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Viewers like you make
this program possible.
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Support your local PBS station.
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♪
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[indistinct chatter]
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Probably around four, six or four.
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We're local, so we're not flying out...
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HAIR STYLIST:
I think you're good...
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I can't believe you filmed that.
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[indistinct chatter]
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[indistinct chatter]
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SPEAKER:
About innovation,
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and really coming into some
really innovative...
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[indistinct]
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This is a gentleman who really
has reinvented bionics.
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And we say the Six Million Dollar Man?
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I think he's more the
100 Million Dollar Man.
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Professor Hugh Herr from MIT.
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[cheers and applause]
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HUGH HERR: Here you
can see my legs, 24 sensors,
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six microprocessors, and
muscle tendon-like actuators.
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I'm basically a bunch of nuts
and bolts from the knee down.
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I'm a bionic man,
but I'm not yet a cyborg.
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When I touch and move my synthetic limbs,
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I do not experience normal touch
and movement sensations.
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If I were a cyborg and could feel my legs,
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it would fundamentally change
my relationship
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to my synthetic body.
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♪
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Muscles within the body
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can be reconfigured for the control
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of powerful motors
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and to feel and sense
exoskeletal movements,
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augmenting humans' strength,
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jumping height, and running speed.
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During the twilight years of this century,
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I believe humans will be unrecognizable
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in morphology and dynamics
from what we are today.
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Humanity will take flight and soar.
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♪
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[machine whirring]
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[strikes match]
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♪
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I don't use the word disabled.
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The word disabled implies
that there's a weakness.
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Just because a person has an unusual body
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or mind doesn't mean there's weakness.
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Society is obsessed with
this idea of a normal human,
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a normal body, a normal mind.
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And that we're so convinced that normalcy
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is the pinnacle of capability.
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That's now collapsing, it's breaking down.
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♪
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As a young man, I imagined a future
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where artificial limbs weren't
these passive, inert tools.
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MATTHEW CARTY:
If we are able
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to come up with a better way
of doing amputation,
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that fully augments a person's ability
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to achieve increased levels of function,
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that is a much different package.
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♪
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HERR:
I think in 20 years,
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limb amputation will not be a disability,
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and there'll be several dimensions
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that are actual augmentation.
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♪
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[birds chirping]
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[indistinct chatter]
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[birds twittering]
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HERR:
It's a giant bird's nest.
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[sighs]
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Most of my hardest rock climbs
were done in these babies.
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INTERVIEWER: Is there a
reason to keep them kind of short
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and stubby?
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Yeah, it's an advantage.
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You can get your center of mass
closer to the wall
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if your feet are baby-sized.
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♪
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[voiceover]:
I would love to become a cyborg.
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I don't have yet that bilateral
brain connection
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between my nervous system
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and my synthetic powered ankles.
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I would love to experience that
neurological embodiment
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that I can architect my own body
and it can become me.
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It can become part of my own identity.
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I would love to experience it.
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I'm lucky.
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Both of my legs were amputated,
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and that affords me the ability
to adjust my height.
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Here, I'm really tall. [audience laughter]
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Like, really, really, really tall.
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Think Inspector Gadget.
[audience laughter]
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INTERVIEWER: Do you think
back to your accident and say, like,
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I wish it didn't happen
or was it, like, a gift?
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HERR:
I don't regret
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the change in my body at all.
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Regarding the scratch
that I experienced, it's...
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I think it's pretty cool. [chuckles]
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HERR [voiceover]:
I sometimes have nightmares
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where I see myself at the age
of 11, 13, 15,
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up thousands of feet without
a rope in a remote region.
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It's watching a time bomb about to go off.
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And I wake up sweating and terrified.
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♪
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I was, I believe, six years old
when I first went rock climbing.
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And it was near my parents' farm
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in the foothills of Pennsylvania.
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My brothers and I, we saw
climbing on the television.
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Henry Barber was being filmed
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climbing a rock in Wales.
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And we're like, "What's that?
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We want to do that."
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And we actually went out
and bought a how-to manual
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from an outdoors shop on how to climb.
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And we'd go into the woods of Pennsylvania
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and be looking up what a piton is,
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and when a carabiner is...
[chuckles]
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And making our way up this
mossy, wet cliff.
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It's truly remarkable
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that we lived through
our childhood, actually.
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[chuckling]
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ALISON OSIUS:
Hugh just wanted to climb.
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He wanted to climb all the time.
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It was dark, he wanted to climb,
it was freezing cold,
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and nobody else wants to be out there,
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and people are breathing in,
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huge clouds of frost are coming
out of their mouths,
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and Hugh is up there climbing.
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HERR: It immediately became
an extraordinary passion
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and it only increased with age.
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By the time I was 11, 12, 13,
it's all I thought about.
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JEFF BATZER: I would
say that there was just a,
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a natural chemistry.
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You know, Hugh and I liked each other.
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The rock climbing definitely
brought us together.
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We shared a remarkable passion
for climbing.
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That led to, you know,
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Jeff being my full-time climbing partner.
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BATZER: And so we would just
get together and climb a good bit,
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and ended up going on all these
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New York Shawangunks climbing trips.
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That was the east coast Mecca
for rock climbing.
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And he would rope up and he may
take a fall or two,
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00:08:32,373 --> 00:08:33,927
and in some cases not fall
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on a really hard climb,
and he'd pull it off.
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And that word, in the climbing world,
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gets around really quickly,
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and so he became known as Hot Hugh.
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HERR: By ten, 11 years old, I
was a, considered a child prodigy.
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I had national recognition
for my climbing prowess.
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00:08:53,671 --> 00:08:57,433
I studied Zen and meditation.
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I would often sit alone,
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and kind of rock back
and forth and meditate for...
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I mean, my poor parents thought I was mad.
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♪
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BATZER: I always said that Hugh
was known in the United States
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as being in the top handful
of the best climbers,
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even though he's only, you know,
15, 16 years old,
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and when we were on
Mount Washington he was 17.
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♪
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ANNOUNCER: At 6,288
feet, the view is the beauty
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and the weather, the beast.
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OSIUS: This is like so
many of these events
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where it's never just one thing,
it's an accrual.
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It's a whole series,
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and if you could change
any one of those things,
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it wouldn't happen.
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BATZER: I wanted to
go to Mount Washington.
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I said to Hugh, I said,
"I'd really like to do
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"one of the ice gullies,
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"but go to the top of the mountain
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"because I want to train more
for doing peaks
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and things like that,"
and Hugh said, "Sure, you know,
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glad to do that."
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We knew it was going to be
a little more dangerous
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than the other things we had done.
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♪
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OSIUS: Hugh and Jeff
drove up to New Hampshire.
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BATZER: I probably dominated
things with the music there,
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00:10:07,745 --> 00:10:09,712
but it was probably mostly
The Police on the way up.
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00:10:09,747 --> 00:10:11,611
And I can remember just remember
listening to this one song
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that says, "You'll be sorry
when I'm dead." [laughs]
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STING: ♪ You'll be sorry when I'm dead ♪
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♪ And all this guilt
will be on your head ♪
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♪ I guess you'd call it
suicide ♪
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[song echoes and ends]
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[footsteps crunching]
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00:10:29,663 --> 00:10:31,976
BATZER: The first night when
we got there was just to get up
188
00:10:32,010 --> 00:10:35,393
to stay overnight on
the mountain at Harvard Hut.
189
00:10:35,427 --> 00:10:38,120
You know, there was very much that warning
190
00:10:38,154 --> 00:10:41,571
to the Appalachian Mountain Club
folks, that were very careful,
191
00:10:41,606 --> 00:10:42,849
I think, to warn people like,
192
00:10:42,883 --> 00:10:44,367
"Hey, do you know what you're doing here?
193
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You know, you're going to go up
into a really rough realm."
194
00:10:45,955 --> 00:10:47,647
And so there would have been
a bit of that, too.
195
00:10:50,235 --> 00:10:53,066
That next morning is where
we wanted to choose a route
196
00:10:53,100 --> 00:10:54,964
going up through Huntington Ravine,
197
00:10:54,999 --> 00:10:57,242
where there are a number
of different ice climbs.
198
00:10:58,174 --> 00:11:00,004
So, we decided, really,
199
00:11:00,038 --> 00:11:02,351
I think it was that morning,
to do O'Dell's Gully.
200
00:11:02,385 --> 00:11:03,455
Hugh led it,
201
00:11:03,490 --> 00:11:06,251
and did a number of pitches on up through.
202
00:11:06,286 --> 00:11:07,805
And at one point I had
203
00:11:07,839 --> 00:11:09,461
these heavy Gore-Tex mittens,
204
00:11:09,496 --> 00:11:12,602
and I had slings that were Velcroed on,
205
00:11:12,637 --> 00:11:14,156
and so I could let them hang down,
206
00:11:14,190 --> 00:11:16,883
so I could work on the tools
and take screws in and out.
207
00:11:16,917 --> 00:11:19,471
So, the one time I did that,
the sling came open
208
00:11:19,506 --> 00:11:21,715
and I looked and the mitten was gone.
209
00:11:21,750 --> 00:11:22,992
So that would come in later on
210
00:11:23,027 --> 00:11:24,649
as far as being a major problem with,
211
00:11:24,684 --> 00:11:28,101
you know, trying to keep my
hands from becoming frostbitten.
212
00:11:28,135 --> 00:11:29,999
[wind gusting]
213
00:11:30,034 --> 00:11:32,105
So, we're at the top of O'Dell's Gully,
214
00:11:32,139 --> 00:11:34,797
which is 800 feet from the ground.
215
00:11:34,832 --> 00:11:36,834
We decided we would drive on,
216
00:11:36,868 --> 00:11:39,112
and actually try to get to the summit,
217
00:11:39,146 --> 00:11:41,183
and just try to knock that all off.
218
00:11:41,217 --> 00:11:44,669
Maybe about 20, 25 minutes or so,
219
00:11:44,704 --> 00:11:46,188
and these little wispy wind gusts
220
00:11:46,222 --> 00:11:47,465
and snow that was coming down
221
00:11:47,499 --> 00:11:51,296
turned into just hurricane force winds.
222
00:11:51,331 --> 00:11:57,095
HERR: Above Huntington's, we
probably walked five minutes at the most.
223
00:11:57,130 --> 00:12:01,824
That was the critical decision
that led to the accident.
224
00:12:01,859 --> 00:12:04,447
You know, among the mistakes
that they made
225
00:12:04,482 --> 00:12:06,242
was that they didn't have a compass,
226
00:12:06,277 --> 00:12:07,519
they didn't have a map and compass.
227
00:12:07,554 --> 00:12:09,349
And they were using the wind.
228
00:12:09,383 --> 00:12:13,836
And so when they turned around
to walk down,
229
00:12:13,871 --> 00:12:15,907
they did not realize that
the wind had changed
230
00:12:15,942 --> 00:12:18,427
and so they walked in the wrong direction.
231
00:12:18,461 --> 00:12:21,775
[wind blowing]
232
00:12:21,810 --> 00:12:24,226
Instead of going down
where they had come from,
233
00:12:24,260 --> 00:12:26,400
they went down the wrong side,
234
00:12:26,435 --> 00:12:28,368
and they went into the Great Gulf,
235
00:12:28,402 --> 00:12:31,785
which is an immense wilderness.
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♪
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BATZER:
So the day goes on, you know,
238
00:12:39,448 --> 00:12:42,244
half an hour after half an hour
starts going by
239
00:12:42,278 --> 00:12:44,487
and we're like,
"Man, what is going on here?"
240
00:12:44,522 --> 00:12:46,006
At some point we've got to break through
241
00:12:46,041 --> 00:12:47,836
to something that looks familiar here.
242
00:12:47,870 --> 00:12:49,803
We still thought we were
in Huntington Ravine.
243
00:12:49,838 --> 00:12:53,082
We thought if we go out,
we hook to this one side
244
00:12:53,117 --> 00:12:54,532
we're going to hit
the Harvard Hut eventually,
245
00:12:54,566 --> 00:12:56,189
we'd at least be able to get
there, no big deal.
246
00:12:56,223 --> 00:12:58,812
OSIUS: At a certain point,
they realized they were lost.
247
00:12:58,847 --> 00:13:00,641
But at that point,
248
00:13:00,676 --> 00:13:02,712
it was better just to keep going
249
00:13:02,747 --> 00:13:05,681
then try to go all the way back up.
250
00:13:05,715 --> 00:13:07,752
BATZER:
We'd gone for hours now,
251
00:13:07,787 --> 00:13:09,443
and going in toward evening,
and we're thinking, "Okay,
252
00:13:09,478 --> 00:13:11,445
"this is starting to get
a little more serious.
253
00:13:11,480 --> 00:13:12,481
"We don't have anything to eat.
254
00:13:12,515 --> 00:13:14,897
"We don't even have water with us.
255
00:13:14,932 --> 00:13:17,658
Just some awful events happened
that night.
256
00:13:17,693 --> 00:13:21,421
There was a river over
in that Great Gulf area.
257
00:13:21,455 --> 00:13:22,802
Well, let's just follow this,
258
00:13:22,836 --> 00:13:24,527
which is going downhill, at least.
259
00:13:24,562 --> 00:13:26,875
You know, maybe that'll get
to something eventually.
260
00:13:28,738 --> 00:13:30,844
And what happened was,
Hugh fell through the ice
261
00:13:30,879 --> 00:13:33,019
and was soaked from the waist down.
262
00:13:35,090 --> 00:13:36,885
Maybe within an hour or so,
it happened again.
263
00:13:36,919 --> 00:13:38,369
We were always right next to each other,
264
00:13:38,403 --> 00:13:39,370
and he would go through,
265
00:13:39,404 --> 00:13:41,751
and the next time he went in up to here.
266
00:13:41,786 --> 00:13:44,099
You know, it's minus 20 degrees Fahrenheit
267
00:13:44,133 --> 00:13:46,377
and your feet get wet.
268
00:13:46,411 --> 00:13:49,311
It's a rapid decay.
269
00:13:49,345 --> 00:13:50,588
[wind blowing]
270
00:13:50,622 --> 00:13:52,693
OSIUS:
They crawled under a rock
271
00:13:52,728 --> 00:13:54,868
and they were just trying
to keep each other warm
272
00:13:54,903 --> 00:13:56,801
and give each other hope.
273
00:13:56,836 --> 00:13:58,320
BATZER: So we broke a bunch of these trees
274
00:13:58,354 --> 00:13:59,908
and got a pile of these branches
275
00:13:59,942 --> 00:14:01,012
and laid them on top of the snow,
276
00:14:01,047 --> 00:14:02,807
so we were off of the cold snow.
277
00:14:02,842 --> 00:14:04,878
What we did is made a huge pile of these
278
00:14:04,913 --> 00:14:07,329
that we put on top of us,
like a sleeping bag.
279
00:14:07,363 --> 00:14:10,470
And we were just encased in
these branches in this cave.
280
00:14:10,504 --> 00:14:12,092
Given my experience in the mountains,
281
00:14:12,127 --> 00:14:14,888
I personally did not believe
we would last a night.
282
00:14:14,923 --> 00:14:17,235
What I didn't estimate
283
00:14:17,270 --> 00:14:20,618
is the power of being with someone else.
284
00:14:20,652 --> 00:14:22,931
That's critical because if
you're with another human being,
285
00:14:22,965 --> 00:14:25,312
you can hug them.
286
00:14:25,347 --> 00:14:28,522
And you, you dramatically reduce
the surface area
287
00:14:28,557 --> 00:14:32,733
of the dual body,
but you double the heat source.
288
00:14:32,768 --> 00:14:34,666
So, by hugging someone,
289
00:14:34,701 --> 00:14:37,186
you can stay alive for
a remarkable amount of time
290
00:14:37,221 --> 00:14:40,293
in those subarctic conditions.
291
00:14:40,327 --> 00:14:42,605
♪
292
00:14:42,640 --> 00:14:44,297
[birds chirping]
293
00:14:44,331 --> 00:14:47,403
BATZER: Sunday morning
was a beautiful morning.
294
00:14:47,438 --> 00:14:49,716
Calm, very cold.
295
00:14:49,750 --> 00:14:51,442
OSIUS:
They had no idea
296
00:14:51,476 --> 00:14:54,514
that there was this whole search going on
297
00:14:54,548 --> 00:14:56,861
on the other side of the mountain.
298
00:14:58,690 --> 00:15:01,107
BATZER: We didn't come
back, so the cabin caretaker,
299
00:15:01,141 --> 00:15:03,937
he alerted the Appalachian Mountain Club
300
00:15:03,972 --> 00:15:05,939
that these kids didn't come back.
301
00:15:05,974 --> 00:15:10,633
OSIUS: People fanned out
and were checking all the routes
302
00:15:10,668 --> 00:15:12,739
that you'd expect,
the known routes and gullies.
