miniscule chip.

That's what made
The personal computer possible.

They start with a ceramic square
Called a substrate.

This will carry the microchip.

A machine coats the substrate
Surface with flux,

A chemical
That makes it sticky.

This will hold the microchip
In place until it's soldered.

The factory receives
The microchips ready-made,

With all the circuits in place.

They place a microchip
On each substrate.

An infrared light
Guides the machine

To place the chip
In precisely the right spot.

They pull a sample from
The production line

To further verify
The positioning

With a microscope.

Next stop -- a soldering oven
At 689 degrees.

The heat melts tiny beads
Of tin positioned on the chip,

Binding it to the substrate.

Next, they prepare to solder
An aluminum cap

Over each microchip.

The cap will have
Two functions --

To protect the chip

And to dissipate the heat
That the chip generates.

A robotic arm
Picks up four caps at a time

And positions them
Over the microchips.

They go into a soldering oven at
302 degrees for about an hour.

The next step is to create
The electrical connections

That will later
Link the microprocessor

To the computer's
Electronic card.

They start with tiny cylindrical
Pieces of tin, called "Columns."

Tin conducts electricity.

A giant suctioning sieve
Vibrates the columns

Until they fall through
The holes.

This lines them up vertically

So that they can be attached
To the substrate.

A machine spreads
A thick adhesive paste,

Then attaches the vertical
Columns in it from underneath.

A robotic arm positions
The chip-carrying substrate

Onto the pasted columns.

The result is a microchip
With 1,000 connections.

For even more connections,

They use tin balls
Instead of columns

Because balls are sturdier
And more reliable.

They, too,
Go through a suctioning sieve,

Only instead of paste,
They're stuck on with flux,

That sticky chemical
Used earlier

To position the microchip
Onto the substrate.

The finished microchip unit

Goes into a bath of water
And solvents

To remove any excess flux
Or other residues.

Last stop --
Quality control testing,

Up to 12 hours in an oven
Heated to 284 degrees.

From here, the microprocessor
Unit goes to another factory

Where it's soldered onto
An electronic card,

Which then goes into
A computer.

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