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Forests, at first sight,
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may seem quiet and tranquil.
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But today we can explore them
in new ways...
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00:01:07,151 --> 00:01:09,445
...and from a new perspective.
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00:01:11,906 --> 00:01:13,491
And, in fact,
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they're full
of unexpected connections,
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relationships
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00:01:18,621 --> 00:01:21,791
and even secret messages.
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Only now are we discovering
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how strange and complex
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forests actually are.
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The rainforest of Borneo.
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A pair of oriental pied hornbills
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are renewing their partnership.
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They mate for life.
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00:02:35,156 --> 00:02:38,909
And this year's nesting season
is just starting.
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Before they face the challenges ahead,
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they reaffirm their bond.
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00:03:01,765 --> 00:03:05,603
And they do so
with an unusual ritual...
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00:03:07,771 --> 00:03:10,024
...at the entrance
to a bat cave
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that they know well.
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This rather curious gift
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isn't normally on their menu.
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But it both demonstrates devotion
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and reassures the female
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that her mate will provide for her.
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In the coming weeks,
she will depend on him
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in the most extraordinary way.
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Nesting is a dangerous time
for any bird.
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The hole in this tree trunk
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will provide vital protection.
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Just what she wants.
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Once settled inside...
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00:04:53,419 --> 00:04:56,797
...the female does something
truly bizarre.
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She pulls out her flight feathers.
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She is not going to need them,
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because she will be staying
in here for quite some time.
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It's not only a little cramped,
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00:05:21,905 --> 00:05:25,617
it also lacks basic amenities.
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Now her partner brings her
a beakful of mud.
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And she begins to seal herself in.
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She has turned the tree hole
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into a predator-proof fortress.
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But it's also...
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...a prison.
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00:06:57,835 --> 00:07:01,338
Her partner, however,
is a regular visitor.
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For the next two months,
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00:07:07,719 --> 00:07:11,014
he will deliver all her food
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directly to her door.
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But she can be fussy.
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He's going to have his work cut out.
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Delicious.
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It may seem
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that he has been doing all the work.
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But she, too, has been fully occupied.
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00:09:04,002 --> 00:09:05,963
The food he has brought
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00:09:06,088 --> 00:09:09,466
has enabled her to produce
two precious eggs.
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She will keep them safe
for another six weeks
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until the young
have grown and fledged.
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00:09:25,941 --> 00:09:28,485
And then, both she and they
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will break out of their confinement.
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But until then...
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...this devoted couple
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are going to be very busy indeed.
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00:10:13,071 --> 00:10:16,241
The warmth and the moisture
of rainforests
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enables their inhabitants to flourish
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in both numbers and variety.
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00:10:27,461 --> 00:10:31,965
And here, in the Amazon,
live many strange species.
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This is a treehopper...
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...one of hundreds of
different types in this forest.
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They not only have
a bizarre appearance...
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00:11:03,038 --> 00:11:04,581
...but they also communicate...
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...in a remarkable way, too.
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Vibrating their bodies,
they send signals
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through the forest plants
they live on.
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00:11:34,778 --> 00:11:36,655
Most of these messages
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we can only hear by using
special microphones.
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Each treehopper species
has its own repertoire.
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00:12:05,016 --> 00:12:06,852
And every sound...
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00:12:08,812 --> 00:12:11,815
...has its own
particular meaning...
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00:12:17,487 --> 00:12:20,782
...whether it is
to attract a mate...
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00:12:22,200 --> 00:12:25,120
...share information
about food...
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00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:34,045
...or warn each other
about the arrival of predators.
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This treehopper mother
communicates with her young,
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encouraging them to stay together
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so that she can protect them.
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For there are plenty here
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waiting to eat young treehoppers.
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Ants...
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...on the hunt.
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00:13:37,859 --> 00:13:41,613
Treehoppers know
how to defend themselves.
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00:13:46,201 --> 00:13:50,080
But not all threats
are so easily dealt with.
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An assassin bug.
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00:14:04,302 --> 00:14:06,763
Armed with piercing mouthparts
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00:14:06,888 --> 00:14:09,432
and sticky front legs...
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...capable of
literally sucking the life
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00:14:19,734 --> 00:14:22,320
out of her entire brood.
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00:14:33,081 --> 00:14:37,127
She can try to block
the assassin's path.
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00:14:38,753 --> 00:14:40,630
But she can't guard them all.
