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1
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SIGOURNEY:
From the depths of the Atlantic Ocean.
2
00:00:15,448 --> 00:00:16,549
A sign.
3
00:00:22,421 --> 00:00:26,359
This is the breath of a giant.
4
00:00:28,861 --> 00:00:31,097
And not just any giant...
5
00:00:33,766 --> 00:00:35,434
but a sleeping one.
6
00:00:43,843 --> 00:00:48,281
A family of sperm whales
takes an afternoon nap.
7
00:00:50,550 --> 00:00:54,620
They rest as tall as 40-foot trees...
8
00:00:56,556 --> 00:00:59,158
and as still as statues.
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00:01:09,135 --> 00:01:12,104
But one young whale wants to get moving.
10
00:01:18,311 --> 00:01:22,715
This baby is the future
of her entire clan.
11
00:01:25,585 --> 00:01:28,054
(THEME MUSIC BEGINS)
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00:01:35,094 --> 00:01:40,132
SIGOURNEY: Their hopes rest solely
on her ability to learn their ways...
13
00:01:42,268 --> 00:01:43,469
their culture...
14
00:01:45,204 --> 00:01:47,873
and their secrets.
15
00:02:03,823 --> 00:02:05,391
(THEME MUSIC CONCLUDES)
16
00:02:15,768 --> 00:02:18,404
SIGOURNEY: Moby Dick was a sperm whale...
17
00:02:20,206 --> 00:02:22,708
portrayed as a monster.
18
00:02:28,280 --> 00:02:30,816
They may be more than 50 tons,
19
00:02:31,384 --> 00:02:34,920
but sperm whales are gentle giants.
20
00:02:38,391 --> 00:02:41,594
They have deep family connections.
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00:02:45,164 --> 00:02:49,001
Generations of females
learn from each other.
22
00:03:01,814 --> 00:03:06,052
And groups of families
share a common language.
23
00:03:06,118 --> 00:03:08,354
(WHALES CLICKING)
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00:03:08,654 --> 00:03:12,091
SIGOURNEY:
Their chatter sounds like Morse code.
25
00:03:12,658 --> 00:03:18,230
(CLICKING CONTINUES)
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00:03:19,565 --> 00:03:22,902
SIGOURNEY: They make these clicks
with air-filled sacks
27
00:03:23,202 --> 00:03:25,838
inside their enormous heads.
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00:03:34,346 --> 00:03:37,683
Their heads can be a third
their body length,
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00:03:38,718 --> 00:03:44,623
and inside, the largest brains
that have ever existed on our planet.
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Six times the size of ours.
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00:03:50,262 --> 00:03:53,766
(WHALES CLICKING)
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00:03:59,572 --> 00:04:01,741
SIGOURNEY: And now, finally,
33
00:04:02,241 --> 00:04:06,312
these sperm whales reveal a little
of what they’re thinking...
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00:04:08,280 --> 00:04:11,684
in a very special place they call home.
35
00:04:35,708 --> 00:04:41,113
Dominica marks the middle of a string
of eastern Caribbean islands.
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00:04:44,717 --> 00:04:49,989
These islands are home
to more than 20 sperm whale families
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00:04:50,589 --> 00:04:53,659
that never leave these waters.
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00:05:02,334 --> 00:05:05,471
This family has lost many calves
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to boat strikes and entanglements
in marine debris.
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00:05:13,679 --> 00:05:16,715
They’ve had few babies survive
to adulthood.
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00:05:19,685 --> 00:05:22,021
But now, a new addition.
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00:05:24,523 --> 00:05:29,495
Just six months old,
yet already 12 feet long.
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00:05:51,016 --> 00:05:56,155
Like all mammal babies,
she relies on milk from her mother.
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00:06:01,894 --> 00:06:07,366
But exactly how sperm whales feed
has been a mystery to science.
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She has no lips for sucking
and mom's nipples are inverted.
46
00:06:28,754 --> 00:06:34,526
Now, at long last,
we see sperm whale nursing in action.
47
00:06:43,269 --> 00:06:47,806
The young calf pushes her lower jaw
into the nipple cavity
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00:06:48,407 --> 00:06:51,443
and the milk is injected into her mouth.
49
00:07:00,653 --> 00:07:07,459
It's thick like yogurt,
with ten times more fat than human milk.
50
00:07:44,797 --> 00:07:49,234
SIGOURNEY: A 15-minute snooze
while feeding is ample for mom.
51
00:07:52,638 --> 00:07:57,443
Sperm whales sleep less
than any other mammal on the planet.
52
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The older females call nap time over.
53
00:08:11,256 --> 00:08:12,925
This is no dictatorship.
54
00:08:14,226 --> 00:08:17,696
Sperm whale families
make decisions as a group.
55
00:08:23,402 --> 00:08:27,606
Scientists have tracked whales quibbling
for an hour or two
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00:08:27,740 --> 00:08:31,076
-over a change of direction.
-(WHALES CLICKING)
57
00:08:44,590 --> 00:08:47,426
SIGOURNEY:
The new baby may not get much of a say...
58
00:08:53,065 --> 00:08:55,067
but she listens...
59
00:08:56,435 --> 00:08:57,903
and learns.
60
00:09:02,207 --> 00:09:05,010
This time, the adults all agree.
61
00:09:07,780 --> 00:09:09,214
It's time for work.
