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[Jeremy]
In the Peruvian jungle,
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could there really be
a boiling river
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that kills on contact?
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I'm sitting here thinking,
holy cow,
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this thing is massive!
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[Jeremy] Will the identification
of an unknown sailor
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00:00:15,827 --> 00:00:19,896
reveal what happened in
Australia's biggest naval disaster?
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This is the only body to be
recovered from the tragedy.
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[explosion]
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[Jeremy] And has a dark secretbeing concealed from the world
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00:00:29,137 --> 00:00:31,172
on this Caribbean wreck.
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00:00:31,275 --> 00:00:35,448
It's highly probable that the owners of
this wreck did not want it to be found.
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[Jeremy] The underwater
realm is another dimension.
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It's a physically hostile place
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where dreams of promise
can sink into darkness.
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[Jeremy] I'm Jeremy Wade,
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and I'm searching the world
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to bring you the most iconic
and baffling underwater mysteries
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known to science.
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The vast majority of our ocean
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is unobserved, unmapped,
and unexplored.
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[Jeremy] It's a dangerous
frontier that swallows evidence.
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You have nowhere to run.
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[Jeremy]
Where unknown is normal.
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And understanding is rare.
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In the Gulf of Mexico, an estimated
4,000 ship wrecks litter the sea floor.
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And tuned inside
are countless secrets
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from America's past.
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The remains
of a 19th century ship
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found near the Mexican coast,
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are rumored to have
a sinister history.
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And if true,
this will shock the world.
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[Jeremy] 2017, in the smallcoastal town of Sisal, Mexico,
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a local fisherman leads
a team of archeologists
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to a mysterious wreck
two miles offshore.
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[Helen] As with muchof maritime archaeology,
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we're often guided
by local knowledge.
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And that's absolutely
the case here.
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[Jeremy]
Some fisherman in Sisal,
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have known about
this wreck for generations.
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And rumor suggests
the ship has a shady past.
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There were rumors that this ship was
conducting some sort of illegal activity.
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Perhaps transporting
the most heinous of cargos.
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[Jeremy]
To uncover the truth,
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archeologists from Mexico's
Institute of Anthropology and History,
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start looking for clues.
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When they were
first examining it,
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they didn't know
what they were looking at.
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The remains were scattered
over an area of half a mile squared.
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[Jeremy] The team use aportable magnetometer
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that can detect metal from
nearly 1,500 feet away.
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This ship had a wooden hull.
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It's got paddle wheel
and a boiler.
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The archeologists find elements
of the propulsion system,
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including the rocker arm that
helps power the paddle wheel.
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[Jeremy]
These specific features reveal
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that this is a vessel from a
narrow slice of maritime history.
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A side paddle steamer.
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Steamers transported
mail and cargo
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across the Atlantic
to the Caribbean
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from the 1840s until the 1870s.
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[Dr. Ruben] All the originalcomponents were found,
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but that only tells us
the type of ship.
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That doesn't tell us which ship.
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[Jeremy] Then the diversget a lucky break.
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Hidden in the sand, they
uncover several pieces of cutlery.
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And they're stamped with a name.
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Zangroniz Brothers and Company.
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Slowly, the pieces
of the story come together.
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[Dr. Alexander] This isa really critical find,
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as it's a key emblem of
who it was owned by.
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[Jeremy] The Zangroniz family
operated side paddle steamers
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across the Atlantic from Europe
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and around the Caribbean,
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trading in commodities
like sugar and natural fibers.
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They were give literally
carte blanche
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to do a lot of trade.
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Their reputation
was relatively stellar.
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[Jeremy] Searching formore clues about the wreck,
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the team delved deeper
into the Zangroniz family.
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Once you began looking into
the commerce and the company,
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then the documents literally
begin to come out of the woodwork.
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[Dr. Lisa]
Through detailed analysis,
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investigators were
able to determine
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that this was
the wreck of La Union.
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[Jeremy] La Union was one oftwo side paddle steamers
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owned by the Zangroniz family.
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It sunk in 1861.
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But the team's
investigations reveals
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much more
about this merchant ship
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which has been hidden
for more than 150 years.
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It's highly probable
that the owners of this wreck,
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did not want it to be found.
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[Jeremy] The Zangroniz family
had free reign on the high seas.
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Their trade unchecked
and inhumane.
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La Union stopped
on one of its voyages
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just a year
before it sank in 1860
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and it had
a slave labor cargo onboard.
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[Dr. Lisa] There were at least 30
slaves on this ship including children.
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One was as young
as 12 months old.
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[Dr. Ruben]
The documentation is clear.
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The Zangroniz brothers were
engaged in human trafficking.
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[Jeremy]
La Union was a slave ship.
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But slavery had been illegal
in Mexico since the 1820's.
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32 years beforethe sinking of La Union.
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So what was a slave ship doing
sailing from Mexico?
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And we have
evidence of ship wrecks
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which were part of
the Atlantic slave trade.
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But this is
a different kind of network.
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We're seeing something new.
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[Jeremy] Further investigations
of historical records
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reveals something startling.
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The enslaved people
aboard were Maya,
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indigenous Mexicans.
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This is the first Mayan
slave ship ever discovered.
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So, where was this
human cargo being taken
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when slavery was
illegal in their homeland?
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The answer may lay
in the Mexico's troubled past.
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The War of the Castes
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was one that basically persisted
from about 1847 till 1901.
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[Jeremy] This caste war pitted
the wealthy European Mexicans,
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the Yucatecos,
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against the more modest
and traditional Maya.
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[Dr. Ruben] Those are Mayain the northern Yucatan,
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found themselves being
dispossessed of their land,
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they were engaged
in a rebellion,
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they were seen
as enemy combatants.
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[Jeremy] Did this war provide the
Yucatecos with a convenient excuse
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to banish their Maya enemy?
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Slavery might have been
illegal in Mexico in the 1860s,
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but elsewhere in the Caribbean
it was still thriving.
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Slavery isn't illegal in Cuba.
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[Jeremy] With their ship,
La Union,
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the Zangroniz family could take
advantage of the demand for slaves
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on the Cuban sugar plantations.
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It was a marriage made in hell.
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[Jeremy] The sufferingwould have began
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onboard La Union.
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[Dr. Ruben] The Maya were
literally being placed in a cargo hold
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and these were right next
to the actual boiler.
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So, they were
literally put in harm's way
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every time they were loaded
into these very tight
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and confined quarters.
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[Jeremy] The discovery of
this wreck has for the first time,
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revealed a missing chapter
for Mexico's past.
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So, why is this immoral trade
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omitted from the history books?
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We really don't know very much
at all about the Mayan slave trade.
