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[suspenseful music]
[logo cracking]
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[dramatic suspenseful music]
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- [Narrator] In 1945, a
frail looking scientist
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00:00:18,603 --> 00:00:22,039
drove this road on his
way to the Trinity Site.
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It's a sad and
depressing stretch
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of vast unforgiving
desert in New Mexico,
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but in colonial times,
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it was the sorry end of
many travelers' dreams.
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He was an ivory tower academic,
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a multilinguist, a polymath,
an undoubted genius,
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had never managed more
than a handful of students,
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00:00:46,063 --> 00:00:48,631
and had spent all of
his professional life
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surrounded by books,
blackboards, and theorem.
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Now he had built an isolated
secret city in the sky
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where a scientific community
of over 6,000 people
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lived and worked
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on the most expensive
military scientific project
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ever attempted.
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He had done in months
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what other global powers
had failed to do in years,
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and now he stood on
the edge of discovering
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if all his efforts
would come to fruition.
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Just days before, he had taken
delivery of the plutonium,
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which was essential to his bomb.
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He'd signed a receipt for
hundreds of millions of dollars.
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It was the fruits of the labors
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of hundreds of thousands
of unwitting workers
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spread in secret locations
across the United States.
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In this rundown old ranch house,
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the elements were assembled
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then taken to the
test site tower.
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As the lightning crackled in
the sky and the wind howled,
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he lay on the floor
of the canyon,
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waiting for the detonation.
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[thunder rumbles]
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He knew that the
fate of his nation,
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the lives of millions of people,
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and the future of the
world lay in his hands.
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From somewhere, a few
words formed in his mind.
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- "Now I am become Death,
the destroyer of worlds."
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[atomic bomb booming]
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[dramatic music]
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- Robert Oppenheimer grew up
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in a very privileged
circumstance.
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[cheerful piano music]
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He lived in a 10-room apartment
on the Upper West Side.
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His parents had made by that
time quite a bit of money.
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He had a limousine
with a chauffeur.
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They had servants.
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They had a house in Long Island.
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They had a small sailing yacht,
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which he named the Trimethy,
after the chemical compound.
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00:03:20,451 --> 00:03:22,752
- When Oppenheimer
was growing up,
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more or less his only
models were his parents.
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He was brought up in isolation
until he went to school,
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and he went to school
comparatively late.
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And anything Oppenheimer
showed an interest in,
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his parents would buy things
to satisfy that interest.
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If he showed any
interest in painting,
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they would buy him an
easel and some paints.
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One thing he showed a very
keen interest in was geology
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and so they furnished him
with a collection of rocks,
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he then went on trips.
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He actually did,
at the age of 13,
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original research in geology
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and joined the New York
City geology society
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and was invited by them,
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they didn't know that
he was just some kid.
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He was invited by them
to give a research paper.
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So what was life like?
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It was very privileged
but very intense,
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and he always felt that
there was something
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sad about his parents.
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His mother had a withered hand
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and she kept it very secret,
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and no one was
allowed to mention it.
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And the general
emotional atmosphere
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in the Oppenheimer household
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was rather repressed.
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- It was very sheltered.
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It was extremely privileged.
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[cheerful piano music]
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[birds chirping]
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[cheerful piano music continues]
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He was, you know, surrounded
by culture and art.
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His mother was an artist and
a collector of modern art,
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you know, Van Gogh paintings.
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He once said that
his life as a child
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offered no normal, healthy
way to be a bastard.
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- He went to a private school,
the Ethical Culture School.
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You know, he was a very
sheltered privileged young man.
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- His fellow schoolmates, one
of them remembers him saying,
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"Ask me a question in Latin,
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and I will reply
to you in Greek,"
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which was an enormously
impressive thing to do
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at the age of 13
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but not perhaps the
best way to win friends.
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- The Ethical Culture School
was Jewish but not Jewish.
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It came out of Judaism,
founded by a Reform rabbi,
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but it was very much a sort of
turn of the century creation.
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- Although he was finally
with other children his age,
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he didn't end up
making any friends.
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And until Francis
Fergusson arrived,
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who arrived from the
other side of the country,
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he was from the Southwest,
he was from New Mexico,
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came from rather a grand
old New Mexican family,
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but unlike almost all
the other children
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at the Ethical Culture School,
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Francis Fergusson did not come
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from the Jewish community
of the Upper West Side.
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And I think that had a lot to do
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with the bond that
Oppenheimer formed with him.
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It's very difficult
to know why exactly,
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but Oppenheimer from
a very young age,
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made efforts to distance
himself from the description
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that almost everybody
would've given of him.
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To almost everybody, he
would've been a German Jew.
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He insisted he was neither
German nor Jewish. [laughs]
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And so,
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he was at odds with
the perception of him,
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which I think is also part
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of his enormously
complicated makeup.
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- And I think this
was very much bound up
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with an attempt to escape
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from a particularly Jewish
identity and to be an American,
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whatever that meant.
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And that very much
influenced Oppenheimer
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and he was always uncomfortable
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with being identified as Jewish.
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- But, you know, he
had a good childhood.
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He had no traumatic experiences.
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He was very privileged.
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He went horseback
riding in Central Park,
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and he fell in love increasingly
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at the Ethical Culture
School, with science.
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He focused a lot on chemistry.
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- Later interest in New Mexico,
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his horse riding, his sailing,
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his sort of adventurousness
and risk taking in a way,
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very clearly was a reaction
against this highly controlled,
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00:09:04,428 --> 00:09:07,531
almost luxurious prison
of his childhood.
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- I think he had a
big ego, [laughs] yes.
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He had a strong ego,
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he knew he was intelligent,
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and he was always
very ambitious.
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- He was a little
bit precious in a way
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and that led him to be
bullied by other children.
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There was an incident
at a summer camp
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where he was really
quite nastily bullied,
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but I do think that he was aware
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of his intellectual abilities
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and was extremely ambitious.
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He wanted to do
something special.
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- So he had a year
of enforced leisure
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because he became ill,
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and for the first time,
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he became a troublesome boy
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and his parents didn't
know what to do with him.
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He was difficult.
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He was fed up.
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He didn't want to be at home.
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He wanted to be at Harvard.
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He wanted to be with
super bright people.
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He wanted to be studying
chemistry and physics.
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And partly, I think,
to get rid of him,
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his parents approached a teacher
at his school called Smith
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and asked Smith to take
Robert on a trip out West.
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[gentle upbeat music]
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Now, the connection
with New Mexico
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was provided by
Francis Fergusson,
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who was the one boy at
the Ethical Culture School
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with whom Oppenheimer
had a friendship.
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And Fergusson was from a
well-known family in New Mexico.
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[water rushing]
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And so Oppenheimer went
to stay with Fergusson,
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cementing their friendship,
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Fergusson would go on
to Harvard as well,
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but it gave Oppenheimer
a love of the Southwest
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and particularly of New Mexico.
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- New Mexico couldn't have
been more of a contrast
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from his upbringing in New York
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and the whole
environment of New York
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and the Ethical Culture School,
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and he became infatuated with
an older woman in her 20s,
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Katherine Chaves Page.
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That was the first
time that he had
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really that kind of
romantic interest,
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although it was
completely platonic.
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- Oh, New Mexico had an
enormous impact on him.
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He fell in love with the desert,
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the high plains around Santa Fe,
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and he rode horseback
into the Pecos Mountains.
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- [Charles] That was this
sort of adventurous spirit
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that was an escape from this
claustrophobic background
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of his childhood, I think.
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- [Kai] Just the starkness
of the geography,
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he took to it.
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Yeah, he fell in
love with New Mexico.
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Started renting in 1929
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on 135 acres up
at like 9,500 feet
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in the middle of
nowhere, [laughs]
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but he loved it.
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It was so spartan.
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That was the kind of
thing he really enjoyed.
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- [Frank] We slept on
the floor, a board floor,
206
00:13:01,131 --> 00:13:03,398
and we didn't have
enough covers,
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00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:05,269
and we were pretty
frozen by morning.
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00:13:06,403 --> 00:13:08,904
But [laughs] that didn't
bother Robert much,
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he was a fairly hardy fellow,
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00:13:10,475 --> 00:13:11,974
although he didn't
look that way.
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He looked terribly frail,
but he was pretty tough.
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[hopeful music]
213
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- A decade later, he was
always telling people,
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00:13:31,962 --> 00:13:34,464
he was quipping that
his ambition in life
215
00:13:34,466 --> 00:13:38,635
was to combine physics
with New Mexico. [laughs]
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And so, and he did. [laughs]
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- And actually, if he
hadn't had that holiday
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00:13:47,545 --> 00:13:51,246
in the summer of
1922 in New Mexico,
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then 20 years later,
220
00:13:54,753 --> 00:13:57,853
the laboratory to build
the first atomic bomb
221
00:13:57,855 --> 00:14:00,257
would most likely have
been built somewhere else.
222
00:14:01,660 --> 00:14:04,259
- Again, he succeeded at
everything he did at Harvard
223
00:14:04,261 --> 00:14:07,429
but he remained very
socially awkward.
224
00:14:07,431 --> 00:14:10,934
He had a few friends,
his roommates.
225
00:14:12,803 --> 00:14:16,474
You know, he was a very
intense personality
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00:14:18,242 --> 00:14:20,444
and I don't think he...
227
00:14:21,845 --> 00:14:24,946
I don't think hemade any
long-term friendships there,
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00:14:24,948 --> 00:14:28,518
but he got through
it and succeeded
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00:14:28,520 --> 00:14:32,856
and went off to Cambridge,
England to study physics.
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00:14:34,224 --> 00:14:39,229
- And the most famous
physicist at that time
231
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was Ernest Rutherford,
who was at Cambridge,
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00:14:42,767 --> 00:14:45,133
and what Oppenheimer wanted
233
00:14:45,135 --> 00:14:47,071
was to work with
Ernest Rutherford.
234
00:14:48,540 --> 00:14:52,307
But there was a problem there
because although as a student,
235
00:14:52,309 --> 00:14:56,512
he'd shown himself to be a
brilliant theoretical physicist,
236
00:14:56,514 --> 00:14:58,847
in the laboratory,
he was a disaster,
237
00:14:58,849 --> 00:15:02,851
and Rutherford was
an applied physicist,
238
00:15:02,853 --> 00:15:04,388
so Rutherford turned him down.
239
00:15:05,824 --> 00:15:09,925
Rutherford's colleague was
a man called J.J. Thompson,
240
00:15:09,927 --> 00:15:12,829
who had discovered the electron.
241
00:15:12,831 --> 00:15:14,831
And as a sort of second best,
242
00:15:14,833 --> 00:15:18,969
Oppenheimer chose to
work with Thompson,
243
00:15:20,605 --> 00:15:23,606
who too was an
experimental physicist,
244
00:15:23,608 --> 00:15:27,844
and got Oppenheimer
to work in the lab,
245
00:15:27,846 --> 00:15:30,212
which he was very bad at.
246
00:15:30,214 --> 00:15:33,081
And he spent a year at
Cambridge in England
247
00:15:33,083 --> 00:15:36,251
and it was the most
unhappy year of his life.
248
00:15:36,253 --> 00:15:40,757
He was a square peg trying
to fit into a round hole.
249
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He wasn't a
laboratory physicist,
250
00:15:43,394 --> 00:15:46,564
he was most interested
in theoretical physics,
251
00:15:47,898 --> 00:15:51,636
and he also found it difficult
socially in Cambridge.
252
00:15:52,837 --> 00:15:55,170
It was expected of
all the students
253
00:15:55,172 --> 00:15:57,573
that they would give a
presentation every now and again
254
00:15:57,575 --> 00:15:59,141
explaining what they were up to.
255
00:15:59,143 --> 00:16:04,081
There's a story that Oppenheimer
gave his presentation,
256
00:16:05,683 --> 00:16:10,185
chalk in hand, facing
the blackboard,
257
00:16:10,187 --> 00:16:15,192
saying, "The point is, the
point is, the point is,"
258
00:16:16,628 --> 00:16:20,195
and he just kept repeating
this over and over again
259
00:16:20,197 --> 00:16:25,035
until he was [laughs]
gently moved to one side.
260
00:16:27,104 --> 00:16:30,807
There are other reports of
people finding him curled up
261
00:16:30,809 --> 00:16:35,143
in the fetus position on
the floor of the laboratory
262
00:16:35,145 --> 00:16:40,150
and another story of him trying
to murder Patrick Blackett.
263
00:16:41,318 --> 00:16:45,353
Patrick Blackett
was, one supposes,
264
00:16:45,355 --> 00:16:49,792
represented to Oppenheimer
265
00:16:49,794 --> 00:16:51,995
everything that
Oppenheimer felt he wasn't.
266
00:16:53,330 --> 00:16:56,499
Patrick Blackett was
notoriously well connected.
267
00:16:56,501 --> 00:16:58,133
He was very good looking.
268
00:16:58,135 --> 00:17:00,538
He was very debonair.
269
00:17:01,873 --> 00:17:05,710
He was superbly good
in the laboratory.
270
00:17:07,244 --> 00:17:12,249
And Oppenheimer once went
on holiday to Corsica
271
00:17:14,886 --> 00:17:16,184
and he said to his friends,
272
00:17:16,186 --> 00:17:17,487
"Oh, I've got to get
back to Cambridge,"
273
00:17:17,489 --> 00:17:18,721
and they said, "Why?"
274
00:17:18,723 --> 00:17:22,190
He said, "Well, I've
left a poisoned apple
275
00:17:22,192 --> 00:17:24,192
on Blackett's desk,
276
00:17:24,194 --> 00:17:27,097
and I want to get back and
remove it before it kills him."
277
00:17:28,332 --> 00:17:31,536
I think he found the
snobbery very difficult.
278
00:17:32,604 --> 00:17:36,139
Harvard had been
explicitly anti-Semitic.
279
00:17:37,742 --> 00:17:39,742
That doesn't seem to
have troubled Oppenheimer
280
00:17:39,744 --> 00:17:41,409
all that much.
281
00:17:41,411 --> 00:17:44,680
I think what bothered
him at Cambridge
282
00:17:44,682 --> 00:17:49,687
was there was little to
no explicit antisemitism,
283
00:17:51,021 --> 00:17:54,924
but I think one way or another,
284
00:17:54,926 --> 00:17:59,227
he received the impression
that he wasn't one of them.
285
00:17:59,229 --> 00:18:02,232
And I think this bothered
him to his very core.
286
00:18:05,402 --> 00:18:10,407
Salvation came to
throw Oppenheimer a
lifeline was Max Born,
287
00:18:11,809 --> 00:18:15,545
the German physicist who
became a Nobel Prize winner,
288
00:18:15,547 --> 00:18:17,815
who came to Cambridge
to give a talk.
289
00:18:18,816 --> 00:18:20,616
Oppenheimer got to know him,
290
00:18:20,618 --> 00:18:23,151
got to discuss physics with him.
291
00:18:23,153 --> 00:18:25,320
Born was so impressed
with Oppenheimer
292
00:18:25,322 --> 00:18:29,090
that he invited him over to
Gottingen where Born taught
293
00:18:29,092 --> 00:18:30,628
in order to do a PhD.
294
00:18:32,030 --> 00:18:36,133
Most people take three
years plus to do a PhD,
295
00:18:37,334 --> 00:18:40,237
Oppenheimer did his
in under 18 months.
296
00:18:41,405 --> 00:18:45,708
And the result of it
is a piece of work
297
00:18:45,710 --> 00:18:47,843
that is still referred to now
298
00:18:47,845 --> 00:18:51,446
by people working in
physical chemistry,
299
00:18:51,448 --> 00:18:55,751
the Born-Oppenheimer
Approximation as it's known.
300
00:18:55,753 --> 00:18:59,488
He then sat about working
on research papers.
301
00:18:59,490 --> 00:19:01,156
So within a very short time,
302
00:19:01,158 --> 00:19:04,392
he'd gone from being in
a desperate situation
303
00:19:04,394 --> 00:19:05,895
in Cambridge, England,
304
00:19:05,897 --> 00:19:09,968
where he found himself adrift
socially and intellectually,
305
00:19:10,969 --> 00:19:12,535
to being the star.
306
00:19:12,537 --> 00:19:14,971
Oppenheimer had a queue
of American universities
307
00:19:14,973 --> 00:19:17,439
wanting to bring him over.