303
00:15:14,361 --> 00:15:16,432
[footsteps, heavy breathing]
304
00:15:16,467 --> 00:15:19,021
BATZER: What we did was
follow these trail markers.
305
00:15:19,056 --> 00:15:21,299
And this moving was just very slow.
306
00:15:21,334 --> 00:15:26,684
OSIUS: As they kept walking,
Hugh started falling over.
307
00:15:26,718 --> 00:15:28,203
By the time my eyes realized
I was falling,
308
00:15:28,237 --> 00:15:29,549
it was too late to react.
309
00:15:29,583 --> 00:15:32,897
So, I'd walk three paces
and just fall over.
310
00:15:32,932 --> 00:15:35,796
It was just a very strange feeling.
311
00:15:35,831 --> 00:15:37,384
♪
312
00:15:37,419 --> 00:15:40,491
BATZER: Monday morning,
basically, we're definitely thinking
313
00:15:40,525 --> 00:15:42,044
we could die, you know, at that point.
314
00:15:43,528 --> 00:15:46,738
So that morning, I started going
out through this deep snow,
315
00:15:46,773 --> 00:15:49,155
trying to follow this path and,
316
00:15:49,189 --> 00:15:52,089
oh, maybe made it for a couple of hours
317
00:15:52,123 --> 00:15:54,436
and just praying, trudging along.
318
00:15:54,470 --> 00:15:59,406
OSIUS: He walked and walked and
then he found himself crossing tracks.
319
00:15:59,441 --> 00:16:00,925
And for a second he was really excited,
320
00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:02,927
thinking they were someone's,
321
00:16:02,962 --> 00:16:04,515
and then he realized they were his.
322
00:16:07,311 --> 00:16:10,210
BATZER: So I decided, the strength I have,
323
00:16:10,245 --> 00:16:12,695
I'm going to return back to Hugh.
324
00:16:12,730 --> 00:16:14,697
I just fell back beside him
325
00:16:14,732 --> 00:16:16,872
and I said to him, I said,
Hugh, I said, I'd failed.
326
00:16:16,906 --> 00:16:18,046
I couldn't get out.
327
00:16:18,080 --> 00:16:19,564
He said, "That's okay, Jeff."
328
00:16:19,599 --> 00:16:24,155
And we didn't say another word
for maybe a couple of hours.
329
00:16:26,813 --> 00:16:33,820
♪
330
00:16:33,854 --> 00:16:35,960
[wind gusting]
331
00:16:39,826 --> 00:16:42,829
HERR:
The process of freezing to death
332
00:16:42,863 --> 00:16:45,866
is actually very pleasant.
333
00:16:48,973 --> 00:16:52,183
Even though it was minus 20
and constantly snowing,
334
00:16:52,218 --> 00:16:53,874
it felt warm.
335
00:16:53,909 --> 00:16:58,465
♪
336
00:16:58,500 --> 00:17:00,571
BATZER: I can remember
just having this thing
337
00:17:00,605 --> 00:17:03,229
where I just started to hyperventilate.
338
00:17:03,263 --> 00:17:06,163
♪
339
00:17:06,197 --> 00:17:12,031
HERR: I think we both
gave up the fight to live.
340
00:17:13,515 --> 00:17:19,141
We actually rationalize that
the sooner we died, the better.
341
00:17:19,176 --> 00:17:21,557
♪
342
00:17:21,592 --> 00:17:25,044
So we actually stopped hugging each other.
343
00:17:28,047 --> 00:17:29,393
OSIUS:
It's hard to imagine
344
00:17:29,427 --> 00:17:32,051
that they could have survived
another night.
345
00:17:36,745 --> 00:17:39,610
[footsteps]
346
00:17:39,644 --> 00:17:42,578
And then by incredible miracle,
347
00:17:42,613 --> 00:17:44,649
Cam Bradshaw,
348
00:17:44,684 --> 00:17:49,275
a 28-year-old hut manager,
was out snowshoeing
349
00:17:49,309 --> 00:17:52,450
and she saw these weird tracks
and she thought, "Oh,
350
00:17:52,485 --> 00:17:56,109
that must be a moose," because
they were so inconsistent.
351
00:17:56,144 --> 00:18:00,734
So she tracked them for a long time.
352
00:18:00,769 --> 00:18:04,152
♪
353
00:18:04,186 --> 00:18:07,810
BATZER: It was about 2:30, just
heard some noises over in the trees,
354
00:18:07,845 --> 00:18:09,536
real close to us
355
00:18:09,571 --> 00:18:10,848
and could see this girl, you know,
356
00:18:10,882 --> 00:18:12,712
fighting her way through the
trees, you know.
357
00:18:12,746 --> 00:18:16,716
She came upon us and was standing there.
358
00:18:16,750 --> 00:18:18,442
And at first we were silent,
359
00:18:18,476 --> 00:18:20,789
because we didn't trust our minds.
360
00:18:20,823 --> 00:18:23,688
And then we shouted and she responded.
361
00:18:23,723 --> 00:18:25,207
[laughs]
So...
362
00:18:25,242 --> 00:18:27,658
And she said, "Are you
the guys that are missing?"
363
00:18:27,692 --> 00:18:29,936
And they said,
"Yeah, that's us."
364
00:18:29,970 --> 00:18:33,112
And then everything went
into motion really fast.
365
00:18:33,146 --> 00:18:34,872
She went hurrying down the trail
366
00:18:34,906 --> 00:18:36,356
and I think she found some skiers
367
00:18:36,391 --> 00:18:38,358
and they went even faster
and they got to the road,
368
00:18:38,393 --> 00:18:39,980
and they got word to people.
369
00:18:40,015 --> 00:18:41,948
♪
370
00:18:41,982 --> 00:18:44,192
[helicopter rotors beating]
371
00:18:44,226 --> 00:18:46,125
And then the helicopter came in
372
00:18:46,159 --> 00:18:48,644
and got them.
373
00:18:48,679 --> 00:18:50,888
You know, a really good extraction
374
00:18:50,922 --> 00:18:52,683
just before it got dark.
375
00:18:52,717 --> 00:18:55,858
♪
376
00:18:55,893 --> 00:18:57,170
BATZER:
Actually said to Hugh,
377
00:18:57,205 --> 00:18:59,172
I was cheering him on when
nobody was around,
378
00:18:59,207 --> 00:19:00,898
"Just, come on, Hugh, hang in there,
379
00:19:00,932 --> 00:19:02,417
we need to make it
a little bit longer."
380
00:19:04,488 --> 00:19:07,249
HERR:
We felt tremendous elation
381
00:19:07,284 --> 00:19:10,010
because we went from
being certain of death to,
382
00:19:10,045 --> 00:19:12,151
gosh, we might live.
383
00:19:12,185 --> 00:19:13,842
BATZER:
Little did we know
384
00:19:13,876 --> 00:19:15,602
what our bodies would have to go through
385
00:19:15,637 --> 00:19:19,088
in these next days and all that
in the hospital and everything.
386
00:19:22,885 --> 00:19:27,787
♪
387
00:19:27,821 --> 00:19:29,340
One of the staff said,
388
00:19:29,375 --> 00:19:31,687
did you know that somebody
had died trying to rescue you?
389
00:19:34,587 --> 00:19:36,589
So, I broke down and cried
390
00:19:36,623 --> 00:19:39,247
and just couldn't believe
that that happened.
391
00:19:43,251 --> 00:19:46,737
HERR: Immediately following
the accident, my emotional state
392
00:19:46,771 --> 00:19:48,117
wasn't that of pity.
393
00:19:50,706 --> 00:19:53,330
It was that of extreme anger.
394
00:19:53,364 --> 00:19:57,955
I completely blamed myself
for the accident
395
00:19:57,989 --> 00:20:02,131
and for the death of a rescuer,
Albert Dow,
396
00:20:02,166 --> 00:20:05,790
was struck by an avalanche
searching for myself
397
00:20:05,825 --> 00:20:07,102
and my partner, Jeff Batzer.
398
00:20:07,136 --> 00:20:11,658
♪
399
00:20:11,693 --> 00:20:14,937
OSIUS: Albert was out there
trying to help somebody else.
400
00:20:14,972 --> 00:20:20,011
He and Michael Hartridge
checked Huntington.
401
00:20:20,046 --> 00:20:22,911
Apparently, a cornice collapsed above
402
00:20:22,945 --> 00:20:25,258
and they got hit from behind.
403
00:20:25,293 --> 00:20:27,087
[wind blowing]
404
00:20:27,122 --> 00:20:30,298
Michael was able to reach
into his anorak pocket
405
00:20:30,332 --> 00:20:33,024
and pull out the radio and say,
"We've been avalanched."
406
00:20:35,234 --> 00:20:38,616
And then when the others got to him,
407
00:20:38,651 --> 00:20:42,517
it was apparently the most eerie
sight anyone had ever seen,
408
00:20:42,551 --> 00:20:46,831
to see this one dachstein mitten
waving above the snow.
409
00:20:46,866 --> 00:20:49,213
♪
410
00:20:49,248 --> 00:20:52,112
And so they dug out Michael,
411
00:20:52,147 --> 00:20:53,735
and they were looking for Albert,
412
00:20:53,769 --> 00:20:55,771
and it took a little while,
and then they found him.
413
00:20:57,670 --> 00:21:00,431
♪
414
00:21:00,466 --> 00:21:03,262
CARYL DOW:
His neck had been broken.
415
00:21:03,296 --> 00:21:06,472
Probably hitting a tree,
416
00:21:06,506 --> 00:21:10,130
and he was killed instantly.
417
00:21:13,030 --> 00:21:18,069
Immediately, the impact
was shock, absolute disbelief.
418
00:21:18,104 --> 00:21:19,657
SUSAN DOW:
It wasn't anger, it was like,
419
00:21:19,692 --> 00:21:23,040
"How could this happen?"
You know?
420
00:21:23,074 --> 00:21:27,182
And, and that was much more
my reaction than anger.
421
00:21:27,216 --> 00:21:30,012
I was thrilled that they had survived.
422
00:21:30,047 --> 00:21:33,533
I think it would have been far
worse for me if they had died,
423
00:21:33,568 --> 00:21:38,331
because then it would have
been in vain, in some ways.
424
00:21:38,366 --> 00:21:41,472
And that, just, to me,
would have been unacceptable.
425
00:21:43,957 --> 00:21:49,411
HERR: For a very long time, I was enraged.
426
00:21:49,446 --> 00:21:51,240
But still having hope
427
00:21:51,275 --> 00:21:56,729
that I could climb out of the
ashes of the, of the accident,
428
00:21:56,763 --> 00:22:00,733
and in memory of the rescuer Albert Dow's,
429
00:22:00,767 --> 00:22:03,114
in memory of his sacrifice,
430
00:22:03,149 --> 00:22:06,014
to actually do something with my life
431
00:22:06,048 --> 00:22:09,258
and to contribute to humanity.
432
00:22:09,293 --> 00:22:12,365
BATZER: I went into
surgery after six weeks
433
00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:16,058
where they worked on my fingers
on my right hand,
434
00:22:16,093 --> 00:22:20,304
and removed those, and then also
the toes in my right foot.
435
00:22:20,339 --> 00:22:21,616
And then a couple of days later,
436
00:22:21,650 --> 00:22:23,687
I had my left leg removed
six inches below the knee.
437
00:22:23,721 --> 00:22:25,689
And then a couple days later,
438
00:22:25,723 --> 00:22:27,346
Hugh had both of his legs removed,
439
00:22:27,380 --> 00:22:29,865
about seven inches below the knee.
440
00:22:29,900 --> 00:22:32,765
♪
441
00:22:32,799 --> 00:22:37,321
HERR: Lying in the hospital
with my limbs amputated,
442
00:22:37,356 --> 00:22:40,186
my future was just a black hole.
443
00:22:40,220 --> 00:22:44,949
I had never met anyone with limb loss.
444
00:22:44,984 --> 00:22:48,090
I'd never met anyone that
used a prosthesis.
445
00:22:48,125 --> 00:22:52,025
So I had zero information
on what life would be.
446
00:22:53,682 --> 00:22:58,411
I asked my rehabilitation doctor
what I would be able to do.
447
00:22:58,446 --> 00:22:59,585
He said,
"What do you want to do?"
448
00:22:59,619 --> 00:23:01,690
And I said, "Well, I want to drive a car,
449
00:23:01,725 --> 00:23:03,692
"I want to ride my bicycle,
450
00:23:03,727 --> 00:23:05,660
and I really want to return
to mountain climbing."
451
00:23:05,694 --> 00:23:09,353
And he, without hesitation,
said I'd be able to drive a car,
452
00:23:09,388 --> 00:23:11,424
but with hand controls, but I'm afraid
453
00:23:11,459 --> 00:23:12,805
you'll never be able to ride a bicycle
454
00:23:12,839 --> 00:23:14,841
nor mountain climb again.
455
00:23:14,876 --> 00:23:18,189
♪
456
00:23:18,224 --> 00:23:21,434
I received my first pair of limbs.
457
00:23:21,469 --> 00:23:24,817
The mechanical attachment
of the limb to my residuum
458
00:23:24,851 --> 00:23:27,095
was actually made of plaster of Paris,
459
00:23:27,129 --> 00:23:31,789
and they told me,
even if you can and want to,
460
00:23:31,824 --> 00:23:34,585
do not walk without crutches or canes,
461
00:23:34,620 --> 00:23:36,863
because we're afraid
the plaster will crack.
462
00:23:36,898 --> 00:23:39,659
I cried for about 24 hours.
463
00:23:39,694 --> 00:23:41,523
And I think it's a common experience
464
00:23:41,558 --> 00:23:43,422
for people that go through this.
465
00:23:43,456 --> 00:23:44,526
They shake their head,
466
00:23:44,561 --> 00:23:46,666
in this day and age of space travel
467
00:23:46,701 --> 00:23:49,151
and automobiles, are you kidding me?
468
00:23:49,186 --> 00:23:50,463
Are you kidding me?
469
00:23:50,498 --> 00:23:54,571
And so I sheepishly
470
00:23:54,605 --> 00:23:57,159
took what was given to me for prostheses,
471
00:23:57,194 --> 00:23:59,748
and with my brother, we ventured
472
00:23:59,783 --> 00:24:03,165
into the same mossy wet cliffs
in Pennsylvania
473
00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:05,374
shortly after my limbs were amputated.
474
00:24:05,409 --> 00:24:09,655
I can barely walk,
but once I was at the cliff
475
00:24:09,689 --> 00:24:11,553
gripping the rock with fingers and toes,
476
00:24:11,588 --> 00:24:14,004
I just felt completely at home.
477
00:24:16,385 --> 00:24:19,699
It was silly of me to listen
to the doctor.
478
00:24:19,734 --> 00:24:21,770
It was silly because he didn't know me,
479
00:24:21,805 --> 00:24:25,429
and it seemed that
he didn't know technology.
480
00:24:25,464 --> 00:24:30,261
I began tinkering and designing variants
481
00:24:30,296 --> 00:24:31,884
of my prostheses
482
00:24:31,918 --> 00:24:33,299
that were more conducive
to the vertical world
483
00:24:33,333 --> 00:24:34,921
of rock and ice climbing.
484
00:24:34,956 --> 00:24:38,407
♪
485
00:24:41,756 --> 00:24:46,692
JIM EWING: Hugh, climbing
as strongly as he did back then,
486
00:24:46,726 --> 00:24:50,868
was kind of a challenge
to people; it was, you know,
487
00:24:50,903 --> 00:24:52,732
kind of putting his finger in their eye.
488
00:24:52,767 --> 00:24:55,010
So, people were looking for excuses
489
00:24:55,045 --> 00:25:00,119
for why he was a stronger
climber than they were, perhaps.
490
00:25:00,153 --> 00:25:03,881
Maybe he can stand on smaller
edges than everybody else,
491
00:25:03,916 --> 00:25:06,608
or maybe he can extend his leg longer
492
00:25:06,643 --> 00:25:10,543
so he can reach the hold easier,
but having witnessed
493
00:25:10,578 --> 00:25:12,545
the struggles that he went through
494
00:25:12,580 --> 00:25:16,480
as a bilateral amputee,
495
00:25:16,515 --> 00:25:18,206
that's, that's a bunch of hogwash.
496
00:25:18,240 --> 00:25:21,174
HERR:
I realized firsthand
497
00:25:21,209 --> 00:25:23,556
the extraordinary capacity of technology
498
00:25:23,591 --> 00:25:26,421
to heal, to rehabilitate,
and in my own case,
499
00:25:26,455 --> 00:25:30,632
to extend physicality beyond
natural levels.