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00:14:42,674 --> 00:14:47,721
She needs help
from friends in high places.
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Bees.
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They're very aggressive.
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00:15:31,806 --> 00:15:35,352
This is more than
the assassin bug bargained for.
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Mission accomplished.
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00:15:42,150 --> 00:15:43,902
Her brood are safe.
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00:15:46,738 --> 00:15:50,367
The bees don't protect
the treehoppers for free.
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00:15:51,952 --> 00:15:54,996
A little tickle
on a treehopper's back...
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00:15:56,915 --> 00:15:59,960
...and they exude
a sugary liquid.
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00:16:05,382 --> 00:16:07,300
Honeydew.
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00:16:10,220 --> 00:16:12,889
A sweet reward for protecting them.
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00:16:25,860 --> 00:16:28,989
It's just one of the countless ways
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in which forest species work together.
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In the forests of India,
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00:16:54,973 --> 00:16:59,769
you can hear a unique
and truly extraordinary sound.
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00:17:09,779 --> 00:17:12,240
These are dholes...
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...wild dogs that whistle.
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00:17:23,251 --> 00:17:27,881
Like treehoppers, they, too,
communicate in secret,
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00:17:28,006 --> 00:17:30,300
but for a different reason.
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00:17:38,558 --> 00:17:42,771
Hunting in a dense teak forest
is difficult...
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...especially so if your prey
is three times your own size.
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00:17:55,408 --> 00:17:59,370
The only way for dholes to succeed
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00:17:59,496 --> 00:18:01,164
is to work as a team.
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00:18:09,589 --> 00:18:13,134
This family has four growing pups.
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00:18:38,243 --> 00:18:42,330
A chital deer
could feed the entire pack.
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00:18:51,840 --> 00:18:53,675
The pack must get close...
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00:18:58,638 --> 00:19:00,557
...without being detected.
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00:19:17,073 --> 00:19:19,450
But with eyes and ears everywhere...
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00:19:22,912 --> 00:19:26,749
...the deer are soon aware
of the dogs' presence.
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00:19:40,054 --> 00:19:42,473
The pack can't afford to give up.
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00:19:45,560 --> 00:19:48,521
They may have better luck here.
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00:19:51,858 --> 00:19:56,696
The vegetation is dense
and provides better cover.
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00:19:59,073 --> 00:20:02,827
But the dholes could easily
lose track of one another...
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00:20:03,953 --> 00:20:06,539
...so they use
their unique whistles.
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00:20:24,557 --> 00:20:27,644
Only dholes can understand
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00:20:27,769 --> 00:20:31,689
these quiet, unobtrusive calls.
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00:20:50,458 --> 00:20:55,546
Now they take up
their hunting positions...
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00:21:00,969 --> 00:21:03,846
...even though
they can't see each other.
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00:21:26,661 --> 00:21:28,788
With the deer surrounded...
139
00:21:30,498 --> 00:21:33,418
...the dholes wait
for the signal to attack.
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00:21:54,731 --> 00:21:58,151
Some of the dholes split the herd...
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00:22:02,071 --> 00:22:03,698
...and drive a stag
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00:22:03,823 --> 00:22:06,451
towards others waiting in ambush.
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00:22:40,693 --> 00:22:43,738
The dholes' ability
to communicate so quietly
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00:22:43,863 --> 00:22:46,574
enables them to stay connected,
145
00:22:46,699 --> 00:22:48,743
and so hunt successfully
146
00:22:48,868 --> 00:22:51,120
in the tangle of their jungle.
147
00:23:11,057 --> 00:23:15,395
The mountainous forests
of Central China.
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00:23:19,148 --> 00:23:20,483
Until recently,
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00:23:20,608 --> 00:23:24,946
these were among
the least known of forests.
150
00:23:27,532 --> 00:23:29,867
They're full of swirling mists,
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00:23:29,992 --> 00:23:32,829
and few outsiders had any idea
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00:23:32,954 --> 00:23:35,206
of what they might contain.
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00:23:41,712 --> 00:23:44,215
Living in such dense vegetation,
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00:23:44,340 --> 00:23:47,927
it's difficult to make yourself seen -
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00:23:48,052 --> 00:23:50,847
even when you want to be.
156
00:23:52,390 --> 00:23:53,850
And that's a problem
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00:23:53,975 --> 00:23:56,727
for this male Temminck's tragopan.
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00:23:58,312 --> 00:24:01,816
He has lived most of his life alone.