308
00:19:17,441 --> 00:19:21,209
- Oh, by that time, he
was already regarded
309
00:19:21,211 --> 00:19:25,481
as a brilliant young
quantum physicist
310
00:19:25,483 --> 00:19:27,817
who, you know, there
weren't many people
311
00:19:27,819 --> 00:19:29,284
who could understand.
312
00:19:29,286 --> 00:19:33,188
You and I can't understand
what quantum is about.
313
00:19:33,190 --> 00:19:36,424
- Because he could
pick and choose,
314
00:19:36,426 --> 00:19:38,696
he chose a very
unusual arrangement
315
00:19:39,897 --> 00:19:41,599
where he spent half
the year at Caltech
316
00:19:42,734 --> 00:19:45,468
and half the year at Berkeley.
317
00:19:45,470 --> 00:19:50,475
- So he went off to Berkeley
and essentially founded
318
00:19:51,643 --> 00:19:54,275
the Department of
Theoretical Physics
319
00:19:54,277 --> 00:19:59,282
and worked there for the
next 11, 12, 13 years.
320
00:20:00,551 --> 00:20:03,019
And he never, you know,
321
00:20:03,021 --> 00:20:08,026
had more than a dozen
graduate students to oversee
322
00:20:08,960 --> 00:20:10,595
but they all adored him.
323
00:20:11,763 --> 00:20:15,363
He turned out to be a
lousy teacher initially.
324
00:20:15,365 --> 00:20:18,901
- There were elements
there of traits
325
00:20:18,903 --> 00:20:22,237
that would influence how
people reacted to Oppenheimer
326
00:20:22,239 --> 00:20:23,973
throughout his life,
327
00:20:23,975 --> 00:20:25,775
his extreme intelligence,
328
00:20:25,777 --> 00:20:29,277
his refusal to make allowances
329
00:20:29,279 --> 00:20:31,547
for people who weren't
quite as well educated
330
00:20:31,549 --> 00:20:33,516
or as clever as he was,
331
00:20:33,518 --> 00:20:36,018
and also a tendency
to show off, you know?
332
00:20:36,020 --> 00:20:39,588
All of those would mark him
for the rest of his life.
333
00:20:39,590 --> 00:20:44,192
- But he learned eventually
to become charismatic,
334
00:20:44,194 --> 00:20:47,732
again to transform himself
into a good teacher.
335
00:20:49,232 --> 00:20:53,738
- He was, by all accounts, an
extremely charismatic teacher
336
00:20:55,238 --> 00:20:57,139
and you could see that by
the way that they emulated
337
00:20:57,141 --> 00:21:02,046
his mannerisms and
his manner of speech.
338
00:21:02,914 --> 00:21:07,185
That prefigured the motivating
339
00:21:08,351 --> 00:21:12,488
role that he had as the
leader of Los Alamos.
340
00:21:12,490 --> 00:21:13,723
- You know, he was a polymath.
341
00:21:13,725 --> 00:21:18,663
He loved reading French
literature and poetry
342
00:21:19,530 --> 00:21:24,035
and John Dunn and Hemingway.
343
00:21:25,103 --> 00:21:29,807
And he also was
intrigued, at one point,
344
00:21:30,708 --> 00:21:33,008
with Hinduism,
345
00:21:33,010 --> 00:21:35,711
so he took up the Gita
346
00:21:35,713 --> 00:21:40,718
and went to the only professor
at Berkeley who knew Sanskrit
347
00:21:41,919 --> 00:21:45,454
and had this guy
teach him Sanskrit
348
00:21:45,456 --> 00:21:49,026
so that he could read
the Gita in the original.
349
00:21:51,996 --> 00:21:56,264
Yeah, he was very much a
polymath, very weird guy.
350
00:21:56,266 --> 00:21:58,601
- When Oppenheimer
arrived in Berkeley,
351
00:21:58,603 --> 00:22:01,773
he was not in the slightest
bit interested in politics.
352
00:22:02,940 --> 00:22:05,608
He got to know Ernest Lawrence,
353
00:22:05,610 --> 00:22:07,512
who was an applied physicist,
354
00:22:08,479 --> 00:22:13,484
and in 1929, amazed Lawrence
355
00:22:14,351 --> 00:22:16,218
by revealing that he had no idea
356
00:22:16,220 --> 00:22:18,220
that the great
crash had happened.
357
00:22:18,222 --> 00:22:21,557
So uninformed was
he about politics.
358
00:22:21,559 --> 00:22:23,926
This would change
very soon after that
359
00:22:23,928 --> 00:22:26,862
and what would change
it was his students.
360
00:22:26,864 --> 00:22:28,230
His students were coming
361
00:22:28,232 --> 00:22:31,500
from what was
increasingly recognized
362
00:22:31,502 --> 00:22:33,569
as one of the up and coming,
363
00:22:33,571 --> 00:22:36,472
one of the leading physics
departments in the country.
364
00:22:36,474 --> 00:22:39,642
If you were a student of
Oppenheimer, that opened doors.
365
00:22:39,644 --> 00:22:42,778
But in the Depression,
his students were finding
366
00:22:42,780 --> 00:22:44,547
that they couldn't
get academic jobs,
367
00:22:44,549 --> 00:22:46,816
and they got jobs
cleaning toilets,
368
00:22:46,818 --> 00:22:50,318
and they got jobs
waiting tables and so on.
369
00:22:50,320 --> 00:22:52,788
And they got to find
out what it was like
370
00:22:52,790 --> 00:22:57,762
for working class people
in the Depression era.
371
00:22:59,230 --> 00:23:01,329
And as they were still in
touch with Oppenheimer,
372
00:23:01,331 --> 00:23:04,099
Oppenheimer got to
know what it was like.
373
00:23:04,101 --> 00:23:05,803
- And he was very well read.
374
00:23:07,271 --> 00:23:11,173
And in the 1930s, with the
rise of fascism in Europe,
375
00:23:11,175 --> 00:23:14,643
this was very worrisome to him
376
00:23:14,645 --> 00:23:17,248
and motivated him to
become more political.
377
00:23:18,415 --> 00:23:20,015
- And almost all
of his ex-students
378
00:23:20,017 --> 00:23:21,584
joined the Communist Party.
379
00:23:21,586 --> 00:23:24,019
Now, this is in the 1930s,
380
00:23:24,021 --> 00:23:27,156
and being a member of the
Communist Party was not,
381
00:23:27,158 --> 00:23:30,593
in the 1930s, did not have
anything like the stigma
382
00:23:30,595 --> 00:23:33,028
that it would have in the 1950s.
383
00:23:33,030 --> 00:23:36,565
The Communist Party was not
something you kept quiet about.
384
00:23:36,567 --> 00:23:37,802
It was not a big secret.
385
00:23:39,103 --> 00:23:43,438
And Oppenheimer, it's debatable
whether he ever joined
386
00:23:43,440 --> 00:23:45,174
the Communist Party.
387
00:23:45,176 --> 00:23:48,878
His brother Frank did, and
his brother Frank had a card.
388
00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:52,884
He was a card-carrying member
of the Communist Party.
389
00:23:54,085 --> 00:23:57,119
Nobody's ever produced
a Communist Party card
390
00:23:57,121 --> 00:23:59,757
identifying Robert
Oppenheimer as that.
391
00:24:01,158 --> 00:24:05,730
- And then of course, there
were some women involved
392
00:24:06,864 --> 00:24:08,733
who pushed him to become
even more political.
393
00:24:09,834 --> 00:24:12,301
So he met Jean
Tatlock in Berkeley,
394
00:24:12,303 --> 00:24:16,437
who was a young,
intelligent graduate student
395
00:24:16,439 --> 00:24:19,141
studying psychology,
396
00:24:19,143 --> 00:24:24,148
and they dated for
four years off and on,
397
00:24:25,016 --> 00:24:28,052
very tempestuous relationship.
398
00:24:30,588 --> 00:24:32,790
And Jean Tatlock was
a member of the party.
399
00:24:33,991 --> 00:24:36,458
- Bit by bit, he got
drawn into politics,
400
00:24:36,460 --> 00:24:39,762
and actually
throughout the '30s,
401
00:24:39,764 --> 00:24:42,564
he became more and more active.
402
00:24:42,566 --> 00:24:46,602
- Specifically, that
meant contributing
403
00:24:46,604 --> 00:24:51,609
to the Republican side
and the Spanish Civil War.
404
00:24:52,743 --> 00:24:55,177
So he gave money
to buy an ambulance
405
00:24:55,179 --> 00:25:00,051
to be shipped to the Republican
government in Madrid.
406
00:25:01,485 --> 00:25:03,485
He went to fundraisers.
407
00:25:03,487 --> 00:25:07,823
He probably, in the
end, by 1938, '39,
408
00:25:07,825 --> 00:25:10,492
he was giving about $400 a year.
409
00:25:10,494 --> 00:25:12,161
- Although it didn't
have the stigma
410
00:25:12,163 --> 00:25:13,963
that it would have in the '50s,
411
00:25:13,965 --> 00:25:17,766
still the FBI was
not very keen on it.
412
00:25:17,768 --> 00:25:21,971
And when the FBI learned
413
00:25:21,973 --> 00:25:24,907
that Oppenheimer
would often be seen
414
00:25:24,909 --> 00:25:29,645
at the houses of these leading
Communist Party members,
415
00:25:29,647 --> 00:25:31,480
they put people on Oppenheimer
416
00:25:31,482 --> 00:25:33,549
to follow him wherever he went.
417
00:25:33,551 --> 00:25:35,417
- And, you know, the FBI files,
418
00:25:35,419 --> 00:25:39,154
his FBI file runs to
almost 10,000 pages
419
00:25:39,156 --> 00:25:41,490
and a lot of it
is simply gossip,
420
00:25:41,492 --> 00:25:43,859
some of it comes from wiretaps.
421
00:25:43,861 --> 00:25:48,866
Anyway, in all those
10,000 FBI pages,
422
00:25:49,468 --> 00:25:50,699
you know,
423
00:25:50,701 --> 00:25:54,672
the FBI had him under
a microscope for years.
424
00:25:57,408 --> 00:26:00,477
There's no smoking gun,
425
00:26:00,479 --> 00:26:05,484
there's no clear evidence
that he ever joined the party,
426
00:26:06,650 --> 00:26:09,353
paid dues or had
a membership card.
427
00:26:11,922 --> 00:26:14,925
Oppenheimer, he
was too ethereal.
428
00:26:16,293 --> 00:26:20,596
I can't imagine him submitting
himself to party orders
429
00:26:20,598 --> 00:26:23,968
from the local party
chapter secretary, you know.
430
00:26:25,836 --> 00:26:29,040
He had too big of a ego.
431
00:26:30,608 --> 00:26:34,178
And then by 1942,
432
00:26:35,880 --> 00:26:40,885
you know, his ambition
was to work on
433
00:26:42,053 --> 00:26:43,919
what we now know as
the Manhattan Project
434
00:26:43,921 --> 00:26:45,687
because he was so fearful
435
00:26:45,689 --> 00:26:48,724
that the German
physicists whom he knew,
436
00:26:48,726 --> 00:26:49,858
they could make it work
437
00:26:49,860 --> 00:26:52,161
and they were probably
working on it.
438
00:26:52,163 --> 00:26:54,863
So given that ambition,
439
00:26:54,865 --> 00:26:59,635
he became much more careful
about his associations
440
00:26:59,637 --> 00:27:03,542
and donations to
charitable causes,
441
00:27:04,708 --> 00:27:09,713
and, you know, he
wanted that job in 1942.
442
00:27:11,782 --> 00:27:15,684
- This was the time of
the Great Depression,
443
00:27:15,686 --> 00:27:18,756
the time of the
Roosevelt's New Deal,
444
00:27:23,060 --> 00:27:25,961
and it was also the time
when the Communist Party
445
00:27:25,963 --> 00:27:30,968
was supporting the
notion of a popular front
446
00:27:31,570 --> 00:27:32,537
against fascism.
447
00:27:34,605 --> 00:27:39,441
So being involved
with and sympathetic
448
00:27:39,443 --> 00:27:42,344
with the Communist
Party at that time
449
00:27:42,346 --> 00:27:47,351
would not have seemed
to Oppenheimer to
be in conflict with
450
00:27:49,120 --> 00:27:51,956
being a loyal,
patriotic American.
451
00:27:53,090 --> 00:27:57,159
He was both involved
with the Communist Party
452
00:27:57,161 --> 00:28:02,099
and an admirer of
FDR, of Roosevelt.
453
00:28:03,468 --> 00:28:06,235
I think, in some ways,
that political involvement,
454
00:28:06,237 --> 00:28:09,171
that consciousness
of world events,
455
00:28:09,173 --> 00:28:13,709
what was taking place in Germany
with the rise of the Nazis,
456
00:28:13,711 --> 00:28:15,978
the persecution of the Jews,
457
00:28:15,980 --> 00:28:19,482
I think all of that prepared him
458
00:28:19,484 --> 00:28:24,489
for the role of
director of Los Alamos.
459
00:28:25,923 --> 00:28:28,525
- The leader of the Manhattan
Project was General Groves.
460
00:28:28,527 --> 00:28:32,728
General Groves was a
man of indomitable will.
461
00:28:32,730 --> 00:28:33,962
It used to be said
462
00:28:33,964 --> 00:28:38,570
that you couldn't create
enough fissile uranium
463
00:28:40,104 --> 00:28:44,373
because you would need
to refine uranium.
464
00:28:44,375 --> 00:28:47,109
Most uranium in
the world is 238,
465
00:28:47,111 --> 00:28:51,747
but you need 235 to
make an atomic bomb.
466
00:28:51,749 --> 00:28:54,716
You can create 235 from 238,
467
00:28:54,718 --> 00:28:56,586
but it used to be said that
you'd have to transform
468
00:28:56,588 --> 00:28:58,887
the whole of America
into one big factory
469
00:28:58,889 --> 00:29:00,122
in order to do this.
470
00:29:00,124 --> 00:29:02,958
That's what Groves
was determined to do.
471
00:29:02,960 --> 00:29:06,161
He bought up enormous
areas of land in Tennessee,
472
00:29:06,163 --> 00:29:08,030
and he bought up
enormous area of land
473
00:29:08,032 --> 00:29:09,331
in the state of Washington,
474
00:29:09,333 --> 00:29:12,734
and he built plants
on those land
475
00:29:12,736 --> 00:29:15,804
specifically for
enriching uranium,
476
00:29:15,806 --> 00:29:19,141
and he employed over a
hundred thousand people.
477
00:29:19,143 --> 00:29:21,276
And when people give estimates
478
00:29:21,278 --> 00:29:24,213
of how much the
Manhattan Project cost,
479
00:29:24,215 --> 00:29:25,781
2 billion, whatever it is,
480
00:29:25,783 --> 00:29:29,151
most of that money was
spent on hiring people
481
00:29:29,153 --> 00:29:30,419
to work in these plants.
482
00:29:30,421 --> 00:29:31,621
The most extraordinary thing,
483
00:29:31,623 --> 00:29:33,523
none of the people
working in those plants
484
00:29:33,525 --> 00:29:35,057
realized what they were doing.
485
00:29:35,059 --> 00:29:37,426
They were trained to say,
"Look, here's a machine,"
486
00:29:37,428 --> 00:29:38,994
with all these controls on it,
487
00:29:38,996 --> 00:29:41,730
"when this needle goes
this way, turn this knob.
488
00:29:41,732 --> 00:29:43,732
When it goes this
way, turn that knob,"
489
00:29:43,734 --> 00:29:45,670
and they had no idea
what they were doing.
490
00:29:46,937 --> 00:29:50,072
- Here it is, General
Groves, plutonium.
491
00:29:50,074 --> 00:29:52,508
- Well, that's the
first time I've seen it,
492
00:29:52,510 --> 00:29:54,711
but if you don't mind, I
wish you'd hold that under it
493
00:29:54,713 --> 00:29:56,111
because after all,
494
00:29:56,113 --> 00:29:59,950
there's about $50 million
in that test tube.
495
00:30:01,385 --> 00:30:04,687
- Groves also realized that he
needed to get the scientists
496
00:30:04,689 --> 00:30:08,190
to work on the theory
behind the bomb,
497
00:30:08,192 --> 00:30:10,192
exactly how you could create,
498
00:30:10,194 --> 00:30:12,227
'cause no one had created
an atomic bomb before.