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[Dr. Ruben] The Yucatecos,who were in charge,
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would have
wanted this minimized.
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So, it remained a dirty secret
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in one that went
in the bottom of the sea.
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[Jeremy]
Archeologists now know,
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that people were traffickedonboard La Union,
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the year before it sank.
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But they still don't know exactly
what happened to the ship
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on that fated last journey,
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until the team
exploring the wreck
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uncover new
critical pieces of evidence.
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[Alexander] Fireboxesbeing found in fragments,
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the chimneys being found
in fragments
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and there is large
chunks of the wreck
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which have been exposed
to intense heat.
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[Jeremy] The charred
evidence on the sea floor,
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matches records on land.
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Minutes after leaving port,
the boiler dramatically explodes.
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[explosion]
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It caused the total destruction
of the ship instantaneously.
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[Jeremy] What's stillunanswered though
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is whether human cargo
is onboard the ship
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when it explodes.
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A Mayan slave ship has been
identified off the coast of Mexico.
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The only one ever
discovered in the world.
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Evidence on the wreck shows
that it exploded.
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But one question remains,
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were the Maya captives onboard
when it sank?
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[explosion]
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[Jeremy] Records indicatethat roughly
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half of the 80 crew
and the 60 passengers
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lost their lives
in the explosion.
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We have no idea
what the real death toll was.
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It was not customary
for customs agents
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and Mexican officials
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to document this infernal
trafficking in human lives.
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[Jeremy] The divers findno human remains.
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So, does this mean this fated
journey was without a slave cargo?
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The ocean may have hidden
the true scale of this tragedy.
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[Dr. Ruben]
Once you enter the dimension
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of a very shallow settling
of human remains,
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you're going to see
an accelerated decomposition
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because you'll still have
sunlight entering the freight.
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You'll have oxygen and
other factors to contend with.
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[Jeremy] So, there's still the
possibility that the trafficked Maya
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were on La Union when it sank.
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And it has since been revealed
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that up to 20,000 Maya
were transported to Cuba
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on the ships of
the Zangroniz family.
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[Dr. Ruben] The Mayahave always been a proud
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00:11:11,931 --> 00:11:13,379
and noble people.
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00:11:13,482 --> 00:11:18,172
To be enslaved would have been
the worst condition for them.
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This was not the Maya way.
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[Jeremy] The true scaleof this industry of terror,
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is yet to be fully uncovered.
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We're only beginning
to understand
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the extent to which
indigenous people
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00:11:29,724 --> 00:11:32,448
from Central America
were enslaved.
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00:11:32,551 --> 00:11:35,241
[Jeremy] But the secretsthat La Union has revealed
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from this watery grave,
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brings us one step closer
to the truth.
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00:11:47,034 --> 00:11:49,103
As I know from
my own explorations,
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the jungle rivers
of South America,
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can embody a deadly mix
of mystery and danger.
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00:11:56,310 --> 00:11:57,931
And there's one stretch of water
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that has captured
my imagination.
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00:12:00,103 --> 00:12:03,655
A mythical
boiling river in Peru.
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00:12:03,758 --> 00:12:06,482
Legend has it,
the water flows so hot
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00:12:06,586 --> 00:12:08,827
it can kill in seconds.
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00:12:08,931 --> 00:12:11,724
Now, could one man
using the latest science
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00:12:11,827 --> 00:12:15,310
finally separate
myth from reality?
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00:12:17,655 --> 00:12:19,758
[Jeremy] As an eight
year old boy in Peru,
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00:12:19,862 --> 00:12:22,758
Andres Ruzo is told
by his grandfather
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00:12:22,862 --> 00:12:26,137
about the legend of
a mysterious boiling river
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00:12:26,241 --> 00:12:28,103
in the heart of the Amazon.
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00:12:28,206 --> 00:12:31,034
[Andres] My grand fathertold me this crazy story
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00:12:31,137 --> 00:12:32,758
about the Spanish
conquest of Peru.
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00:12:33,758 --> 00:12:35,827
We're talking
about giant anacondas,
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00:12:36,931 --> 00:12:38,862
fierce warriors
with poison arrows,
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00:12:38,965 --> 00:12:41,724
piranhas that will
strip your flesh to the bone,
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00:12:42,586 --> 00:12:44,241
and a lost city of gold.
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00:12:46,551 --> 00:12:48,931
The boiling river was
one of the details
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00:12:49,034 --> 00:12:50,413
in this legend.
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00:12:52,275 --> 00:12:56,000
[Jeremy] Years later, the
little boy is a geo scientist
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00:12:56,103 --> 00:12:58,620
investigating
the waters of Peru.
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00:12:58,724 --> 00:13:01,482
When a clue to
the existence of boiling river
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00:13:01,586 --> 00:13:03,965
comes from somewhere
close to home.
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00:13:04,068 --> 00:13:07,689
I tell my aunt this thing about the
boiling river and that starts to come out
237
00:13:07,793 --> 00:13:09,517
and she goes, "Andres,
it's real, I've been there."
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00:13:10,965 --> 00:13:14,344
[Jeremy] A skeptical Andres
is persuaded to follow his aunt
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00:13:14,448 --> 00:13:16,758
into the depths
of the rain forest.
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00:13:16,862 --> 00:13:20,724
The boiling river is a place that
sounds like it's straight out of folklore.
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00:13:20,827 --> 00:13:23,620
It was a one hour flight
from Lima,
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00:13:23,724 --> 00:13:27,551
on a truck on a dirt road
for like about two hours.
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00:13:27,655 --> 00:13:30,310
Then we take a Peke Peke,
a motorized canoe.
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00:13:31,103 --> 00:13:32,206
And then boom.
245
00:13:33,310 --> 00:13:35,896
You've entered
into another universe.
246
00:13:37,034 --> 00:13:40,724
[Jeremy] Andres starts to hear
a low rumble.
247
00:13:40,827 --> 00:13:44,758
It sounded like an ocean wave
that was crashing constantly.
248
00:13:44,862 --> 00:13:47,724
And you'd see these
wisps of white cloud,
249
00:13:47,827 --> 00:13:50,655
It's vapor, high up
in the canopy of these trees.
250
00:13:52,068 --> 00:13:54,931
[Jeremy] What greets him isastonishing.
251
00:13:55,034 --> 00:13:58,344
A river running
boiling hot for four miles.
252
00:13:59,862 --> 00:14:01,482
What was your reaction?
253
00:14:01,586 --> 00:14:05,724
I'm sitting here thinking,
holy cow, this thing is massive!
254
00:14:07,620 --> 00:14:11,103
The boiling river is real.