159
00:24:05,153 --> 00:24:08,823
And this is his first mating season.
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00:24:12,285 --> 00:24:14,787
He needs to make himself conspicuous
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00:24:14,912 --> 00:24:17,707
in the gloom of the forest floor,
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00:24:17,832 --> 00:24:21,544
and he's found a clearing
where he might do so.
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00:24:25,381 --> 00:24:26,883
A female.
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00:24:38,603 --> 00:24:41,314
She, too, is looking for a mate.
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00:24:44,817 --> 00:24:47,278
This could be his moment.
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00:25:13,846 --> 00:25:15,515
Oh, dear.
167
00:25:17,183 --> 00:25:19,393
Stage fright.
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00:25:26,526 --> 00:25:28,528
And who is this?
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00:25:31,197 --> 00:25:33,950
A male golden pheasant.
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00:25:36,494 --> 00:25:38,621
He, too, has come to this clearing...
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00:25:40,456 --> 00:25:42,959
...to attract a female.
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00:25:48,631 --> 00:25:52,468
And he seems a little more confident.
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00:26:21,455 --> 00:26:24,875
So that is how it's done.
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00:26:30,047 --> 00:26:33,718
The tragopan
might still have a chance.
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00:26:33,843 --> 00:26:35,970
Here is a new female.
176
00:26:38,306 --> 00:26:40,558
But is she interested?
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00:26:48,691 --> 00:26:50,610
It's time to be bold.
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He pumps up a pair of horns
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00:27:04,457 --> 00:27:07,043
and a multicoloured bib.
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00:27:10,588 --> 00:27:12,757
It's a sight to be wondered at.
181
00:27:18,846 --> 00:27:22,475
And it has never before
been filmed in the wild.
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00:28:01,263 --> 00:28:02,598
Not today.
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00:28:06,018 --> 00:28:07,728
How deflating.
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00:28:24,995 --> 00:28:29,041
The temperate rainforests
of Western Canada.
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00:28:34,130 --> 00:28:38,384
Some of the trees here
are 1,000 years old.
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00:28:57,778 --> 00:28:58,988
It's autumn,
187
00:28:59,113 --> 00:29:02,450
and the beginning
of a spectacle that, each year,
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00:29:02,575 --> 00:29:06,912
transforms this forest
and all that lives in it.
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00:29:16,464 --> 00:29:20,217
After years at sea,
thousands of Pacific salmon
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00:29:20,342 --> 00:29:23,721
are returning to these streams
to breed.
191
00:29:31,687 --> 00:29:36,400
And they attract
the forest's rarest resident.
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00:29:56,504 --> 00:29:58,756
A spirit bear.
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00:30:01,467 --> 00:30:04,512
A white variant of the black bear.
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00:30:16,315 --> 00:30:19,568
Fewer than 150 exist,
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00:30:19,693 --> 00:30:21,821
and they're found only here.
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00:30:31,956 --> 00:30:33,123
This female
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00:30:33,249 --> 00:30:37,545
has fished for salmon here
for 20 years.
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00:31:06,699 --> 00:31:08,534
Get your timing right...
199
00:31:11,620 --> 00:31:14,248
...and there can be
great rewards.
200
00:31:22,214 --> 00:31:26,218
In her youth, she was, in fact,
even more successful
201
00:31:26,343 --> 00:31:28,304
than the black bears.
202
00:31:36,186 --> 00:31:37,605
Perhaps her pale coat
203
00:31:37,730 --> 00:31:40,190
makes it difficult
for the fish to see her
204
00:31:40,316 --> 00:31:42,359
against the bright sky,
205
00:31:42,484 --> 00:31:45,029
and that could give her an advantage.
206
00:31:52,036 --> 00:31:55,164
But now she is old,
207
00:31:55,289 --> 00:31:58,792
and this year she's finding it hard.
208
00:32:27,488 --> 00:32:31,909
Her fishing skills, however,
haven't totally deserted her.
209
00:32:36,497 --> 00:32:40,125
This annual feast helps her to fatten,
210
00:32:40,250 --> 00:32:42,670
ready for the winter ahead.
211
00:32:48,342 --> 00:32:49,510
But it also helps
212
00:32:49,635 --> 00:32:52,304
the patch of forest where she lives.
213
00:32:54,848 --> 00:32:56,058
This female
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00:32:56,183 --> 00:33:00,020
has an unusual relationship
with the forest.