499
00:30:12,229 --> 00:30:13,762
And so, you know,
500
00:30:13,764 --> 00:30:17,899
you needed not just
experimental physicists,
501
00:30:17,901 --> 00:30:20,737
you needed people who
understood the theory.
502
00:30:20,739 --> 00:30:23,939
And Groves went around the USA,
503
00:30:23,941 --> 00:30:28,110
interviewing the leading
scientists of the day
504
00:30:28,112 --> 00:30:29,512
and was very disappointed
505
00:30:29,514 --> 00:30:32,080
because he couldn't
understand a word they said.
506
00:30:32,082 --> 00:30:33,616
Until he went to California
507
00:30:33,618 --> 00:30:35,884
and he went to see
Ernest Lawrence,
508
00:30:35,886 --> 00:30:37,119
Oppenheimer's friend,
509
00:30:37,121 --> 00:30:38,389
Oppenheimer was there,
510
00:30:39,356 --> 00:30:42,424
and Oppenheimer gave Groves
511
00:30:42,426 --> 00:30:45,730
such a beautifully
clear explanation
512
00:30:46,631 --> 00:30:50,365
as to how nuclear fission works
513
00:30:50,367 --> 00:30:53,268
and what critical mass is
514
00:30:53,270 --> 00:30:57,372
and why nuclear fission
releases so much energy.
515
00:30:57,374 --> 00:30:59,511
Suddenly, Groves understood it,
516
00:31:00,944 --> 00:31:04,415
and he said, "I want that man
in charge of this project."
517
00:31:05,684 --> 00:31:09,318
- He was a most
unlikely candidate
518
00:31:09,320 --> 00:31:14,325
for being selected
as the scientific
director of Las Alamos.
519
00:31:17,529 --> 00:31:19,729
You know, he'd never managed
520
00:31:19,731 --> 00:31:22,299
more than a dozen
graduate students.
521
00:31:23,702 --> 00:31:27,903
He had no experience,
administratively speaking.
522
00:31:27,905 --> 00:31:30,005
- He'd never won a Nobel Prize.
523
00:31:30,007 --> 00:31:32,140
All these other scientists
were Nobel Prize winners,
524
00:31:32,142 --> 00:31:33,842
and therefore it was said,
525
00:31:33,844 --> 00:31:36,479
could command the respect
of all the other scientists.
526
00:31:36,481 --> 00:31:39,416
Oppenheimer was not a Nobel
Prize-winning physicist.
527
00:31:40,951 --> 00:31:44,353
Secondly, he was a
disaster in the laboratory,
528
00:31:44,355 --> 00:31:47,559
so why should you make this
man director of a laboratory?
529
00:31:49,059 --> 00:31:52,662
And then thirdly, J. Edgar
Hoover had identified him
530
00:31:52,664 --> 00:31:54,799
as a threat to the
security of the country.
531
00:31:56,701 --> 00:31:59,469
- Somehow the chemistry between,
532
00:31:59,471 --> 00:32:00,837
they were complete opposites
533
00:32:00,839 --> 00:32:04,776
but the chemistry between
them just clicked.
534
00:32:06,443 --> 00:32:08,711
And I think, in part,
this was because
535
00:32:08,713 --> 00:32:12,517
Groves knew nothing
about quantum physics,
536
00:32:14,552 --> 00:32:18,355
knew nothing about what
was involved technically
537
00:32:19,491 --> 00:32:24,359
but he saw here was
this 34-year-old
538
00:32:24,361 --> 00:32:27,362
eccentric physicist
539
00:32:27,364 --> 00:32:29,233
who could talk in plain English,
540
00:32:30,668 --> 00:32:32,300
and he could do so
because, you know,
541
00:32:32,302 --> 00:32:35,370
he loved poetry and literature,
542
00:32:35,372 --> 00:32:37,673
and so he could communicate.
543
00:32:37,675 --> 00:32:39,876
- Groves wrote to J.
Edgar Hoover saying,
544
00:32:39,878 --> 00:32:44,480
"Look, we don't want to continue
this discussion anymore.
545
00:32:44,482 --> 00:32:46,716
I want security clearance
given for this man.
546
00:32:46,718 --> 00:32:48,917
He's going to be head
of this project,"
547
00:32:48,919 --> 00:32:52,588
and Groves overran
every other objection
548
00:32:52,590 --> 00:32:54,524
to Oppenheimer being in charge.
549
00:32:54,526 --> 00:32:55,725
And as it turned out,
550
00:32:55,727 --> 00:32:57,627
it was a stroke of
genius on Groves's part
551
00:32:57,629 --> 00:32:59,194
because Oppenheimer,
552
00:32:59,196 --> 00:33:01,997
it's as if his whole life had
been leading up to this point.
553
00:33:01,999 --> 00:33:07,004
- Oppe made the brilliant
pitch that he says:
554
00:33:08,439 --> 00:33:10,174
You know, I understand you
have many security concerns,
555
00:33:11,576 --> 00:33:16,046
and so what you should
do is build a secret city
556
00:33:17,214 --> 00:33:19,381
in the middle of the
New Mexico desert
557
00:33:19,383 --> 00:33:23,952
and bring, you know, the best
and the brightest physicists
558
00:33:23,954 --> 00:33:25,790
and chemists and engineers
559
00:33:26,691 --> 00:33:31,696
and put them in this little town
560
00:33:32,564 --> 00:33:34,963
and put a barbed wire around it
561
00:33:34,965 --> 00:33:38,935
and just let them freely
talk amongst themselves
562
00:33:38,937 --> 00:33:41,069
on solving the problems,
563
00:33:41,071 --> 00:33:42,839
but you'd have complete secrecy.
564
00:33:42,841 --> 00:33:46,174
Well, Groves loved
that idea. [laughs]
565
00:33:46,176 --> 00:33:49,581
It solved all his
security concerns.
566
00:33:52,550 --> 00:33:54,983
And so he actually,
soon thereafter,
567
00:33:54,985 --> 00:33:57,689
took Oppenheimer on
a tour of New Mexico.
568
00:33:58,890 --> 00:34:03,160
Robert wanted the secret
city to be built there
569
00:34:04,428 --> 00:34:09,433
and he took Groves to
Los Alamos Boys School,
570
00:34:11,301 --> 00:34:15,272
which was about 40 miles
down the road from his cabin
571
00:34:16,508 --> 00:34:21,209
that he had started
renting in 1929.
572
00:34:21,211 --> 00:34:23,715
[light music]
573
00:34:26,416 --> 00:34:29,184
And here, the Los
Alamos Boys School
574
00:34:29,186 --> 00:34:33,121
had a dormitory and
a conference room
575
00:34:33,123 --> 00:34:35,257
and, you know,
the beginnings of,
576
00:34:35,259 --> 00:34:37,695
they had no idea how many
people they would need.
577
00:34:40,430 --> 00:34:41,831
- It was Oppenheimer's
insistence
578
00:34:41,833 --> 00:34:44,567
that this is done in Los Alamos,
579
00:34:44,569 --> 00:34:46,201
and again, there would
be practical reasons
580
00:34:46,203 --> 00:34:47,670
for not doing it in Los Alamos.
581
00:34:47,672 --> 00:34:49,472
It's right in the hills,
582
00:34:49,474 --> 00:34:53,676
getting anything there
would be a lot of hard work,
583
00:34:53,678 --> 00:34:55,110
but he insisted
584
00:34:55,112 --> 00:34:57,980
and so you have this
town built in Los Alamos.
585
00:34:57,982 --> 00:34:59,381
And Oppenheimer,
586
00:34:59,383 --> 00:35:01,283
as part of being the
director of the laboratory,
587
00:35:01,285 --> 00:35:05,454
was also in charge
of who got what house
588
00:35:05,456 --> 00:35:09,525
and the schooling
arrangements for the children
589
00:35:09,527 --> 00:35:11,259
that would be brought there
590
00:35:11,261 --> 00:35:14,329
and the washing
arrangements of the people.
591
00:35:14,331 --> 00:35:19,134
And as it turned out,
he could have meetings
592
00:35:19,136 --> 00:35:21,037
on domestic arrangements,
593
00:35:21,039 --> 00:35:23,140
he could have
meetings on plutonium,
594
00:35:24,408 --> 00:35:26,174
he could have meetings on,
595
00:35:26,176 --> 00:35:29,645
you know, how exactly you're
going to drop this bomb,
596
00:35:29,647 --> 00:35:31,480
he could have meetings
with von Neumann,
597
00:35:31,482 --> 00:35:33,749
the very brilliant
Hungarian mathematician,
598
00:35:33,751 --> 00:35:36,721
about the mathematics
involved in fission,
599
00:35:38,155 --> 00:35:41,122
and very quickly, he could
master all these fields.
600
00:35:41,124 --> 00:35:43,158
And so as it turned out,
601
00:35:43,160 --> 00:35:46,497
he was the perfect choice to
be in charge of this operation.
602
00:35:53,805 --> 00:35:57,272
- [Kai] The initial estimate
was maybe 100 people
603
00:35:57,274 --> 00:36:00,478
brought together, scientists.
604
00:36:01,345 --> 00:36:05,681
Well, it quickly grew to 1,000
605
00:36:05,683 --> 00:36:08,251
and then 3,000.
606
00:36:09,454 --> 00:36:10,653
By the end of the war,
607
00:36:10,655 --> 00:36:12,824
there were 6,000 people
in this secret city.
608
00:36:15,059 --> 00:36:16,492
He later said that, you know,
609
00:36:16,494 --> 00:36:19,964
there was no physics being
discovered during World War II.
610
00:36:21,766 --> 00:36:23,666
It was all engineering.
611
00:36:23,668 --> 00:36:28,405
You know, the idea of fission
had been discovered in 1939,
612
00:36:31,776 --> 00:36:33,909
so it was an open secret
613
00:36:33,911 --> 00:36:38,781
among physicists in Germany
and Japan and America
614
00:36:38,783 --> 00:36:43,788
that this was theoretically
possible to build a gadget
615
00:36:44,889 --> 00:36:47,125
that would have an
enormous explosive power
616
00:36:48,860 --> 00:36:53,765
but how to do it became
an engineering problem.
617
00:36:56,366 --> 00:37:00,168
- The building of the device,
the design of the device,
618
00:37:00,170 --> 00:37:01,704
the design of the bomb
619
00:37:01,706 --> 00:37:05,107
and the building of
the bomb at Los Alamos
620
00:37:05,109 --> 00:37:10,114
depended on receiving
the fissionable materials
621
00:37:10,848 --> 00:37:12,313
from these other sites.
622
00:37:12,315 --> 00:37:17,019
There was tremendous time
pressure on Los Alamos
623
00:37:17,021 --> 00:37:22,026
to be ready with their
device, with their mechanism,
624
00:37:22,894 --> 00:37:25,895
for when sufficient quantities
625
00:37:25,897 --> 00:37:28,331
of fissionable
materials would arrive,
626
00:37:29,600 --> 00:37:32,267
to have this thing ready
627
00:37:32,269 --> 00:37:36,708
so that it could
be used in the war.
628
00:37:38,976 --> 00:37:40,241
- Rather strangely,
629
00:37:40,243 --> 00:37:43,948
Oppenheimer turned out
to be a good manager.
630
00:37:44,949 --> 00:37:47,248
No one would've predicted this.
631
00:37:47,250 --> 00:37:52,056
He was the archetypal
ivory tower academic,
632
00:37:53,223 --> 00:37:57,225
but it turned out that
he could manage people.
633
00:37:57,227 --> 00:38:00,029
- Oh, he again had
transformed himself
634
00:38:00,031 --> 00:38:02,164
into a charismatic leader.
635
00:38:02,166 --> 00:38:04,434
He had a signature pork pie hat,
636
00:38:05,536 --> 00:38:08,637
a good eye for
drama and theatrics,
637
00:38:08,639 --> 00:38:11,907
but he was, you know,
he cut a good figure.
638
00:38:11,909 --> 00:38:16,479
He was handsome and charming
639
00:38:16,481 --> 00:38:17,780
when he wanted to be,
640
00:38:17,782 --> 00:38:20,151
particularly to
people below him.
641
00:38:21,152 --> 00:38:24,587
And at Los Alamos,
642
00:38:24,589 --> 00:38:28,289
he sort of treated his fellow
physicists and chemists
643
00:38:28,291 --> 00:38:31,560
and engineers as
fellow students.
644
00:38:31,562 --> 00:38:34,329
So he would come into the room
645
00:38:34,331 --> 00:38:37,533
where everyone
was arguing about,
646
00:38:37,535 --> 00:38:39,835
should we do this or
should we go this way,
647
00:38:39,837 --> 00:38:42,037
or how do we fix this problem,
648
00:38:42,039 --> 00:38:46,942
and he would just stand at the
back of the room and listen.
649
00:38:46,944 --> 00:38:50,679
And then after 30
minutes or an hour,
650
00:38:50,681 --> 00:38:53,414
he would intervene and say,
651
00:38:53,416 --> 00:38:57,820
"Well, I think what you're
all saying is this,"
652
00:38:57,822 --> 00:39:01,757
and he would manage in a
very brilliant, concise way
653
00:39:01,759 --> 00:39:04,796
to show them the
path forward was.
654
00:39:08,132 --> 00:39:10,866
- The accounts of the
scientists who worked there
655
00:39:10,868 --> 00:39:15,204
often present it as the
best time of their lives,
656
00:39:15,206 --> 00:39:18,107
the most engaged
they've ever been,
657
00:39:18,109 --> 00:39:23,114
the closest and most energized
scientific experience
658
00:39:24,081 --> 00:39:25,581
that they've ever had.
659
00:39:25,583 --> 00:39:29,552
And they say, in
their reminiscences,
660
00:39:29,554 --> 00:39:32,056
that that had a great deal
to do with Oppenheimer.
661
00:39:33,691 --> 00:39:38,328
- [Kai] Los Alamos became
his magical city on the hill.
662
00:39:40,131 --> 00:39:41,664
He was the king of it.
663
00:39:41,666 --> 00:39:43,634
He really enjoyed the work.
664
00:39:45,069 --> 00:39:48,904
And, you know, social life
revolved all around events,
665
00:39:48,906 --> 00:39:51,843
like they had a theater,
they had a grocery store,
666
00:39:53,778 --> 00:39:56,981
but most of the socializing
took place in private homes.
667
00:39:59,150 --> 00:40:03,788
And Oppenheimer, you know,
had parties all the time,
668
00:40:06,224 --> 00:40:10,192
encouraged people
to have a release.
669
00:40:10,194 --> 00:40:12,797
[upbeat music]
670
00:40:21,772 --> 00:40:25,274
You know, he continued
to go horseback riding.
671
00:40:25,276 --> 00:40:28,713
[upbeat music continues]
672
00:40:49,533 --> 00:40:51,869
- [Charles] They would
ski in the mountains.
673
00:40:53,037 --> 00:40:55,506
Many of the scientists
were from Europe,
674
00:40:57,842 --> 00:41:00,843
Enrico Fermi was an avid skier.
675
00:41:00,845 --> 00:41:04,113
They would enjoy what
New Mexico had to offer
676
00:41:04,115 --> 00:41:06,849
in terms of the outdoors,
677
00:41:06,851 --> 00:41:09,153
cross-country skiing, hiking.
678
00:41:13,958 --> 00:41:15,691
There were many parties.
679
00:41:15,693 --> 00:41:18,829
It was a very young community,
680
00:41:25,303 --> 00:41:27,803
young people, college age,
681
00:41:27,805 --> 00:41:32,143
graduate student age in
their 20s, in their 30s.
682
00:41:33,477 --> 00:41:36,612
And there were many parties,
683
00:41:36,614 --> 00:41:39,615
they would drink a
lot, they would dance,
684
00:41:39,617 --> 00:41:42,484
Edward Teller would
play the piano.
685
00:41:42,486 --> 00:41:46,157
In some ways, it was like
college life, I think.
686
00:41:47,525 --> 00:41:50,594
- And there was a lot of
drinking, [laughs] so...
687
00:41:53,130 --> 00:41:57,969
But it was a weird
place and he was...
688
00:41:59,270 --> 00:42:01,103
He was in charge of it all.
689
00:42:01,105 --> 00:42:05,808
- And so the job of
getting the bomb built
690
00:42:05,810 --> 00:42:07,776
was really just a
matter of 18 months.