255
00:14:11,206 --> 00:14:15,103
So as you know, Jeremy, the great
thing about myths and legends is,
256
00:14:15,206 --> 00:14:17,655
sometimes they do come true.
257
00:14:17,758 --> 00:14:21,965
[Jeremy] A river running at more
than 200 degrees Fahrenheit.
258
00:14:22,068 --> 00:14:24,172
Reaching 80 feet at its widest,
259
00:14:24,275 --> 00:14:27,241
and 20 feet at its deepest.
260
00:14:27,344 --> 00:14:30,241
[Alexander] It's hot enoughthat you can boil food in it.
261
00:14:30,344 --> 00:14:34,103
It gives humans
third degree burns in second.
262
00:14:34,206 --> 00:14:39,206
Any animals which are unfortunate
to fall into the river are boiled alive.
263
00:14:39,310 --> 00:14:41,379
[Dr. Dijanna] Where is this
heat coming from?
264
00:14:41,482 --> 00:14:45,310
What's causing the water to
have an increased temperature?
265
00:14:57,068 --> 00:14:58,827
[Jeremy] The Peruvian Amazon,
266
00:14:58,931 --> 00:15:02,344
and a boiling river thought
to be no more than a legend,
267
00:15:02,448 --> 00:15:04,275
is very real.
268
00:15:04,379 --> 00:15:07,413
But how this watery
inferno came to be,
269
00:15:07,517 --> 00:15:09,068
remains a mystery.
270
00:15:10,793 --> 00:15:13,275
Can an answer to this
bizarre phenomenon,
271
00:15:13,379 --> 00:15:17,379
be hidden in the science
of geothermal waters?
272
00:15:17,482 --> 00:15:19,586
They exist across the world.
273
00:15:19,689 --> 00:15:23,655
Water rising up through areas
of scorching geology.
274
00:15:23,758 --> 00:15:25,724
Especially near volcanoes.
275
00:15:25,827 --> 00:15:27,379
But they're
in particular locations.
276
00:15:27,482 --> 00:15:30,310
I mean, we know where
to find these things.
277
00:15:30,413 --> 00:15:35,137
What is strange in the case
of this river is it is, A, so hot,
278
00:15:36,344 --> 00:15:39,965
and B, so far away
from volcanoes.
279
00:15:41,620 --> 00:15:45,931
[Jeremy] Most of Peru, sits inwhat's known as a geo gap.
280
00:15:46,034 --> 00:15:49,344
But there has been no volcanic
activity near the boiling river,
281
00:15:49,448 --> 00:15:51,758
for over 2 million years,
282
00:15:51,862 --> 00:15:57,310
and the nearest volcanic area,
is more than 430 miles away.
283
00:15:57,413 --> 00:16:01,586
So what could be powering
this scorching hot river?
284
00:16:01,689 --> 00:16:06,000
[Dr. Dijanna] The volcanoes are not
the only type of geothermal activity.
285
00:16:06,103 --> 00:16:10,275
There's hydrothermal flows,
underground geothermal rivers.
286
00:16:10,379 --> 00:16:14,482
We have them, but it's
really cool and unusual,
287
00:16:14,586 --> 00:16:18,655
when we see them in places
that are not necessarily coupled,
288
00:16:18,758 --> 00:16:21,103
to geothermal activity.
289
00:16:21,206 --> 00:16:25,137
[Dr. Helen] This river seems
to go for so long and so hot,
290
00:16:26,172 --> 00:16:28,827
that it looks
to be something else.
291
00:16:28,931 --> 00:16:33,379
[Jeremy] Could it be caused by something
outside our scientific understanding?
292
00:16:33,482 --> 00:16:36,034
Indigenous communities have,
293
00:16:36,137 --> 00:16:39,724
attached the river
tremendous spiritual power.
294
00:16:39,827 --> 00:16:42,655
It's become incredibly sacred.
295
00:16:42,758 --> 00:16:46,793
[Jeremy] The river is known by its
ancient name, Shanay-Timpishka.
296
00:16:46,896 --> 00:16:50,448
Meaning
'Boiled with heat of the Sun.'
297
00:16:50,551 --> 00:16:53,413
But nowhere on Earth,
can the Sun do this.
298
00:16:56,482 --> 00:17:02,172
Digging deeper, local folklore
suggests an alternative explanation.
299
00:17:02,275 --> 00:17:06,034
[Dr. Helen] At the head of the
river, the waters actually cold.
300
00:17:06,137 --> 00:17:08,379
[Dr. Helen] And as it starts
flowing down,
301
00:17:08,482 --> 00:17:12,793
it reaches the place where
there's the first warm water injection.
302
00:17:13,931 --> 00:17:17,586
And that's where
there's this giant stone.
303
00:17:17,689 --> 00:17:22,448
[Jeremy] The stone bears a striking
resemblance to the head of a constrictor.
304
00:17:22,551 --> 00:17:26,517
Traditionally, this is believed
to be the home of Yacumama.
305
00:17:26,620 --> 00:17:30,034
And in indigenous traditions,
Yacumama gives birth
306
00:17:30,137 --> 00:17:31,827
to the waters of the Amazon.
307
00:17:35,034 --> 00:17:39,344
[Jeremy] For a decade, Andres and his team
have been trying to find out the truth.
308
00:17:39,448 --> 00:17:43,310
Boiling water is an
inhospitable environment,
309
00:17:43,413 --> 00:17:45,413
for any kind of technology.
310
00:17:45,517 --> 00:17:47,517
And of course,
also for scientists.
311
00:17:49,965 --> 00:17:54,000
[Jeremy] Thermal drone cameras
help the teams study the boiling water.
312
00:17:55,517 --> 00:18:00,931
You wanna get a good grasp on
the temperature at various locations.
313
00:18:01,034 --> 00:18:04,172
Are there any chemical
signatures that might indicate
314
00:18:04,275 --> 00:18:06,724
what has happened
to this body of water?
315
00:18:06,827 --> 00:18:11,310
What clues do those components
give us about origins?
316
00:18:11,413 --> 00:18:14,551
[Jeremy] There are only a few
scientific laboratories in the world,
317
00:18:14,655 --> 00:18:17,931
that can help reveal
the rivers unseen power.
318
00:18:18,034 --> 00:18:22,241
So have you discovered the secret
behind the immense heat of this river?
319
00:18:22,344 --> 00:18:25,034
I'm in the middle of analyzing
more data right now.
320
00:18:25,137 --> 00:18:26,862
But in basic terms,
321
00:18:26,965 --> 00:18:30,482
what we are seeing thus far is
that this is a hot spring on steroids.