500
00:25:30,667 --> 00:25:32,841
And that is what inspired me
to go to school,
501
00:25:32,876 --> 00:25:36,086
and to more deeply learn mathematics,
502
00:25:36,120 --> 00:25:38,571
engineering, and design.
503
00:25:38,606 --> 00:25:42,506
Because I thought to myself,
if I had this level of success
504
00:25:42,541 --> 00:25:44,439
with just skills in the machine shop,
505
00:25:44,473 --> 00:25:46,579
imagine what I could do
506
00:25:46,614 --> 00:25:50,307
if I deeply understood
physics and engineering.
507
00:25:50,341 --> 00:25:54,898
So there I found myself
in mathematics class.
508
00:25:55,864 --> 00:25:59,799
♪
509
00:26:15,056 --> 00:26:19,923
[crowd cheering]
510
00:26:29,380 --> 00:26:32,142
[explosion]
511
00:26:32,176 --> 00:26:38,320
[people screaming]
512
00:26:38,355 --> 00:26:41,082
POLICE RADIO VOICE 1:
What was that on Boylston Street?
513
00:26:41,116 --> 00:26:46,294
POLICE RADIO VOICE 2:833, something
just exploded at the finish line.
514
00:26:46,328 --> 00:26:49,780
POLICE RADIO VOICE 3: Two devices
just went off at Boylston and Exeter.
515
00:26:49,815 --> 00:26:53,750
All units, extreme caution.
516
00:26:53,784 --> 00:26:57,512
CARTY: I'll never forget when
we heard about the bombing.
517
00:26:57,546 --> 00:27:00,688
[people screaming]
518
00:27:00,722 --> 00:27:02,586
Someone came into the O.R.
and said,
519
00:27:02,621 --> 00:27:06,279
"I think there has been
a bombing at the marathon."
520
00:27:06,314 --> 00:27:08,419
I also happened to be on call
521
00:27:08,454 --> 00:27:12,354
for plastic surgery
at the Brigham on that day.
522
00:27:12,389 --> 00:27:14,322
POLICE RADIO VOICE 1:
Delta 984, sir, go.
523
00:27:14,356 --> 00:27:15,737
POLICE RADIO VOICE 3: We
need help from the medical tent.
524
00:27:15,772 --> 00:27:19,499
Get as many people as you can up
here from the medical tent.
525
00:27:19,534 --> 00:27:21,709
CARTY: Here were all
these young, healthy patients
526
00:27:21,743 --> 00:27:24,504
who had amputations in the field
527
00:27:24,539 --> 00:27:25,954
or were requiring amputations
after the fact
528
00:27:25,989 --> 00:27:27,335
because of the severity of their injury.
529
00:27:27,369 --> 00:27:29,751
But they still had material
530
00:27:29,786 --> 00:27:32,547
that could be used for
reconstructive purposes
531
00:27:32,581 --> 00:27:34,238
that we were throwing away at the time,
532
00:27:34,273 --> 00:27:36,413
because that's how
standard amputations are done.
533
00:27:36,447 --> 00:27:38,518
[sirens, police radios]
534
00:27:38,553 --> 00:27:43,800
If we are able to come up with
a better way of doing amputation
535
00:27:43,834 --> 00:27:47,527
that fully augments a person's ability
536
00:27:47,562 --> 00:27:50,358
to achieve increased levels of function,
537
00:27:50,392 --> 00:27:52,256
that is a much different package.
538
00:27:52,291 --> 00:27:57,606
So, what the marathon inspired
was really, frankly,
539
00:27:57,641 --> 00:27:59,919
for me to get off my ass...
[chuckles]
540
00:27:59,954 --> 00:28:02,232
and crystallize this into something
541
00:28:02,266 --> 00:28:04,199
that was operationalizable.
542
00:28:04,234 --> 00:28:09,342
♪
543
00:28:09,377 --> 00:28:11,241
TYLER CLITES: For
hundreds, thousands of years,
544
00:28:11,275 --> 00:28:14,762
amputation has been viewed
as a procedure that's done
545
00:28:14,796 --> 00:28:17,040
when there are no other options.
546
00:28:17,074 --> 00:28:19,732
So we try to fix it in
all these different ways.
547
00:28:19,767 --> 00:28:21,354
And that doesn't work.
548
00:28:21,389 --> 00:28:24,530
And the last thing we do
is we take the leg.
549
00:28:24,564 --> 00:28:27,913
Because of that, not much
scientific effort has been put
550
00:28:27,947 --> 00:28:30,018
into changing the way
that that surgery is done.
551
00:28:30,053 --> 00:28:31,917
And so, fundamentally,
the surgery hasn't changed
552
00:28:31,951 --> 00:28:34,298
since, really, the Civil War era.
553
00:28:34,333 --> 00:28:39,165
♪
554
00:28:39,200 --> 00:28:41,305
CARTY: Now, to understand the limitations
555
00:28:41,340 --> 00:28:43,549
of traditional approaches to amputation,
556
00:28:43,583 --> 00:28:45,689
it's critical to first understand
557
00:28:45,724 --> 00:28:47,380
how our limbs work normally.
558
00:28:47,415 --> 00:28:50,590
Muscles in our limbs work
in tandem with each other,
559
00:28:50,625 --> 00:28:52,731
with each pair joined by a tendon.
560
00:28:52,765 --> 00:28:56,320
So when I bend my wrist,
muscles on one side contract,
561
00:28:56,355 --> 00:28:59,461
and complementary muscles
on the opposing side stretch.
562
00:28:59,496 --> 00:29:01,532
Or, when I point my foot up,
563
00:29:01,567 --> 00:29:03,258
a muscle in the front of my leg contracts,
564
00:29:03,293 --> 00:29:05,674
and a muscle in the back expands.
565
00:29:05,709 --> 00:29:07,953
Sensory nerves located in
muscles and joints,
566
00:29:07,987 --> 00:29:11,784
called proprioceptors, detect
each stretch and contraction
567
00:29:11,819 --> 00:29:15,201
and send signals to the brain
via the nervous system.
568
00:29:15,236 --> 00:29:17,825
The brain actually uses
this awareness of the movement
569
00:29:17,859 --> 00:29:20,793
of those muscle pairs
and creates a spatial,
570
00:29:20,828 --> 00:29:24,486
almost visualized, map
of where the limb is in space.
571
00:29:24,521 --> 00:29:27,524
This feedback is how we sense
the motion of our limbs
572
00:29:27,558 --> 00:29:31,355
and joints and their position
with exceptional accuracy.
573
00:29:31,390 --> 00:29:34,324
It's how I can touch my nose
with my eyes closed.
574
00:29:34,358 --> 00:29:35,912
Or walk up a flight of stairs
575
00:29:35,946 --> 00:29:37,879
without having to look down at my feet.
576
00:29:37,914 --> 00:29:39,674
We call this proprioception,
577
00:29:39,708 --> 00:29:42,850
and it's essential for our
ability to move naturally.
578
00:29:42,884 --> 00:29:44,921
♪
579
00:29:44,955 --> 00:29:49,097
SHRIYA SRINIVASAN: Proprioception is
our ability to sense the world around us.
580
00:29:49,132 --> 00:29:51,824
It's the way that we know
our joints move in space,
581
00:29:51,859 --> 00:29:53,826
how fast they're moving,
how hard they're pushing,
582
00:29:53,861 --> 00:29:54,965
how stiff they are.
583
00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:56,898
The amputation paradigm today
584
00:29:56,933 --> 00:30:00,937
basically throws sand over the
whole thing and calls it a day.
585
00:30:00,971 --> 00:30:03,318
And so it leaves
all these wires just hanging.
586
00:30:03,353 --> 00:30:05,286
Nothing's connected properly.
587
00:30:05,320 --> 00:30:08,116
CARTY: In a standard
below-knee amputation,
588
00:30:08,151 --> 00:30:10,843
there's an incision that's made
in the front part of the leg.
589
00:30:10,878 --> 00:30:13,190
And we go down and we basically,
we cut the bone,
590
00:30:13,225 --> 00:30:15,020
and the tissues in the back part
of the calf
591
00:30:15,054 --> 00:30:18,368
are left a bit longer and
essentially are able to flap up
592
00:30:18,402 --> 00:30:20,473
and provide coverage
at the end of the limb.
593
00:30:20,508 --> 00:30:24,408
That muscle flap turns
into a big ball of scar.
594
00:30:24,443 --> 00:30:25,824
It provides good padding,
595
00:30:25,858 --> 00:30:27,895
but the muscle pairs are no
longer connected,
596
00:30:27,929 --> 00:30:29,586
leading to the loss of proprioception
597
00:30:29,620 --> 00:30:31,243
in the residual limb.
598
00:30:31,277 --> 00:30:34,039
If that patient thinks about
moving their phantom ankle,
599
00:30:34,073 --> 00:30:36,731
muscles in the front part
of their leg may contract,
600
00:30:36,765 --> 00:30:39,182
but the ones in the back no
longer stretch in connection,
601
00:30:39,216 --> 00:30:40,873
and vice versa.
602
00:30:40,908 --> 00:30:43,255
This causes the brain to receive
conflicting
603
00:30:43,289 --> 00:30:44,877
and confusing signals,
604
00:30:44,912 --> 00:30:46,879
creating all sorts of issues
for the patient,
605
00:30:46,914 --> 00:30:48,916
including phantom limb pain,
606
00:30:48,950 --> 00:30:52,333
and difficulty using
the newest prosthetic limbs.
607
00:30:52,367 --> 00:30:53,852
HERR: So my limbs
were amputated, obviously,
608
00:30:53,886 --> 00:30:55,336
in a conventional way.
609
00:30:55,370 --> 00:30:56,440
What that means is
610
00:30:56,475 --> 00:30:58,926
the muscles in my residuum here
611
00:30:58,960 --> 00:31:01,618
were stitched down a constant length.
612
00:31:01,652 --> 00:31:04,345
When I try to move my foot ankle,
613
00:31:04,379 --> 00:31:08,073
it feels like my feet
are in rigid ski boots.
614
00:31:08,107 --> 00:31:09,695
CLITES:
Now we have all this technology.
615
00:31:09,729 --> 00:31:12,077
We have advanced robotic limbs,
616
00:31:12,111 --> 00:31:15,390
we have advanced ways of talking
to nerves and muscles,
617
00:31:15,425 --> 00:31:17,634
and yet we're still
doing amputation the same way.
618
00:31:17,668 --> 00:31:19,878
So, our goal in designing this procedure
619
00:31:19,912 --> 00:31:22,087
was to fundamentally change the way
620
00:31:22,121 --> 00:31:23,433
that amputations are done
621
00:31:23,467 --> 00:31:26,332
to optimize the limb for communication
622
00:31:26,367 --> 00:31:30,405
with an advanced external robotic device.
623
00:31:32,131 --> 00:31:34,340
HERR:
The inception of the idea
624
00:31:34,375 --> 00:31:37,240
came from little domains of knowledge
625
00:31:37,274 --> 00:31:40,381
of how, A, the musculoskeletal
system works
626
00:31:40,415 --> 00:31:42,279
linked to the nervous system,
627
00:31:42,314 --> 00:31:46,559
and, B, knowledge about
how the body is controlled,
628
00:31:46,594 --> 00:31:49,838
and how robots are controlled.
629
00:31:51,426 --> 00:31:54,084
And I also knew that
the fundamental motor unit
630
00:31:54,119 --> 00:31:57,708
of biological systems is not one muscle,
631
00:31:57,743 --> 00:32:01,229
but two muscles working in
agonist-antagonist pairs.
632
00:32:01,264 --> 00:32:04,784
It's fundamental to how we work as humans.
633
00:32:04,819 --> 00:32:07,926
So one day I just thought of,
634
00:32:07,960 --> 00:32:11,308
let's link them and take two motor nerves
635
00:32:11,343 --> 00:32:13,103
and get the motor nerves to grow in
636
00:32:13,138 --> 00:32:15,588
and create a little biological joint.
637
00:32:15,623 --> 00:32:19,385
My level of education
in surgeries was almost zero.
638
00:32:19,420 --> 00:32:22,078
So I did not know what was possible.
639
00:32:22,112 --> 00:32:23,182
How are you feeling?
640
00:32:23,217 --> 00:32:24,183
Yeah, they just got the IV in you?
641
00:32:24,218 --> 00:32:25,978
Just now, yeah. Okay.
642
00:32:26,013 --> 00:32:29,775
HERR: It was around
then that I met Matt Carty.
643
00:32:29,809 --> 00:32:33,986
CARTY: Hugh and I were both
interested in revamping limb amputation,
644
00:32:34,021 --> 00:32:36,782
and ultimately decided to focus,
at least in part,
645
00:32:36,816 --> 00:32:38,680
on how we restore proprioception.
646
00:32:38,715 --> 00:32:41,373
We had done a series of early
conceptual drawings
647
00:32:41,407 --> 00:32:43,996
and discussed the idea of
creating a biological joint
648
00:32:44,031 --> 00:32:45,791
to maintain the muscle pairings
649
00:32:45,825 --> 00:32:48,242
typically lost during amputation.
650
00:32:48,276 --> 00:32:51,279
Using tendons and bones we
typically throw away,
651
00:32:51,314 --> 00:32:54,489
we designed a series of pulleys
and small pivot points
652
00:32:54,524 --> 00:32:57,389
to connect muscles, so that they
work in the dynamic way
653
00:32:57,423 --> 00:32:59,874
they were intended to by nature.
654
00:32:59,908 --> 00:33:02,670
Our hope was that by restoring
proprioception,
655
00:33:02,704 --> 00:33:04,775
patients would be able to not
only perceive
656
00:33:04,810 --> 00:33:06,846
where their phantom limb was in space,
657
00:33:06,881 --> 00:33:10,195
but actually would be able
to better use a prothesis
658
00:33:10,229 --> 00:33:12,369
that was specially adapted
to their modified limb.
659
00:33:14,993 --> 00:33:17,029
By the time
660
00:33:17,064 --> 00:33:19,894
we had ironed out those details,
661
00:33:19,928 --> 00:33:22,862
we felt pretty confident
that we would be able
662
00:33:22,897 --> 00:33:25,313
to do this safely in a live human being.
663
00:33:25,348 --> 00:33:27,764
The first subject we looked for,
664
00:33:27,798 --> 00:33:32,148
someone that was generally healthy.
665
00:33:32,182 --> 00:33:37,808
Someone that was mentally
prepared, mentally tough.
666
00:33:37,843 --> 00:33:41,295
We then needed somebody who,
of course, needed an amputation.
667
00:33:43,124 --> 00:33:45,851
INTERVIEWER: All right,
I think we're ready to go.
668
00:33:45,885 --> 00:33:51,201
CARTY: I like to make the comparison
to recruiting the first astronaut.
669
00:33:51,236 --> 00:33:52,961
INTERVIEWER: Just
count to five one more time.
670
00:33:52,996 --> 00:33:55,930
One, two, three, four, five.
671
00:33:55,964 --> 00:34:03,282
♪
672
00:34:06,561 --> 00:34:11,980
♪
673
00:34:12,015 --> 00:34:14,604
JIM EWING:
We're on our way to Boston,
674
00:34:14,638 --> 00:34:16,813
to...
675
00:34:16,847 --> 00:34:20,575
say goodbye to my left foot.
676
00:34:20,610 --> 00:34:22,715
CATHY KING:
How are you feeling emotionally?
677
00:34:22,750 --> 00:34:26,236
I am absolutely terrified.
678
00:34:26,271 --> 00:34:28,549
[Cathy chuckling]
679
00:34:28,583 --> 00:34:31,586
But I'm also very excited.
680
00:34:38,731 --> 00:34:40,181
C'mon, Hugh.
681
00:34:40,216 --> 00:34:42,804
Oh, I see the family of ants.
682
00:34:42,839 --> 00:34:46,498
Yeah, isn't that cool? Yeah.
683
00:34:46,532 --> 00:34:48,776
JIM EWING [voiceover]:
Hugh and I first met maybe
684
00:34:48,810 --> 00:34:51,744
in 1984 or 1985, somewhere in there.
685
00:34:51,779 --> 00:34:53,160
Here, you wanna carry that?
686
00:34:53,194 --> 00:34:55,852
No. Would you carry that?
687
00:34:57,371 --> 00:34:59,131
HERR [voiceover]:
Yeah, I was a climbing bum
688
00:34:59,166 --> 00:35:02,134
living in New Hampshire,
689
00:35:02,169 --> 00:35:03,860
and putting up first ascents
690
00:35:03,894 --> 00:35:06,518
on the cliffs near North Conway.
691
00:35:06,552 --> 00:35:11,039
That's where I met Jim, we kind of...
692
00:35:11,074 --> 00:35:13,490
lived in the same quarters.
693
00:35:13,525 --> 00:35:16,286
JIM EWING: Back around
the time that I met Hugh,
694
00:35:16,321 --> 00:35:18,392
I had a much darker view of the world.