691
00:42:07,778 --> 00:42:09,745
They moved in in '43,
692
00:42:09,747 --> 00:42:11,313
by the spring of '45,
693
00:42:11,315 --> 00:42:13,716
they were ready to
test the first weapon,
694
00:42:13,718 --> 00:42:16,352
which they tested
at the Trinity Site
695
00:42:16,354 --> 00:42:20,189
in southern New Mexico,
696
00:42:20,191 --> 00:42:22,558
which is an extraordinary
achievement.
697
00:42:22,560 --> 00:42:24,795
The Nazis spent five years
698
00:42:26,230 --> 00:42:28,864
and didn't even get
a working reactor.
699
00:42:28,866 --> 00:42:30,966
- [Narrator] Finally,
after three years work,
700
00:42:30,968 --> 00:42:34,471
the atomic experts were ready
to test their first bomb.
701
00:42:34,473 --> 00:42:37,673
In the control shack was
Dr. J.R. Oppenheimer.
702
00:42:37,675 --> 00:42:39,478
- The automatic
controls got it now.
703
00:42:40,778 --> 00:42:44,013
Rob, this time, the
stakes are really high.
704
00:42:44,015 --> 00:42:45,881
- It's going to work
all right, Robert,
705
00:42:45,883 --> 00:42:48,517
and I'm sure we'll
never be sorry for it.
706
00:42:48,519 --> 00:42:50,221
- Well, in 40
seconds, we'll know.
707
00:42:51,355 --> 00:42:53,922
[suspenseful music]
708
00:42:53,924 --> 00:42:55,691
- [Scientist] Minus 30 seconds.
709
00:42:55,693 --> 00:42:58,429
[dramatic music]
710
00:43:24,922 --> 00:43:28,527
[dramatic music continues]
711
00:43:34,398 --> 00:43:36,832
- [Kai] There was a
great deal of pressure
712
00:43:36,834 --> 00:43:38,836
leading up to the Trinity test.
713
00:43:42,073 --> 00:43:45,140
Rationally, they had
every reason to believe
714
00:43:45,142 --> 00:43:46,575
that it would work,
715
00:43:46,577 --> 00:43:49,912
the gadget would
work as expected.
716
00:43:49,914 --> 00:43:51,481
But, you know, this
is the first time
717
00:43:51,483 --> 00:43:53,115
anyone had attempted this thing,
718
00:43:53,117 --> 00:43:57,753
so there was a lot of tension
719
00:43:57,755 --> 00:44:02,660
and particularly on the
night before the explosion.
720
00:44:03,761 --> 00:44:07,098
[upbeat dramatic music]
721
00:44:35,659 --> 00:44:38,427
There's this very spooky
photo of Oppenheimer
722
00:44:38,429 --> 00:44:43,434
in his pork pie
hat in the shadows,
723
00:44:44,635 --> 00:44:48,405
and you see the sphere
of the Trinity weapon,
724
00:44:52,109 --> 00:44:56,145
and he's leaning in and you
see his sharp, angular nose.
725
00:44:56,147 --> 00:45:00,315
He was up there on the top
of the tower, inspecting,
726
00:45:00,317 --> 00:45:03,420
making sure that all the
plugs were in the right place.
727
00:45:14,765 --> 00:45:17,469
- [Clay] The first question
was, would it work at all?
728
00:45:20,671 --> 00:45:22,204
So they're all nervous wrecks.
729
00:45:22,206 --> 00:45:24,673
They witnessed it from
a long distance away,
730
00:45:24,675 --> 00:45:27,610
and they were told to use these
special shields and so on.
731
00:45:27,612 --> 00:45:28,480
Not everyone did.
732
00:45:29,614 --> 00:45:32,950
[upbeat dramatic music]
733
00:45:59,143 --> 00:46:03,111
- [Kai] And, you know,
early that morning,
734
00:46:03,113 --> 00:46:05,047
well, they were
outside the bunker
735
00:46:05,049 --> 00:46:07,716
lying on the desert floor,
736
00:46:07,718 --> 00:46:11,623
and Frank was by his
side, Frank Oppenheimer.
737
00:46:15,960 --> 00:46:20,896
And, you know, they witnessed
this massive explosion
738
00:46:20,898 --> 00:46:22,864
and the mushroom cloud.
739
00:46:22,866 --> 00:46:26,036
[atomic bomb booming]
740
00:46:38,215 --> 00:46:39,815
- But couple of things,
741
00:46:39,817 --> 00:46:43,151
they said that they had no idea
742
00:46:43,153 --> 00:46:47,791
that it would produce this
kind of beautiful cloud.
743
00:46:48,959 --> 00:46:50,993
I mean, you hate to
talk about it that way,
744
00:46:50,995 --> 00:46:54,464
but it's beautiful, number one,
745
00:46:54,466 --> 00:46:59,471
and that the light flash
came first and then the heat
746
00:47:00,337 --> 00:47:02,371
and only much later, the sound.
747
00:47:02,373 --> 00:47:05,007
And so it wasn't a single event,
748
00:47:05,009 --> 00:47:07,577
it was an event
that kept unfolding.
749
00:47:07,579 --> 00:47:11,046
- Oppenheimer returned
to Frank and simply said,
750
00:47:11,048 --> 00:47:12,283
"Well, it worked."
751
00:47:13,350 --> 00:47:17,819
Now he's known, you know,
752
00:47:17,821 --> 00:47:20,623
he has a theatrical side to him,
753
00:47:20,625 --> 00:47:23,892
so at some point in
the next few days,
754
00:47:23,894 --> 00:47:26,228
he was interviewed by a
"New York Times" reporter
755
00:47:26,230 --> 00:47:28,132
who was assigned
to write a story.
756
00:47:30,702 --> 00:47:35,674
- Few people laughed,
few people cried,
757
00:47:37,007 --> 00:47:38,610
most people were silent.
758
00:47:40,444 --> 00:47:43,812
- [Kai] And he, I
think, playfully,
759
00:47:43,814 --> 00:47:46,948
when this reporter asked him
what went through his mind
760
00:47:46,950 --> 00:47:49,519
when he saw the Trinity test,
761
00:47:49,521 --> 00:47:54,526
Oppenheimer playfully said, "I
thought of the Gita stanza."
762
00:48:00,030 --> 00:48:03,766
- I remembered the line
from the Hindu scripture,
763
00:48:03,768 --> 00:48:05,267
the Bhagavad Gita,
764
00:48:05,269 --> 00:48:08,939
"Now I am become Death,
the destroyer of worlds."
765
00:48:11,676 --> 00:48:14,677
I suppose we all thought
that one way or another.
766
00:48:14,679 --> 00:48:16,945
- [Kai] [laughs] You
know, a nice line,
767
00:48:16,947 --> 00:48:20,317
but that's not what he
said at the Trinity test.
768
00:48:21,586 --> 00:48:25,623
But that's become
part of the lore.
769
00:48:28,892 --> 00:48:31,193
- Then in August 1945,
770
00:48:31,195 --> 00:48:34,129
they used the uranium
bomb on Hiroshima
771
00:48:34,131 --> 00:48:37,201
and they used the
plutonium bomb on Nagasaki.
772
00:48:38,603 --> 00:48:43,407
The Hiroshima bomb turned
out to be more deadly.
773
00:48:46,176 --> 00:48:50,145
Now, when they tested
the bomb in Trinity,
774
00:48:50,147 --> 00:48:52,617
the scientists were all
delighted that it worked.
775
00:48:55,754 --> 00:48:57,419
And then among several of them,
776
00:48:57,421 --> 00:48:59,187
there was this ominous sense
777
00:48:59,189 --> 00:49:02,059
that they were going
to be responsible
778
00:49:02,993 --> 00:49:04,460
for the deaths of tens,
779
00:49:04,462 --> 00:49:07,129
possibly hundreds of
thousands of people.
780
00:49:07,131 --> 00:49:11,066
Oppenheimer was in
favor of using the bomb
781
00:49:11,068 --> 00:49:13,001
because an argument
that he'd got
782
00:49:13,003 --> 00:49:16,338
from his old friend Niels Bohr,
783
00:49:16,340 --> 00:49:19,908
Niels Bohr was very
great Danish physicist
784
00:49:19,910 --> 00:49:24,045
and the man whom Oppenheimer
admired above anybody else,
785
00:49:24,047 --> 00:49:27,215
both as a scientist
and as a human being,
786
00:49:27,217 --> 00:49:29,987
and Niels Bohr
came to Los Alamos
787
00:49:31,589 --> 00:49:35,658
and would discuss
with Oppenheimer the
politics of the bomb.
788
00:49:35,660 --> 00:49:37,125
And he said to Oppenheimer,
789
00:49:37,127 --> 00:49:38,994
well, what you are doing could
be the most dreadful thing
790
00:49:38,996 --> 00:49:43,033
that humanity is evident,
or it could be the best.
791
00:49:44,201 --> 00:49:46,301
And his argument for
it being the best
792
00:49:46,303 --> 00:49:49,304
was that it could
potentially put an end to war
793
00:49:49,306 --> 00:49:53,843
by demonstrating a
weapon so powerful
794
00:49:53,845 --> 00:49:58,146
that nations would
resolve their differences
795
00:49:58,148 --> 00:49:59,948
without going to war
796
00:49:59,950 --> 00:50:04,252
rather than risk unleashing
the power of this again.
797
00:50:04,254 --> 00:50:06,021
Now, in order for
that argument to work,
798
00:50:06,023 --> 00:50:10,158
it has to be seen just how
dreadful this weapon is,
799
00:50:10,160 --> 00:50:15,165
and I think that's why
Oppenheimer was in favor
800
00:50:16,568 --> 00:50:19,069
of using the weapon against
civilians at Hiroshima.
801
00:50:20,472 --> 00:50:22,472
- But this is, again,
you know, a curious thing
802
00:50:22,474 --> 00:50:24,007
about Robert Oppenheimer.
803
00:50:25,242 --> 00:50:30,047
He was capable of
compartmentalizing his emotions
804
00:50:31,248 --> 00:50:34,985
and his intellect and
his responsibilities.
805
00:50:36,186 --> 00:50:39,922
After the Trinity test
and before Hiroshima,
806
00:50:39,924 --> 00:50:41,158
before August 6th,
807
00:50:42,359 --> 00:50:43,960
he's walking to work one day
808
00:50:43,962 --> 00:50:48,933
and his secretary, Ruth Wilson,
she was walking by his side
809
00:50:50,100 --> 00:50:53,972
and suddenly she
heard Robert saying,
810
00:50:55,239 --> 00:50:56,906
in a whisper,
811
00:50:56,908 --> 00:50:59,577
"those poor little people,
those poor little people."
812
00:51:01,011 --> 00:51:04,747
Wilson turned to him and said,
"Robert, what do you mean?"
813
00:51:04,749 --> 00:51:09,754
And he said, "Oh, you know,
all those women and children,
814
00:51:10,889 --> 00:51:13,723
you know, when they drop
this bomb on a city,
815
00:51:13,725 --> 00:51:14,792
it's going to..."
816
00:51:16,761 --> 00:51:18,061
And then he fell silent.
817
00:51:19,998 --> 00:51:22,264
Well, that was
the very same week
818
00:51:22,266 --> 00:51:26,669
that he briefed the bombardiers
819
00:51:26,671 --> 00:51:30,305
that were going to be on the
mission to drop those bombs
820
00:51:30,307 --> 00:51:34,012
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
as it turned out,
821
00:51:35,312 --> 00:51:36,748
and he was instructing them
822
00:51:37,949 --> 00:51:41,017
in a sort of coldly
intellectual fashion
823
00:51:41,019 --> 00:51:45,557
at exactly what altitude
the bomb should be detonated
824
00:51:47,057 --> 00:51:51,494
so that it would have the
maximum destructive power,
825
00:51:51,496 --> 00:51:54,832
and that it should be dropped
on the center of a city.
826
00:51:59,369 --> 00:52:04,274
So he both understood
the ethical consequences
827
00:52:05,409 --> 00:52:10,247
of killing all these
civilians, a whole city,
828
00:52:11,983 --> 00:52:14,986
and yet he did his duty.
829
00:52:16,386 --> 00:52:20,024
- And so in some
unpleasant sense
830
00:52:21,191 --> 00:52:22,959
that really does
call into question
831
00:52:22,961 --> 00:52:27,865
a lot of strategic
thinking and morality,
832
00:52:29,232 --> 00:52:30,768
we used them anyway.
833
00:52:33,037 --> 00:52:34,402
And you can certainly say
834
00:52:34,404 --> 00:52:36,973
that the use of the
second bomb at Nagasaki
835
00:52:36,975 --> 00:52:39,441
just three days
after the first one
836
00:52:39,443 --> 00:52:41,944
was premature because it
didn't give the Japanese
837
00:52:41,946 --> 00:52:43,445
time to absorb.
838
00:52:43,447 --> 00:52:44,680
They weren't really even sure
839
00:52:44,682 --> 00:52:46,482
what had happened
from Hiroshima.
840
00:52:46,484 --> 00:52:48,484
And so if you'd waited
two weeks and said,
841
00:52:48,486 --> 00:52:51,020
"We can just keep doing
this as long as you want,"
842
00:52:51,022 --> 00:52:52,253
that's one thing,
843
00:52:52,255 --> 00:52:56,124
but three days later
is pretty quick.
844
00:52:56,126 --> 00:53:01,032
And so we built it,
we're gonna use it,
845
00:53:02,734 --> 00:53:04,834
we can't let the war
end before we use it,
846
00:53:04,836 --> 00:53:06,102
and we're gonna use one of each
847
00:53:06,104 --> 00:53:07,739
to make sure that
they both work,
848
00:53:09,172 --> 00:53:12,575
and we're trying to warn
Stalin about our capacity,
849
00:53:12,577 --> 00:53:15,544
so that it gets very,
very, very complex
850
00:53:15,546 --> 00:53:17,680
and thick and morally troubling
851
00:53:17,682 --> 00:53:21,653
the farther you look into
what happens after Alamogordo.
852
00:53:22,787 --> 00:53:24,254
- And after Hiroshima,
853
00:53:26,491 --> 00:53:28,557
although unlike after Trinity,
854
00:53:28,559 --> 00:53:31,963
there wasn't this euphoric
feeling among the scientists
855
00:53:33,064 --> 00:53:35,196
and shared by Oppenheimer,
856
00:53:35,198 --> 00:53:37,200
it was a much more somber mood.
857
00:53:38,402 --> 00:53:42,104
Oppenheimer never felt
that he made a mistake
858
00:53:42,106 --> 00:53:45,608
in being in favor of using
the bomb against civilians,
859
00:53:45,610 --> 00:53:49,147
even after the war when he
was invited to do Japan.
860
00:53:50,313 --> 00:53:52,648
And the thing that
Japanese journalists
861
00:53:52,650 --> 00:53:54,850
most wanted to know was,
862
00:53:54,852 --> 00:53:58,988
do you regret building the bomb?
863
00:53:58,990 --> 00:54:01,626
Oppenheimer still
say, "No, I don't."
864
00:54:03,895 --> 00:54:05,628
Immediately after
the Second World War,
865
00:54:05,630 --> 00:54:07,429
Oppenheimer was the most,
866
00:54:07,431 --> 00:54:10,132
he replaced Einstein as
the most famous scientist
867
00:54:10,134 --> 00:54:11,366
in the United States,
868
00:54:11,368 --> 00:54:12,804
and his photograph
was everywhere.
869
00:54:14,404 --> 00:54:16,373
- Oh, he was a
national celebrity.
870
00:54:17,240 --> 00:54:19,775
He was a very famous man,
871
00:54:19,777 --> 00:54:24,782
was lauded on the covers
of "TIME" and "LIFE."
872
00:54:25,516 --> 00:54:27,016
He decided very quickly,
873
00:54:27,018 --> 00:54:30,351
you know, after Hiroshima, he
fell into a deep depression.
874
00:54:30,353 --> 00:54:32,588
- And it's very notable
that after the war,
875
00:54:32,590 --> 00:54:34,457
he dedicated
himself to politics.
876
00:54:34,459 --> 00:54:37,460
He did no original
science after the war.
877
00:54:37,462 --> 00:54:39,962
He still kept his directorship
878
00:54:39,964 --> 00:54:42,798
of the Institute for
Advanced Study in Princeton,
879
00:54:42,800 --> 00:54:46,469
but he himself spent most of
his time in Washington, DC,
880
00:54:46,471 --> 00:54:50,773
meeting with politicians
and urging upon them
881
00:54:50,775 --> 00:54:55,343
ways in which they could
use the atomic bomb
882
00:54:55,345 --> 00:54:57,947
as a means for peace
rather than war,
883
00:54:57,949 --> 00:55:00,750
fulfilling Niels Bohr's vision
884
00:55:00,752 --> 00:55:03,185
of what the bomb could achieve.