62
00:09:11,550 --> 00:09:13,318
(WHALES CLICKING)
63
00:09:15,854 --> 00:09:20,292
SIGOURNEY: Each adult must eat
hundreds of squid every day.
64
00:09:23,295 --> 00:09:28,834
The countdown begins for one of the most
incredible feats in nature...
65
00:09:31,837 --> 00:09:35,441
a sperm whale's deep dive to feed.
66
00:09:41,346 --> 00:09:43,382
They suck in the air.
67
00:09:45,851 --> 00:09:50,322
Their blood can hold eight times
more oxygen than our blood.
68
00:10:02,501 --> 00:10:06,004
The tail flukes come all the way
out of the water.
69
00:10:06,772 --> 00:10:09,041
That means they're headed down...
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00:10:10,242 --> 00:10:13,378
maybe more than 3,000 feet.
71
00:10:15,080 --> 00:10:20,486
More than twice as deep
as the Empire State Building is high.
72
00:10:45,377 --> 00:10:48,447
The calf chooses to wait this one out.
73
00:10:50,883 --> 00:10:53,018
It'll be another three years
74
00:10:53,318 --> 00:10:57,222
before she's learned enough
to feed on her own in the deep.
75
00:11:06,398 --> 00:11:07,766
(WHALE CLICKING)
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00:11:07,900 --> 00:11:11,470
SIGOURNEY: You might think she'd get lost
in the vast blue...
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but she can track her mom's hunting clicks
78
00:11:17,409 --> 00:11:22,347
and she can call anyone in her family
at any time.
79
00:11:26,785 --> 00:11:29,221
She's learning an entire language,
80
00:11:29,821 --> 00:11:32,558
passed on by generations of mothers
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00:11:33,091 --> 00:11:38,297
and shared by her entire
eastern Caribbean whale clan.
82
00:11:38,497 --> 00:11:41,500
-(WHALE CLICKING)
-SIGOURNEY: She calls out
83
00:11:41,633 --> 00:11:43,869
with a distinct series of clicks.
84
00:11:44,670 --> 00:11:47,339
Each pattern is called a coda.
85
00:11:50,342 --> 00:11:53,946
But not everyone listening is a whale.
86
00:12:01,820 --> 00:12:08,594
Whale biologist Dr. Shane Gero
has known this family for 16 years.
87
00:12:09,228 --> 00:12:13,365
He hopes to track the chatter
to the new baby.
88
00:12:13,865 --> 00:12:16,335
(WHALES CLICKING)
89
00:12:18,437 --> 00:12:21,873
Yeah, there's good clicks off
of Morne Espagnol to the northeast.
90
00:12:26,111 --> 00:12:28,880
SHANE:
The sperm whale world is a world of sound.
91
00:12:30,148 --> 00:12:34,253
They use clicks to find food
and navigate in this darkness.
92
00:12:34,953 --> 00:12:37,656
And they use other sounds
to talk with one another.
93
00:12:38,624 --> 00:12:43,295
SIGOURNEY: Alongside Shane,
fellow National Geographic explorer
94
00:12:43,528 --> 00:12:47,232
and world-famous photographer
Brian Skerry.
95
00:12:48,634 --> 00:12:54,573
He's on a three-year mission to document
whale societies around the globe.
96
00:12:56,608 --> 00:12:59,378
BRIAN: These animals only surface
for brief intervals.
97
00:12:59,611 --> 00:13:01,913
That means you have to be ready
all the time.
98
00:13:03,649 --> 00:13:07,919
But finding a female calf
will really tell us how this pod is doing.
99
00:13:08,353 --> 00:13:11,556
That things are going to be
hopefully bright in their future.
100
00:13:12,491 --> 00:13:14,960
Yeah. Yeah, they headed, uh, east?
101
00:13:15,093 --> 00:13:19,231
SIGOURNEY: Over the past few years
Brian has spent months here...
102
00:13:20,032 --> 00:13:22,768
trying to get just one good photo.
103
00:13:26,038 --> 00:13:27,939
This may be his chance...
104
00:13:28,774 --> 00:13:31,777
if the baby whale will allow it.
105
00:13:33,078 --> 00:13:34,413
SHANE: There's the little one.
106
00:13:36,715 --> 00:13:38,750
The little guy is still on the surface,
huh?
107
00:13:40,218 --> 00:13:41,953
SHANE: She's taking her time, though.
108
00:13:52,698 --> 00:13:54,633
(WHALE CLICKING)
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SIGOURNEY: She's all by herself...
110
00:14:02,341 --> 00:14:05,344
when the strange-looking creature
moves in.
111
00:14:10,248 --> 00:14:13,719
It's enough to scare
many youngsters away...
112
00:14:15,854 --> 00:14:18,557
but this baby is curious.
113
00:14:19,057 --> 00:14:23,462
(WHALE CLICKING)
114
00:14:24,162 --> 00:14:26,298
SIGOURNEY:
Perhaps a game of hide and seek.
115
00:14:40,112 --> 00:14:43,582
She uses the sargassum weed like a loofah,
116
00:14:44,750 --> 00:14:48,787
possibly wondering
why Brian isn't doing the same.
117
00:14:55,227 --> 00:14:57,129
It's a rare encounter.
118
00:15:07,773 --> 00:15:10,308
SHANE: This one can't be more
than about six months old. So...