322
00:18:31,655 --> 00:18:33,896
Waters could be falling
to Earth,
323
00:18:34,000 --> 00:18:36,137
as far away as the Andes.
324
00:18:37,172 --> 00:18:39,206
Seeping down into the Earth.
325
00:18:39,310 --> 00:18:42,827
[Jeremy] Rainwater could have
traveled underground for 60 miles,
326
00:18:42,931 --> 00:18:47,000
from the East Andes, and it may
not be the only source of the water,
327
00:18:47,103 --> 00:18:51,275
which is somehow, heated underground
before being driven to the surface,
328
00:18:51,379 --> 00:18:54,827
in this one particular place
in the Peruvian jungle.
329
00:18:54,931 --> 00:18:58,137
In this hot water in the
subsurface is hidden an area,
330
00:18:59,103 --> 00:19:01,517
a fault zone,
a unique geologic setting,
331
00:19:01,620 --> 00:19:05,379
that allows a mass of hot water,
332
00:19:05,482 --> 00:19:07,586
to get up to the
surface quickly.
333
00:19:09,413 --> 00:19:14,103
[Jeremy] The boiling river, seems to be
part of an enormous hydrothermal system.
334
00:19:14,206 --> 00:19:17,896
One of the worlds
largest and most extreme.
335
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:22,793
The exact nature of that system
however, is still being worked out.
336
00:19:22,896 --> 00:19:28,689
As far as a large tropical
non-volcanic thermal river,
337
00:19:28,793 --> 00:19:31,827
we have still not found
anything quite like this one.
338
00:19:33,586 --> 00:19:38,275
[Jeremy] While we still can't fully
explain the extreme heat of the river,
339
00:19:38,379 --> 00:19:40,241
the life that's found within it,
340
00:19:40,344 --> 00:19:44,000
opens up
a whole new area of study.
341
00:19:44,103 --> 00:19:49,896
On planet Earth, we have organisms
that thrive in extreme environments.
342
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:53,379
We call those organisms
extremophiles.
343
00:19:53,482 --> 00:19:56,206
They're microbial organisms
that have the ability
344
00:19:56,310 --> 00:20:01,862
to withstand extremes in temperature,
chemistry and sometimes pressure.
345
00:20:01,965 --> 00:20:05,206
[Jeremy] Do these microscopicsurvivors in the boiling river
346
00:20:05,310 --> 00:20:09,793
have the potential to transform
the future of humanity?
347
00:20:09,896 --> 00:20:13,931
Better understanding of these
adaptations might give us clues
348
00:20:14,034 --> 00:20:17,241
to how life
might be adapted elsewhere.
349
00:20:17,344 --> 00:20:19,689
[Jeremy] So this mysteriousstretch of river,
350
00:20:19,793 --> 00:20:23,896
could be an ecosystem
with untold capability.
351
00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:25,793
[Dr. Beverly] These are thekind of places where
352
00:20:25,896 --> 00:20:28,793
we're gonna make discoveries
about pharmaceuticals.
353
00:20:28,896 --> 00:20:31,586
[Andres] Could the boilingriver's jungle, specifically,
354
00:20:31,689 --> 00:20:35,103
hold the keys to solving
a humanitarian crisis?
355
00:20:35,206 --> 00:20:37,724
Or to helping us
fix the next pandemic?
356
00:20:39,275 --> 00:20:41,931
At this point we don't know,
but we're definitely looking into it,
357
00:20:42,034 --> 00:20:45,793
because that is
a real possibility.
358
00:20:45,896 --> 00:20:50,448
[Jeremy] So the discovery of the boiling river
was just the beginning of a bigger story.
359
00:20:50,551 --> 00:20:53,103
One potentially full of promise.
360
00:20:53,206 --> 00:20:55,034
Even after ten years,
361
00:20:55,137 --> 00:20:59,000
I mean, we really have barely begun to
scratch the surface of what we can do.
362
00:21:11,965 --> 00:21:16,172
Conflicts at sea are usually won
by the bigger more powerful vessel,
363
00:21:16,275 --> 00:21:19,620
they have the size
and weaponry to prevail.
364
00:21:19,724 --> 00:21:22,965
So, when the grand Australian
warship, HMAS Sydney
365
00:21:23,068 --> 00:21:26,724
is destroyed by an inferior
Nazi vessel in World War II,
366
00:21:26,827 --> 00:21:29,379
it shocks the world.
367
00:21:29,482 --> 00:21:35,517
How did the Germans win such an improbable
victory against a far superior ship?
368
00:21:35,620 --> 00:21:40,724
What compels the mystery, is that
there were no Australian survivors to ask.
369
00:21:40,827 --> 00:21:46,413
Of the 645 crew on board the
Sydney, not one person survived.
370
00:21:46,517 --> 00:21:47,758
What happened?
371
00:21:50,068 --> 00:21:53,586
November 19th, 1941,
372
00:21:53,689 --> 00:21:57,275
state of the art Australian
warship, HMAS Sydney,
373
00:21:57,379 --> 00:22:00,344
is traveling south off the
coast of Western Australia,
374
00:22:00,448 --> 00:22:05,172
when she spots what appears
to be a small merchant ship.
375
00:22:05,275 --> 00:22:07,793
[Dr. Simon] The Sydney signals
it using one of its signal lamps,
376
00:22:07,896 --> 00:22:11,103
to try and get it
to identify itself.
377
00:22:11,206 --> 00:22:14,827
The ship responds by hoisting
the call sign of a Dutch freighter.
378
00:22:17,103 --> 00:22:19,482
[Jeremy] The Sydney replieswith a secret signal,
379
00:22:19,586 --> 00:22:23,068
that the apparent
merchant ship should know.
380
00:22:23,172 --> 00:22:27,517
But when the unidentified ship
realized that it can't answer correctly,
381
00:22:27,620 --> 00:22:30,482
it opens fire on the Sydney.
382
00:22:30,586 --> 00:22:36,793
The merchant ship, is in fact, the
German surface raider, HSK Kormoran.
383
00:22:42,655 --> 00:22:48,448
[Jeremy] After just half an hour of battle,
both ships are crippled and sinking.
384
00:22:48,551 --> 00:22:52,068
While a fifth of Kormoran's
crew lose their lives,
385
00:22:52,172 --> 00:22:54,827
there are no survivorsfrom the Sydney.
386
00:22:54,931 --> 00:22:59,586
645 Australian souls are lost.
387
00:22:59,689 --> 00:23:03,172
This is the greatest naval
tragedy in Australia's history.
388
00:23:05,275 --> 00:23:07,931
[Jeremy] How could the
Kormoran possibly sink,
389
00:23:08,034 --> 00:23:11,241
such a superior
Australian warship?