885
00:55:03,187 --> 00:55:06,758
- The late 1940s, before 1949,
886
00:55:08,159 --> 00:55:10,926
people are still
trying to figure out
887
00:55:10,928 --> 00:55:12,063
what's the way forward.
888
00:55:13,531 --> 00:55:16,732
Are we in some kind of Cold
War or is it something else?
889
00:55:16,734 --> 00:55:19,902
Is there a chance to
avoid total confrontation
890
00:55:19,904 --> 00:55:21,239
with the Soviet Union?
891
00:55:22,673 --> 00:55:26,575
Is there a chance to avoid
a sort of military dominance
892
00:55:26,577 --> 00:55:29,645
of nuclear technology?
893
00:55:29,647 --> 00:55:32,982
- And Oppenheimer drew
up this ambitious plan,
894
00:55:32,984 --> 00:55:37,922
which for a short time was
accepted by the US government
895
00:55:39,090 --> 00:55:40,958
to be presented to
the United Nations,
896
00:55:42,359 --> 00:55:46,964
which would involve communal
ownership of all uranium
897
00:55:47,832 --> 00:55:50,365
and would also involve no nation
898
00:55:50,367 --> 00:55:52,804
being able to build
atomic weapons.
899
00:55:54,505 --> 00:55:57,438
- [Kai] The realization
that this had happened
900
00:55:57,440 --> 00:56:00,244
and what he had done
had resulted in,
901
00:56:01,612 --> 00:56:05,648
well, probably close to a
quarter million deaths over time
902
00:56:05,650 --> 00:56:10,385
from radiation and
the initial burn,
903
00:56:10,387 --> 00:56:11,620
that sunk in.
904
00:56:11,622 --> 00:56:15,157
And I think it was hard for him
905
00:56:15,159 --> 00:56:18,062
to know what to do
with that knowledge.
906
00:56:19,964 --> 00:56:23,232
- The difficulty with
Oppenheimer in this whole period
907
00:56:23,234 --> 00:56:27,036
is, on the one hand, he is an
independently minded person,
908
00:56:27,038 --> 00:56:31,307
and he has the mindset
of the scientist
909
00:56:31,309 --> 00:56:34,777
and the scientist's interests
very close to his heart.
910
00:56:34,779 --> 00:56:37,746
On the other hand, he's
become a very important person
911
00:56:37,748 --> 00:56:41,250
within the sort of military
advising structure.
912
00:56:41,252 --> 00:56:44,453
He's sort of the
top of the pyramid
913
00:56:44,455 --> 00:56:46,455
when it comes to scientists
914
00:56:46,457 --> 00:56:48,356
whose opinions are
being taken seriously
915
00:56:48,358 --> 00:56:52,294
about things like the use of
atomic bombs, future policy.
916
00:56:52,296 --> 00:56:54,997
He is the face of
this new technology,
917
00:56:54,999 --> 00:56:59,400
and so he doesn't have either
the inclination or the freedom
918
00:56:59,402 --> 00:57:03,239
to totally go against
the whole system.
919
00:57:03,241 --> 00:57:06,709
So Oppenheimer's approach
through all of this
920
00:57:06,711 --> 00:57:10,112
is to try and bend it in ways
921
00:57:10,114 --> 00:57:13,251
that he thinks it
could be bent into.
922
00:57:14,552 --> 00:57:16,487
- And he gets an appointment
with Harry Truman
923
00:57:18,556 --> 00:57:19,957
in the Oval Office.
924
00:57:21,259 --> 00:57:23,225
He was very gracious,
925
00:57:23,227 --> 00:57:28,232
but he had a habit
of just bracing up
926
00:57:29,600 --> 00:57:32,568
in the presence of authority
927
00:57:32,570 --> 00:57:34,937
and people who clearly thought
928
00:57:34,939 --> 00:57:38,874
that they were smarter
than him [laughs]
929
00:57:38,876 --> 00:57:41,377
in positions of power.
930
00:57:41,379 --> 00:57:43,746
And so here's the president
of the United States
931
00:57:43,748 --> 00:57:48,250
and Oppenheimer's mission is
to try to convince Harry Truman
932
00:57:48,252 --> 00:57:50,819
that we need to
contain this weapon
933
00:57:50,821 --> 00:57:55,826
and establish an
international atomic agency
934
00:57:56,994 --> 00:58:00,932
that would own in
a sovereign way,
935
00:58:02,233 --> 00:58:06,835
own any factory, any laboratory
anywhere in the world
936
00:58:06,837 --> 00:58:10,007
engaged in atomic research.
937
00:58:11,409 --> 00:58:14,310
You know, so he's making this
argument to Harry Truman,
938
00:58:14,312 --> 00:58:17,214
and Truman interrupts and says,
939
00:58:18,649 --> 00:58:20,649
"Well, Dr. Oppenheimer, when
do you think the Russians
940
00:58:20,651 --> 00:58:22,586
are going to get the bomb?"
941
00:58:23,988 --> 00:58:28,157
And Oppenheimer is kind
of stunned and says,
942
00:58:28,159 --> 00:58:32,363
"Well, I'm not sure,
Sir, but eventually."
943
00:58:33,531 --> 00:58:38,269
And Harry responds,
"Well, I know. Never."
944
00:58:42,206 --> 00:58:46,175
And Oppenheimer, like,
understands in that moment
945
00:58:46,177 --> 00:58:48,813
that Harry Truman
understands nothing.
946
00:58:50,014 --> 00:58:51,613
- Oppenheimer gets very
frustrated with Truman,
947
00:58:51,615 --> 00:58:53,582
who's not a great mind,
948
00:58:53,584 --> 00:58:56,652
and he blurts out,
"Something's gotta be done.
949
00:58:56,654 --> 00:58:59,355
After all, I have
blood on my hands."
950
00:58:59,357 --> 00:59:01,190
And Truman stopped
the meeting right then
951
00:59:01,192 --> 00:59:03,392
and had Oppenheimer
escorted out, and he said,
952
00:59:03,394 --> 00:59:05,928
"Don't bring that fellow
around here again.
953
00:59:05,930 --> 00:59:08,933
He may have built the bomb, but
I'm the one who set it off."
954
00:59:10,001 --> 00:59:11,535
And what Truman was saying is,
955
00:59:13,170 --> 00:59:14,536
"What is this [speaks faintly]?
956
00:59:14,538 --> 00:59:17,873
He's taking himself
pretty seriously here.
957
00:59:17,875 --> 00:59:22,880
I and I alone made that decision
to use the weapons in war,
958
00:59:23,614 --> 00:59:24,880
and he comes in here
959
00:59:24,882 --> 00:59:26,281
whining and bleeding
about his conscience
960
00:59:26,283 --> 00:59:28,083
and tell and tried to talk to me
961
00:59:28,085 --> 00:59:30,252
into being more
sensitive about this?"
962
00:59:30,254 --> 00:59:32,223
- [Clapper] 2201, take one.
963
00:59:33,657 --> 00:59:35,758
- [Interviewer]
When he was offered
964
00:59:35,760 --> 00:59:37,126
the work on the hydrogen bomb,
965
00:59:37,128 --> 00:59:38,362
he did not want to do it,
966
00:59:39,997 --> 00:59:42,898
yet you said to go ahead to
work on the hydrogen bomb.
967
00:59:42,900 --> 00:59:44,366
- That's correct.
968
00:59:44,368 --> 00:59:46,735
Well, he was like all
the scientists are,
969
00:59:46,737 --> 00:59:47,970
they discover these things
970
00:59:47,972 --> 00:59:49,805
and find out how
terrible they are,
971
00:59:49,807 --> 00:59:52,641
and then they don't
wanna take any blame
972
00:59:52,643 --> 00:59:54,877
for the consequences,
if there is blame.
973
00:59:54,879 --> 00:59:56,178
But that didn't
make any difference.
974
00:59:56,180 --> 00:59:58,414
He didn't have to make
the decision, I made it.
975
00:59:58,416 --> 01:00:02,317
- So Oppenheimer blew
it with Harry Truman
976
01:00:02,319 --> 01:00:07,324
but he continued to work to
try to restore some sanity
977
01:00:08,192 --> 01:00:10,460
to sort of nuclear policy.
978
01:00:10,462 --> 01:00:14,063
- And then the Soviet Union
set off an atomic bomb
979
01:00:14,065 --> 01:00:19,070
and that ended all
of that discussion
practically overnight.
980
01:00:20,604 --> 01:00:23,338
Nobody really was expecting it
981
01:00:23,340 --> 01:00:25,340
to be quite as soon as it was.
982
01:00:25,342 --> 01:00:27,342
This sets off a whole debate
983
01:00:27,344 --> 01:00:30,779
over what the appropriate
American response ought to be,
984
01:00:30,781 --> 01:00:34,316
and one of the big
options that's brought up
985
01:00:34,318 --> 01:00:37,086
is, "Let's build
a hydrogen bomb."
986
01:00:37,088 --> 01:00:41,056
So this is a weapon that uses
not just nuclear fission,
987
01:00:41,058 --> 01:00:43,959
not just the splitting of
atoms, like the atomic bomb,
988
01:00:43,961 --> 01:00:47,062
but uses the energy
of an atomic bomb
989
01:00:47,064 --> 01:00:49,198
to set off nuclear
fusion reactions
990
01:00:49,200 --> 01:00:50,899
like those that take
place in the sun.
991
01:00:50,901 --> 01:00:54,703
And this is a weapon that
can be a thousand times
992
01:00:54,705 --> 01:00:56,872
more powerful than
an atomic bomb.
993
01:00:56,874 --> 01:01:00,342
A couple days afterwards,
Scotland Yard announces
994
01:01:00,344 --> 01:01:03,378
that they have
arrested Klaus Fuchs,
995
01:01:03,380 --> 01:01:06,748
a British scientist
who had confessed
996
01:01:06,750 --> 01:01:10,119
to being a Soviet spy
in the United States
997
01:01:10,121 --> 01:01:11,954
during World War II.
998
01:01:11,956 --> 01:01:16,961
And so this is a real
shocking revelation
999
01:01:17,828 --> 01:01:19,061
that comes right on the heels
1000
01:01:19,063 --> 01:01:21,598
of these shocking and
painful discussions.
1001
01:01:21,600 --> 01:01:25,734
You go from the Soviets
have the atomic bomb,
1002
01:01:25,736 --> 01:01:27,470
should we make an H-bomb,
1003
01:01:27,472 --> 01:01:29,572
okay, we're gonna
make an H-bomb,
1004
01:01:29,574 --> 01:01:33,008
oh, by the way, you
have no secrets.
1005
01:01:33,010 --> 01:01:36,778
And the more that came out
about Klaus Fuchs himself,
1006
01:01:36,780 --> 01:01:38,247
the worse it seemed.
1007
01:01:38,249 --> 01:01:41,016
Klaus Fuchs was a brilliant
mathematical physicist.
1008
01:01:41,018 --> 01:01:43,218
He was very highly
placed at Los Alamos.
1009
01:01:43,220 --> 01:01:45,588
He had a near
photographic memory.
1010
01:01:45,590 --> 01:01:49,892
He was an extremely quiet,
reserved person at Los Alamos.
1011
01:01:49,894 --> 01:01:52,127
He never really talked about
his opinions on anything.
1012
01:01:52,129 --> 01:01:56,398
He was so well respected that
he was used as a babysitter
1013
01:01:56,400 --> 01:01:57,666
by many of the other scientists
1014
01:01:57,668 --> 01:01:58,901
when they would go
and have parties
1015
01:01:58,903 --> 01:02:00,335
or things of this nature.
1016
01:02:00,337 --> 01:02:02,738
And to discover that this guy
1017
01:02:02,740 --> 01:02:06,241
who had been core to many
of the technical discussions
1018
01:02:06,243 --> 01:02:09,614
and had even invented some of
the core parts of the bomb,
1019
01:02:10,714 --> 01:02:12,948
he was one of the
co-holders of the patent
1020
01:02:12,950 --> 01:02:14,383
on gaseous diffusion,
1021
01:02:14,385 --> 01:02:16,885
which is how they enriched
uranium for the Hiroshima bomb,
1022
01:02:16,887 --> 01:02:19,821
I mean, this is a guy
who's at the center
1023
01:02:19,823 --> 01:02:22,458
of the Manhattan
Project in so many ways
1024
01:02:22,460 --> 01:02:24,126
and it turned out
the entire time
1025
01:02:24,128 --> 01:02:26,862
he was working very hard
for the United States,
1026
01:02:26,864 --> 01:02:29,400
but he was also working very
hard for the Soviet Union.
1027
01:02:30,569 --> 01:02:34,870
- Suddenly, it was
possible to imagine
1028
01:02:34,872 --> 01:02:37,072
a hydrogen bomb being built.
1029
01:02:37,074 --> 01:02:40,008
Now, hydrogen bomb,
there's almost no limit
1030
01:02:40,010 --> 01:02:41,777
to how big it can be.
1031
01:02:41,779 --> 01:02:44,780
So it could be hundreds
of times bigger than
1032
01:02:44,782 --> 01:02:47,916
and more deadly than
the Hiroshima bomb.
1033
01:02:47,918 --> 01:02:49,619
This was discussed at
the highest levels.
1034
01:02:49,621 --> 01:02:52,555
The question was,
should the US government
1035
01:02:52,557 --> 01:02:55,692
and the armed forces go ahead
with an accelerated program
1036
01:02:55,694 --> 01:02:57,127
to create the hydrogen bomb?
1037
01:02:58,362 --> 01:03:00,697
Oppenheimer argued against it
1038
01:03:00,699 --> 01:03:05,234
on the grounds that no
one in their right minds
1039
01:03:05,236 --> 01:03:06,435
would ever use such a bomb,
1040
01:03:06,437 --> 01:03:10,005
so what would be the
point of creating a bomb
1041
01:03:10,007 --> 01:03:12,542
a hundred, a thousand
times more powerful
1042
01:03:12,544 --> 01:03:14,677
than the one that
destroyed Hiroshima
1043
01:03:14,679 --> 01:03:18,213
when that bomb itself has
shown itself to be so powerful,
1044
01:03:18,215 --> 01:03:19,815
you don't want to
use it again ever.
1045
01:03:19,817 --> 01:03:22,721
[foreboding music]
1046
01:03:30,027 --> 01:03:32,963
And so Oppenheimer argued
against this program,
1047
01:03:34,398 --> 01:03:37,766
at which point
he'd already upset
1048
01:03:37,768 --> 01:03:41,671
the leading figures in the
army and the government.
1049
01:03:41,673 --> 01:03:44,940
He now became under
suspicion by them.
1050
01:03:44,942 --> 01:03:47,644
They began to think,
"Well, why is Oppenheimer
1051
01:03:47,646 --> 01:03:50,647
trying to sabotage a program
1052
01:03:50,649 --> 01:03:52,981
when we know that the Soviets
1053
01:03:52,983 --> 01:03:57,052
are busy trying to
build a hydrogen bomb?"
1054
01:03:57,054 --> 01:04:00,856
And so a lot of
influential figures
1055
01:04:00,858 --> 01:04:03,593
in the armed forces
and the government
1056
01:04:03,595 --> 01:04:06,763
came to think that Oppenheimer
wasn't really on their side.
1057
01:04:06,765 --> 01:04:08,830
He was really working
for the Soviets.
1058
01:04:08,832 --> 01:04:13,837
And this suspicion grew
in the McCarthy period,
1059
01:04:15,005 --> 01:04:16,708
in the mid '50's,
early to mid '50's,
1060
01:04:17,841 --> 01:04:22,846
and led to a security
case being held,
1061
01:04:23,947 --> 01:04:26,114
which would assess
Oppenheimer's standing.
1062
01:04:26,116 --> 01:04:29,554
[dramatic ominous music]
1063
01:04:31,989 --> 01:04:36,994
- The real instigator for
the 1954 security hearings
1064
01:04:37,729 --> 01:04:38,829
was Lewis Strauss.