695
00:35:18,426 --> 00:35:21,809
I had kind of drawn all over
my climbing shoes
696
00:35:21,843 --> 00:35:23,466
a bunch of weird designs,
697
00:35:23,500 --> 00:35:26,089
and then I wrote on the side
of a left shoe,
698
00:35:26,124 --> 00:35:30,369
I said, "Life sucks," and on
the right shoe, "Then you die."
699
00:35:30,404 --> 00:35:31,646
And Hugh saw that,
700
00:35:31,681 --> 00:35:34,339
with his legs off, and he looked at me,
701
00:35:34,373 --> 00:35:38,274
and he said, "Does life
really suck, Jim?"
702
00:35:38,308 --> 00:35:41,069
And what do I say to a guy
who's sitting there,
703
00:35:41,104 --> 00:35:43,175
bilateral amputee, like,
704
00:35:43,210 --> 00:35:45,315
maybe it doesn't suck so bad.
705
00:35:47,283 --> 00:35:49,630
HERR: He's an extraordinary
climber, a very gifted climber,
706
00:35:49,664 --> 00:35:54,082
and, you know, like me,
has been climbing forever.
707
00:35:54,117 --> 00:35:56,533
This is Jim's number one love,
708
00:35:56,568 --> 00:35:58,811
besides me and his daughter, of course.
709
00:35:58,846 --> 00:36:01,297
He's been climbing since he was 12.
710
00:36:01,331 --> 00:36:05,024
And from that moment,
I think he just took to it,
711
00:36:05,059 --> 00:36:08,269
like it just hit his soul and a
spirituality for him, I'd say.
712
00:36:10,064 --> 00:36:12,377
JIM EWING: When I look
back on my climbing career,
713
00:36:12,411 --> 00:36:16,898
the things that I cherish
the most are the experiences.
714
00:36:16,933 --> 00:36:20,143
I don't always remember the name
of the climbs that I did,
715
00:36:20,178 --> 00:36:23,664
but I remember the person
that I did it with.
716
00:36:23,698 --> 00:36:26,184
I was seven the first time my dad took me
717
00:36:26,218 --> 00:36:29,497
outside rock climbing
and it was just me and him.
718
00:36:29,532 --> 00:36:31,741
I liked it, but I was terrified.
719
00:36:31,775 --> 00:36:33,501
We'd always go on trips,
720
00:36:33,536 --> 00:36:35,814
and we'd definitely do a lot
of climbing then,
721
00:36:35,848 --> 00:36:37,333
up until the accident.
722
00:36:40,232 --> 00:36:45,272
JIM EWING: The accident
was on December 26, 2014.
723
00:36:45,306 --> 00:36:49,345
My daughter, Maxine,
and I were climbing a cliff
724
00:36:49,379 --> 00:36:51,864
on Cayman Brac, in the Cayman Islands,
725
00:36:51,899 --> 00:36:54,660
that I hadn't been to before.
726
00:36:54,695 --> 00:36:56,283
MAXINE EWING:
My dad was doing
727
00:36:56,317 --> 00:37:00,045
a harder route that I hadn't attempted,
728
00:37:00,079 --> 00:37:04,532
and I was belaying him,
he was... pretty high up.
729
00:37:04,567 --> 00:37:10,055
JIM EWING:
I started up the final headwall
730
00:37:10,089 --> 00:37:14,197
and realized that I had kind
of the wrong sequence set up,
731
00:37:14,232 --> 00:37:16,372
and so I went to step down
732
00:37:16,406 --> 00:37:19,478
back to a ledge and take a rest,
733
00:37:19,513 --> 00:37:21,687
so that I could figure it out.
734
00:37:21,722 --> 00:37:25,519
In sort of shifting myself,
getting back to the ledge,
735
00:37:25,553 --> 00:37:27,693
my right foot slipped off.
736
00:37:27,728 --> 00:37:33,975
I fell maybe five feet,
and stopped briefly.
737
00:37:34,010 --> 00:37:38,359
And then fell again, just a
couple of feet, stopped briefly,
738
00:37:38,394 --> 00:37:41,535
and then went all the way to the ground.
739
00:37:41,569 --> 00:37:45,504
They tell me that I fell
approximately 50 feet.
740
00:37:45,539 --> 00:37:48,783
I was breathing, taking deep breaths,
741
00:37:48,818 --> 00:37:52,062
I'd really gotten the wind
knocked out of me, so I said,
742
00:37:52,097 --> 00:37:54,858
"As soon as I catch my breath,
I'll roll over
743
00:37:54,893 --> 00:37:56,101
and get more comfortable."
744
00:37:56,135 --> 00:37:57,516
And even though I never caught my breath,
745
00:37:57,551 --> 00:37:58,724
I tried to roll over anyway
746
00:37:58,759 --> 00:38:01,451
and realized my pelvis was broken.
747
00:38:01,486 --> 00:38:03,833
I was calm.
748
00:38:03,867 --> 00:38:06,111
Everybody else around me was hysterical.
749
00:38:06,145 --> 00:38:09,321
The injuries were my left ankle.
750
00:38:09,356 --> 00:38:11,599
My talus bone was crushed.
751
00:38:11,634 --> 00:38:14,361
I had fracture of the left wrist.
752
00:38:14,395 --> 00:38:17,433
And probably at the time
the worst injury was
753
00:38:17,467 --> 00:38:19,435
I had a full pelvic ring fracture,
754
00:38:19,469 --> 00:38:22,852
front and back was completely destroyed.
755
00:38:22,886 --> 00:38:25,475
Then there were a bunch of minor things
756
00:38:25,510 --> 00:38:28,478
like compression fractures in my vertebrae
757
00:38:28,513 --> 00:38:33,034
and ribs that were torn away
from my sternum, bruised lungs.
758
00:38:33,069 --> 00:38:37,522
Sounds like enough, really,
but it was, it was a lot.
759
00:38:37,556 --> 00:38:39,696
KING: I remember one
time approaching the ICU
760
00:38:39,731 --> 00:38:42,492
with Maxine and I could hear
this, this screaming,
761
00:38:42,527 --> 00:38:45,219
and I'm thinking to myself,
"Oh, my God, that's horrible.
762
00:38:45,253 --> 00:38:46,772
Like, that can't be Jim."
763
00:38:46,807 --> 00:38:49,637
And sure enough, it was Jim
and it was awful.
764
00:38:49,672 --> 00:38:51,812
As a nurse, I've been a nurse
for nine years,
765
00:38:51,846 --> 00:38:54,435
and I've never seen anything like that.
766
00:38:54,470 --> 00:38:56,679
[birds chirping]
767
00:38:56,713 --> 00:38:59,854
Maxine had her own struggle and
process with this whole thing.
768
00:38:59,889 --> 00:39:01,684
JIM EWING:
Unfortunately, I set things up
769
00:39:01,718 --> 00:39:06,205
kind of carelessly that day in
a way that made it
770
00:39:06,240 --> 00:39:08,553
impossible for her to hold the fall.
771
00:39:08,587 --> 00:39:11,003
MAXINE EWING: There are
occasional moments where I felt
772
00:39:11,038 --> 00:39:14,248
guilty and then I would tell
myself that it was my fault.
773
00:39:14,282 --> 00:39:19,287
But I do know that it wasn't.
774
00:39:19,322 --> 00:39:23,395
JIM EWING: You know, I spent
six months basically off my feet.
775
00:39:23,430 --> 00:39:28,814
It reached a point of recovery
that was unsatisfactory,
776
00:39:28,849 --> 00:39:31,161
and then started going downhill.
777
00:39:31,196 --> 00:39:35,407
Once the cartilage in the ankle
started to break down,
778
00:39:35,442 --> 00:39:39,515
and the bone had died,
it was all downhill from there.
779
00:39:40,930 --> 00:39:42,725
Every step was painful.
780
00:39:42,759 --> 00:39:45,866
Stepping off a curb or having
a sudden change in angle
781
00:39:45,900 --> 00:39:48,455
of the foot was excruciating.
782
00:39:48,489 --> 00:39:50,664
KING: The only option for the pain relief
783
00:39:50,698 --> 00:39:52,666
would have been to have a fusion,
784
00:39:52,700 --> 00:39:56,359
and that would have made him
lose a lot of mobility
785
00:39:56,394 --> 00:39:59,155
and functionality, and that would have put
786
00:39:59,189 --> 00:40:03,055
a huge damper on all
of his outdoor activities.
787
00:40:03,090 --> 00:40:06,680
JIM EWING: That was when I
started really thinking about amputation.
788
00:40:06,714 --> 00:40:07,922
I contacted Hugh
789
00:40:07,957 --> 00:40:11,512
to talk about what life would
be like for me
790
00:40:11,547 --> 00:40:14,135
if I chose to have my foot amputated.
791
00:40:14,170 --> 00:40:16,034
[indistinct chatter]
792
00:40:16,068 --> 00:40:20,901
HERR: In the beginning, it was
just trying to help him as a friend.
793
00:40:20,935 --> 00:40:23,317
And we met several times,
794
00:40:23,351 --> 00:40:27,632
and he relayed to me how much
pain he was in.
795
00:40:27,666 --> 00:40:31,221
At one point, we were sitting in
my car just outside the lab,
796
00:40:31,256 --> 00:40:33,465
and he just started to weep
797
00:40:33,500 --> 00:40:36,330
'cause he was in so much pain.
798
00:40:36,364 --> 00:40:39,885
He just, he sat there in my car
and sobbed.
799
00:40:39,920 --> 00:40:41,266
That was... [sighs]
800
00:40:43,199 --> 00:40:47,237
And that's, I think, that's when
I realized that, you know,
801
00:40:47,272 --> 00:40:50,793
pursuing an amputation would,
802
00:40:50,827 --> 00:40:53,416
would dramatically improve his life.
803
00:40:53,451 --> 00:40:56,764
Just getting rid of that pain
is just a necessity.
804
00:40:56,799 --> 00:41:00,492
There's no life with
such excruciating pain.
805
00:41:00,527 --> 00:41:02,287
It never stops.
806
00:41:04,703 --> 00:41:07,085
A lot of those early conversations was me
807
00:41:07,119 --> 00:41:09,708
describing to him exactly what
my life is like,
808
00:41:09,743 --> 00:41:14,679
what I'm able to do,
what my limitations are,
809
00:41:14,713 --> 00:41:16,784
and also where technology's going,
810
00:41:16,819 --> 00:41:18,027
where we'll be five years from now,
811
00:41:18,061 --> 00:41:21,686
ten years from now, and so on.
812
00:41:21,720 --> 00:41:23,377
And of course, I mentioned what
813
00:41:23,411 --> 00:41:26,553
we were working on, and...
814
00:41:26,587 --> 00:41:29,556
I had basically no expectation
815
00:41:29,590 --> 00:41:33,870
that he would want to be the first human
816
00:41:33,905 --> 00:41:36,735
to undergo this procedure.
817
00:41:36,770 --> 00:41:39,531
So I was actually surprised, in the end,
818
00:41:39,566 --> 00:41:41,291
how everything unfolded.
819
00:41:41,326 --> 00:41:43,121
[chuckles]
820
00:41:43,155 --> 00:41:44,536
I think right then and there
821
00:41:44,571 --> 00:41:48,160
I decided that was time to amputate.
822
00:41:50,715 --> 00:41:53,131
There was a pretty long vetting
process that we did together,
823
00:41:53,165 --> 00:41:55,029
and he needed to think about things,
824
00:41:55,064 --> 00:41:56,928
and we needed to think about things.
825
00:41:56,962 --> 00:41:58,999
♪
826
00:41:59,033 --> 00:42:00,448
JIM EWING:
You know, I thought,
827
00:42:00,483 --> 00:42:03,072
I'm just this guy from Maine
828
00:42:03,106 --> 00:42:06,696
and I'm meeting this big Boston surgeon,
829
00:42:06,731 --> 00:42:09,768
but Dr. Carty put me at ease
pretty much straight away,
830
00:42:09,803 --> 00:42:13,738
and he stayed in the room with
me, answering lots of questions.
831
00:42:13,772 --> 00:42:16,637
We needed to be sure that Jim understood
832
00:42:16,672 --> 00:42:18,121
that this was a little bit of a black box
833
00:42:18,156 --> 00:42:19,640
and that we're going to be
making up some of it
834
00:42:19,675 --> 00:42:20,676
as we went along.
835
00:42:20,710 --> 00:42:23,264
And he was very thoughtful,
836
00:42:23,299 --> 00:42:24,818
and at the end of the day
837
00:42:24,852 --> 00:42:26,751
provided consent
and then we moved forward.
838
00:42:26,785 --> 00:42:29,581
♪
839
00:42:29,616 --> 00:42:32,895
KING: If someone said to me,
"You have to cut that foot off,"
840
00:42:32,929 --> 00:42:36,726
if I had to put myself in his
shoes, it would be terrifying.
841
00:42:36,761 --> 00:42:43,043
♪
842
00:42:47,288 --> 00:42:53,571
♪
843
00:43:00,854 --> 00:43:04,167
JIM EWING: How long are
we expected to be under today?
844
00:43:04,202 --> 00:43:05,375
About four hours.
845
00:43:05,410 --> 00:43:07,964
About four hours, okay.
846
00:43:07,999 --> 00:43:09,690
A typical amputation usually
takes about two-and-a half,
847
00:43:09,725 --> 00:43:11,554
Yeah. and building in additional time
848
00:43:11,589 --> 00:43:13,521
for what we're planning on
doing, I'm guessing around four.
849
00:43:13,556 --> 00:43:15,144
Sure.
850
00:43:15,178 --> 00:43:17,871
Okay. Okay?
851
00:43:17,905 --> 00:43:19,320
All right, my friend.
852
00:43:19,355 --> 00:43:23,324
CARTY [voiceover]:
To think that, here's a guy who
853
00:43:23,359 --> 00:43:25,119
is jumping off this cliff,
854
00:43:25,154 --> 00:43:26,914
no pun intended for him,
855
00:43:26,949 --> 00:43:29,192
but we're all doing this together,
856
00:43:29,227 --> 00:43:30,987
and, um,
857
00:43:31,022 --> 00:43:32,644
we were suitably nervous,
858
00:43:32,679 --> 00:43:33,783
just because it was a little bit unknown.
859
00:43:35,751 --> 00:43:37,511
...is sixty... For now.
860
00:43:37,545 --> 00:43:39,478
Scared?
861
00:43:41,549 --> 00:43:44,138
Emotional?
862
00:43:46,106 --> 00:43:49,696
It's going to be good,
it's going to be great.
863
00:43:49,730 --> 00:43:53,872
♪
864
00:43:53,907 --> 00:43:56,081
Bye, hon, love you. Love you, too.
865
00:43:56,116 --> 00:43:57,704
Good luck, see you later!
866
00:44:00,430 --> 00:44:03,606
♪
867
00:44:07,921 --> 00:44:13,202
[machinery beeping]
868
00:44:21,728 --> 00:44:24,662
♪
869
00:44:26,767 --> 00:44:30,150
CLITES [voiceover]: We were invited
to participate in the actual amputation.
870
00:44:32,842 --> 00:44:36,501
SRINIVASAN: We'd practiced and rehearsed
the surgery with Matt many times,
871
00:44:36,535 --> 00:44:40,954
and so on that day, we were
there to just see it happen
872
00:44:40,988 --> 00:44:44,405
and provide a little bit
of input wherever we could.
873
00:44:44,440 --> 00:44:48,271
CLITES [voiceover]: I'm sitting up in
an observation room with a microphone,
874
00:44:48,306 --> 00:44:50,618
it goes directly to Dr. Carty's ear
875
00:44:50,653 --> 00:44:51,723
as he's doing the surgery.
876
00:44:51,758 --> 00:44:54,312
I'm telling him things like,
877
00:44:54,346 --> 00:44:56,072
"Hey, we had talked about
putting these there,"
878
00:44:56,107 --> 00:44:57,315
or "Hey, we should measure
that."
879
00:44:57,349 --> 00:45:00,732
He's asking me questions as we're going,
880
00:45:00,767 --> 00:45:02,838
so it was very much
an interactive process.
881
00:45:04,771 --> 00:45:06,980
CARTY: This really was
a reflection of the fact
882
00:45:07,014 --> 00:45:09,741
that we had been building up to
this for several years
883
00:45:09,776 --> 00:45:12,571
before ever implementing it in
a human being.
884
00:45:12,606 --> 00:45:14,608
So, part of the point of our communication
885
00:45:14,642 --> 00:45:16,748
was to remind each other of all the steps
886
00:45:16,783 --> 00:45:19,993
that we had defined in the
animal lab, and the cadaver lab,
887
00:45:20,027 --> 00:45:21,511
to make sure that we did it right
888
00:45:21,546 --> 00:45:23,134
when it came time to do it with Jim.