119
00:15:11,643 --> 00:15:14,479
It's incredible,
the little calf is just playing
120
00:15:14,780 --> 00:15:18,216
and Brian's right there taking photos.
It's amazing.
121
00:15:21,887 --> 00:15:27,159
SIGOURNEY: Then Brian puts down his camera
to be in the moment.
122
00:15:38,370 --> 00:15:44,242
Wow. That is one beautiful,
generous sperm whale calf.
123
00:15:44,376 --> 00:15:45,477
Oh, my goodness.
124
00:15:47,879 --> 00:15:49,948
You know, in the beginning
I'm just shooting, right?
125
00:15:57,556 --> 00:16:00,559
But after a while, I mean, it's just like,
I want to enjoy it.
126
00:16:00,625 --> 00:16:02,527
I want to look at her and talk to her,
you know?
127
00:16:02,594 --> 00:16:05,063
And I'm saying,
"Thank you. Thank you for this."
128
00:16:07,766 --> 00:16:08,834
Just fantastic.
129
00:16:13,004 --> 00:16:17,776
This animal that for so long
has been portrayed as a monster...
130
00:16:18,743 --> 00:16:21,780
to have a moment like this
just shatters any of that.
131
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It's just not at all what they are.
132
00:16:27,419 --> 00:16:29,788
You know, we've spent
the last 15 years trying to understand
133
00:16:29,888 --> 00:16:31,756
what it's like to live as a whale family.
134
00:16:32,123 --> 00:16:34,025
And their families are rich
135
00:16:34,092 --> 00:16:36,309
-and experience joy...
-BRIAN: Oh, man!
136
00:16:36,359 --> 00:16:38,196
-...in the same way that we do, you know?
-BRIAN: So crazy.
137
00:16:40,532 --> 00:16:43,835
BRIAN: The more that we see them
like ourselves,
138
00:16:44,102 --> 00:16:45,937
the more empathy we have for them.
139
00:16:49,708 --> 00:16:54,279
I think humans will begin to realize
that we have brethren in the sea
140
00:16:54,379 --> 00:16:55,947
and that we can learn a lot from them.
141
00:17:03,588 --> 00:17:05,991
(WHALE CLICKING)
142
00:17:11,363 --> 00:17:13,098
SHANE: We got to give her a name.
143
00:17:15,066 --> 00:17:17,435
SIGOURNEY: Brian names her Hope...
144
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and for good reason.
145
00:17:22,474 --> 00:17:24,442
In the past 15 years,
146
00:17:24,743 --> 00:17:28,680
this family had only one female
survive to maturity.
147
00:17:31,616 --> 00:17:35,153
And even that calf suffered terribly.
148
00:17:38,323 --> 00:17:43,895
Hope's cousin was seriously injured
by an entanglement in fishing gear.
149
00:17:47,799 --> 00:17:51,636
Sperm whale society
is based around females.
150
00:17:52,370 --> 00:17:56,074
If Hope doesn't make it,
we may lose her family.
151
00:17:56,541 --> 00:17:58,410
And at a crucial time.
152
00:17:59,678 --> 00:18:02,881
Marine debris threatens her entire clan...
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about 20 families.
154
00:18:18,496 --> 00:18:21,833
BRIAN: By 2030, we could see
all of these families gone.
155
00:18:24,436 --> 00:18:26,304
SHANE: When you remove whales
out of an ecosystem
156
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there's a whole chain reaction.
157
00:18:28,506 --> 00:18:31,476
You lose all of the wisdom
of how they lived there
158
00:18:31,576 --> 00:18:33,845
and how they survived
in that part of the ocean.
159
00:18:35,647 --> 00:18:38,016
BRIAN:
We could lose the Caribbean culture.
160
00:18:43,154 --> 00:18:47,325
SIGOURNEY: Whales having unique cultures
is a bold new concept...
161
00:18:48,727 --> 00:18:50,195
but undeniable.
162
00:18:51,997 --> 00:18:55,467
Each clan has one or two hundred animals,
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has its own language, its own way of life.
164
00:19:03,942 --> 00:19:07,245
SHANE: Behavior is what you do,
but culture is how you do it.
165
00:19:08,446 --> 00:19:13,184
And just like some humans eat with forks
and other humans eat with chopsticks,
166
00:19:13,385 --> 00:19:17,022
sperm whale clans from around the world
do things differently.
167
00:19:18,523 --> 00:19:21,192
And that's not because they're
different species...
168
00:19:22,127 --> 00:19:24,629
but how they've learned to live
is different.
169
00:19:31,736 --> 00:19:34,606
SIGOURNEY: If Hope can make it
through the next year,
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00:19:35,106 --> 00:19:38,710
her chances of reaching adulthood
dramatically increase.
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Her family may prevail.
172
00:19:52,057 --> 00:19:56,995
Now, Brian and Shane head out
to search for different whale clans...
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to discover what we would lose
if an entire whale culture disappears.
174
00:20:44,275 --> 00:20:50,014
Sperm whales that pass by the nine islands
of the Azores are true nomads.
175
00:20:55,353 --> 00:20:59,724
In between North America and Europe,
they keep on the move.
176
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Compared to Dominica,
this cultural group is supersized.
177
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Up to a third bigger.
178
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And where Hope's family
was made up of females,
179
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this gathering is all male.
180
00:21:54,946 --> 00:21:59,450
These younger teenagers
grew up in a family led by strong females
181
00:21:59,884 --> 00:22:02,487
who matured around 30 years old.