1065
01:04:40,164 --> 01:04:43,633
Strauss, however, was
not only the chairman
1066
01:04:43,635 --> 01:04:45,967
of the board of trustees
at the institute,
1067
01:04:45,969 --> 01:04:48,671
he was the chairman of the
Atomic Energy Commission
1068
01:04:48,673 --> 01:04:51,275
appointed by the newly
elected Eisenhower,
1069
01:04:53,010 --> 01:04:57,680
and Oppenheimer and he clashed
1070
01:04:57,682 --> 01:05:00,916
and just bad chemistry.
1071
01:05:00,918 --> 01:05:03,519
He had an enormous ego.
1072
01:05:03,521 --> 01:05:05,356
He demanded attention.
1073
01:05:06,825 --> 01:05:10,593
Oppenheimer wasn't giving it
to him and wasn't being polite,
1074
01:05:10,595 --> 01:05:13,128
and he was pulling
all the strings.
1075
01:05:13,130 --> 01:05:17,633
He pointed the
gray panel members
1076
01:05:17,635 --> 01:05:19,469
who would preside
over the hearing.
1077
01:05:19,471 --> 01:05:21,169
He brought in the prosecutor,
1078
01:05:21,171 --> 01:05:22,839
there shouldn't have
been a prosecutor at all.
1079
01:05:22,841 --> 01:05:25,643
It wasn't a trial, it
was a security hearing.
1080
01:05:26,544 --> 01:05:29,444
Oppenheimer was stunned
1081
01:05:29,446 --> 01:05:31,947
that he was being
questioned like this.
1082
01:05:31,949 --> 01:05:36,284
Here, he'd been nine years
earlier, a national celebrity.
1083
01:05:36,286 --> 01:05:41,089
- And initially, they
basically say to Oppenheimer,
1084
01:05:41,091 --> 01:05:42,692
"You know, you don't have
to have any kind of hearing.
1085
01:05:42,694 --> 01:05:44,259
We'll just take your
security clearance
1086
01:05:44,261 --> 01:05:45,795
and you'll just retire,
1087
01:05:45,797 --> 01:05:48,631
and that'll be that and
we'll be done with it."
1088
01:05:48,633 --> 01:05:51,166
And Oppenheimer, somewhat
to their surprise,
1089
01:05:51,168 --> 01:05:52,334
wants a hearing.
1090
01:05:52,336 --> 01:05:55,805
He wants to contest
these charges.
1091
01:05:55,807 --> 01:05:58,273
- In fact, actually,
there was a moment
1092
01:05:58,275 --> 01:06:02,210
when Oppenheimer had decided
he was going to go through
1093
01:06:02,212 --> 01:06:04,446
and defend his reputation,
1094
01:06:04,448 --> 01:06:09,453
and he called Albert into
his office, Albert Einstein,
1095
01:06:10,822 --> 01:06:14,289
and explained to him
that he had to be absent.
1096
01:06:14,291 --> 01:06:17,025
He was gonna be down in
Washington for a few weeks
1097
01:06:17,027 --> 01:06:18,694
and there was this
security hearing,
1098
01:06:18,696 --> 01:06:21,900
and they were
questioning my loyalty.
1099
01:06:23,066 --> 01:06:27,002
And Einstein argued
with him and said,
1100
01:06:27,004 --> 01:06:31,006
"Robert, you don't need to do
this. Just walk away from it.
1101
01:06:31,008 --> 01:06:32,443
You don't need these people."
1102
01:06:33,944 --> 01:06:36,779
And Oppenheimer said,
1103
01:06:36,781 --> 01:06:41,786
"No, I have to
defend my reputation.
1104
01:06:42,953 --> 01:06:44,787
I have to retain my
security clearance
1105
01:06:44,789 --> 01:06:48,356
so that I can influence
national policy.
1106
01:06:48,358 --> 01:06:49,727
It's very important,"
1107
01:06:50,662 --> 01:06:52,862
and he walked out.
1108
01:06:52,864 --> 01:06:56,131
And Einstein turned to
his secretary and said,
1109
01:06:56,133 --> 01:07:01,071
"There goes a nar," the
Yiddish word for fool. [laughs]
1110
01:07:04,174 --> 01:07:07,409
- In a security
clearance hearing,
1111
01:07:07,411 --> 01:07:08,878
you have a group of people
1112
01:07:08,880 --> 01:07:11,547
who are gonna go over
every inch of your life,
1113
01:07:11,549 --> 01:07:15,016
including and especially
your absolute worst decisions
1114
01:07:15,018 --> 01:07:17,352
and worse than lowest moments.
1115
01:07:17,354 --> 01:07:20,288
And they're gonna do so
1116
01:07:20,290 --> 01:07:23,593
with the entire power
of the FBI behind them
1117
01:07:23,595 --> 01:07:25,528
and military intelligence
1118
01:07:25,530 --> 01:07:28,365
and maybe even the CIA
or something like this.
1119
01:07:29,299 --> 01:07:31,333
This is gonna be really ugly.
1120
01:07:31,335 --> 01:07:33,435
- So he goes to Washington
1121
01:07:33,437 --> 01:07:37,475
and there's this horrible
witch hunt of a trial.
1122
01:07:38,442 --> 01:07:40,977
It's just atrocious.
1123
01:07:40,979 --> 01:07:43,513
- Once the hearings get started,
1124
01:07:43,515 --> 01:07:45,548
it doesn't matter
that they were started
1125
01:07:45,550 --> 01:07:46,883
under false pretenses.
1126
01:07:46,885 --> 01:07:48,851
It doesn't matter
that they were started
1127
01:07:48,853 --> 01:07:50,920
in a way to try to rig it
against him, and they were.
1128
01:07:50,922 --> 01:07:53,288
They were entirely rigged
against him from the beginning.
1129
01:07:53,290 --> 01:07:54,624
There were illegal activities
1130
01:07:54,626 --> 01:07:56,191
taking part during the hearing.
1131
01:07:56,193 --> 01:07:58,861
They were wire
tapping Oppenheimer's
private discussions
1132
01:07:58,863 --> 01:08:00,295
with his lawyers
1133
01:08:00,297 --> 01:08:01,898
and then giving that
information to the people
1134
01:08:01,900 --> 01:08:04,399
who were arguing against him
and his lawyers at the hearing
1135
01:08:04,401 --> 01:08:05,635
so they would know ahead of time
1136
01:08:05,637 --> 01:08:07,402
what he was gonna
do the next day.
1137
01:08:07,404 --> 01:08:08,704
Totally illegal.
1138
01:08:08,706 --> 01:08:10,506
The three categories are
value in our character,
1139
01:08:10,508 --> 01:08:12,542
loyalty, and association.
1140
01:08:12,544 --> 01:08:14,944
Loyalty is pretty
easy, I guess, right?
1141
01:08:14,946 --> 01:08:17,713
Oppenheimer's working
for the US government.
1142
01:08:17,715 --> 01:08:20,917
Nobody really has any
credible accusation
1143
01:08:20,919 --> 01:08:22,450
that he's not loyal.
1144
01:08:22,452 --> 01:08:26,254
Character is tricky because he
lies to the security officers
1145
01:08:26,256 --> 01:08:27,690
and makes other
kind of blunders.
1146
01:08:27,692 --> 01:08:29,926
So that's actually a
pretty sore point for him
1147
01:08:29,928 --> 01:08:31,961
and then associations
are impossible.
1148
01:08:31,963 --> 01:08:34,296
I mean, half of his family
members are communists.
1149
01:08:34,298 --> 01:08:36,231
Many of them renounced
it and left it
1150
01:08:36,233 --> 01:08:38,066
but the association is there.
1151
01:08:38,068 --> 01:08:40,302
It's very hard to
get around that.
1152
01:08:40,304 --> 01:08:43,539
The character problems
are really dark.
1153
01:08:43,541 --> 01:08:45,808
I mean, one of
the things he does
1154
01:08:45,810 --> 01:08:47,543
during the Manhattan Project,
1155
01:08:47,545 --> 01:08:51,013
during World War II, while
he's running Los Alamos
1156
01:08:51,015 --> 01:08:55,450
is he goes to visit
his ex-girlfriend
1157
01:08:55,452 --> 01:08:57,753
and spends the night
over at her house,
1158
01:08:57,755 --> 01:08:59,722
the ex-girlfriend who
was a fellow traveler
1159
01:08:59,724 --> 01:09:03,124
and sort of introduced
him to communism.
1160
01:09:03,126 --> 01:09:06,796
And they ask him like,
"Was this good judgment
1161
01:09:06,798 --> 01:09:10,766
to spend and sleep with
your communist ex-girlfriend
1162
01:09:10,768 --> 01:09:12,802
while you're running
an atomic bomb project?
1163
01:09:12,804 --> 01:09:13,836
Is this good judgment?"
1164
01:09:13,838 --> 01:09:15,103
And Oppenheimer says,
1165
01:09:15,105 --> 01:09:16,338
"Well, I don't think
it was bad judgment.
1166
01:09:16,340 --> 01:09:17,138
I mean, she wasn't
really a communist.
1167
01:09:17,140 --> 01:09:18,139
I know she was a spy,"
1168
01:09:18,141 --> 01:09:19,374
but this looks bad.
1169
01:09:19,376 --> 01:09:21,477
This looks bad no
matter how you slice it.
1170
01:09:21,479 --> 01:09:24,513
They ask him, "Why did you
lie to the security officers?"
1171
01:09:24,515 --> 01:09:26,416
And he says, "Because
I was an idiot."
1172
01:09:27,284 --> 01:09:28,918
That's not a good answer.
1173
01:09:28,920 --> 01:09:32,253
- Anyway, it was
just a disaster.
1174
01:09:32,255 --> 01:09:36,894
And Kitty, who was, you
know, loyally present
1175
01:09:37,895 --> 01:09:42,031
throughout this whole affair,
1176
01:09:42,033 --> 01:09:44,467
was actually, you know,
got up on the witness stand
1177
01:09:44,469 --> 01:09:46,303
and was interrogated herself.
1178
01:09:49,540 --> 01:09:52,708
She did better in
defending Oppenheimer
1179
01:09:52,710 --> 01:09:55,778
than Oppenheimer did himself.
1180
01:09:55,780 --> 01:09:58,948
She was very feisty, insulting.
1181
01:09:58,950 --> 01:10:00,483
She cut right through
1182
01:10:00,485 --> 01:10:04,822
to the absurdity of the charges
1183
01:10:06,791 --> 01:10:11,763
and yet, you know, the
panel voted 2 to 1,
1184
01:10:13,598 --> 01:10:15,432
relatively close,
1185
01:10:16,868 --> 01:10:21,873
to the conclusion
that Oppenheimer
1186
01:10:22,774 --> 01:10:25,141
was probably a loyal American
1187
01:10:25,143 --> 01:10:28,376
but nevertheless
a security risk,
1188
01:10:28,378 --> 01:10:32,150
and so his security
clearance should be denied.
1189
01:10:33,918 --> 01:10:36,286
It was a real tragedy.
1190
01:10:37,855 --> 01:10:40,188
- Which put Oppenheimer
in the crazy situation
1191
01:10:40,190 --> 01:10:42,292
of having in his
office in Princeton
1192
01:10:43,494 --> 01:10:45,628
papers that he had written
1193
01:10:45,630 --> 01:10:47,932
which he was no longer
allowed now to consult,
1194
01:10:49,634 --> 01:10:54,605
and it tarnished his reputation
for a very long time.
1195
01:10:56,507 --> 01:10:59,374
And even now, when I
was working on my book,
1196
01:10:59,376 --> 01:11:02,845
when I went to the States,
people would ask me,
1197
01:11:02,847 --> 01:11:04,613
"What evidence have you found
1198
01:11:04,615 --> 01:11:07,550
that Oppenheimer was
working for the communists?"
1199
01:11:07,552 --> 01:11:09,520
And the answer to
that is none at all.
1200
01:11:10,621 --> 01:11:13,089
And in fact, the
fact that Oppenheimer
1201
01:11:13,091 --> 01:11:16,326
was kept under such
close surveillance
1202
01:11:17,294 --> 01:11:19,495
and was held in such suspicion
1203
01:11:19,497 --> 01:11:22,432
by leading members of the armed
forces and the government,
1204
01:11:23,601 --> 01:11:26,168
the fact that they
produced no evidence
1205
01:11:26,170 --> 01:11:28,170
that he was working
for the Communist Party
1206
01:11:28,172 --> 01:11:30,172
is itself pretty good
evidence that he wasn't.
1207
01:11:30,174 --> 01:11:32,340
- And this was
all in the context
1208
01:11:32,342 --> 01:11:37,347
of American anti-communist
hysteria and McCarthyism.
1209
01:11:38,516 --> 01:11:41,085
And this destroyed
Oppenheimer's power,
1210
01:11:42,252 --> 01:11:46,055
destroyed his career as
a scientific advisor,
1211
01:11:46,057 --> 01:11:50,726
marginalized him, excluded him
1212
01:11:50,728 --> 01:11:55,700
from, you know, having any
involvement with government
1213
01:11:57,201 --> 01:12:00,805
and really with the world of
nuclear weapons and policy.
1214
01:12:02,240 --> 01:12:03,672
And, you know, that's what
really made Oppenheimer
1215
01:12:03,674 --> 01:12:05,243
into this tragic figure.
1216
01:12:06,309 --> 01:12:09,412
[light upbeat music]
1217
01:12:11,749 --> 01:12:14,817
- [Clay] Now Oppenheimer
suffered a humiliation
1218
01:12:14,819 --> 01:12:16,552
at the hands of the
Atomic Energy Commission
1219
01:12:16,554 --> 01:12:17,787
and the United
States government,
1220
01:12:17,789 --> 01:12:20,355
which no person should
be forced to suffer
1221
01:12:20,357 --> 01:12:22,224
and certainly not
someone who was innocent
1222
01:12:22,226 --> 01:12:26,597
of the crimes that
were attributed to him.
1223
01:12:28,533 --> 01:12:31,167
The shattering of his confidence
1224
01:12:31,169 --> 01:12:32,935
in the United States government,
1225
01:12:32,937 --> 01:12:37,875
in the basic fairness of the
universe had to be gigantic.
1226
01:12:40,978 --> 01:12:44,246
- [Kai] And he became a pariah.
1227
01:12:44,248 --> 01:12:48,719
He was disinvited from
scheduled university lectures.
1228
01:12:53,191 --> 01:12:56,091
And the humiliation of
what he had gone through,
1229
01:12:56,093 --> 01:12:59,163
he just thought, "Well, I
need to get the family out,
1230
01:13:01,566 --> 01:13:05,167
and we'll all go
on an adventure,"
1231
01:13:05,169 --> 01:13:08,472
and he chose to go to St.
John in the Virgin Islands.
1232
01:13:10,007 --> 01:13:12,407
Now Oppenheimer goes
down to St. John,
1233
01:13:12,409 --> 01:13:14,979
the FBI is alerted
to his movements.
1234
01:13:16,147 --> 01:13:18,647
They send an FBI
agent to the island
1235
01:13:18,649 --> 01:13:21,083
to monitor with binoculars,
1236
01:13:21,085 --> 01:13:24,253
scout out if there are any
Russian submarines nearby
1237
01:13:24,255 --> 01:13:26,789
who might ferret him away.
1238
01:13:26,791 --> 01:13:29,359
[upbeat music]
1239
01:13:34,397 --> 01:13:36,232
He fell in love with St. John,
1240
01:13:36,234 --> 01:13:40,169
began going back
there every summer,
1241
01:13:40,171 --> 01:13:43,072
every December, January.
1242
01:13:43,074 --> 01:13:44,405
He spent a lot of
time down there
1243
01:13:44,407 --> 01:13:47,610
in the '50s and early '60s.
1244
01:13:47,612 --> 01:13:50,181
[upbeat music]
1245
01:14:03,160 --> 01:14:05,830
[hopeful music]
1246
01:14:24,282 --> 01:14:26,447
- [Eleanor] "Two years before
we had sold a little land
1247
01:14:26,449 --> 01:14:27,850
at the east end of our beach,
1248
01:14:27,852 --> 01:14:30,185
the atomic physicist
J. Robert Oppenheimer
1249
01:14:30,187 --> 01:14:31,455
and his wife Kitty,
1250
01:14:32,957 --> 01:14:36,258
they lived in Princeton where
Oppenheimer was then directing
1251
01:14:36,260 --> 01:14:39,128
the Institute for Advanced
Studies in absentia.