215
00:33:04,566 --> 00:33:09,279
Every fish carcass
she leaves behind decays,
216
00:33:09,405 --> 00:33:13,033
releasing nutrients
that soak into the soil.
217
00:33:18,789 --> 00:33:20,082
And there...
218
00:33:23,252 --> 00:33:27,589
...they are collected
by a network of fungi.
219
00:33:43,731 --> 00:33:47,651
The threads attach themselves
to the tree's roots.
220
00:33:51,822 --> 00:33:54,950
And nutrients from the fish,
collected by the fungi,
221
00:33:55,075 --> 00:33:57,953
are then passed on to the trees.
222
00:34:00,497 --> 00:34:03,125
As a consequence,
the forest around the river
223
00:34:03,250 --> 00:34:06,962
grows three times faster
than elsewhere...
224
00:34:16,889 --> 00:34:18,557
...and some trees here
225
00:34:18,682 --> 00:34:22,436
become as tall as any in the world...
226
00:34:31,153 --> 00:34:35,949
...and provide spirit bears
with a healthy forest home.
227
00:34:53,675 --> 00:34:55,052
We now know
228
00:34:55,177 --> 00:34:59,932
that such relationships exist
in forests all over the world.
229
00:35:05,562 --> 00:35:07,773
At the heart of these many connections
230
00:35:07,898 --> 00:35:11,235
stand giant trees, like this one.
231
00:35:13,529 --> 00:35:14,738
A kapok.
232
00:35:18,242 --> 00:35:22,621
It started life as a seed
some 200 years ago.
233
00:35:26,458 --> 00:35:31,213
Now it towers 60 metres
above the forest floor...
234
00:35:33,298 --> 00:35:37,678
...and transports 1,000 litres
of nutrient-filled water
235
00:35:37,803 --> 00:35:39,221
from its roots
236
00:35:39,346 --> 00:35:43,392
up to its canopy every day.
237
00:35:50,649 --> 00:35:54,611
So this giant gives life to others.
238
00:36:05,080 --> 00:36:07,583
A whole community
of animals and plants
239
00:36:07,708 --> 00:36:11,879
depends on the wellbeing
of this one tree.
240
00:36:59,176 --> 00:37:02,888
A single cut,
made in just a few moments,
241
00:37:03,013 --> 00:37:04,932
has broken thousands
242
00:37:05,057 --> 00:37:07,726
of long-established connections.
243
00:37:17,861 --> 00:37:19,988
Across the world's forests,
244
00:37:20,113 --> 00:37:24,618
this story is being repeated
endlessly.
245
00:37:38,924 --> 00:37:42,594
15 billion trees
246
00:37:42,719 --> 00:37:45,931
are cut down every year.
247
00:37:57,109 --> 00:37:58,944
Every one of these trees
248
00:37:59,069 --> 00:38:03,490
is, in itself, an intricate ecosystem.
249
00:38:16,878 --> 00:38:20,424
But here in Brazil,
they're being replaced
250
00:38:20,549 --> 00:38:24,720
by plantations
of a single species of tree.
251
00:38:34,813 --> 00:38:37,190
Originally from Australia...
252
00:38:39,109 --> 00:38:42,362
...these eucalypts are unable
to build relationships
253
00:38:42,487 --> 00:38:45,824
with most of the native plants
and animals.
254
00:38:53,498 --> 00:38:55,250
And, worse,
255
00:38:55,375 --> 00:38:57,836
these newcomers grow so rapidly
256
00:38:57,961 --> 00:39:00,714
they extract nutrients from the soil
257
00:39:00,839 --> 00:39:03,925
faster than they can be replaced.
258
00:39:13,310 --> 00:39:17,105
And what was once
a rich and complex world...
259
00:39:19,900 --> 00:39:24,488
...becomes little more
than a green desert.
260
00:40:00,524 --> 00:40:03,318
And at just five years of age...
261
00:40:04,736 --> 00:40:06,863
...their lives are ended.
262
00:40:09,866 --> 00:40:13,245
They're felled and taken away.
263
00:40:24,881 --> 00:40:29,803
Their wood is then pulped
to make paper.
264
00:40:42,274 --> 00:40:46,528
And all that remains
of the rich rainforest
265
00:40:46,653 --> 00:40:49,406
are a few tiny patches...
266
00:40:58,915 --> 00:41:00,834
...patches so small
267
00:41:00,959 --> 00:41:04,087
that few of the original inhabitants
268
00:41:04,212 --> 00:41:06,715
are able to survive in them.