182
00:22:05,623 --> 00:22:08,426
But males don't mature until 50.
183
00:22:11,529 --> 00:22:16,034
This may be their first time
hanging out with a big male.
184
00:22:19,938 --> 00:22:26,611
Now, Mr. Big is about to show them
how he uses size to hunt giant squid.
185
00:22:33,418 --> 00:22:37,956
Sperm whale skulls hold
the world's largest bio-sonar.
186
00:22:43,394 --> 00:22:47,131
Like bats on the hunt,
they send out a series of clicks
187
00:22:47,432 --> 00:22:49,868
and listen back to locate prey.
188
00:22:50,034 --> 00:22:52,170
(WHALES CLICKING)
189
00:22:57,809 --> 00:23:01,045
SIGOURNEY: These are different
than conversational clicks.
190
00:23:04,849 --> 00:23:07,518
And up to 230 decibels.
191
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That's intense enough
to rupture a human eardrum.
192
00:23:32,610 --> 00:23:37,849
Down at 3,000 feet, the pressure is like
having half a ton of weight
193
00:23:38,149 --> 00:23:40,919
pressing on every square inch
of your body.
194
00:23:48,660 --> 00:23:54,299
The prize for this incredible effort
is the famed giant squid.
195
00:24:09,047 --> 00:24:12,417
Today, the whales share their scraps.
196
00:24:15,987 --> 00:24:17,255
SHANE: Yeah, got it.
197
00:24:17,789 --> 00:24:20,625
Whoa. It's heavy as... (GRUNTS)
198
00:24:22,627 --> 00:24:25,897
SIGOURNEY: Dr. Shane Gero
and photographer Brian Skerry...
199
00:24:26,764 --> 00:24:28,099
It's a big bowl of jelly.
200
00:24:28,199 --> 00:24:30,635
...are lucky to find some leftovers.
201
00:24:31,970 --> 00:24:35,440
It's likely they just fly through
and catch whatever piece they can.
202
00:24:35,506 --> 00:24:37,709
-Right.
-And then that means there's scraps
203
00:24:38,076 --> 00:24:39,310
left behind.
204
00:24:40,311 --> 00:24:43,047
It's easy to forget that
they're predators, right? Because they...
205
00:24:43,147 --> 00:24:44,315
-Exactly.
-...what we see at the surface
206
00:24:44,382 --> 00:24:46,818
is mostly them socializing or resting.
207
00:24:47,185 --> 00:24:50,054
But when they go down, when they disappear
from where we can see...
208
00:24:50,121 --> 00:24:51,456
-Yeah.
-...that's what they're doing,
209
00:24:51,656 --> 00:24:53,658
and this is a bit of evidence of that.
210
00:24:55,059 --> 00:24:56,494
The hunt is on.
211
00:24:58,963 --> 00:25:02,800
SIGOURNEY: It's not uncommon to see
such scraps where sperm whales hunt...
212
00:25:04,268 --> 00:25:07,005
but as the whales continue
to forage deep...
213
00:25:07,305 --> 00:25:08,306
Get out now.
214
00:25:08,706 --> 00:25:12,844
...Brian finds something
even more incredible.
215
00:25:18,683 --> 00:25:21,252
I could see a couple of birds
landing on what I thought was
216
00:25:21,519 --> 00:25:22,587
a piece of driftwood.
217
00:25:24,922 --> 00:25:26,557
Turns out it's a squid.
218
00:25:29,660 --> 00:25:32,196
SIGOURNEY: It's the famed giant squid...
219
00:25:33,664 --> 00:25:34,966
rarely seen.
220
00:25:37,168 --> 00:25:40,738
It's the best, most intact specimen
that I have seen, you know,
221
00:25:40,872 --> 00:25:42,073
during this kind of whale work.
222
00:25:43,207 --> 00:25:45,843
SHANE: Wow! That is awesome.
223
00:25:48,813 --> 00:25:52,350
It's pretty unbelievable. I've never been
beside a squid this large.
224
00:25:53,184 --> 00:25:57,989
You have this amazing, circular scar
of a sperm whale tooth having punctured it
225
00:25:58,489 --> 00:26:00,558
and that may be why we were able
to recover this
226
00:26:00,658 --> 00:26:04,429
is that it came back to the surface
with it stuck in its mouth.
227
00:26:08,599 --> 00:26:12,070
We have better maps of Mars
than we do of the deep ocean
228
00:26:12,136 --> 00:26:15,373
but sperm whales are going down there
every hour for 45 minutes
229
00:26:15,506 --> 00:26:17,442
and finding these amazing animals
230
00:26:18,342 --> 00:26:20,378
when it's hard for us
to even get a picture of one.
231
00:26:23,347 --> 00:26:26,717
SIGOURNEY: Squids have beaks like birds.
232
00:26:27,351 --> 00:26:31,389
And the bigger the squid,
the bigger the beak.
233
00:26:33,558 --> 00:26:35,126
It's really heavy.
234
00:26:36,561 --> 00:26:39,130
SHANE: The squid they eat in Dominica
are quite small.
235
00:26:39,263 --> 00:26:41,599
The beaks we're catching are very little.
236
00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:43,668
These are huge!
237
00:26:46,437 --> 00:26:48,773
You can see how big it is compared to me.