390
00:23:11,344 --> 00:23:13,827
This is one of the leading
warship in Australian navy,
391
00:23:13,931 --> 00:23:16,172
if not the leading warship.
392
00:23:16,275 --> 00:23:20,689
HMAS Sydney has eight 6
inch guns, eight torpedoes,
393
00:23:20,793 --> 00:23:23,620
and a plethora
of smaller weapons.
394
00:23:24,689 --> 00:23:26,793
Weighs over 7000 tons.
395
00:23:26,896 --> 00:23:31,931
So she's a very capable ship,
for taking the Kormoran.
396
00:23:32,034 --> 00:23:36,620
[Jeremy] So what caused the
Sydney to lose every single on its crew?
397
00:23:36,724 --> 00:23:39,931
This is incredibly rare and
almost impossible to replicate.
398
00:23:50,827 --> 00:23:53,931
Australia is desperate to solve
the mystery of what happened
399
00:23:54,034 --> 00:23:56,793
in the last moments
of its finest warship.
400
00:23:56,896 --> 00:24:01,724
[Jeremy] However, the only
surviving witness... is the enemy.
401
00:24:01,827 --> 00:24:05,620
318 of the nearly
400 Nazi sailors,
402
00:24:05,724 --> 00:24:09,655
are picked up by allied ships
and brought to Australia.
403
00:24:09,758 --> 00:24:12,655
Will they yield under
the pressure and reveal,
404
00:24:12,758 --> 00:24:16,482
how they pulled
off the impossible.
405
00:24:16,586 --> 00:24:19,931
[Rob] The German captainof the Kormoran,
406
00:24:20,034 --> 00:24:25,655
indicated that, in ship, was approximately
2000 yards away from the Sydney,
407
00:24:25,758 --> 00:24:27,344
when they engaged.
408
00:24:28,413 --> 00:24:30,931
[Dr. Simon] Which is very
very unusual.
409
00:24:31,034 --> 00:24:33,413
[Jeremy] Why does the Sydney
come so close,
410
00:24:33,517 --> 00:24:36,413
when it has superior
long range guns?
411
00:24:36,517 --> 00:24:39,931
One theory, suggest that
the Kormoran,
412
00:24:40,034 --> 00:24:43,034
was very close,
and raised its white flag
413
00:24:43,137 --> 00:24:45,068
indicating that it
was surrendering,
414
00:24:45,172 --> 00:24:47,482
when in actual fact, it wasn't.
415
00:24:48,517 --> 00:24:50,620
[Jeremy] By luring in thebigger warship,
416
00:24:50,724 --> 00:24:54,344
Hitler's Kormoran can unleash
it's weapons, at the last minute.
417
00:24:54,448 --> 00:24:57,896
Hidden from view
behind steel plates.
418
00:24:58,000 --> 00:25:02,413
[Rob] These can be retracted
to reveal behind it a deck gun,
419
00:25:02,517 --> 00:25:07,103
and in some cases, even a torpedo tube
that had been mounted on the main deck.
420
00:25:09,137 --> 00:25:13,310
[Jeremy] Another theory is that the
captain of the nearly 8000 ton Sydney,
421
00:25:13,413 --> 00:25:15,724
moves in close, deliberately.
422
00:25:15,827 --> 00:25:20,344
[Alexander] The captain of HMAS Sydney, knew
exactly what he was likely to be facing.
423
00:25:20,448 --> 00:25:24,862
Kormoran is a nice sized merchant
ship. She's a valuable prize.
424
00:25:27,758 --> 00:25:31,379
[Jeremy] Finding the Sydney
will surely help solve the mystery.
425
00:25:31,482 --> 00:25:33,137
But where is it?
426
00:25:33,241 --> 00:25:35,413
Seventy of the German
prisoners of war,
427
00:25:35,517 --> 00:25:38,827
give accounts of
where the ship went down.
428
00:25:38,931 --> 00:25:40,517
They're are all different.
429
00:25:40,620 --> 00:25:42,586
[Rob] This was quitetypical because,
430
00:25:42,689 --> 00:25:46,206
they viewed the sinking
location of an enemy ship,
431
00:25:46,310 --> 00:25:49,724
as sensitive strategic
military information.
432
00:25:51,241 --> 00:25:55,482
[Jeremy] The ocean around
the battle site is scoured for clues.
433
00:25:55,586 --> 00:25:59,413
But it's not until three
months later, in February 1942,
434
00:25:59,517 --> 00:26:02,689
that a potential piece of
evidence turns up in the area.
435
00:26:05,413 --> 00:26:07,172
Floating off Christmas Island,
436
00:26:07,275 --> 00:26:09,172
is a decomposing corpse,
437
00:26:09,275 --> 00:26:12,758
in an Australian navy life raft.
438
00:26:12,862 --> 00:26:16,724
[Alexander] The corpse was
very difficult to try and examine,
439
00:26:16,827 --> 00:26:20,896
much of it had been
torn off by sea birds.
440
00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:24,793
It's found to have no dog tags
whatsoever, so there's no means at all,
441
00:26:24,896 --> 00:26:26,827
of identifying who
this person is.
442
00:26:28,137 --> 00:26:30,275
[Jeremy] The corpse is wearinga boiler suit,
443
00:26:30,379 --> 00:26:32,206
bleached by the sun.
444
00:26:32,310 --> 00:26:37,137
And eyewitnesses report the raft
is damaged from bullet or shrapnel.
445
00:26:37,241 --> 00:26:40,517
[Dr. Michael] The evidence indicates
that this body belonged to a sailor.
446
00:26:40,620 --> 00:26:43,379
The life raft itself
show signs of damage,
447
00:26:43,482 --> 00:26:46,068
that could have
happened during a battle.
448
00:26:46,172 --> 00:26:49,758
[Jeremy] This is the only body
to be recovered from the tragedy.
449
00:26:51,103 --> 00:26:53,965
Could it's identification
hold a vital clue,
450
00:26:54,068 --> 00:26:57,724
to what happened in the
final moments of the battle.
451
00:26:57,827 --> 00:27:01,206
In 1942, because the body
has not been identified,
452
00:27:01,310 --> 00:27:03,379
it's buried
in an unmarked grave.
453
00:27:07,068 --> 00:27:09,482
[Jeremy] It's not until 2008,
454
00:27:09,586 --> 00:27:11,206
66 years later,
455
00:27:11,310 --> 00:27:12,931
that there's finally
a breakthrough.
456
00:27:14,344 --> 00:27:17,655
A 100 miles off Australia's
most westerly point,
457
00:27:17,758 --> 00:27:20,206
8000 feet below the surface,
458
00:27:20,310 --> 00:27:21,689
is the Kormoran.