889
00:45:23,168 --> 00:45:25,964
CLITES [voiceover]: It was
great to be a part of that.
890
00:45:25,999 --> 00:45:30,589
[machinery beeping]
891
00:45:30,624 --> 00:45:32,557
CARTY: Things went
fine, he's safe, he's awake.
892
00:45:32,591 --> 00:45:33,834
KING: Oh, awesome.
893
00:45:33,869 --> 00:45:35,318
CARTY:
It's a complicated operation,
894
00:45:35,353 --> 00:45:36,941
it's the first time anybody's
ever done it, so...
895
00:45:36,975 --> 00:45:39,426
KING: Yeah. it was, so we took time
in order to see everything.
896
00:45:39,460 --> 00:45:41,255
This is Tyler,
this is Shriya. Hi, Tyler.
897
00:45:41,290 --> 00:45:42,463
CLITES:
Nice to meet you.
898
00:45:42,498 --> 00:45:45,190
They both work with Hugh at MIT.
899
00:45:45,225 --> 00:45:47,710
Oh, okay, you're observingSo,
they're going to be some of the,
900
00:45:47,745 --> 00:45:49,367
yeah, they're gonna be
some of the bridge team
901
00:45:49,401 --> 00:45:52,819
and as Jim starts working
with the prosthetic element. Okay.
902
00:45:52,853 --> 00:45:54,821
So, we'll get him through
the acute recovery,
903
00:45:54,855 --> 00:45:57,478
and then we'll get working
in terms of his rehabilitation.
904
00:45:57,513 --> 00:45:59,101
And then, as I said,
905
00:45:59,135 --> 00:46:00,999
there'll be a, there'll be
a transition when,
906
00:46:01,034 --> 00:46:03,519
when you all start seeing
these guys a lot more.
907
00:46:03,553 --> 00:46:09,559
♪
908
00:46:19,431 --> 00:46:21,606
JIM EWING [voiceover]:
It's hard emotionally,
909
00:46:21,640 --> 00:46:23,504
just day-to-day.
910
00:46:23,539 --> 00:46:25,506
Sometimes it feels like
911
00:46:25,541 --> 00:46:29,096
two steps forward, a few steps back.
912
00:46:29,131 --> 00:46:32,824
When I'm in a lot of pain, you know,
913
00:46:32,859 --> 00:46:37,864
I start to have doubts about
was this the right thing to do?
914
00:46:37,898 --> 00:46:40,970
Of course, there's, there's
no going back at this point.
915
00:46:42,592 --> 00:46:45,285
The pain that I experienced in my ankle
916
00:46:45,319 --> 00:46:48,875
before my foot was removed, that
is pretty much completely gone.
917
00:46:48,909 --> 00:46:53,983
The only thing remaining
is the nerve pains.
918
00:46:54,018 --> 00:46:57,159
I can actually stop the pain
a little bit temporarily
919
00:46:57,193 --> 00:47:02,509
by just waving my hand or my
other foot below my stump
920
00:47:02,543 --> 00:47:05,063
it, and if I look at it and do that,
921
00:47:05,098 --> 00:47:08,273
it just kind of tells my brain, you know,
922
00:47:08,308 --> 00:47:14,245
"You can forget about that pain,
that pain isn't actually there."
923
00:47:14,279 --> 00:47:15,694
You're probably the best possible person
924
00:47:15,729 --> 00:47:17,662
that we could have as a first,
925
00:47:17,696 --> 00:47:19,871
first patient to go through this.
926
00:47:19,906 --> 00:47:23,185
Because you're actually strong,
you have a lot of stamina,
927
00:47:23,219 --> 00:47:24,980
you understand the broader context of what
928
00:47:25,014 --> 00:47:27,085
we're trying to do,
and you're also incredibly nice.
929
00:47:27,120 --> 00:47:30,226
And so I really appreciate that,
I know, I know. [laughs]
930
00:47:30,261 --> 00:47:32,573
My daughter will laugh
when she hears that. [laughter]
931
00:47:32,608 --> 00:47:38,441
So what we can say today
is that things appear
932
00:47:38,476 --> 00:47:39,995
as though they're continuing to be moving
933
00:47:40,029 --> 00:47:41,375
the way that we want them to be.
934
00:47:41,410 --> 00:47:46,173
At this point, it's all about
healing and rehabilitation.
935
00:47:46,208 --> 00:47:48,037
That's with regards to the biology,
936
00:47:48,072 --> 00:47:51,523
With regards to the technological side,
937
00:47:51,558 --> 00:47:56,977
we're going to soon segue to Jim
938
00:47:57,012 --> 00:48:00,498
working with our partners across town,
939
00:48:00,532 --> 00:48:03,570
to get fitted with a prosthesis
940
00:48:03,604 --> 00:48:07,022
that can utilize some
of the unique capabilities
941
00:48:07,056 --> 00:48:09,645
that his revised limb will offer.
942
00:48:09,679 --> 00:48:18,309
♪
943
00:48:24,971 --> 00:48:27,801
HERR:
The mission of my research group
944
00:48:27,835 --> 00:48:30,459
is to advance
945
00:48:30,493 --> 00:48:33,531
design technology that normalizes,
946
00:48:33,565 --> 00:48:35,533
or extends, human physicality.
947
00:48:35,567 --> 00:48:37,984
♪
948
00:48:38,018 --> 00:48:39,399
So here you see
949
00:48:39,433 --> 00:48:43,506
the bit of the history of our
knee and ankle work.
950
00:48:43,541 --> 00:48:45,198
This was the first mechanism
951
00:48:45,232 --> 00:48:48,132
that we actually tested on a human,
952
00:48:48,166 --> 00:48:52,032
and their metabolic cost of gait
was reduced.
953
00:48:52,067 --> 00:48:54,897
This was eventually
commercialized into a package
954
00:48:54,932 --> 00:48:55,898
that looks like this,
955
00:48:55,933 --> 00:48:57,486
called the BiOM Ankle,
956
00:48:57,520 --> 00:49:00,351
and today I'm wearing the most recent,
957
00:49:00,385 --> 00:49:02,422
which is called the emPower Ankle.
958
00:49:02,456 --> 00:49:05,252
So here's the packaged battery,
959
00:49:05,287 --> 00:49:09,394
a modular battery that just snaps in,
960
00:49:09,429 --> 00:49:13,467
and you push here to boot up.
961
00:49:13,502 --> 00:49:14,986
We now have a product
962
00:49:15,021 --> 00:49:18,645
that's been fit on
approximately 2,000 people,
963
00:49:18,679 --> 00:49:22,235
half of which have been wounded
U.S. soldiers.
964
00:49:26,239 --> 00:49:28,689
I've always been intrigued
965
00:49:28,724 --> 00:49:30,898
by human augmentation.
966
00:49:30,933 --> 00:49:33,867
It's a great human narrative.
967
00:49:33,901 --> 00:49:35,834
It's about human improvement.
968
00:49:35,869 --> 00:49:38,044
It's about technology and tools.
969
00:49:38,078 --> 00:49:40,908
It's what humans do.
970
00:49:40,943 --> 00:49:45,913
Oh, my God, I can't believe it! [laughter]
971
00:49:45,948 --> 00:49:49,710
It's just like I've got a, a real leg!
972
00:49:49,745 --> 00:49:53,197
HERR: Of course, I'm not
alone in that excitement.
973
00:49:53,231 --> 00:49:57,201
Every student in this lab
is just utterly fascinated
974
00:49:57,235 --> 00:50:00,238
and intrigued by the process
of human augmentation.
975
00:50:04,760 --> 00:50:09,213
CLITES [voiceover]:
Hugh is my PhD adviser.
976
00:50:09,247 --> 00:50:11,353
The logistics of our relationship is that
977
00:50:11,387 --> 00:50:13,734
I'm a research assistant in the lab.
978
00:50:13,769 --> 00:50:15,081
It's Hugh's vision,
979
00:50:15,115 --> 00:50:18,187
and he delegates projects to his students
980
00:50:18,222 --> 00:50:20,500
and he's always very involved
in those projects.
981
00:50:20,534 --> 00:50:27,058
And then we find ways to make
those things happen.
982
00:50:27,093 --> 00:50:30,475
And kind of... we're the foot
soldiers, we do the groundwork.
983
00:50:32,581 --> 00:50:35,066
EMILY ROGERS: We have so many different
types of projects going on, you know,
984
00:50:35,101 --> 00:50:38,242
from the neural engineering
to mechanical design,
985
00:50:38,276 --> 00:50:41,348
so they're...
you know, therefore
986
00:50:41,383 --> 00:50:43,661
putting in a lot of hours trying
to get these projects done.
987
00:50:45,283 --> 00:50:46,560
SRINIVASAN [voiceover]:
It has been a challenging place,
988
00:50:46,595 --> 00:50:48,493
and I love the challenge,
989
00:50:48,528 --> 00:50:51,082
and I love the opportunities
that come with that challenge.
990
00:50:51,117 --> 00:50:55,431
I probably work about 80 hours
a week, so quite a bit.
991
00:50:56,915 --> 00:50:58,538
MATTHEW CARNEY:
I think it looks pretty sweet.
992
00:50:58,572 --> 00:51:02,197
I don't know how well
it's going to work yet.
993
00:51:03,612 --> 00:51:05,752
I think the expectations for us
are insane.
994
00:51:05,786 --> 00:51:07,754
The way I always say it to myself is,
995
00:51:07,788 --> 00:51:10,136
Hugh's like, "At the end
of the day, I want new legs!"
996
00:51:10,170 --> 00:51:11,585
[chuckles]
997
00:51:11,620 --> 00:51:14,001
"Give me better legs...
what can we do, we're at MIT.
998
00:51:14,036 --> 00:51:15,486
Make me nice legs."
999
00:51:15,520 --> 00:51:18,696
Uh, but... and it's true,
like, what can we do?
1000
00:51:18,730 --> 00:51:20,007
I think it's important to push hard.
1001
00:51:22,700 --> 00:51:25,427
[voiceover]: We're building
a four degree of freedom leg
1002
00:51:25,461 --> 00:51:26,531
that has a knee,
1003
00:51:26,566 --> 00:51:30,811
an ankle, a sub-taylor, and an MTP joint.
1004
00:51:30,846 --> 00:51:33,987
It's a substantial improvement
over the BiOM,
1005
00:51:34,021 --> 00:51:36,921
according to the numbers, if it
actually performs that well.
1006
00:51:36,955 --> 00:51:38,612
This has a way larger range of motion
1007
00:51:38,647 --> 00:51:41,546
and more power, also.
1008
00:51:41,581 --> 00:51:42,823
MAN:
Has Hugh seen it yet?
1009
00:51:42,858 --> 00:51:44,101
CARNEY:
No.
1010
00:51:44,135 --> 00:51:46,448
I just built this at like
3:00 a.m. last night.
1011
00:51:46,482 --> 00:51:48,139
[chuckles]
1012
00:51:48,174 --> 00:51:50,900
[phone keyboard clicking]
1013
00:51:50,935 --> 00:51:53,248
I was just responding to Hugh.
1014
00:51:53,282 --> 00:51:55,388
He said, "Sexy."
1015
00:51:55,422 --> 00:51:57,666
I'll take that.
[chuckles]
1016
00:51:57,700 --> 00:52:00,186
I think he'll be happy with it
once he gets to wear it.
1017
00:52:00,220 --> 00:52:04,293
Especially...
hopefully, it'll perform better.
1018
00:52:04,328 --> 00:52:06,640
All right, let's do this thing.
1019
00:52:06,675 --> 00:52:09,747
HERR: I take very seriously
the culture of the group.
1020
00:52:09,781 --> 00:52:11,990
It's critical
1021
00:52:12,025 --> 00:52:13,992
that I accept people into the lab
1022
00:52:14,027 --> 00:52:16,305
that are passionate
about what we're working on.
1023
00:52:16,340 --> 00:52:18,894
In times when a lot of work
1024
00:52:18,928 --> 00:52:20,654
needs to get done,
1025
00:52:20,689 --> 00:52:22,898
it's probably at least 70 hours a week.
1026
00:52:22,932 --> 00:52:27,213
In more mellow, relaxed times,
maybe 50 hours a week.
1027
00:52:27,247 --> 00:52:31,872
So, it's MIT, it's,
it's not a walk in the park.
1028
00:52:31,907 --> 00:52:36,808
CLITES: I basically
say, T-one minus T-two,
1029
00:52:36,843 --> 00:52:39,052
which is the total torque
applied to the joint,
1030
00:52:39,086 --> 00:52:44,126
equals a dynamic equation
that represents the joint.
1031
00:52:44,161 --> 00:52:46,266
And that's the inertia matrix?
1032
00:52:46,301 --> 00:52:48,717
CLITES:
Yes.
1033
00:52:48,751 --> 00:52:52,203
[voiceover]: Often in research,
one of the problems that we have
1034
00:52:52,238 --> 00:52:53,618
is that the people doing the research
1035
00:52:53,653 --> 00:52:55,655
are not the same people
affected by the thing
1036
00:52:55,689 --> 00:52:56,656
that they're researching.
1037
00:52:56,690 --> 00:52:59,590
[prosthesis whirring]
1038
00:52:59,624 --> 00:53:04,698
Hugh breaks that dynamic in
a very powerful way.
1039
00:53:04,733 --> 00:53:09,151
HERR [voiceover]: There's a very
interesting dynamic on how society views
1040
00:53:09,186 --> 00:53:14,018
the human body, and human
ability, and human disability.
1041
00:53:14,052 --> 00:53:18,298
My legs were amputated,
and the whole world says,
1042
00:53:18,333 --> 00:53:19,955
"Oh, that's such a sad story."
1043
00:53:19,989 --> 00:53:22,164
The whole world said,
1044
00:53:22,199 --> 00:53:25,512
"You're now a cripple
and your life is kind of over."
1045
00:53:25,547 --> 00:53:29,067
After 12 months post-surgery,
1046
00:53:29,102 --> 00:53:31,622
I started climbing better
1047
00:53:31,656 --> 00:53:34,521
than I achieved before my limbs
were amputated,
1048
00:53:34,556 --> 00:53:38,767
climbing wall surfaces that no
human had ever climbed before,
1049
00:53:38,801 --> 00:53:41,459
whether with biologic or synthetic limbs.
1050
00:53:41,494 --> 00:53:43,012
And then suddenly,
1051
00:53:43,047 --> 00:53:45,394
the narrative changed overnight
to statements of,
1052
00:53:45,429 --> 00:53:49,018
"You're cheating,
that's not fair, how dare you."
1053
00:53:49,053 --> 00:53:50,227
To being a threat.
1054
00:53:50,261 --> 00:53:52,159
I actually had one competitor
1055
00:53:52,194 --> 00:53:54,714
that threatened to cut
his own legs off to compete.
1056
00:53:54,748 --> 00:53:56,819
♪
1057
00:53:56,854 --> 00:54:01,203
When we have all these bionic
interventions at our disposal,
1058
00:54:01,238 --> 00:54:05,138
the individual will be able
to design their own physicality,
1059
00:54:05,172 --> 00:54:09,660
design their own cognition
and emotional experience,
1060
00:54:09,694 --> 00:54:12,697
will be able to sculpt their own identity.
1061
00:54:12,732 --> 00:54:14,458
In that future,
1062
00:54:14,492 --> 00:54:18,945
when we look at the normal,
innate biological body,
1063
00:54:18,979 --> 00:54:22,293
we will go... [yawns]...
"So boring."
1064
00:54:22,328 --> 00:54:23,570
[chuckles]
1065
00:54:23,605 --> 00:54:29,231
♪
1066
00:54:29,266 --> 00:54:31,751
KEISHA RAY: I think society,
in response to enhancement,
1067
00:54:31,785 --> 00:54:34,305
in response to bionic body parts,
1068
00:54:34,340 --> 00:54:37,791
will be a lot of people
who will be scared, right?
1069
00:54:37,826 --> 00:54:40,760
They may call out things like cheating.
1070
00:54:40,794 --> 00:54:43,349
They may say that things are unfair
1071
00:54:43,383 --> 00:54:45,903
if someone with bionic body parts
1072
00:54:45,937 --> 00:54:48,112
has easier access to things.
1073
00:54:48,146 --> 00:54:50,252
And I think that's really
at the heart of it.
1074
00:54:50,287 --> 00:54:52,737
So, there's already disparities
1075
00:54:52,772 --> 00:54:55,982
that are beyond our control
that affect our lives.
1076
00:54:56,016 --> 00:54:58,433
You can think of disparities in
access to health insurance,
1077
00:54:58,467 --> 00:55:00,469
particularly private health insurance.