238
00:26:53,644 --> 00:26:55,680
It's a sign that not only
are the sperm whales different here,
239
00:26:55,746 --> 00:26:58,249
but what they are eating
is dramatically different
240
00:26:58,382 --> 00:27:02,820
and so probably, the way they catch it
would probably be quite different as well.
241
00:27:04,589 --> 00:27:07,358
SIGOURNEY:
How the sperm whales of the Azores speak
242
00:27:07,458 --> 00:27:09,494
may also be unique.
243
00:27:11,562 --> 00:27:13,231
There's lots of codas.
244
00:27:15,099 --> 00:27:17,468
SIGOURNEY:
Shane uses the ship's hydrophone
245
00:27:17,768 --> 00:27:21,239
to tune into these nomadic families
for the first time.
246
00:27:21,506 --> 00:27:24,242
(WHALE CLICKING)
247
00:27:24,675 --> 00:27:25,776
Have a listen.
248
00:27:29,413 --> 00:27:30,615
SIGOURNEY: He hears
249
00:27:30,781 --> 00:27:33,317
-an entirely different language.
-Wow.
250
00:27:35,753 --> 00:27:38,556
The rhythm in Dominica is one plus
one plus three.
251
00:27:40,291 --> 00:27:42,527
-Right.
-And here they're still using five clicks
252
00:27:42,593 --> 00:27:45,062
but they're all regular spaced,
you know, it's...
253
00:27:46,330 --> 00:27:48,733
They're much more slower
and deliberate here.
254
00:27:49,834 --> 00:27:54,172
(WHALES CLICKING SLOWLY)
255
00:27:54,972 --> 00:27:59,143
SIGOURNEY: The series of clicks
these nomads use to identify themselves
256
00:27:59,410 --> 00:28:01,646
is just one of their codas.
257
00:28:06,851 --> 00:28:10,955
Sperm whales use dozens
of other codas to chat.
258
00:28:11,088 --> 00:28:16,627
(WHALES CLICKING)
259
00:28:27,939 --> 00:28:31,375
SHANE: We can write entire books
using only 26 letters.
260
00:28:32,610 --> 00:28:35,846
Sperm whales have at least
24 different coda types.
261
00:28:37,281 --> 00:28:40,651
So, it's really limitless
what they might be saying to each other.
262
00:28:41,452 --> 00:28:44,188
(WHALES CLICKING)
263
00:28:49,527 --> 00:28:52,129
SIGOURNEY:
These whales are entirely different
264
00:28:52,230 --> 00:28:54,232
to Hope's clan in Dominica.
265
00:29:00,605 --> 00:29:04,408
And there may be even more
cultural clans elsewhere.
266
00:29:08,813 --> 00:29:13,451
To find out, Shane and Brian
have one last stop
267
00:29:14,085 --> 00:29:18,222
to check out one of the largest
aggregations of sperm whales
268
00:29:18,356 --> 00:29:19,690
on the planet.
269
00:29:38,776 --> 00:29:42,947
Off the coast of Sri Lanka,
hundreds of sperm whales,
270
00:29:43,447 --> 00:29:45,616
some groups 40 strong.
271
00:29:54,659 --> 00:29:58,362
These enormous aggregations
are new to science.
272
00:30:00,264 --> 00:30:05,603
We don't know why these whales
gather like this or even how often.
273
00:30:07,204 --> 00:30:09,340
It's a mystery local scientist
274
00:30:09,407 --> 00:30:14,211
and National Geographic explorer
Asha Devos wants to solve.
275
00:30:15,112 --> 00:30:19,116
It's been shown in places like Dominica
that the sperm whales have culture there
276
00:30:19,216 --> 00:30:22,119
and that's something we're interested
to unravel a bit more
277
00:30:22,219 --> 00:30:23,354
out here in Sri Lanka.
278
00:30:28,326 --> 00:30:32,063
SIGOURNEY: Shane joins Asha
to see how these whales may differ
279
00:30:32,229 --> 00:30:34,332
from Hope's group in Dominica.
280
00:30:36,701 --> 00:30:40,604
The environment has such a strong
influence on the animals
281
00:30:40,671 --> 00:30:42,506
and that's super important.
282
00:30:42,573 --> 00:30:45,810
And we can't, you know,
there's no golden rule across the board,
283
00:30:45,876 --> 00:30:47,845
we can't say sperm whales
in Dominica do this
284
00:30:47,945 --> 00:30:49,113
so they can be protected like this
285
00:30:49,213 --> 00:30:50,681
therefore, we should protect
all sperm whales
286
00:30:50,748 --> 00:30:52,316
in the same way or take the same measures.
287
00:30:54,051 --> 00:30:56,954
SIGOURNEY:
Even from the surface it's apparent.
288
00:30:58,055 --> 00:31:00,124
SHANE: From the very first second
we saw sperm whales here
289
00:31:00,358 --> 00:31:03,494
it was immediately clear
that things are very different.
290
00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:12,737
SIGOURNEY: What's common here
is rare in the Caribbean.
291
00:31:13,771 --> 00:31:15,005
SHANE: There's so many.
292
00:31:15,306 --> 00:31:17,875
If you looked at a day like this
in Dominica,
293
00:31:17,942 --> 00:31:20,778
I think we've had two in 15 years
294
00:31:20,878 --> 00:31:22,947
-where there's this many animals.
-Oh, really?
295
00:31:24,782 --> 00:31:28,085
SIGOURNEY: Brian hopes to find some clues
as to what's going on.