269
00:41:14,973 --> 00:41:17,684
Uganda, East Africa.
270
00:41:30,071 --> 00:41:33,200
This small group of chimpanzees
271
00:41:33,325 --> 00:41:35,285
have a detailed knowledge
272
00:41:35,410 --> 00:41:37,287
of the forest territory
that they inherited
273
00:41:37,412 --> 00:41:39,915
from previous generations.
274
00:41:51,676 --> 00:41:54,763
They know the best places to shelter,
275
00:41:54,888 --> 00:41:56,389
to raise their young...
276
00:42:00,560 --> 00:42:02,103
...and to feed.
277
00:42:23,124 --> 00:42:26,086
This fruiting tree
278
00:42:26,211 --> 00:42:30,382
cannot by itself
sustain the chimps for long.
279
00:42:49,150 --> 00:42:54,155
The alpha male signals
that it's time to move on.
280
00:43:00,203 --> 00:43:03,415
Where he goes, others will follow.
281
00:43:22,976 --> 00:43:26,688
He leads them
not to another fruiting tree...
282
00:43:29,190 --> 00:43:32,402
...but into a new world.
283
00:43:53,173 --> 00:43:56,551
This road, only recently built,
284
00:43:56,676 --> 00:43:59,179
has cut through their territory.
285
00:44:09,648 --> 00:44:12,317
The alpha male is cautious.
286
00:44:21,284 --> 00:44:24,954
His own mother
was killed on this road.
287
00:44:48,478 --> 00:44:51,231
He makes sure it's clear
before crossing
288
00:44:51,356 --> 00:44:54,275
with the slower members of his family.
289
00:45:14,504 --> 00:45:17,966
If the group is to get
what they need...
290
00:45:21,720 --> 00:45:24,973
...they will have to go against
their natural instincts...
291
00:45:28,518 --> 00:45:30,770
...and approach humans.
292
00:46:01,050 --> 00:46:02,886
But their new neighbours...
293
00:46:03,011 --> 00:46:04,763
...are friendly.
294
00:46:11,060 --> 00:46:14,647
And they allow the chimps
to collect...
295
00:46:16,941 --> 00:46:19,068
...jackfruit,
296
00:46:19,194 --> 00:46:22,489
the largest of all tree fruits.
297
00:46:29,329 --> 00:46:33,333
Jackfruit grow all year round
in people's gardens.
298
00:46:47,305 --> 00:46:49,766
And they're more nutritious
299
00:46:49,891 --> 00:46:52,352
than the limited amount of wild food
300
00:46:52,477 --> 00:46:54,437
the chimps can now find
301
00:46:54,562 --> 00:46:57,357
in what remains of their forest.
302
00:47:09,661 --> 00:47:12,497
But this is a new world...
303
00:47:14,040 --> 00:47:16,376
...and a new relationship.
304
00:47:21,756 --> 00:47:24,968
New boundaries need to be established.
305
00:47:28,680 --> 00:47:31,724
Some of the chimps
start to help themselves
306
00:47:31,850 --> 00:47:33,810
to people's crops.
307
00:48:09,220 --> 00:48:11,222
They have outstayed their welcome,
308
00:48:11,347 --> 00:48:15,435
and the alpha male decides
that it's time to leave.
309
00:48:36,956 --> 00:48:39,667
The chimps make this dangerous journey
310
00:48:39,792 --> 00:48:41,210
every day.
311
00:49:00,480 --> 00:49:02,982
But these highly intelligent animals,
312
00:49:03,107 --> 00:49:05,401
our closest living relatives,
313
00:49:05,526 --> 00:49:08,279
have managed, just about,
314
00:49:08,404 --> 00:49:10,698
to carve out a place for themselves
315
00:49:10,823 --> 00:49:13,284
in this changing world.
316
00:49:19,457 --> 00:49:21,167
Animals have maintained
317
00:49:21,292 --> 00:49:24,629
a long-established relationship
with forests.
318
00:49:29,258 --> 00:49:31,135
But as we continue
319
00:49:31,260 --> 00:49:33,888
to break our connections with them,
320
00:49:34,013 --> 00:49:36,182
the question is,
321
00:49:36,307 --> 00:49:39,435
for how much longer will they survive?
322
00:49:41,896 --> 00:49:46,317
Surely, the time has come
to rebuild them.
23221
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