1078
00:55:00,504 --> 00:55:02,954
So if Black and Latinx
people, for example,
1079
00:55:02,989 --> 00:55:05,094
have lesser access to health insurance,
1080
00:55:05,129 --> 00:55:08,408
that means they have lesser
access to artificial limbs,
1081
00:55:08,443 --> 00:55:11,791
particularly those that are
very technologically advanced,
1082
00:55:11,825 --> 00:55:13,240
like bionic limbs.
1083
00:55:13,275 --> 00:55:15,691
One way that we can rethink access
1084
00:55:15,726 --> 00:55:18,176
and make it more equitable to people
1085
00:55:18,211 --> 00:55:21,110
is to rethink the way that we think
1086
00:55:21,145 --> 00:55:23,458
about these artificial limbs
and bionic limbs.
1087
00:55:23,492 --> 00:55:25,322
We think of them as enhancement,
1088
00:55:25,356 --> 00:55:27,841
almost, like, cosmetic, right?
1089
00:55:27,876 --> 00:55:30,603
That you don't really need these
limbs to live a good life,
1090
00:55:30,637 --> 00:55:32,294
and if you do want them,
1091
00:55:32,329 --> 00:55:33,640
then you're going to have to pay for them,
1092
00:55:33,675 --> 00:55:37,851
because we think of it similar
to, like, a rhinoplasty
1093
00:55:37,886 --> 00:55:40,992
or, you know, augmenting the
body in some cosmetic way.
1094
00:55:41,027 --> 00:55:44,996
But if we think about bionic
limbs as more of therapy,
1095
00:55:45,031 --> 00:55:47,205
as treatment, as more of something
1096
00:55:47,240 --> 00:55:49,760
that helps people live an average life,
1097
00:55:49,794 --> 00:55:53,557
then we can start to take away
some of the disparate access
1098
00:55:53,591 --> 00:55:57,664
to artificial limbs that are
very technologically advanced.
1099
00:56:01,288 --> 00:56:04,602
HERR [voiceover]: We want to really
provide a delivery platform for bionics
1100
00:56:04,637 --> 00:56:05,845
to everyone in the world.
1101
00:56:05,879 --> 00:56:09,089
So we want to launch
a mobile delivery platform
1102
00:56:09,124 --> 00:56:10,090
for bionic limbs
1103
00:56:10,125 --> 00:56:12,576
in Sierra Leone, Africa.
1104
00:56:12,610 --> 00:56:16,234
So the framework is to have
a mobile, rugged vehicle
1105
00:56:16,269 --> 00:56:20,411
and inside it has CT scanning,
3D printing,
1106
00:56:20,446 --> 00:56:22,724
computational computers.
1107
00:56:22,758 --> 00:56:26,175
And we'll literally drive around
from village to remote village
1108
00:56:26,210 --> 00:56:28,833
and build limbs and fit people with limbs.
1109
00:56:28,868 --> 00:56:31,008
We not only want to, you know,
1110
00:56:31,042 --> 00:56:34,529
create the future of
functionality in bionics,
1111
00:56:34,563 --> 00:56:36,013
but we also want to create the future
1112
00:56:36,047 --> 00:56:38,774
on how that technology
is delivered to people,
1113
00:56:38,809 --> 00:56:42,916
independent of where
they live across the world.
1114
00:56:42,951 --> 00:56:45,505
♪
1115
00:56:51,546 --> 00:56:54,618
When you look at the human timeline,
1116
00:56:54,652 --> 00:56:58,518
us human animals are extraordinary
1117
00:56:58,553 --> 00:57:02,419
at devising tools and using tools.
1118
00:57:02,453 --> 00:57:05,249
I mean, no other animal comes close.
1119
00:57:05,283 --> 00:57:07,596
[machinery whirring]
1120
00:57:07,631 --> 00:57:09,322
We design and build hammers,
and we pick them up
1121
00:57:09,356 --> 00:57:10,772
and we drive in nails.
1122
00:57:10,806 --> 00:57:12,532
♪
1123
00:57:12,567 --> 00:57:13,878
It's a tool,
1124
00:57:13,913 --> 00:57:15,570
it's separate from our bodies.
1125
00:57:15,604 --> 00:57:18,745
It's something we use, but it's
not an integral part of self.
1126
00:57:18,780 --> 00:57:21,541
♪
1127
00:57:26,166 --> 00:57:29,376
We're now entering a new era
1128
00:57:29,411 --> 00:57:33,657
of human technology interaction
that's non-tool-like,
1129
00:57:33,691 --> 00:57:36,211
where there's a seamless integration
1130
00:57:36,245 --> 00:57:40,491
between human physiology
and electro-mechanics.
1131
00:57:45,600 --> 00:57:48,154
CLITES [voiceover]: I've been on
this project since I started my PhD.
1132
00:57:48,188 --> 00:57:51,951
When I came in, it was sort
of a set of ideas
1133
00:57:51,985 --> 00:57:53,849
that was in the process of coalescing.
1134
00:57:53,884 --> 00:57:57,543
And then I started to drive
it through to where it is today.
1135
00:57:59,372 --> 00:58:00,580
How strong was the contraction?
1136
00:58:00,615 --> 00:58:04,688
Maybe, um... two.
1137
00:58:04,722 --> 00:58:07,518
CLITES [voiceover]: If we're
successful here, we hope that
1138
00:58:07,553 --> 00:58:10,452
we'll be able to demonstrate
the first real time
1139
00:58:10,487 --> 00:58:11,971
that a robotic limb
1140
00:58:12,005 --> 00:58:16,423
has been truly integrated with a
patient's sense of self
1141
00:58:16,458 --> 00:58:18,080
via proprioceptive sensation.
1142
00:58:18,115 --> 00:58:19,841
For that to happen,
1143
00:58:19,875 --> 00:58:21,670
a lot of different pieces
have to come together.
1144
00:58:21,705 --> 00:58:24,190
The surgery has to work.
1145
00:58:24,224 --> 00:58:25,502
The control system has to work.
1146
00:58:25,536 --> 00:58:28,021
The robotic limb has to work.
1147
00:58:28,056 --> 00:58:30,058
Any pain there?
1148
00:58:30,092 --> 00:58:32,232
Nope.
1149
00:58:32,267 --> 00:58:34,614
CLITES [voiceover]: Our goal in
the first session testing with Jim
1150
00:58:34,649 --> 00:58:36,754
was to get a sense for exactly what
1151
00:58:36,789 --> 00:58:38,584
types of signals we would be looking at,
1152
00:58:38,618 --> 00:58:40,862
and the ways in which we could use those
1153
00:58:40,896 --> 00:58:42,346
to control the prosthesis.
1154
00:58:43,830 --> 00:58:45,073
CARTY [voiceover]:
This type of technology,
1155
00:58:45,107 --> 00:58:47,662
these newer approaches
to prosthetic development,
1156
00:58:47,696 --> 00:58:50,043
hinge on use being able
to connect technology
1157
00:58:50,078 --> 00:58:51,597
to the human body.
1158
00:58:51,631 --> 00:58:54,738
The primary way we do that is
through the use of electrodes,
1159
00:58:54,772 --> 00:58:57,810
which are small wires that are
able to pick up the action
1160
00:58:57,844 --> 00:59:02,055
of muscles in Jim's limb and
transmit them to the technology.
1161
00:59:02,090 --> 00:59:04,471
There are two ways that we can do that.
1162
00:59:04,506 --> 00:59:06,715
One is through a surface-based electrode,
1163
00:59:06,750 --> 00:59:09,615
which is essentially a sticker
that goes on his leg,
1164
00:59:09,649 --> 00:59:11,996
and is positioned directly over
these moving muscles.
1165
00:59:12,031 --> 00:59:14,654
One of these wires is able
to pick up the motion
1166
00:59:14,689 --> 00:59:18,002
of these muscles and transmit it
to his prosthetic device.
1167
00:59:18,037 --> 00:59:20,384
CLITES:
Okay, go ahead and pick up.
1168
00:59:20,418 --> 00:59:22,041
CARTY [voiceover]: There's
another version of this, however,
1169
00:59:22,075 --> 00:59:24,181
which is referred to as
a needle electrode,
1170
00:59:24,215 --> 00:59:25,527
which basically goes through the skin,
1171
00:59:25,562 --> 00:59:28,012
and is able to penetrate
directly into the muscle
1172
00:59:28,047 --> 00:59:30,946
and not only pick up information
like a surface electrode,
1173
00:59:30,981 --> 00:59:33,328
but actually receive information back
1174
00:59:33,362 --> 00:59:36,469
in the form of functional
electrical stimulation.
1175
00:59:36,503 --> 00:59:39,334
At this point, we need to see
if this works,
1176
00:59:39,368 --> 00:59:43,027
and see if we can connect Jim's
body to this newer technology
1177
00:59:43,062 --> 00:59:44,201
through the use of these electrodes.
1178
00:59:46,652 --> 00:59:50,483
CLITES [voiceover]: We focused our efforts
primarily on these needle-based electrodes
1179
00:59:50,517 --> 00:59:51,829
to get a sense for what it was
going to be like
1180
00:59:51,864 --> 00:59:53,210
to work with those
1181
00:59:53,244 --> 00:59:54,832
and what types of signals
we'd see from them.
1182
00:59:54,867 --> 00:59:56,420
And we ended up seeing a lot of noise.
1183
00:59:58,146 --> 01:00:00,113
I ended up spending a bunch of
time running around
1184
01:00:00,148 --> 01:00:05,015
trying to denoise the signal,
and had trouble with that.
1185
01:00:05,049 --> 01:00:07,500
Rest, two, three.
1186
01:00:07,534 --> 01:00:10,227
Dorsiflex, two, three.
1187
01:00:10,261 --> 01:00:13,299
Rest, two three.
1188
01:00:17,959 --> 01:00:19,857
Do it one more time, invert.
1189
01:00:19,892 --> 01:00:23,171
It's too...
it's not behaving.
1190
01:00:23,205 --> 01:00:25,898
♪
1191
01:00:33,353 --> 01:00:36,391
[voiceover]: So about a
month after the first session,
1192
01:00:36,425 --> 01:00:39,670
we put the needles back in
and we recreated the test setup
1193
01:00:39,705 --> 01:00:42,293
from the first session and we
also had the robot present.
1194
01:00:42,328 --> 01:00:46,021
And we're kind of focusing
our efforts on that.
1195
01:00:46,056 --> 01:00:49,197
The EMG signals were still not
where we ended up
1196
01:00:49,231 --> 01:00:51,648
wanting them to be, but they were better,
1197
01:00:51,682 --> 01:00:53,132
and so we were able to connect Jim
1198
01:00:53,166 --> 01:00:55,030
to the robot for the first time.
1199
01:00:55,065 --> 01:00:56,722
I want you to cycle up and down.
1200
01:00:56,756 --> 01:00:58,413
[prosthesis whirring]
1201
01:01:02,728 --> 01:01:04,453
Stop.
1202
01:01:04,488 --> 01:01:08,388
[voiceover]: There wasn't much
of a feeling of connectedness to it.
1203
01:01:08,423 --> 01:01:11,115
CARTY: Is there any value in
calibrating
1204
01:01:11,150 --> 01:01:14,740
his control with his right leg first?
1205
01:01:14,774 --> 01:01:16,362
It's the electrodes that were...
1206
01:01:16,396 --> 01:01:18,019
yeah, I think the controls are...
1207
01:01:18,053 --> 01:01:20,469
I mean, they're, they're...
we know they work.
1208
01:01:20,504 --> 01:01:23,438
Um, I think something's
happening with the signal.
1209
01:01:23,472 --> 01:01:27,373
Tap your foot. [prosthesis whirring]
1210
01:01:27,407 --> 01:01:29,582
JIM EWING:
The movements are very sensitive
1211
01:01:29,616 --> 01:01:31,446
and very subtle,
1212
01:01:31,480 --> 01:01:35,450
just the slightest contraction
causes movement.
1213
01:01:35,484 --> 01:01:37,486
I'm trying to make it so you
don't have to work harder.
1214
01:01:37,521 --> 01:01:38,695
Right.
1215
01:01:38,729 --> 01:01:40,317
Would you like it to be
less sensitive? No,
1216
01:01:40,351 --> 01:01:43,044
I think I want it like this for right now,
1217
01:01:43,078 --> 01:01:46,979
and let my brain adapt
to the softer motions.
1218
01:01:47,013 --> 01:01:48,359
Okay.
1219
01:01:48,394 --> 01:01:50,672
[voiceover]: Jim is the
right person for the job.
1220
01:01:50,707 --> 01:01:52,639
Part of it is that he is
1221
01:01:52,674 --> 01:01:56,264
unselfishly willing to sort of
put himself out there
1222
01:01:56,298 --> 01:01:58,369
and try something new,
1223
01:01:58,404 --> 01:01:59,474
not knowing exactly
what's going to happen.
1224
01:02:00,786 --> 01:02:02,477
Painful? Stop yup, yup, yup.
1225
01:02:02,511 --> 01:02:03,789
Okay. [groans]
1226
01:02:03,823 --> 01:02:07,551
Where was that? That was on the surface.
1227
01:02:07,585 --> 01:02:09,346
JIM EWING [voiceover]: I can
speak to them about what I'm sensing
1228
01:02:09,380 --> 01:02:12,142
and what I'm feeling with the robot leg.
1229
01:02:12,176 --> 01:02:14,558
That's the big toe.
1230
01:02:14,592 --> 01:02:17,561
What's actually happening with
the big toe?
1231
01:02:17,595 --> 01:02:22,152
I feel like I'm just bending it over.
1232
01:02:22,186 --> 01:02:23,567
With the big toe?
1233
01:02:23,601 --> 01:02:25,051
With just the big toe. We might be in the,
1234
01:02:25,086 --> 01:02:27,122
the electrode might be
in the wrong muscle.
1235
01:02:27,157 --> 01:02:30,885
HERR [voiceover]: So much of it
is the human telling the researchers
1236
01:02:30,919 --> 01:02:33,784
what he or she feels.
1237
01:02:33,819 --> 01:02:35,475
So we needed that very robust
level of communication
1238
01:02:35,510 --> 01:02:36,683
with the patient.
1239
01:02:36,718 --> 01:02:41,965
That's about a 60 percent contraction.
1240
01:02:41,999 --> 01:02:44,243
CLITES [voiceover]: The things
that we're doing here in this lab,
1241
01:02:44,277 --> 01:02:45,416
Jim will not take home with him.
1242
01:02:46,728 --> 01:02:48,661
So, we're a research institution.
1243
01:02:48,695 --> 01:02:51,526
What we're doing is pushing
forward the boundaries
1244
01:02:51,560 --> 01:02:54,115
of human knowledge in this area.
1245
01:02:54,149 --> 01:02:56,945
The hope is that it will lead
to commercial products
1246
01:02:56,980 --> 01:02:59,051
that are covered by insurance,
1247
01:02:59,085 --> 01:03:00,984
that people are able to go out
and purchase
1248
01:03:01,018 --> 01:03:04,608
and put on and take home and use.
1249
01:03:04,642 --> 01:03:07,680
But are our goal here is not
to create something
1250
01:03:07,714 --> 01:03:09,509
that Jim would then take home.
1251
01:03:09,544 --> 01:03:11,166
How's it going?
1252
01:03:11,201 --> 01:03:12,650
CLITES: We're still, we're still working;
1253
01:03:12,685 --> 01:03:13,824
we're still getting some data.
1254
01:03:13,859 --> 01:03:15,999
We're doing some stim now.
1255
01:03:16,033 --> 01:03:17,759
HERR:
Okay, cool.
1256
01:03:17,794 --> 01:03:19,036
Call you later.
1257
01:03:19,071 --> 01:03:21,659
All right, sounds good.
1258
01:03:21,694 --> 01:03:24,041
[quietly]:
Call me, baby.
1259
01:03:24,076 --> 01:03:25,974
What are you guys working on now?
1260
01:03:26,009 --> 01:03:28,701
We're moving on to electrical shocks.
1261
01:03:28,735 --> 01:03:31,117
[laughter]
1262
01:03:31,152 --> 01:03:33,223
Tyler likes to call it stimulation.
1263
01:03:33,257 --> 01:03:34,224
[laughs]
1264
01:03:34,258 --> 01:03:35,708
CLITES:
Shock therapy.
1265
01:03:35,742 --> 01:03:38,124
You know, Tyler, you don't have
to turn it up quite so high.
1266
01:03:38,159 --> 01:03:41,127
[laughter]
1267
01:03:41,162 --> 01:03:44,510
♪
1268
01:03:48,963 --> 01:03:52,207
CLITES [voiceover]:
We got off to a slow start.
1269
01:03:52,242 --> 01:03:54,554
Jim, contract.