296
00:31:28,452 --> 00:31:30,020
-Got it?
-Thanks.
297
00:31:32,590 --> 00:31:34,158
SIGOURNEY: Why the big party?
298
00:31:38,362 --> 00:31:42,333
BRIAN: As soon as I jump in the water
I here this cacophony of sound.
299
00:31:42,600 --> 00:31:45,903
(WHALES CLICKING)
300
00:31:53,544 --> 00:31:56,046
BRIAN: I can see between 12 and 18 whales
301
00:31:56,147 --> 00:31:59,483
and some are resting
like trees in a forest.
302
00:32:04,522 --> 00:32:06,590
Others are sort of horizontal.
303
00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:20,604
SIGOURNEY: These whales aren't thrilled
to have an intruder crash their fun.
304
00:32:24,074 --> 00:32:25,543
They're not aggressive
305
00:32:25,776 --> 00:32:28,712
but they let Brian know
he's not exactly welcome...
306
00:32:30,047 --> 00:32:32,416
in the best way they know how.
307
00:32:35,286 --> 00:32:36,420
Whale poop.
308
00:32:43,027 --> 00:32:46,464
Whales fertilize
the top of the water column
309
00:32:47,031 --> 00:32:48,833
boosting plankton growth.
310
00:32:50,868 --> 00:32:52,403
That feeds fish...
311
00:32:53,237 --> 00:32:56,474
and it even helps combat climate change.
312
00:33:10,921 --> 00:33:13,524
This act is also an opportunity.
313
00:33:14,091 --> 00:33:16,260
SHANE: It's right here.
You might actually be able to get it.
314
00:33:17,061 --> 00:33:18,395
MAN 1: Yeah.
315
00:33:18,796 --> 00:33:20,397
-ASHA: It's squid, look.
-SHANE: Yeah.
316
00:33:20,598 --> 00:33:25,503
Super cool, you can see the suction cups
on the bottom of this squid leg.
317
00:33:27,137 --> 00:33:31,342
SIGOURNEY: Asha scoops the poop
to find out what these sperm whales eat.
318
00:33:33,878 --> 00:33:36,013
So, right here, we have a squid beak
319
00:33:36,247 --> 00:33:38,749
that we fished out of some
of the sperm whale poop.
320
00:33:40,217 --> 00:33:42,186
Different clans
have different dietary habits,
321
00:33:42,253 --> 00:33:45,489
so, once we analyze these we'll get
a bit of a sense of the differences
322
00:33:45,556 --> 00:33:49,293
between here in Sri Lanka and some
of the sperm whales out in Dominica.
323
00:33:51,228 --> 00:33:54,431
SIGOURNEY: Shane Gero's methods
rely on sound.
324
00:33:57,268 --> 00:33:59,370
SHANE: When you put
the hydrophone in the water
325
00:33:59,670 --> 00:34:01,639
that's where the exciting stuff happens.
326
00:34:03,440 --> 00:34:06,710
SIGOURNEY: He's about to hear
their live communications
327
00:34:06,877 --> 00:34:08,479
for the first time.
328
00:34:10,814 --> 00:34:15,819
He'll learn if Sri Lankan whales
speak the same language as Hope...
329
00:34:17,154 --> 00:34:19,023
and the other whales of Dominica.
330
00:34:19,123 --> 00:34:22,226
(WHALES CLICKING)
331
00:34:25,763 --> 00:34:28,999
SHANE: That's a massive difference
than what we've seen off Dominica.
332
00:34:30,234 --> 00:34:32,136
Part of that is that they belong here.
333
00:34:32,703 --> 00:34:35,439
and they are signaling that
this is where they're from.
334
00:34:38,175 --> 00:34:41,845
SIGOURNEY:
This is an entirely different language.
335
00:34:42,613 --> 00:34:46,483
A clan with its own unique culture.
336
00:34:54,258 --> 00:34:59,196
But the challenges sperm whales face
everywhere are the same.
337
00:35:10,975 --> 00:35:14,111
This whale is missing part of its jaw.
338
00:35:17,381 --> 00:35:20,184
It's not hard to guess how it happened.
339
00:35:32,363 --> 00:35:35,666
The turtles around here make it obvious.
340
00:35:56,453 --> 00:36:01,692
Human debris can be a killer
for any marine animal.
341
00:36:04,595 --> 00:36:06,897
MAN:
And make sure I get behind this debris...
342
00:36:07,097 --> 00:36:12,036
SIGOURNEY: The National Geographic divers
save as many turtles as they can.
343
00:36:13,137 --> 00:36:14,171
Yeah.
344
00:36:16,807 --> 00:36:18,709
SHANE: Okay,
let me get the log off first.
345
00:36:24,648 --> 00:36:27,284
It's lucky, it doesn't look like
it's dug in anywhere.
346
00:36:27,951 --> 00:36:29,086
Ready?
347
00:36:31,188 --> 00:36:33,424
Okay. Okay. Okay.
348
00:36:33,791 --> 00:36:35,893
-That's the third one that I've cut out.
-MAN: Yup.
349
00:36:36,060 --> 00:36:37,361
And if you're saying you've seen
350
00:36:37,461 --> 00:36:38,495
-the same.
-Yeah.
351
00:36:38,696 --> 00:36:39,930
I mean, we spend a lot of time
on the water
352
00:36:39,997 --> 00:36:41,231
-but that's way too many.