459
00:27:21,793 --> 00:27:23,241
and nearby,
460
00:27:23,344 --> 00:27:24,448
the Sydney.
461
00:27:27,344 --> 00:27:29,551
But it's still
another seven years,
462
00:27:29,655 --> 00:27:31,896
before advances in technology,
463
00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:35,758
Finally give scientists another
shot at solving the mystery
464
00:27:35,862 --> 00:27:38,448
of how
this bizarre defeat happened.
465
00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:44,068
In 2016, an expedition is led
by Curtin University,
466
00:27:44,172 --> 00:27:47,862
Western Australian Museum,
and DOF Subsea.
467
00:27:47,965 --> 00:27:50,172
[Dr. Alexander]
This included the most complex
468
00:27:50,275 --> 00:27:53,241
lighting and imaging systems
469
00:27:53,344 --> 00:27:54,862
ever used underwater
470
00:27:54,965 --> 00:27:57,620
in Australian history.
471
00:27:57,724 --> 00:27:59,448
[Jeremy]
One and a half miles down,
472
00:27:59,551 --> 00:28:02,310
the powerful lights
of the underwater vehicles
473
00:28:02,413 --> 00:28:07,655
turn the bowels of the ocean
from night to day.
474
00:28:07,758 --> 00:28:10,724
ROV's mounted
with special cameras
475
00:28:10,827 --> 00:28:14,000
record images
every five seconds.
476
00:28:15,655 --> 00:28:19,206
[Dr. Lisa] Photogrammetry is
an incredibly important technique
477
00:28:19,310 --> 00:28:21,172
in underwater archaeology.
478
00:28:21,275 --> 00:28:22,827
And, through computer programs
479
00:28:22,931 --> 00:28:24,655
we're able to stitch together
480
00:28:24,758 --> 00:28:27,034
these thousands of still images
481
00:28:27,137 --> 00:28:30,482
to create a three dimensional
model of the sea floor,
482
00:28:30,586 --> 00:28:32,724
and what we discover on it.
483
00:28:32,827 --> 00:28:34,965
[Jeremy] What will they
uncover on this wreck
484
00:28:35,068 --> 00:28:38,241
that's been hidden from view
for more than 80 years.
485
00:28:38,344 --> 00:28:43,862
Will the truth of how this rare
defeat happened, finally, be revealed?
486
00:28:52,827 --> 00:28:58,586
The wreck of HMAS Sydney has been
surveyed using ground breaking technology.
487
00:28:58,689 --> 00:29:04,758
8000 feet underwater, 100 miles
off Australia's most western point,
488
00:29:04,862 --> 00:29:08,448
at long last, the ship is
about to surrender the secret
489
00:29:08,551 --> 00:29:13,724
of how it succumbed
to such a crushing defeat.
490
00:29:15,206 --> 00:29:19,724
The ROV's powerful lights
reveal the answer.
491
00:29:19,827 --> 00:29:22,034
[Rob] The results
of the underwater footage
492
00:29:22,137 --> 00:29:25,965
shows a hole
in the bridge of the ship.
493
00:29:26,068 --> 00:29:28,758
[Jeremy] The Kormoran hadstruck a decisive blow
494
00:29:28,862 --> 00:29:32,241
at the heart of the Sydney's
control systems.
495
00:29:32,344 --> 00:29:36,517
A lucky shot or first classtactics from the Kormoran,
496
00:29:36,620 --> 00:29:38,413
the result is the same.
497
00:29:38,517 --> 00:29:43,482
Annihilation of, not only, crucial
technology but key personnel.
498
00:29:43,586 --> 00:29:47,310
If you take out the senior
officers on the bridge
499
00:29:47,413 --> 00:29:52,310
you, literally, take out the nervous
system, the brain of the ship.
500
00:29:53,551 --> 00:29:56,620
[Jeremy] We now know what
caused the Sydney to sink,
501
00:29:56,724 --> 00:30:00,689
but, the lack
of any survivors is unusual.
502
00:30:00,793 --> 00:30:05,827
One suggestion involves a
gruesome end for the Australian sailors.
503
00:30:05,931 --> 00:30:09,034
One of the theories is that the Germans,
actually, before the Kormoran sunk,
504
00:30:09,137 --> 00:30:11,724
opened fire with machine guns on
the Australian sailors in the water.
505
00:30:15,689 --> 00:30:20,275
[Jeremy] Did the Nazi's fireon the surviving sailors?
506
00:30:20,379 --> 00:30:24,172
Eye witness accounts of the
Christmas Island body in 1942
507
00:30:24,275 --> 00:30:29,034
report the damage to the raft as
being wither from bullets or shrapnel.
508
00:30:29,137 --> 00:30:31,068
It's inconclusive.
509
00:30:31,965 --> 00:30:33,620
64 years later,
510
00:30:33,724 --> 00:30:35,655
does the body
of the mysterious sailor
511
00:30:35,758 --> 00:30:37,827
show signs of foul play?
512
00:30:39,655 --> 00:30:42,000
[Dr. Simon] The body was
exhumed and was examined in detail.
513
00:30:42,103 --> 00:30:45,793
And, in the autopsy they found
that the individual had died
514
00:30:45,896 --> 00:30:48,172
from a shrapnel fragment
to the brain,
515
00:30:48,275 --> 00:30:50,586
not a machine gun bullet.
516
00:30:50,689 --> 00:30:54,586
[Jeremy] We now know this
man was not killed by Nazi gunfire.
517
00:30:54,689 --> 00:30:57,862
What happened to the rest of
the crew we may never know.
518
00:30:59,310 --> 00:31:02,103
Yet, could breakthroughs
in DNA analysis,
519
00:31:02,206 --> 00:31:06,551
at last, reveal the identity
of this lone sailor?
520
00:31:06,655 --> 00:31:09,793
[Dr. Lisa] DNA technologyis rapidly developing.
521
00:31:09,896 --> 00:31:12,689
We can now take a sample
from a deceased individual
522
00:31:12,793 --> 00:31:14,379
and determine their ancestry,
523
00:31:14,482 --> 00:31:17,172
their eye color,
their hair color,
524
00:31:17,275 --> 00:31:19,862
and a variety of other things.
525
00:31:19,965 --> 00:31:23,379
[Jeremy] Experts determinehe has European ancestry.
526
00:31:23,482 --> 00:31:27,965
Red hair, blue eyes,
and, pale skin.
527
00:31:28,068 --> 00:31:31,241
Then, strontium isotope
testing on the sailor's teeth
528
00:31:31,344 --> 00:31:34,172
pinpoint where he is from.