1270
01:03:54,589 --> 01:03:56,246
And relax.
1271
01:03:56,280 --> 01:03:57,868
[voiceover]:
We were worried at first
1272
01:03:57,903 --> 01:04:00,146
because we spent quite a bit of time
1273
01:04:00,181 --> 01:04:01,907
placing the fine wire electrodes,
1274
01:04:01,941 --> 01:04:03,770
which are the ones
that go into the muscle.
1275
01:04:03,805 --> 01:04:06,497
Continue to bump, and see if there's a...
1276
01:04:06,532 --> 01:04:08,120
Right there.
1277
01:04:08,154 --> 01:04:10,605
You relaxed, Jim?
1278
01:04:10,639 --> 01:04:13,090
Contract, relax.
1279
01:04:13,125 --> 01:04:17,094
[voiceover]: We had him put his
liner on and then the socket on over it.
1280
01:04:17,129 --> 01:04:20,511
The hope was that that would
help pull things in place.
1281
01:04:20,546 --> 01:04:22,099
We left the clinical space,
1282
01:04:22,134 --> 01:04:24,757
came down here, plugged the electrodes in,
1283
01:04:24,791 --> 01:04:26,759
and none of them were working.
1284
01:04:28,036 --> 01:04:29,210
Tyler, we're sure that none of these are,
1285
01:04:29,244 --> 01:04:31,522
none of these are working?
1286
01:04:31,557 --> 01:04:34,077
I'm double checking. All right.
1287
01:04:34,111 --> 01:04:36,182
One of them is disconnected
right now, by the way.
1288
01:04:36,217 --> 01:04:37,874
CLITES: Yeah, I know, it's the LG.
1289
01:04:37,908 --> 01:04:40,152
Can you lift the liner?
1290
01:04:40,186 --> 01:04:42,016
Sorry, lift the socket off the chair.
1291
01:04:42,050 --> 01:04:43,293
Just going to hold that up.
1292
01:04:45,295 --> 01:04:47,090
CARTY [voiceover]: There
were a couple of challenges
1293
01:04:47,124 --> 01:04:49,989
that we didn't anticipate
with the needle electrodes.
1294
01:04:50,024 --> 01:04:52,371
First of all, it was difficult
to find Jim's muscles
1295
01:04:52,405 --> 01:04:53,993
the first time.
1296
01:04:54,028 --> 01:04:55,546
The needles were actually
a little bit painful for him
1297
01:04:55,581 --> 01:04:57,652
for placements, so we needed to make sure
1298
01:04:57,686 --> 01:04:58,929
that he was comfortable
with us placing them.
1299
01:04:58,964 --> 01:05:02,001
They tended to fall out when
he put on his socket,
1300
01:05:02,036 --> 01:05:04,555
and the stickers weren't
adhering appropriately
1301
01:05:04,590 --> 01:05:05,556
in order to hold them in place.
1302
01:05:05,591 --> 01:05:07,489
So, it was basically a failure.
1303
01:05:08,939 --> 01:05:10,803
CLITES [voiceover]:
So that was, that was tough,
1304
01:05:10,837 --> 01:05:14,186
it caused us to kind of pause
and reconsider our options.
1305
01:05:14,220 --> 01:05:15,946
And what we decided to do is move forward
1306
01:05:15,981 --> 01:05:18,328
with some of the surface
electrodes that we had
1307
01:05:18,362 --> 01:05:21,296
so that we could give Jim the opportunity
1308
01:05:21,331 --> 01:05:23,333
to at least control the prosthesis.
1309
01:05:23,367 --> 01:05:25,093
And we weren't sure
how well they would work.
1310
01:05:26,577 --> 01:05:28,096
Invert.
1311
01:05:32,376 --> 01:05:33,757
It's close.
1312
01:05:33,791 --> 01:05:36,415
There you go. CARTY:
Wow.
1313
01:05:37,968 --> 01:05:40,453
Got it.
1314
01:05:40,488 --> 01:05:41,972
Tell me how it feels compared
to last time.
1315
01:05:42,007 --> 01:05:44,561
Much smoother,
1316
01:05:44,595 --> 01:05:48,082
more matching what I'm doing in my brain.
1317
01:05:48,116 --> 01:05:49,255
Last time you were complaining about it
1318
01:05:49,290 --> 01:05:50,739
being very, very sensitive. Yeah.
1319
01:05:50,774 --> 01:05:51,913
So now it's much less sensitive.
1320
01:05:51,948 --> 01:05:53,225
Do you feel that? Yeah.
1321
01:05:53,259 --> 01:05:54,226
Okay.
1322
01:05:54,260 --> 01:05:55,848
It's more predictable.
1323
01:05:55,882 --> 01:05:58,023
I mean, it's more what I think I'm doing.
1324
01:05:58,057 --> 01:06:03,062
CLITES [voiceover]: It was
really immediately apparent
1325
01:06:03,097 --> 01:06:04,891
that things were going well.
1326
01:06:04,926 --> 01:06:06,686
♪
1327
01:06:06,721 --> 01:06:10,207
Okay, very gently.
1328
01:06:17,835 --> 01:06:19,699
Gabby, can you power it up?
1329
01:06:23,841 --> 01:06:26,016
How does it feel having it on?
1330
01:06:26,051 --> 01:06:28,777
It's pretty amazing, actually,
1331
01:06:28,812 --> 01:06:30,641
to have the foot moving
1332
01:06:30,676 --> 01:06:34,818
in the directions that
I'm thinking it's moving.
1333
01:06:34,852 --> 01:06:37,821
I mean, it...
looking at it sitting over here,
1334
01:06:37,855 --> 01:06:39,892
is not the same as it being there.
1335
01:06:39,926 --> 01:06:41,756
That's really good to know.
1336
01:06:41,790 --> 01:06:44,207
[voiceover]: As soon as
we put the robotic prosthesis
1337
01:06:44,241 --> 01:06:48,314
onto Jim's socket
and mounted it to his leg,
1338
01:06:48,349 --> 01:06:50,592
there was this moment where
he just sort of
1339
01:06:50,627 --> 01:06:53,388
started to play with it.
1340
01:06:53,423 --> 01:06:55,149
[prosthesis whirring]
1341
01:06:59,705 --> 01:07:02,604
It's really cool to feel it
through my knee.
1342
01:07:06,298 --> 01:07:09,853
Feels like there's a foot there.
1343
01:07:09,887 --> 01:07:12,097
♪
1344
01:07:12,131 --> 01:07:13,270
This is intuitive for him,
1345
01:07:13,305 --> 01:07:16,653
that's huge, it's like the iPhone.
1346
01:07:17,930 --> 01:07:19,380
CLITES:
Hugh's going to be pissed.
1347
01:07:19,414 --> 01:07:21,037
[chuckles]
Why?
1348
01:07:21,071 --> 01:07:22,935
He wasn't here.
1349
01:07:22,969 --> 01:07:24,661
He's also gonna be pissed that
you're way better at this
1350
01:07:24,695 --> 01:07:26,490
than he is.
1351
01:07:26,525 --> 01:07:29,493
It's his own damn fault. Yeah.
1352
01:07:30,908 --> 01:07:32,634
Trying to flip the block over here.
1353
01:07:34,326 --> 01:07:38,088
Nice, that was awesome. Yeah.
1354
01:07:38,123 --> 01:07:40,021
All right.
1355
01:07:40,056 --> 01:07:41,574
JIM EWING [voiceover]: The muscle
actions aren't exactly the same
1356
01:07:41,609 --> 01:07:43,335
as a natural foot.
1357
01:07:43,369 --> 01:07:45,233
My brain had to adapt a little bit
1358
01:07:45,268 --> 01:07:47,373
to make things work the way I wanted,
1359
01:07:47,408 --> 01:07:49,375
but it happens so quick.
1360
01:07:49,410 --> 01:07:53,103
Literally, within minutes
of having it all connected,
1361
01:07:53,138 --> 01:07:57,107
it starts becoming part of me.
1362
01:07:57,142 --> 01:07:59,868
That's what we're going for, you know.
1363
01:07:59,903 --> 01:08:04,356
To whatever extent we can get
people to feel
1364
01:08:04,390 --> 01:08:08,498
as though they haven't lost a
limb, that is in some ways
1365
01:08:08,532 --> 01:08:11,708
our minimum bar, and that was
1366
01:08:11,742 --> 01:08:15,160
the energy in the room that day,
it was Jim feeling whole again.
1367
01:08:15,194 --> 01:08:17,955
And that was kind of
a spiritual experience.
1368
01:08:17,990 --> 01:08:22,684
I've chosen a special song
for this. [chuckles]
1369
01:08:22,719 --> 01:08:24,928
["Walk this Way" by Aerosmith playing]
1370
01:08:29,553 --> 01:08:31,072
You know this song, right?
1371
01:08:31,107 --> 01:08:33,350
JIM EWING:
Yeah, of course.
1372
01:08:33,385 --> 01:08:36,595
♪
1373
01:08:48,296 --> 01:08:50,056
CLITES:
Okay, I am recording now.
1374
01:08:50,091 --> 01:08:51,920
Go ahead, Jim.
1375
01:08:51,955 --> 01:08:55,993
HERR [voiceover]: There's a
debate within the bionics world as to...
1376
01:08:56,028 --> 01:08:57,754
Okay, and stop.
1377
01:08:57,788 --> 01:09:00,343
HERR [voiceover]:...how good the neural
connection would have to be
1378
01:09:00,377 --> 01:09:03,449
for things to just be
completely intuitive.
1379
01:09:06,556 --> 01:09:08,558
CLITES:
Jim, you can step.
1380
01:09:11,285 --> 01:09:12,976
Wow.
1381
01:09:13,010 --> 01:09:15,910
HERR [voiceover]: So, what we just
saw there was Jim step down a step
1382
01:09:15,944 --> 01:09:17,774
and not even think anything consciously.
1383
01:09:17,808 --> 01:09:20,156
The foot did the right thing.
1384
01:09:20,190 --> 01:09:22,572
When he went up the step,
toes went toes up, dorsiflex,
1385
01:09:22,606 --> 01:09:25,057
and when he went down, it reached down.
1386
01:09:25,091 --> 01:09:28,509
So those spinal-level circuits
are still active.
1387
01:09:28,543 --> 01:09:31,546
He feels enough feedback
to the spinal cord
1388
01:09:31,581 --> 01:09:33,686
that everything triggers naturally.
1389
01:09:33,721 --> 01:09:35,723
CLITES: Hugh, did you
put on cologne today?
1390
01:09:35,757 --> 01:09:36,896
No.
1391
01:09:36,931 --> 01:09:38,174
You smell very... Did you?
1392
01:09:38,208 --> 01:09:39,416
It's very nice.
1393
01:09:39,451 --> 01:09:41,211
Somebody's got a nice
fragrance smell going.
1394
01:09:41,246 --> 01:09:42,316
You know I have to sign your thesis?
1395
01:09:42,350 --> 01:09:44,663
[chuckles]
1396
01:09:44,697 --> 01:09:49,840
HERR [voiceover]: What we observed
with the emergent reflexive biomechanics
1397
01:09:49,875 --> 01:09:52,809
mediated through the mechatronic device
1398
01:09:52,843 --> 01:09:56,675
is what we thought would occur,
1399
01:09:56,709 --> 01:09:59,022
but didn't quite believe
that it would occur.
1400
01:09:59,056 --> 01:10:00,437
[chuckles]
1401
01:10:00,472 --> 01:10:06,202
So when I saw it, it supported
the really intellectual idea
1402
01:10:06,236 --> 01:10:08,238
that if you give the nervous system
1403
01:10:08,273 --> 01:10:11,103
enough sensory information via nerves,
1404
01:10:11,137 --> 01:10:13,001
that the brain knows exactly
1405
01:10:13,036 --> 01:10:15,003
how to control the mechatronic device.
1406
01:10:16,142 --> 01:10:19,594
All right, give me a lift.
1407
01:10:19,629 --> 01:10:24,185
CLITES [voiceover]: With everything
we do, there's always a desire
1408
01:10:24,220 --> 01:10:27,637
to explore not only how these systems work
1409
01:10:27,671 --> 01:10:29,501
in the confines of the laboratory,
1410
01:10:29,535 --> 01:10:31,157
but also out in the real world,
1411
01:10:31,192 --> 01:10:35,023
and that's a challenge because
all of our measuring equipment
1412
01:10:35,058 --> 01:10:37,647
is confined to the lab space.
1413
01:10:37,681 --> 01:10:41,823
So knowing full well that Jim
was an avid climber,
1414
01:10:41,858 --> 01:10:45,551
the decision was made to design
1415
01:10:45,586 --> 01:10:49,279
a robotic leg specifically
for rock climbing
1416
01:10:49,314 --> 01:10:52,282
that Jim could use in the field.
1417
01:10:52,317 --> 01:10:56,528
And a series of studies
could be run on Jim
1418
01:10:56,562 --> 01:11:00,221
while he's climbing on a wall
using this new robotic limb.
1419
01:11:02,499 --> 01:11:05,399
JIM EWING: It's really
kind of futuristic looking.
1420
01:11:05,433 --> 01:11:09,334
Adequately futuristic looking.
1421
01:11:09,368 --> 01:11:10,680
CLITES [voiceover]: Emily
Rogers is a graduate student
1422
01:11:10,714 --> 01:11:12,095
who kind of took point on that project,
1423
01:11:12,129 --> 01:11:15,995
and she designed this phenomenal
system that is field ready.
1424
01:11:16,030 --> 01:11:18,308
Height is good.
1425
01:11:18,343 --> 01:11:23,520
ROGERS [voiceover]: It will allow
the wearer to plantarflex and dorsiflex,
1426
01:11:23,555 --> 01:11:26,316
and also will provide
inversion and eversion.
1427
01:11:26,351 --> 01:11:29,423
The power requirements are going
to be fairly low
1428
01:11:29,457 --> 01:11:34,462
compared to a powered prosthesis
that you would use for walking.
1429
01:11:34,497 --> 01:11:37,776
They'll be able to manipulate
their foot in free space
1430
01:11:37,810 --> 01:11:40,917
and position their ankle to
whatever location they want it.
1431
01:11:40,951 --> 01:11:43,747
And then when they place it
back on the wall,
1432
01:11:43,782 --> 01:11:45,680
the ankle will lock in that position.
1433
01:11:45,715 --> 01:11:47,820
JIM EWING: This is
going to be fun on the wall.
1434
01:11:49,995 --> 01:11:52,860
CLITES [voiceover]: As we're
brainstorming different ways to do this,
1435
01:11:52,894 --> 01:11:56,829
Hugh had the idea to go back
to the Cayman Islands,
1436
01:11:56,864 --> 01:11:58,141
to enable Jim
1437
01:11:58,175 --> 01:12:02,041
to climb in the same place
where he was injured.
1438
01:12:02,076 --> 01:12:03,974
♪
1439
01:12:04,009 --> 01:12:07,737
JIM EWING [voiceover]: I
always knew that I would go back,
1440
01:12:07,771 --> 01:12:12,051
so going back now with
this cutting edge technology
1441
01:12:12,086 --> 01:12:13,639
is kind of fitting.
1442
01:12:13,674 --> 01:12:17,678
It's showing that
the human spirit, let's say,
1443
01:12:17,712 --> 01:12:22,027
and ingenuity can overcome
a lot of things.
1444
01:12:29,241 --> 01:12:31,036
♪
1445
01:12:34,488 --> 01:12:37,145
Do you notice that the Cayman Airways logo
1446
01:12:37,180 --> 01:12:39,182
is a turtle with a
prosthetic leg? [chuckles]
1447
01:12:39,216 --> 01:12:40,425
I hadn't noticed that before.
1448
01:12:40,459 --> 01:12:42,944
I think I'm offended.
1449
01:12:44,877 --> 01:12:47,397
♪
1450
01:12:47,432 --> 01:12:50,504
The hard part is always finding, like,
1451
01:12:50,538 --> 01:12:52,644
where the trail is in here.
1452
01:12:57,925 --> 01:13:00,410
The route goes up through those tufas,
1453
01:13:00,445 --> 01:13:06,658
so I fell from, basically, where
the tufas are and landed...
1454
01:13:06,692 --> 01:13:08,418
There's one actual stalactite coming down.
1455
01:13:08,453 --> 01:13:10,524
Yeah, so to the right of it.
1456
01:13:10,558 --> 01:13:11,904
To the right of that, in that area.
1457
01:13:11,939 --> 01:13:13,768
Yes. Holy cow.
1458
01:13:13,803 --> 01:13:15,839
I guess it is like 40 or 50 feet.
1459
01:13:15,874 --> 01:13:17,427
[chuckles]
1460
01:13:17,462 --> 01:13:20,119
So, anyway. How did you survive that?