1252
01:14:39,130 --> 01:14:42,097
They were trying to build
an unwieldy beach cottage
1253
01:14:42,099 --> 01:14:44,833
designed for them
by Wallace Harrison
1254
01:14:44,835 --> 01:14:46,902
who had previous
architectural experience
1255
01:14:46,904 --> 01:14:49,540
designing the United Nations
buildings in New York.
1256
01:14:50,708 --> 01:14:52,141
For several years,
1257
01:14:52,143 --> 01:14:54,879
the Oppenheimers had been
spending vacations on St. John.
1258
01:14:56,047 --> 01:14:57,846
Kitty wrote to me in despair,
1259
01:14:57,848 --> 01:14:59,648
they wanted to come down in June
1260
01:14:59,650 --> 01:15:03,218
and check on the punitive
progress of their construction,
1261
01:15:03,220 --> 01:15:05,056
where could they possibly stay.
1262
01:15:06,691 --> 01:15:09,694
I first met the
Oppenheimers in 1956,
1263
01:15:11,162 --> 01:15:13,162
one day when I went alone
up to Trunk Bay for lunch
1264
01:15:13,164 --> 01:15:16,098
and they were
there on a holiday.
1265
01:15:16,100 --> 01:15:18,233
Robert's security
clearance had been canceled
1266
01:15:18,235 --> 01:15:19,437
two years before.
1267
01:15:20,838 --> 01:15:22,738
I hadn't followed the
case with much attention,
1268
01:15:22,740 --> 01:15:24,506
being far more
concerned at the time
1269
01:15:24,508 --> 01:15:27,144
with infinite activities
than with un-American ones.
1270
01:15:28,312 --> 01:15:30,145
I had only a dim impression
1271
01:15:30,147 --> 01:15:32,049
that a great man had
been brought low.
1272
01:15:33,851 --> 01:15:35,353
I was curious to observe him.
1273
01:15:37,254 --> 01:15:38,988
I saw it once that
he and his wife
1274
01:15:38,990 --> 01:15:41,460
were the most curious
couple I had ever observed.
1275
01:15:42,626 --> 01:15:45,494
They were got up in
routine tourist garb,
1276
01:15:45,496 --> 01:15:47,496
button shirts and
shorts and sandals,
1277
01:15:47,498 --> 01:15:49,466
but they looked
like nothing human,
1278
01:15:49,468 --> 01:15:52,469
too thin and frail and
pale for earthly life.
1279
01:15:52,471 --> 01:15:55,571
They looked as if they were
down from Mars, not Princeton,
1280
01:15:55,573 --> 01:15:57,373
or as if some bright
kid had made them up
1281
01:15:57,375 --> 01:15:59,577
with matchsticks and
his chem craft set.
1282
01:16:00,745 --> 01:16:02,811
Kitty was the more
humanoid of the two,
1283
01:16:02,813 --> 01:16:04,413
although she seemed
to have no features
1284
01:16:04,415 --> 01:16:06,448
except for her dark eyes.
1285
01:16:06,450 --> 01:16:08,517
Her voice was too
deep and hoarse
1286
01:16:08,519 --> 01:16:10,719
to emanate from her tiny chest.
1287
01:16:10,721 --> 01:16:12,388
And helplessly weak as she was,
1288
01:16:12,390 --> 01:16:15,460
she had the truculent stance
of a heavyweight pugilist.
1289
01:16:16,627 --> 01:16:18,293
I heard from other
Trunk Bay guests
1290
01:16:18,295 --> 01:16:20,929
that she had a drinking problem.
1291
01:16:20,931 --> 01:16:24,366
The problem was that she
drank a lot and got drunk,
1292
01:16:24,368 --> 01:16:28,837
and that drunk or sober, she
was often staggeringly rude.
1293
01:16:28,839 --> 01:16:30,507
'Aren't you hot
with all that hair?'
1294
01:16:30,509 --> 01:16:32,408
she croaked at me
on introduction
1295
01:16:32,410 --> 01:16:35,413
then returned to her communion
with a bottle of Danish beer.
1296
01:16:38,115 --> 01:16:40,449
Robert looked astoundingly
like Pinocchio
1297
01:16:40,451 --> 01:16:44,119
and he moved as jerkily as
a marionette on strings,
1298
01:16:44,121 --> 01:16:46,221
but there was nothing
wooden about his manner.
1299
01:16:46,223 --> 01:16:48,690
He exuded warmth and
sympathy and courtesy
1300
01:16:48,692 --> 01:16:50,795
along with the fumes
of his famous pipe.
1301
01:16:51,929 --> 01:16:53,996
His voice was gentle,
almost inaudible,
1302
01:16:53,998 --> 01:16:56,600
and it became softer the
more he wanted to be heard.
1303
01:16:57,935 --> 01:17:00,470
He asked me what my husband did,
1304
01:17:00,472 --> 01:17:02,071
'He worked for Rockefeller.'
1305
01:17:02,073 --> 01:17:06,075
Robert mused with many
pretentious puffs at his pipe.
1306
01:17:06,077 --> 01:17:08,811
At last, his voice was
spellbinding whisper,
1307
01:17:08,813 --> 01:17:12,783
he said, 'I too have taken
money for doing harm.'
1308
01:17:13,984 --> 01:17:16,053
This struck me as a
stunning one-liner."
1309
01:17:21,892 --> 01:17:26,864
- It was, for each day, the
dream of an open air place.
1310
01:17:30,267 --> 01:17:33,368
It was one large open space,
1311
01:17:33,370 --> 01:17:36,173
and when the place
was closed down,
1312
01:17:37,341 --> 01:17:40,309
it had this aluminium
roof that was flaps,
1313
01:17:40,311 --> 01:17:45,049
that would flap down to the
floor and bolt into the floor
1314
01:17:48,185 --> 01:17:49,685
and all you have
to do when you came
1315
01:17:49,687 --> 01:17:53,889
was you unbolted the flaps
and then swung them back up
1316
01:17:53,891 --> 01:17:56,794
so that they became the
awning over the porch.
1317
01:17:58,095 --> 01:17:59,962
It is absolutely beautiful wild
1318
01:17:59,964 --> 01:18:01,999
with the view straight
out into the water.
1319
01:18:03,934 --> 01:18:06,201
But they really spent
more summers here
1320
01:18:06,203 --> 01:18:09,206
once they had their
house built at Hawksnest.
1321
01:18:10,441 --> 01:18:13,108
Every August come
the anniversaries
1322
01:18:13,110 --> 01:18:15,210
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
1323
01:18:15,212 --> 01:18:17,713
he became very silent.
1324
01:18:17,715 --> 01:18:19,416
It was a sad time for him.
1325
01:18:26,190 --> 01:18:30,593
- It was escape from
the tensity of his life
1326
01:18:30,595 --> 01:18:31,760
in the United States
1327
01:18:31,762 --> 01:18:34,163
and from the sense
that he'd been betrayed
1328
01:18:34,165 --> 01:18:37,399
by people that he had trusted
1329
01:18:37,401 --> 01:18:39,803
and people who should
have trusted him,
1330
01:18:40,971 --> 01:18:43,405
but I think he was
always a lonely man.
1331
01:18:43,407 --> 01:18:46,008
I think that the high water
mark of his conviviality
1332
01:18:46,010 --> 01:18:47,342
was Los Alamos.
1333
01:18:47,344 --> 01:18:48,944
But I think before
and after that,
1334
01:18:48,946 --> 01:18:50,812
he was essentially a lonely man,
1335
01:18:50,814 --> 01:18:52,750
lonely in the depths
of his thinking.
1336
01:18:53,717 --> 01:18:55,951
And, I mean, we have to face it,
1337
01:18:55,953 --> 01:18:58,787
Oppenheimer was
not a mature man.
1338
01:18:58,789 --> 01:19:03,358
He was locked into kind
of a permanent adolescence
1339
01:19:03,360 --> 01:19:05,662
because he had never
been normalized
1340
01:19:05,664 --> 01:19:08,430
in the way the rest of us get
normalized in our communities.
1341
01:19:08,432 --> 01:19:12,502
He had never really
participated in any community
1342
01:19:12,504 --> 01:19:14,905
that wasn't an artificial
one in his life.
1343
01:19:16,407 --> 01:19:20,643
And so he's sufficiently
lonely and eccentric
1344
01:19:20,645 --> 01:19:24,313
that he's looking
for safe spaces,
1345
01:19:24,315 --> 01:19:27,318
and Princeton was a certain
kind of a safe space
1346
01:19:29,320 --> 01:19:31,386
but St. John's was
a much greater one,
1347
01:19:31,388 --> 01:19:32,854
and when you're there,
1348
01:19:32,856 --> 01:19:37,629
it's, you know, beautiful
emerald seas and sands
1349
01:19:38,829 --> 01:19:42,798
and a native population
that couldn't care less
1350
01:19:42,800 --> 01:19:46,235
about whatever your life is
back in the United States.
1351
01:19:46,237 --> 01:19:50,841
And so I think that that was
a kind of a Shangri-la for him
1352
01:19:51,809 --> 01:19:54,209
that he probably would've had,
1353
01:19:54,211 --> 01:19:56,878
even if there had not been
the security clearance,
1354
01:19:56,880 --> 01:20:00,315
that he was just a man
who was not comfortable
1355
01:20:00,317 --> 01:20:02,052
in routine social settings.
1356
01:20:06,558 --> 01:20:08,056
- [Kai] He loved it.
1357
01:20:08,058 --> 01:20:12,363
Again, it was sort of like
New Mexico, it was spartan.
1358
01:20:13,531 --> 01:20:16,832
It was much better
weather, [chuckles]
1359
01:20:16,834 --> 01:20:18,269
but he loved the sailing.
1360
01:20:21,238 --> 01:20:22,705
[water crashing]
1361
01:20:22,707 --> 01:20:26,141
- Oppenheimer's reputation
was restored by his appearance
1362
01:20:26,143 --> 01:20:28,879
on the Ed Murrow
show, "See It Now."
1363
01:20:30,047 --> 01:20:31,780
- [Narrator] This
is "See It Now,"
1364
01:20:31,782 --> 01:20:34,684
edited by the partnership
of Murrow and Friendly,
1365
01:20:34,686 --> 01:20:37,454
presented by the Aluminum
Company of America.
1366
01:20:39,658 --> 01:20:42,257
- [Ray] Ed Murrow had this
idea of going to Princeton
1367
01:20:42,259 --> 01:20:44,826
and interviewing all the
famous people in Princeton
1368
01:20:44,828 --> 01:20:46,765
including Einstein
and Oppenheimer.
1369
01:20:48,232 --> 01:20:51,235
And he came back to New
York City from Princeton,
1370
01:20:52,537 --> 01:20:54,403
saying to his friend,
1371
01:20:54,405 --> 01:20:57,339
"We've only got one
usable interview here,"
1372
01:20:57,341 --> 01:20:59,742
which is the one
with Oppenheimer.
1373
01:20:59,744 --> 01:21:01,276
Just as Groves had found
1374
01:21:01,278 --> 01:21:03,412
at the beginning of
the Manhattan Project,
1375
01:21:03,414 --> 01:21:06,848
Oppenheimer stood head
and shoulder above
1376
01:21:06,850 --> 01:21:09,084
all his fellow scientists
1377
01:21:09,086 --> 01:21:12,557
in terms of charisma
and in terms of clarity.
1378
01:21:13,758 --> 01:21:18,561
He was able to explain
things in a simple way
1379
01:21:18,563 --> 01:21:21,265
and in a way that held
people's attention.
1380
01:21:22,467 --> 01:21:23,733
- [Ed Murrow] This
is a brief report
1381
01:21:23,735 --> 01:21:26,068
on the work and purpose
of the Institute
1382
01:21:26,070 --> 01:21:28,738
as seen through the eyes
and mind of one man,
1383
01:21:28,740 --> 01:21:31,840
it's director, Dr. J.
Robert Oppenheimer.
1384
01:21:31,842 --> 01:21:33,308
Dr. Oppenheimer,
why don't we begin
1385
01:21:33,310 --> 01:21:35,511
by your telling
me a little about
1386
01:21:35,513 --> 01:21:36,978
this Institute for
Advanced Study,
1387
01:21:36,980 --> 01:21:37,915
how it began?
1388
01:21:38,916 --> 01:21:40,382
- Well, I will try.
1389
01:21:40,384 --> 01:21:44,119
Of course, it began at the time
when I wasn't anywhere near,
1390
01:21:44,121 --> 01:21:48,924
and it's already a subject
for historical research.
1391
01:21:48,926 --> 01:21:50,660
I'm about to find someone
1392
01:21:50,662 --> 01:21:52,528
to see if he can find
out how it began.
1393
01:21:52,530 --> 01:21:55,399
- I have heard you describe
it as a decompression chamber.
1394
01:21:56,568 --> 01:21:58,801
- Well, it is, for many people.
1395
01:21:58,803 --> 01:22:00,369
There are no telephones ringing,
1396
01:22:00,371 --> 01:22:02,070
and you don't have to go
to committee meetings,
1397
01:22:02,072 --> 01:22:05,675
and you don't have to
meet classes, and the...
1398
01:22:05,677 --> 01:22:09,411
It's especially for the few
people who are here for life.
1399
01:22:09,413 --> 01:22:13,915
The first years are
quite remarkable
1400
01:22:13,917 --> 01:22:18,220
because most people depend
on being interrupted
1401
01:22:18,222 --> 01:22:20,222
in order to live,
1402
01:22:20,224 --> 01:22:24,694
but the work is so hard
and failure is, of course,
1403
01:22:24,696 --> 01:22:28,464
I guess, an inevitable
condition of success.
1404
01:22:28,466 --> 01:22:30,999
- Oppenheimer charmed Ed Murrow,
1405
01:22:31,001 --> 01:22:32,869
and through Ed Murrow's program,
1406
01:22:32,871 --> 01:22:35,137
charmed the whole of the
United States of America.
1407
01:22:35,139 --> 01:22:39,141
Suddenly, he was everybody's
favorite scientist again,
1408
01:22:39,143 --> 01:22:41,878
and he got invitations
to give lectures
1409
01:22:41,880 --> 01:22:43,945
on anything he
wanted to talk about.
1410
01:22:43,947 --> 01:22:45,882
He would talk about Hinduism,
1411
01:22:45,884 --> 01:22:48,350
he would talk about
anything he liked,
1412
01:22:48,352 --> 01:22:52,154
and he would have thousands of
people attend these lectures.
1413
01:22:52,156 --> 01:22:54,524
He had this very
arresting sentence
1414
01:22:54,526 --> 01:22:56,492
in one of these lectures,
1415
01:22:56,494 --> 01:22:58,895
"As physicists, we
have known sin."
1416
01:22:58,897 --> 01:23:01,430
And what he meant was that now,
1417
01:23:01,432 --> 01:23:05,635
because the theory
of fission and fusion
1418
01:23:05,637 --> 01:23:08,638
was being used to make
such deadly weapons,
1419
01:23:08,640 --> 01:23:12,007
you are dealing not
only with the theory
1420
01:23:12,009 --> 01:23:15,377
of the fundamental
parts of the universe,
1421
01:23:15,379 --> 01:23:18,481
you're also potentially
producing work
1422
01:23:18,483 --> 01:23:21,784
that can be used to kill
hundreds of thousands of people,
1423
01:23:21,786 --> 01:23:23,519
so in that way, the
physicist have known sin.
1424
01:23:23,521 --> 01:23:27,255
And Oppenheimer gave a series
of fascinating lectures
1425
01:23:27,257 --> 01:23:29,191
in which he would
discuss these ideas.
1426
01:23:29,193 --> 01:23:30,959
And he was invited
over to London
1427
01:23:30,961 --> 01:23:33,696
to give the Reith
lectures for the BBC
1428
01:23:33,698 --> 01:23:36,298
in which he chose
a similar theme,
1429
01:23:36,300 --> 01:23:38,837
and he became
enormously popular.
1430
01:23:40,337 --> 01:23:45,273
- He no longer had the
authority of an insider
1431
01:23:45,275 --> 01:23:47,209
within the networks
of government
1432
01:23:47,211 --> 01:23:50,680
who knew what were the
latest developments
1433
01:23:50,682 --> 01:23:52,216
with nuclear weapons
1434
01:23:53,651 --> 01:23:57,753
and who could speak with
that sort of expertise,
1435
01:23:57,755 --> 01:24:02,525
but he became a spokesman
1436
01:24:02,527 --> 01:24:06,361
for the role of science
1437
01:24:06,363 --> 01:24:09,868
in relation to modern culture.