529
00:31:34,275 --> 00:31:35,586
[Dr. Lisa]
Strontium is an element
530
00:31:35,689 --> 00:31:38,586
that exists in mineral
deposits all over the world.
531
00:31:39,827 --> 00:31:42,068
[Jeremy] As ground waterruns over sediment
532
00:31:42,172 --> 00:31:44,517
it picks up tiny amounts
of strontium
533
00:31:44,620 --> 00:31:47,448
which is, then,
present in drinking water.
534
00:31:47,551 --> 00:31:50,689
[Dr. Lisa] When humans
or animals drink local water
535
00:31:50,793 --> 00:31:54,482
they put into their bones
a local strontium signal.
536
00:31:54,586 --> 00:31:57,344
so, when these scientists
examined the human remains
537
00:31:57,448 --> 00:31:59,724
that were found
after this tragedy
538
00:31:59,827 --> 00:32:04,379
they established that this individual
grew up on the east coast of Australia.
539
00:32:04,482 --> 00:32:07,344
[Jeremy] And what the sailorwas wearing when found
540
00:32:07,448 --> 00:32:09,965
holds another vital clue.
541
00:32:10,068 --> 00:32:13,551
Samples of the fabric from
the uniform were tested.
542
00:32:13,655 --> 00:32:17,793
[Jeremy] Blue boiler suits were worn
by those working in the engine room.
543
00:32:17,896 --> 00:32:20,965
And, in 2019,
investigators finally believe
544
00:32:21,068 --> 00:32:24,655
they have found
who this one belonged to.
545
00:32:25,551 --> 00:32:29,172
A man named Norman Foster.
546
00:32:29,275 --> 00:32:30,862
Could the search
for the identity
547
00:32:30,965 --> 00:32:34,551
of the mysterious sailor,
at last, be over?
548
00:32:34,655 --> 00:32:37,655
They tested a relative
and it wasn't Norman.
549
00:32:37,758 --> 00:32:40,827
So, the question is,
who could it be?
550
00:32:40,931 --> 00:32:44,206
[Jeremy] Deeply disappointed
but determined to uncover the truth,
551
00:32:44,310 --> 00:32:47,758
investigators are
continuing their quest.
552
00:32:47,862 --> 00:32:52,448
And they have narrowed the
search down to about 50 sailors.
553
00:32:52,551 --> 00:32:55,655
There's hope that the newest
developments in DNA testing
554
00:32:55,758 --> 00:32:59,689
will allow them to trace the unknown
sailor through the male side of the family
555
00:32:59,793 --> 00:33:02,103
improving chances of a match.
556
00:33:04,448 --> 00:33:07,517
All they need to find
is that vital relative
557
00:33:07,620 --> 00:33:11,000
for this piece of the puzzle
to finally be solved.
558
00:33:20,275 --> 00:33:23,862
Lightening is one of the
strongest forces of nature.
559
00:33:23,965 --> 00:33:27,517
Little can be done to predict
where it will strike.
560
00:33:27,620 --> 00:33:30,551
But, when it does,
it can be catastrophic.
561
00:33:30,655 --> 00:33:33,758
In 2014 a day at the beach
turns to disaster
562
00:33:33,862 --> 00:33:37,724
when an immensely bright bolt
of lightening strikes the water.
563
00:33:38,586 --> 00:33:41,413
Killing one and injuring 13.
564
00:33:42,655 --> 00:33:46,275
Did it somehow have a deadly
attraction to the ocean?
565
00:33:46,379 --> 00:33:47,862
And, if so, how?
566
00:33:47,965 --> 00:33:51,413
And, could an accidental
scientific discovery
567
00:33:51,517 --> 00:33:54,931
finally explain
what happened on that day?
568
00:33:57,000 --> 00:33:59,517
July 27, 2014,
569
00:33:59,620 --> 00:34:02,172
and Venice beach
is full of people,
570
00:34:02,275 --> 00:34:05,275
when something
inexplicable happens.
571
00:34:05,379 --> 00:34:06,862
There was a tremendous glare
572
00:34:06,965 --> 00:34:09,758
as if someone
had suddenly turned on
573
00:34:09,862 --> 00:34:12,068
all the lights
in a very dark room.
574
00:34:12,172 --> 00:34:14,275
Followed by a tremendous boom.
575
00:34:17,310 --> 00:34:20,896
[Jeremy] An unusually bright
lightning bolt has hit the water
576
00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:24,241
killing a 20 year old man
and injuring many more.
577
00:34:24,344 --> 00:34:26,758
This giant bolt up in the sky,
578
00:34:26,862 --> 00:34:28,551
I've never seen anything like
that, and I'm from the mid-west,
579
00:34:28,655 --> 00:34:30,344
so, we see lots of lightening.
580
00:34:30,448 --> 00:34:32,931
[man] The loudest clap of
thunder I've ever heard in my life.
581
00:34:33,034 --> 00:34:35,551
Thought it was like
a bomb, almost.
582
00:34:35,655 --> 00:34:40,482
[Jeremy] Then, in 2019, another
explosive strike in South Boston
583
00:34:40,586 --> 00:34:42,655
is caught on camera.
584
00:34:42,758 --> 00:34:46,620
The lightening incinerates the
boat in a fraction of a second.
585
00:34:48,586 --> 00:34:51,827
Is there some deadly
connection in these tragedies
586
00:34:51,931 --> 00:34:56,689
between the lightening and the
waters below to create such mayhem?
587
00:35:08,827 --> 00:35:12,206
In 2014, a man dies
and 13 are injured
588
00:35:12,310 --> 00:35:17,137
a giant lightning bolt hits
the water off Venice beach.
589
00:35:17,241 --> 00:35:20,310
Five years later
on the opposite coast
590
00:35:20,413 --> 00:35:25,241
a single explosive bolt destroys
a boat floating in Boston Harbor.
591
00:35:27,172 --> 00:35:31,310
Lightning strike at sea is
every sailors worst nightmare,
592
00:35:31,413 --> 00:35:33,862
and boats offer no protection.
593
00:35:35,586 --> 00:35:38,965
[Dr. Michael] You can actually see
the clouds light up like Christmas trees.
594
00:35:39,068 --> 00:35:42,965
You're stuck on your boat,
the waves are hitting you.
595
00:35:43,068 --> 00:35:44,896
The rain's coming down.
596
00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:47,137
It's the lightening
that's cracking
597
00:35:47,965 --> 00:35:50,068
You have nowhere to run.
598
00:35:52,931 --> 00:35:56,758
[Jeremy] I've witnessed, first
hand, lightening over water.