-MAN: But still.
353
00:36:41,298 --> 00:36:43,100
-That's way too many, yeah.
-Yeah.
354
00:36:43,634 --> 00:36:47,304
SIGOURNEY:
Now they are anxious about Hope's chances
355
00:36:47,705 --> 00:36:50,674
and her endangered clan in Dominica.
356
00:36:58,148 --> 00:37:00,684
Back to where their investigation started.
357
00:37:11,161 --> 00:37:14,631
It's been more than a year
since Shane has seen Hope.
358
00:37:14,798 --> 00:37:16,066
We sound crazy because...
359
00:37:16,166 --> 00:37:19,536
SIGOURNEY:
She is critical to her family's survival.
360
00:37:20,971 --> 00:37:23,607
If she's still alive.
361
00:37:26,076 --> 00:37:31,348
But something strange is going on.
Unusual commotion.
362
00:37:32,883 --> 00:37:36,186
The resident groups here
are usually small families,
363
00:37:36,520 --> 00:37:38,489
moms hanging with their kids.
364
00:37:40,390 --> 00:37:45,229
But now, females from throughout the clan
have come together.
365
00:37:46,263 --> 00:37:49,666
It could indicate that something is wrong.
366
00:37:52,136 --> 00:37:54,772
While there's no sign yet of baby Hope...
367
00:37:55,739 --> 00:37:57,708
there is a visitor.
368
00:38:02,746 --> 00:38:03,881
An outsider.
369
00:38:05,716 --> 00:38:08,018
And he's quite the sex symbol.
370
00:38:21,131 --> 00:38:24,501
Some young males
also admire this superstar.
371
00:38:28,438 --> 00:38:32,543
It's rare here for a male
to attract so many fans.
372
00:38:35,913 --> 00:38:38,916
The ladies will decide
who he gets to mate with.
373
00:38:39,316 --> 00:38:40,617
Not him.
374
00:38:41,518 --> 00:38:45,455
But first, the whale equivalent of a hug.
375
00:38:46,089 --> 00:38:48,058
(WHALES CLICKING)
376
00:38:48,892 --> 00:38:51,929
SIGOURNEY:
They enjoy the stranger's touch.
377
00:38:54,631 --> 00:38:56,533
Bigger than a bus.
378
00:38:59,036 --> 00:39:01,538
As sensitive as a lamb.
379
00:39:12,683 --> 00:39:15,519
Now, they swim in formation.
380
00:39:23,260 --> 00:39:26,163
This outsider is from another clan.
381
00:39:27,831 --> 00:39:29,466
Maybe another ocean.
382
00:39:31,768 --> 00:39:35,973
He will boost the gene pool
of the sperm whales here.
383
00:39:41,178 --> 00:39:44,214
But scientist Shane Gero
is still concerned.
384
00:39:47,017 --> 00:39:50,721
Too many have died from entanglements
in fishing gear.
385
00:39:54,024 --> 00:39:57,294
Baby Hope may have suffered the same fate.
386
00:39:59,029 --> 00:40:02,332
All right. So you have a juvenile here,
coming on the port side of the boat.
387
00:40:02,499 --> 00:40:05,202
-MAN: Okay.
-And then the adult's back here.
388
00:40:05,302 --> 00:40:06,570
MAN: Right.
389
00:40:08,438 --> 00:40:09,840
SIGOURNEY: They search on.
390
00:40:10,407 --> 00:40:11,909
If she's still alive,
391
00:40:12,309 --> 00:40:18,181
Hope is one of the last chances
for this clan's unique culture to survive.
392
00:40:27,257 --> 00:40:29,159
MAN: It's definitely a sign.
You seeing them, chief?
393
00:40:29,259 --> 00:40:30,360
SHANE: Hold on, hold on.
394
00:40:31,128 --> 00:40:33,297
Are they both gonna go?
Are we gonna get calf with...?
395
00:40:33,563 --> 00:40:34,698
SIGOURNEY: Then...
396
00:40:36,199 --> 00:40:37,601
there she is.
397
00:40:38,802 --> 00:40:40,037
SHANE: Yeah!
398
00:40:40,337 --> 00:40:43,640
SIGOURNEY:
Shane recognizes her markings instantly.
399
00:40:48,178 --> 00:40:52,816
Hope has survived
her first two crucial years.
400
00:40:55,686 --> 00:40:57,254
Wow, she's so grown up.
401
00:40:59,256 --> 00:41:00,624
Wow! She's huge!
402
00:41:05,796 --> 00:41:09,366
The big take home that I've gotten
from spending thousands of hours
403
00:41:09,433 --> 00:41:13,270
in the company of sperm whales
is the power of community.
404
00:41:15,706 --> 00:41:18,942
Where you feel most at home
and most belong
405
00:41:19,042 --> 00:41:23,113
is really important to anything,
whether you're a whale or a human.
406
00:41:25,182 --> 00:41:28,352
If we're going to preserve life,
whether it's ours or theirs,
407
00:41:28,418 --> 00:41:31,755
it's really important that we protect
cultural diversity
408
00:41:31,855 --> 00:41:34,858
both in our own societies
and the ecosystem as a whole.
409
00:41:41,431 --> 00:41:44,901
SIGOURNEY: We still have much to learn
about sperm whale culture.