1438
01:24:11,301 --> 01:24:13,368
- That was a brief glimpse
of a 2 1/2 hour conversation
1439
01:24:13,370 --> 01:24:15,003
with Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer,
1440
01:24:15,005 --> 01:24:18,006
director of the Institute
for Advanced Studies.
1441
01:24:18,008 --> 01:24:20,208
One thing that impressed this
reporter about that institute,
1442
01:24:20,210 --> 01:24:21,777
was that he has never heard
1443
01:24:21,779 --> 01:24:24,279
so many people
say, I don't know.
1444
01:24:24,281 --> 01:24:26,549
These men recognize mystery,
1445
01:24:26,551 --> 01:24:28,885
they welcome it and
they wrestle with it.
1446
01:24:28,887 --> 01:24:30,254
Goodnight and good luck.
1447
01:24:32,457 --> 01:24:35,290
- And after the hearings,
1448
01:24:35,292 --> 01:24:40,297
joined and actively
participated in
1449
01:24:41,699 --> 01:24:43,968
an organization called the
Congress for Cultural Freedom,
1450
01:24:45,503 --> 01:24:48,405
which was funded by the CIA.
1451
01:24:49,439 --> 01:24:52,477
But many prominent intellectuals
1452
01:24:53,845 --> 01:24:57,114
were involved with the
Congress for Cultural Freedom
1453
01:24:58,315 --> 01:25:01,049
in so far as it's
sought to promote
1454
01:25:01,051 --> 01:25:03,986
liberal intellectual culture
1455
01:25:03,988 --> 01:25:08,993
as an antidote to
what they argued
1456
01:25:10,327 --> 01:25:14,197
was the totalitarian
culture of the Soviet Union.
1457
01:25:15,065 --> 01:25:18,937
And this group of intellectuals
1458
01:25:20,872 --> 01:25:23,641
was where Oppenheimer
kind of found
1459
01:25:24,776 --> 01:25:27,743
a sense of belonging
and recognition
1460
01:25:27,745 --> 01:25:31,981
after his marginalization
in the security hearings.
1461
01:25:31,983 --> 01:25:34,483
- Throughout his life,
Oppenheimer was attracted
1462
01:25:34,485 --> 01:25:39,490
to places of extraordinary
beauty and remoteness.
1463
01:25:42,026 --> 01:25:44,594
And one thing that's very
striking about these places,
1464
01:25:44,596 --> 01:25:48,263
the Virgin Islands, the
plateau in New Mexico,
1465
01:25:48,265 --> 01:25:52,503
is that they are the very
opposite of where he grew up.
1466
01:25:55,974 --> 01:25:57,272
[water rushing]
1467
01:25:57,274 --> 01:25:58,808
And I'm inclined to think
1468
01:25:58,810 --> 01:26:01,644
that he was looking
precisely for that.
1469
01:26:01,646 --> 01:26:04,947
He was looking
precisely for something
1470
01:26:04,949 --> 01:26:07,583
that couldn't be more different
1471
01:26:07,585 --> 01:26:11,454
to the Upper West
Side of Manhattan.
1472
01:26:11,456 --> 01:26:12,624
And I think he found it
1473
01:26:14,525 --> 01:26:18,395
in the countryside of
New Mexico above all,
1474
01:26:20,230 --> 01:26:22,197
which I think remained for him,
1475
01:26:22,199 --> 01:26:26,201
I think that countryside
around the Rio Grande
1476
01:26:26,203 --> 01:26:29,505
remained for him his ideal,
1477
01:26:29,507 --> 01:26:33,643
in its wildness, in its beauty,
1478
01:26:33,645 --> 01:26:36,912
and in its remoteness.
1479
01:26:36,914 --> 01:26:39,515
[light upbeat music]
1480
01:26:39,517 --> 01:26:44,522
He had a little hut
overlooking the valley.
1481
01:26:46,591 --> 01:26:48,289
This is a remote area,
1482
01:26:48,291 --> 01:26:50,995
and you weren't going to
bump into other people there,
1483
01:26:53,698 --> 01:26:58,703
whereas he grew up in the
Upper West Side of New York
1484
01:26:59,570 --> 01:27:01,003
where all the people around him
1485
01:27:01,005 --> 01:27:04,174
were part of the same community.
1486
01:27:05,342 --> 01:27:06,709
Somebody wrote a book
about that community
1487
01:27:06,711 --> 01:27:08,343
called "Our Crowd."
1488
01:27:08,345 --> 01:27:12,280
They recognized each other as
being part of the same crowd,
1489
01:27:12,282 --> 01:27:15,084
though she's part of our crowd,
1490
01:27:15,086 --> 01:27:18,122
and I think he didn't want to
be part of anybody's crowd.
1491
01:27:19,557 --> 01:27:22,060
[light music]
1492
01:27:32,670 --> 01:27:35,971
The strain of
working at Los Alamos
1493
01:27:35,973 --> 01:27:37,775
was that he chainsmoked.
1494
01:27:39,242 --> 01:27:42,978
And you can see, he was
always a slender man,
1495
01:27:42,980 --> 01:27:44,747
but you can see in the pictures
1496
01:27:44,749 --> 01:27:49,153
of Los Alamos and
afterwards, he's skeletal.
1497
01:27:50,420 --> 01:27:54,291
He's so thin and he
never looked very well.
1498
01:27:55,526 --> 01:27:57,493
He died in his 60s,
1499
01:27:57,495 --> 01:27:59,296
but he looked like
a man in his 80s.
1500
01:28:00,798 --> 01:28:03,000
The cancer caught up with him
1501
01:28:04,836 --> 01:28:08,438
shortly before
his 63rd birthday.
1502
01:28:11,609 --> 01:28:13,308
- [Kai] And Kitty knew
1503
01:28:13,310 --> 01:28:16,411
that he wanted his
ashes scattered there.
1504
01:28:16,413 --> 01:28:20,850
So some months after
his death in '67,
1505
01:28:20,852 --> 01:28:25,857
she motored out towards a
point called Carvel Rock
1506
01:28:26,591 --> 01:28:27,890
in Hawksnest Bay,
1507
01:28:27,892 --> 01:28:32,561
just off the shore from
where their cabin was.
1508
01:28:32,563 --> 01:28:35,396
[light music]
1509
01:28:35,398 --> 01:28:38,136
[water crashing]
1510
01:28:42,039 --> 01:28:45,908
- My parents had been
arranging for a boat
1511
01:28:45,910 --> 01:28:50,915
to take Dr. O's ashes with
Kitty out to Carvel Rock,
1512
01:28:51,516 --> 01:28:51,983
which they did.
1513
01:28:53,316 --> 01:28:58,256
- They cut the motor and
instead of scattering the ashes,
1514
01:28:59,123 --> 01:29:03,391
Kitty just dumps the urn,
1515
01:29:03,393 --> 01:29:07,263
still closed up, into the water.
1516
01:29:07,265 --> 01:29:10,034
[water crashing]
1517
01:29:12,103 --> 01:29:16,639
There's a splash and
then it bobs up, [laughs]
1518
01:29:16,641 --> 01:29:21,646
and eventually it sinks.
1519
01:29:22,780 --> 01:29:25,014
They watch for a while
and then it sinks.
1520
01:29:25,016 --> 01:29:29,885
So his ashes are in an urn
1521
01:29:29,887 --> 01:29:34,089
on the floor of Hawksnest Bay.
1522
01:29:34,091 --> 01:29:36,594
[light music]
1523
01:29:46,971 --> 01:29:50,508
- It will probably haunt me
still for the rest of my life.
1524
01:29:51,676 --> 01:29:52,977
She was a great friend.
1525
01:29:55,445 --> 01:29:58,182
She had just turned 33.
1526
01:29:59,884 --> 01:30:04,086
That she was depressed for
a lot of her adult life,
1527
01:30:04,088 --> 01:30:06,455
I think is understandable
when you understand
1528
01:30:06,457 --> 01:30:08,057
what happened to her.
1529
01:30:08,059 --> 01:30:11,093
One of her dreams was to be
an interpreter at the UN,
1530
01:30:11,095 --> 01:30:12,563
and the FBI said, no.
1531
01:30:14,665 --> 01:30:16,265
It's like they were visiting
1532
01:30:16,267 --> 01:30:18,634
so-called sins of
her father upon her
1533
01:30:18,636 --> 01:30:20,137
and that just was not fair.
1534
01:30:24,275 --> 01:30:27,444
[Erva speaks faintly]
1535
01:30:28,346 --> 01:30:30,112
Anyway, I lost a great friend
1536
01:30:30,114 --> 01:30:33,682
and the world lost a
great mind as well.
1537
01:30:33,684 --> 01:30:36,187
[light music]
1538
01:31:01,212 --> 01:31:04,613
- There is no key that
is going to unlock
1539
01:31:04,615 --> 01:31:06,148
the mysteries of Oppenheimer.
1540
01:31:06,150 --> 01:31:08,552
He's always going
to be mysterious.
1541
01:31:10,154 --> 01:31:14,458
His friend Rabi said that
there's no single personality
1542
01:31:15,559 --> 01:31:16,759
that is Oppenheimer.
1543
01:31:16,761 --> 01:31:21,297
There's all these sharp shafts
1544
01:31:21,299 --> 01:31:24,300
that make up Oppenheimer.
1545
01:31:24,302 --> 01:31:28,604
But he's somebody
who the outside world
1546
01:31:28,606 --> 01:31:31,040
insisted was a German Jew,
1547
01:31:31,042 --> 01:31:35,177
and he said, "No, I'm neither
German nor am I Jewish."
1548
01:31:35,179 --> 01:31:38,616
He insisted on defining himself.
1549
01:31:40,351 --> 01:31:42,584
- The tragedy of Oppenheimer
1550
01:31:42,586 --> 01:31:47,425
is that he was so
deeply evolved ethically
1551
01:31:49,727 --> 01:31:53,028
and yet so socially awkward
1552
01:31:53,030 --> 01:31:56,065
and so brilliant
at the same time
1553
01:31:56,067 --> 01:31:58,233
that these things were
never fully integrated
1554
01:31:58,235 --> 01:31:59,768
into his character.
1555
01:31:59,770 --> 01:32:01,470
- He was able to talk philosophy
1556
01:32:01,472 --> 01:32:04,506
with the leading
philosophers of his time.
1557
01:32:04,508 --> 01:32:08,177
He wrote poetry, and he was
an expert on French poetry.
1558
01:32:08,179 --> 01:32:11,013
Scientifically, he most likely,
1559
01:32:11,015 --> 01:32:12,781
if he'd lived a couple
of years longer,
1560
01:32:12,783 --> 01:32:14,583
would've been awarded
a Nobel Prize,
1561
01:32:14,585 --> 01:32:17,753
and here's something that's
so typical of Oppenheimer.
1562
01:32:17,755 --> 01:32:21,490
What he would've been
awarded a Nobel Prize for
1563
01:32:21,492 --> 01:32:23,826
are three papers that
he himself attributed
1564
01:32:23,828 --> 01:32:26,061
no importance to whatsoever.
1565
01:32:26,063 --> 01:32:28,931
This is three papers
that he wrote in 1939
1566
01:32:28,933 --> 01:32:32,234
on gravitational
collapse, black holes.
1567
01:32:32,236 --> 01:32:34,003
He was the first person
1568
01:32:34,005 --> 01:32:37,373
to give a complete
mathematical description
1569
01:32:37,375 --> 01:32:42,177
of what happens when a massive
star collapses in on itself
1570
01:32:42,179 --> 01:32:44,179
and becomes a black hole.
1571
01:32:44,181 --> 01:32:48,384
- And he was the creator
of the atomic bomb,
1572
01:32:48,386 --> 01:32:52,489
this use of science
1573
01:32:52,491 --> 01:32:55,691
for absolute destruction,
1574
01:32:55,693 --> 01:33:00,429
this creation of a weapon
that makes hell on earth,
1575
01:33:00,431 --> 01:33:02,833
a weapon of absolute terror.
1576
01:33:03,934 --> 01:33:08,239
So Oppenheimer, I
think, really represents
1577
01:33:09,707 --> 01:33:14,412
the development of reason
and of a culture of reason
1578
01:33:15,813 --> 01:33:19,181
which has turned against
itself and become irrational
1579
01:33:19,183 --> 01:33:21,617
and become destructive.
1580
01:33:21,619 --> 01:33:23,085
And that was the dilemma
1581
01:33:23,087 --> 01:33:24,920
that Oppenheimer
was wrestling with
1582
01:33:24,922 --> 01:33:28,292
and that's what he represents,
I think, for us today.
1583
01:33:29,326 --> 01:33:31,427
- No, he's an iconic figure.
1584
01:33:31,429 --> 01:33:34,830
The 1954 trial makes him
much more interesting
1585
01:33:34,832 --> 01:33:37,766
than just the father
of the atomic bomb,
1586
01:33:37,768 --> 01:33:39,568
but it's also interesting
1587
01:33:39,570 --> 01:33:42,905
that as the father
of the atomic bomb,
1588
01:33:42,907 --> 01:33:46,341
the man who built
the two weapons
1589
01:33:46,343 --> 01:33:48,744
that destroyed two
Japanese cities,
1590
01:33:48,746 --> 01:33:51,113
he then spent really
the rest of his life
1591
01:33:51,115 --> 01:33:53,115
trying to contain the bomb.
1592
01:33:53,117 --> 01:33:55,984
- He was an
extraordinary polymath,
1593
01:33:55,986 --> 01:34:00,925
and he refused to be
bound by limitations
1594
01:34:03,227 --> 01:34:06,230
and categorizations.
1595
01:34:08,567 --> 01:34:13,572
And I think recognizing the
value of such a man at this time
1596
01:34:15,673 --> 01:34:19,844
is quite an important
symbolic thing to do.
1597
01:34:21,580 --> 01:34:24,179
- And that's the price
of genius, I think,
1598
01:34:24,181 --> 01:34:29,186
it's when the hero is partly
responsible for the fall
1599
01:34:30,054 --> 01:34:31,286
that we have through tragedy,
1600
01:34:31,288 --> 01:34:32,455
and that's why we
can't look away.
1601
01:34:32,457 --> 01:34:34,389
- It is still an open question
1602
01:34:34,391 --> 01:34:38,827
whether humanity is going
to survive the nuclear age,
1603
01:34:38,829 --> 01:34:43,100
and Oppenheimer would
think this is a sad legacy.
1604
01:34:44,835 --> 01:34:47,972
Finally, just his personality,
1605
01:34:49,106 --> 01:34:51,340
his ability to transform himself
1606
01:34:51,342 --> 01:34:56,347
to overcome his youthful
psychological crisis,
1607
01:34:58,816 --> 01:35:01,817
his ability to become
a good professor,
1608
01:35:01,819 --> 01:35:06,423
a charismatic lecturer
after being a terrible one,
1609
01:35:08,058 --> 01:35:11,660
his ability to run Las
Alamos and be revered
1610
01:35:11,662 --> 01:35:14,098
and admired by everyone
who worked there,
1611
01:35:15,299 --> 01:35:17,733
all of whom, you know,
anyone we interviewed
1612
01:35:17,735 --> 01:35:19,001
who had been there
said, you know,
1613
01:35:19,003 --> 01:35:21,904
the bomb never would've
happened in 2 1/2 years
1614
01:35:21,906 --> 01:35:23,608
if it hadn't been
for Oppenheimer.
1615
01:35:25,610 --> 01:35:28,343
Again, he transforms himself
1616
01:35:28,345 --> 01:35:30,414
into this amazing administrator
1617
01:35:31,815 --> 01:35:34,752
and yet there's this tragedy
at the end of his life,
1618
01:35:35,953 --> 01:35:38,353
and he's, you know,
publicly humiliated,
1619
01:35:38,355 --> 01:35:42,758
and that too is a
important story.
1620
01:35:42,760 --> 01:35:45,861
You know, America goes
through these periods
1621
01:35:45,863 --> 01:35:48,533
of historical craziness,
1622
01:35:49,668 --> 01:35:54,472
and McCarthyism was
one such disease
1623
01:35:57,609 --> 01:36:00,543
and Oppenheimer became
the chief victim of it.
1624
01:36:00,545 --> 01:36:03,881
[upbeat dramatic music]
1625
01:36:30,074 --> 01:36:34,245
[upbeat dramatic
music continues]
128632
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