1461
01:13:20,154 --> 01:13:21,983
This sucks, right?
1462
01:13:22,018 --> 01:13:23,744
Like, it sucks that
this happened. Yeah.
1463
01:13:23,778 --> 01:13:28,507
Um, but to see where
all that started has been...
1464
01:13:28,542 --> 01:13:30,716
It's come full circle now.
1465
01:13:30,751 --> 01:13:34,444
Like, you know, we're back here
climbing with a robot foot.
1466
01:13:34,479 --> 01:13:35,928
I mean... Yeah, it's crazy.
1467
01:13:35,963 --> 01:13:38,586
How incredible is that?
1468
01:13:38,621 --> 01:13:41,693
♪
1469
01:14:09,859 --> 01:14:11,032
HERR [voiceover]:
I am, I would say,
1470
01:14:11,067 --> 01:14:13,794
green with envy of Jim,
1471
01:14:13,828 --> 01:14:16,935
because I don't have that level
of neural implant yet.
1472
01:14:19,109 --> 01:14:21,353
I've met with Dr. Carty
as a patient
1473
01:14:21,387 --> 01:14:24,632
and the next step is to image my legs
1474
01:14:24,667 --> 01:14:28,118
and look at my nerves, and neuromas,
1475
01:14:28,153 --> 01:14:32,640
and muscles, and see,
see what can be done surgically.
1476
01:14:34,711 --> 01:14:36,955
Even I have no idea
1477
01:14:36,989 --> 01:14:39,751
what my physicality will be
a decade from now.
1478
01:14:39,785 --> 01:14:42,029
I'm sure it'll be very spectacular.
1479
01:14:42,063 --> 01:14:47,690
[waves crashing]
1480
01:14:47,724 --> 01:14:50,244
♪
1481
01:14:50,278 --> 01:14:55,042
CLITES [voiceover]: We're moving
to a place where it no longer matters
1482
01:14:55,076 --> 01:14:57,044
what your body parts are made out of.
1483
01:14:57,078 --> 01:14:59,564
Whether they're muscle and bone
1484
01:14:59,598 --> 01:15:02,636
or whether they're metal and carbon fiber,
1485
01:15:04,085 --> 01:15:05,570
It's this beautiful merging
1486
01:15:05,604 --> 01:15:09,712
of the synthetic
and biological into a body.
1487
01:15:09,746 --> 01:15:14,993
♪
1488
01:15:20,377 --> 01:15:22,000
[crowd applauding]
1489
01:15:22,034 --> 01:15:24,381
HERR: Ladies and gentleman, Jim
Ewing, the first cyborg rock climber.
1490
01:15:24,416 --> 01:15:28,178
[cheers and applause]
1491
01:15:28,213 --> 01:15:32,424
NEWS ANCHOR: Remember that
bionic arm that Luke Skywalker got
1492
01:15:32,458 --> 01:15:33,770
in one of the "Star Wars" movies?
1493
01:15:33,805 --> 01:15:34,875
Well, modern medicine is getting closer
1494
01:15:34,909 --> 01:15:37,705
and closer to making sci-fi a reality.
1495
01:15:37,740 --> 01:15:40,605
NEWS ANCHOR: These smart limbs
being developed at MIT are possible
1496
01:15:40,639 --> 01:15:43,262
because of the Ewing amputation.
1497
01:15:43,297 --> 01:15:44,436
CARTY [voiceover]:
We were able
1498
01:15:44,470 --> 01:15:46,576
to obtain a pretty significant grant
1499
01:15:46,611 --> 01:15:47,888
from the Department of Defense.
1500
01:15:47,922 --> 01:15:50,476
So we're gonna have a total of 20 patients
1501
01:15:50,511 --> 01:15:52,375
who are undergoing the Ewing amputation,
1502
01:15:52,409 --> 01:15:55,930
or it's above-knee analog,
and be able to compare those
1503
01:15:55,965 --> 01:15:58,277
to a group of 20 patients who
undergo a standard amputation.
1504
01:16:01,902 --> 01:16:03,282
Am I going stump nude?
1505
01:16:03,317 --> 01:16:04,732
SRINIVASAN:
Yes, please.
1506
01:16:04,767 --> 01:16:06,458
Stump nude.
1507
01:16:06,492 --> 01:16:08,115
SRINIVASAN [voiceover]:
So far, the data
1508
01:16:08,149 --> 01:16:10,773
has been really encouraging.
1509
01:16:10,807 --> 01:16:13,465
These patients have seen
an incredible transformation
1510
01:16:13,499 --> 01:16:15,122
in their general quality of life,
1511
01:16:15,156 --> 01:16:16,848
before and after the amputation.
1512
01:16:16,882 --> 01:16:18,850
[prosthesis whirring]
1513
01:16:18,884 --> 01:16:21,611
When you see a patient move
their robotic prostheses
1514
01:16:21,646 --> 01:16:23,337
for the first time.
1515
01:16:23,371 --> 01:16:25,339
I can do ballet with my foot.
1516
01:16:25,373 --> 01:16:26,340
SRINIVASAN [voiceover]:
The smile on their face
1517
01:16:26,374 --> 01:16:28,169
is just incredible.
1518
01:16:28,204 --> 01:16:30,413
I don't know, it just feels
like it makes sense.
1519
01:16:30,447 --> 01:16:32,760
We've also had three patients
1520
01:16:32,795 --> 01:16:35,763
who have had an above-knee
or transfemoral amputation.
1521
01:16:35,798 --> 01:16:37,627
For the first time, you know,
1522
01:16:37,662 --> 01:16:41,148
some of them have been able to
actually move their ankle joint.
1523
01:16:41,182 --> 01:16:43,529
It's like a weird connection
because it's, like,
1524
01:16:43,564 --> 01:16:45,221
I know it's a foot, you know, it's not...
1525
01:16:45,255 --> 01:16:47,361
it doesn't look like my foot. Mm-hmm.
1526
01:16:47,395 --> 01:16:51,158
But it's, like, I'm moving it,
so it's my foot.
1527
01:16:51,192 --> 01:16:54,368
If that makes sense.
Yeah, no, that's good.
1528
01:16:54,402 --> 01:16:56,715
Foot in, and relax.
1529
01:16:56,750 --> 01:17:00,408
PATIENT [voiceover]: You run into
these same patients throughout the study,
1530
01:17:00,443 --> 01:17:01,962
or going to, you know,
check in with Dr. Carty.
1531
01:17:01,996 --> 01:17:03,998
And you come in and, "Oh, look
at this, you're missing a leg.
1532
01:17:04,033 --> 01:17:05,275
Are you one?"
1533
01:17:05,310 --> 01:17:06,967
"Oh, I'm number this,
I'm number that."
1534
01:17:07,001 --> 01:17:09,901
And so, now we're like Facebook
friends, it's kind of nice.
1535
01:17:09,935 --> 01:17:10,902
It's a little community.
1536
01:17:10,936 --> 01:17:13,318
♪
1537
01:17:13,352 --> 01:17:15,354
JIM EWING [voiceover]:
Here it is almost two years later
1538
01:17:15,389 --> 01:17:17,184
since my surgery
1539
01:17:17,218 --> 01:17:19,427
and coming back to where it all started
1540
01:17:19,462 --> 01:17:22,810
in support of patient number nine.
1541
01:17:22,845 --> 01:17:24,398
[indistinct chatter]
1542
01:17:24,432 --> 01:17:26,676
[voiceover]: I know what the
patients are going through,
1543
01:17:26,711 --> 01:17:28,782
it's a difficult decision.
1544
01:17:28,816 --> 01:17:30,991
And once you make the decision,
1545
01:17:31,025 --> 01:17:33,131
it's quite the emotional roller coaster
1546
01:17:33,165 --> 01:17:35,340
while you're waiting for the surgery.
1547
01:17:35,374 --> 01:17:37,687
They bring in heated blankets?
1548
01:17:37,722 --> 01:17:39,724
CARTY [voiceover]: We believe
that the amputation by itself
1549
01:17:39,758 --> 01:17:41,001
is just a better amputation,
1550
01:17:41,035 --> 01:17:43,624
and that that has certain
intrinsic advantages,
1551
01:17:43,659 --> 01:17:46,903
even if those patients never
had access to a high-fidelity
1552
01:17:46,938 --> 01:17:48,733
next-generation prosthesis.
1553
01:17:48,767 --> 01:17:52,184
But when you combine
the modified amputation
1554
01:17:52,219 --> 01:17:53,945
with the next generation prosthesis,
1555
01:17:53,979 --> 01:17:58,881
that's when really magical
things start to happen.
1556
01:17:58,915 --> 01:18:01,021
The amputation we call
the agonist-antagonist
1557
01:18:01,055 --> 01:18:03,437
myoneural interface, or AMI for short,
1558
01:18:03,471 --> 01:18:06,509
we refer to it as the Ewing amputation
1559
01:18:06,543 --> 01:18:07,821
when it's below the knee.
1560
01:18:07,855 --> 01:18:09,719
Since those early days,
1561
01:18:09,754 --> 01:18:11,928
we've applied the AMI amputation
above the knee,
1562
01:18:11,963 --> 01:18:14,931
below the elbow, and above the elbow.
1563
01:18:14,966 --> 01:18:19,142
Over 30 people have now received
the AMI amputation.
1564
01:18:19,177 --> 01:18:22,283
So, we've amassed a tremendous
amount of scientific data
1565
01:18:22,318 --> 01:18:25,252
to more deeply understand the impact
1566
01:18:25,286 --> 01:18:28,220
and the clinical efficacy
of the technique.
1567
01:18:28,255 --> 01:18:32,638
We have further evidence that
it improves bionic limb control.
1568
01:18:32,673 --> 01:18:35,883
We've also measured reductions in pain.
1569
01:18:35,918 --> 01:18:39,369
And furthermore, with fMRI
imaging of the central brain,
1570
01:18:39,404 --> 01:18:42,303
we've shown with direct evidence
1571
01:18:42,338 --> 01:18:44,202
that the amount of proprioception
1572
01:18:44,236 --> 01:18:47,101
as a person's moving their phantom limb,
1573
01:18:47,136 --> 01:18:49,103
in the case of an AMI amputation,
1574
01:18:49,138 --> 01:18:52,589
is the same level, statistically,
1575
01:18:52,624 --> 01:18:55,972
than a person with intact
biological limbs,
1576
01:18:56,007 --> 01:18:57,698
which is truly remarkable.
1577
01:18:57,733 --> 01:18:59,907
♪
1578
01:18:59,942 --> 01:19:01,598
I think in 20 years,
1579
01:19:01,633 --> 01:19:04,601
limb amputation will not be a disability,
1580
01:19:04,636 --> 01:19:06,569
and there will be several
1581
01:19:06,603 --> 01:19:10,573
dimensions that are actual augmentation.
1582
01:19:10,607 --> 01:19:14,128
That is to say, people with limb
amputation can do
1583
01:19:14,163 --> 01:19:16,441
certain things that people with innate,
1584
01:19:16,475 --> 01:19:18,201
natural bodies are not able to do.
1585
01:19:18,236 --> 01:19:20,169
To run faster, to jump higher,
1586
01:19:20,203 --> 01:19:22,965
to do all kinds of things that
we can't even imagine today.
1587
01:19:25,830 --> 01:19:28,522
If I don't want to alter
my body, but I see that
1588
01:19:28,556 --> 01:19:31,214
altered people are getting the rewards
1589
01:19:31,249 --> 01:19:33,838
and the spoils of the world,
they're getting the money,
1590
01:19:33,872 --> 01:19:36,564
they're getting the fame, right,
they're getting the fortune,
1591
01:19:36,599 --> 01:19:38,152
then I might say,
1592
01:19:38,187 --> 01:19:40,845
"If that's what it takes to get
those things, then I will."
1593
01:19:40,879 --> 01:19:42,467
So, whenever we attach
1594
01:19:42,501 --> 01:19:44,918
things that are of great
consequence to people
1595
01:19:44,952 --> 01:19:46,160
to their abilities,
1596
01:19:46,195 --> 01:19:48,887
that's when we have to start
thinking about,
1597
01:19:48,922 --> 01:19:50,337
is it coercive
1598
01:19:50,371 --> 01:19:54,134
to attach goods
to the abilities of the body?
1599
01:19:54,168 --> 01:19:56,895
I think we really have to educate people.
1600
01:19:56,930 --> 01:19:58,207
We have to educate people
1601
01:19:58,241 --> 01:20:00,002
in the same way that we had
to educate them
1602
01:20:00,036 --> 01:20:01,555
about racism and sexism,
1603
01:20:01,589 --> 01:20:04,006
is the same way we'll have
to educate people
1604
01:20:04,040 --> 01:20:09,287
about able bodies and disabled bodies,
1605
01:20:09,321 --> 01:20:11,013
and enhanced bodies, right?
1606
01:20:11,047 --> 01:20:13,705
Because we really are creating
another category of person.
1607
01:20:13,739 --> 01:20:16,604
And when you create another
category of person,
1608
01:20:16,639 --> 01:20:20,091
that's going to really tug at
people's sense of self,
1609
01:20:20,125 --> 01:20:22,576
but also how people operate in the world.
1610
01:20:22,610 --> 01:20:24,854
How they hire people,
1611
01:20:24,889 --> 01:20:28,306
how they put people in the
classrooms, that kind of thing.
1612
01:20:28,340 --> 01:20:30,998
So, we really have to make sure
that people are understanding
1613
01:20:31,033 --> 01:20:33,449
of what it means to be this enhanced body,
1614
01:20:33,483 --> 01:20:35,485
and what it means to be an enhanced body
1615
01:20:35,520 --> 01:20:38,350
among other unenhanced bodies.
1616
01:20:49,534 --> 01:20:53,400
CEREMONY HOST: Since 1849,
there have been over 150 casualties
1617
01:20:53,434 --> 01:20:55,091
in and around Mount Washington
1618
01:20:55,126 --> 01:20:57,024
in the presidential range.
1619
01:20:57,059 --> 01:20:59,233
None of them have been insignificant.
1620
01:20:59,268 --> 01:21:01,511
We're here today to honor and pay tribute
1621
01:21:01,546 --> 01:21:04,790
to Albert Dow by dedicating
this sudden weather exhibit.
1622
01:21:04,825 --> 01:21:07,414
CEREMONY HOST: So,
the plaque you're about to see
1623
01:21:07,448 --> 01:21:10,520
says, "Albert H. Dow III,
1624
01:21:10,555 --> 01:21:13,109
climber, rescuer, friend."
1625
01:21:13,144 --> 01:21:16,181
[cheers and applause]
1626
01:21:16,216 --> 01:21:18,494
HERR: After we were
pulled from the mountain,
1627
01:21:18,528 --> 01:21:21,014
I was profoundly confused as to why
1628
01:21:21,048 --> 01:21:24,500
I was alive and Albert had perished,
1629
01:21:24,534 --> 01:21:27,054
and I still don't understand.
1630
01:21:30,920 --> 01:21:35,476
But I... the only thing
I could control was to...
1631
01:21:35,511 --> 01:21:37,547
how I, how I live my life,
1632
01:21:37,582 --> 01:21:42,621
and Albert put forth tremendous
service in his life,
1633
01:21:42,656 --> 01:21:46,902
and I thought it would be
a disgrace to his memory
1634
01:21:46,936 --> 01:21:47,903
to give up.
1635
01:21:47,937 --> 01:21:50,802
So, thank you, Albert,
1636
01:21:50,836 --> 01:21:56,221
for all your inspiration to me,
and to so many other people.
1637
01:21:56,256 --> 01:21:59,017
And thank you so much for venturing out
1638
01:21:59,052 --> 01:22:02,607
in the young winter of 1982,
in search of two lost boys.
1639
01:22:02,641 --> 01:22:03,815
Thank you.
1640
01:22:03,849 --> 01:22:07,784
[cheers and applause]
1641
01:22:09,303 --> 01:22:13,100
[voiceover]:
My goal was to not give up,
1642
01:22:13,135 --> 01:22:15,654
to not succumb to pity,
1643
01:22:15,689 --> 01:22:18,036
to use every cell in my body
1644
01:22:18,071 --> 01:22:22,144
to try to do something
worthwhile with my life
1645
01:22:22,178 --> 01:22:24,594
because of Albert's ultimate sacrifice.
1646
01:22:24,629 --> 01:22:27,839
I'm certainly still on that journey.
1647
01:22:30,946 --> 01:22:34,328
I really feel that we're,
we're just getting started.
1648
01:22:36,744 --> 01:22:41,439
♪
1649
01:22:55,211 --> 01:23:00,665
♪
1650
01:23:12,056 --> 01:23:15,852
♪
1651
01:23:28,072 --> 01:23:32,145
♪
1652
01:23:35,355 --> 01:23:37,598
♪
129039
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