410
00:41:46,970 --> 00:41:52,843
But we know from other whale species
that each clan fills a vital niche.
411
00:41:55,912 --> 00:41:59,683
Orca families have very specific
hunting skills
412
00:42:00,017 --> 00:42:02,219
depending on where they live.
413
00:42:07,858 --> 00:42:09,860
(WHALES SQUEALING)
414
00:42:10,293 --> 00:42:13,063
SIGOURNEY: Belugas use complex language
415
00:42:13,463 --> 00:42:16,933
and teach their young
about traditional birthing grounds.
416
00:42:24,875 --> 00:42:28,945
Some male humpbacks create a new song
each year
417
00:42:29,546 --> 00:42:31,982
and share it around the world.
418
00:42:35,485 --> 00:42:37,521
This is culture.
419
00:42:41,858 --> 00:42:45,996
And sperm whale Hope,
may she live up to her name.
420
00:42:48,165 --> 00:42:52,302
She has the chance to pass on
her family's stories...
421
00:42:53,937 --> 00:42:57,274
their unique knowledge
of their native waters...
422
00:42:59,910 --> 00:43:01,178
their traditions...
423
00:43:04,481 --> 00:43:06,583
and their secrets.
424
00:43:15,792 --> 00:43:20,197
(THEME MUSIC PLAYING)
425
00:43:28,105 --> 00:43:29,206
Feel the sunshine.
426
00:43:29,406 --> 00:43:32,142
I've had a fair bit of experience
diving really deep.
427
00:43:32,676 --> 00:43:35,846
MAN: Okay. Hang on. Steady, guys.
Steady, steady, steady, steady, Donnie...
428
00:43:35,946 --> 00:43:38,315
But I need a sub to do it,
to withstand the pressure.
429
00:43:38,682 --> 00:43:42,185
This is Deepsea Challenger.
Do you copy? Over.
430
00:43:46,123 --> 00:43:48,959
JAMES: These sperm whales
are going down 3,000 feet,
431
00:43:49,159 --> 00:43:52,362
and they're doing it
over and over every day.
432
00:43:53,330 --> 00:43:56,433
They're so streamlined.
They just tuck their fins in.
433
00:43:57,200 --> 00:44:01,004
One or two tail moves to keep them going.
434
00:44:01,938 --> 00:44:04,608
Get them to where their lungs compress.
435
00:44:05,542 --> 00:44:08,678
And then they go negative,
and then they can just fall.
436
00:44:09,179 --> 00:44:11,014
They can just fall after that...
437
00:44:11,882 --> 00:44:13,416
in stillness.
438
00:44:16,887 --> 00:44:19,456
There's a peacefulness
in the way they dive.
439
00:44:19,789 --> 00:44:23,326
They have to conserve their energy
to get down to that depth...
440
00:44:24,361 --> 00:44:26,163
two-thirds of a mile down.
441
00:44:26,296 --> 00:44:28,265
(WHALES CLICKING)
442
00:44:28,665 --> 00:44:32,836
Pitch black. Utter darkness.
Using only sound.
443
00:44:32,936 --> 00:44:35,038
Seeing the world around you
only through sound.
444
00:44:35,872 --> 00:44:41,778
These sperm whales can emit
230-decibel sound pulse.
445
00:44:41,878 --> 00:44:43,513
(WHALES SQUEALING)
446
00:44:43,613 --> 00:44:44,648
JAMES: I mean, that would blow
447
00:44:44,748 --> 00:44:46,850
our eardrums in if we were
adjacent to them
448
00:44:47,317 --> 00:44:49,052
when they fire that thing off.
449
00:44:51,454 --> 00:44:54,324
Wow! That is awesome.
450
00:44:54,724 --> 00:44:56,359
JAMES:
This is what they're going down there for.
451
00:45:00,630 --> 00:45:02,299
It's not a giant, giant squid. (CHUCKLES)
452
00:45:02,465 --> 00:45:05,468
Not a very big giant squid,
but it's definitely a giant squid.
453
00:45:05,602 --> 00:45:06,970
It's really heavy.
454
00:45:07,604 --> 00:45:10,473
JAMES: So way down in the twilight zone...
455
00:45:11,341 --> 00:45:14,477
you have this incredible biomass
down there.
456
00:45:15,212 --> 00:45:16,813
SHANE: These are huge.
457
00:45:17,380 --> 00:45:20,817
And this is the great diurnal migration
up and down through the water column.
458
00:45:21,184 --> 00:45:24,221
You know, all that krill
and all that zooplankton down there.
459
00:45:24,321 --> 00:45:26,022
And the squid are feeding on that.
460
00:45:26,189 --> 00:45:30,527
And then the sperm whales drop down
into that territory and feed on the squid.
461
00:45:31,428 --> 00:45:33,763
(WHALES CLICKING)
462
00:45:33,897 --> 00:45:36,866
JAMES: So, it's amazing how they're
communicating with these clicks
463
00:45:37,067 --> 00:45:42,239
and these complex sequences, codas
which we don't know how to decipher yet...
464
00:45:43,139 --> 00:45:45,508
but they could carry
a tremendous amount of information.
465
00:45:46,576 --> 00:45:49,446
Maybe someday we'll be able
to decipher their language
466
00:45:49,613 --> 00:45:51,681
and communicate with them.
Wouldn't that be amazing?
467
00:45:51,915 --> 00:45:55,151
(WHALES CLICKING)
38585
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