599
00:35:56,862 --> 00:35:59,034
In Suriname, north of Brazil,
600
00:35:59,137 --> 00:36:02,310
it releases its might
in the middle of filming.
601
00:36:08,344 --> 00:36:11,103
A member of my crew
taking a strike.
602
00:36:11,206 --> 00:36:12,724
Our sound recordist
has been hit.
603
00:36:12,827 --> 00:36:15,206
Was actually struck on the
head by that bolt of lightning.
604
00:36:15,310 --> 00:36:17,689
Luckily he survives.
605
00:36:17,793 --> 00:36:20,310
Elsewhere, when
lightening and water mix
606
00:36:20,413 --> 00:36:23,000
it can be a different story.
607
00:36:23,103 --> 00:36:28,448
To try and understand what can make lightning
strikes on the US coast so devastating
608
00:36:28,551 --> 00:36:31,448
we turn to clues from the past.
609
00:36:31,551 --> 00:36:34,793
The 1970's,
an American Vela satellite
610
00:36:34,896 --> 00:36:36,931
are patrolling the planet
from space
611
00:36:37,034 --> 00:36:40,000
looking for signs
of rogue nuclear tests.
612
00:36:42,068 --> 00:36:45,724
They had x-ray senses, the
later ones had optical senses.
613
00:36:45,827 --> 00:36:48,655
Although they were designed
to detect nuclear tests,
614
00:36:48,758 --> 00:36:52,517
they were able
to see things as well.
615
00:36:52,620 --> 00:36:57,586
And, in 1977, they start picking
up unusual blazes of light.
616
00:36:57,689 --> 00:37:00,103
These are so powerful, they're
releasing as much energy
617
00:37:00,206 --> 00:37:02,724
as a small nuclear weapon.
618
00:37:03,965 --> 00:37:05,724
What could these explosions be?
619
00:37:05,827 --> 00:37:07,862
Could they be unregulated
nuclear tests?
620
00:37:09,206 --> 00:37:11,448
[Jeremy] Further investigation
shows that these flashes
621
00:37:11,551 --> 00:37:14,068
are releasing a completely
different signature
622
00:37:14,172 --> 00:37:16,241
to that of a nuclear explosion.
623
00:37:17,482 --> 00:37:19,724
Something never seen before.
624
00:37:21,206 --> 00:37:24,689
Lightening reaches
temperatures of 30,000 degrees.
625
00:37:24,793 --> 00:37:27,793
Five times hotter
than the surface of the sun.
626
00:37:27,896 --> 00:37:30,275
But, these
are even more powerful.
627
00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:35,758
The flashes are named
Superbolts.
628
00:37:37,793 --> 00:37:42,241
They were named the superbolts because
they were much, much more intense.
629
00:37:42,344 --> 00:37:46,103
Something which is ten times
the power of an ordinary bolt.
630
00:37:46,206 --> 00:37:49,793
Sometimes a hundred,
potentially even a thousand times.
631
00:37:52,655 --> 00:37:57,206
[Jeremy] The satellite data
then gives another revelation.
632
00:37:57,310 --> 00:38:00,448
You can draw a map just by
plotting the lightening on the planet.
633
00:38:00,551 --> 00:38:03,551
It, basically, sticks
very nicely to the continent,
634
00:38:03,655 --> 00:38:05,137
and, as soon as
you move over the oceans
635
00:38:05,241 --> 00:38:07,862
you've a dramatic decrease
in the amount of lighting.
636
00:38:07,965 --> 00:38:10,413
[Jeremy] But, when it comesto superbolts
637
00:38:10,517 --> 00:38:13,551
it's the ocean
they hit most often.
638
00:38:17,448 --> 00:38:22,482
Is it because out at sea the thunder
storms can developed more energy?
639
00:38:22,586 --> 00:38:24,517
It's a mystery to me.
640
00:38:26,620 --> 00:38:30,206
[Jeremy] Finding out what's going
on when lightning strikes over water
641
00:38:30,310 --> 00:38:35,551
is crucial for the safety of those
out at sea and in the shallows.
642
00:38:35,655 --> 00:38:39,551
Since the 1970's thousands more
superbolts have been recorded
643
00:38:39,655 --> 00:38:41,827
across the planets oceans.
644
00:38:41,931 --> 00:38:43,655
[Colin] The better the data
gets, the more we see that this
645
00:38:43,758 --> 00:38:44,931
really is a clear signal
646
00:38:45,034 --> 00:38:47,241
that there's
more intense lightening
647
00:38:47,344 --> 00:38:50,689
whether you're looking optically, or,
whether you're looking with radio waves.
648
00:38:50,793 --> 00:38:55,275
[Jeremy] So what causes these
massively powerful oceanic superbolts
649
00:38:55,379 --> 00:38:59,413
up to a thousand times brighter
than anything seen on land?
650
00:39:00,517 --> 00:39:02,620
Can the answer
help our understanding
651
00:39:02,724 --> 00:39:05,586
of those shocking incidents
on the US coast?
652
00:39:09,137 --> 00:39:12,379
In 2020, at
Tel Aviv University in Israel,
653
00:39:12,482 --> 00:39:18,793
a scientific breakthrough, finally, sheds
new light on this mysterious phenomenon.
654
00:39:18,896 --> 00:39:23,551
Initially we were interested in how lightening
may impact the chemistry of sea water.
655
00:39:23,655 --> 00:39:27,517
During the experiment, when they
changed from tap water to sea water
656
00:39:27,620 --> 00:39:30,931
they notice the flash becomes
dramatically brighter.
657
00:39:31,034 --> 00:39:34,103
Everything was the same, only
difference was the type of water.
658
00:39:34,206 --> 00:39:36,034
Something about the water
659
00:39:36,137 --> 00:39:38,758
was actually impacting the
lightening above the water.
660
00:39:38,862 --> 00:39:42,206
Why should the water actually
impact how bright it was?
661
00:39:43,862 --> 00:39:46,482
[Jeremy] They then take
samples from a fresh water lake,
662
00:39:46,586 --> 00:39:48,724
Lake Tiberias.
663
00:39:48,827 --> 00:39:50,344
And, from the Dead Sea,
664
00:39:50,448 --> 00:39:55,655
whose water is ten times
saltier than normal sea water.
665
00:39:55,758 --> 00:39:59,310
Amazingly they discover the
discharges over Dead Sea water
666
00:39:59,413 --> 00:40:02,862
are nearly 40 times brighter
than over lake water.
667
00:40:02,965 --> 00:40:06,413
When you have salt in water,
the salt breaks up into its ions.
668
00:40:06,517 --> 00:40:10,724
And, this results in a change
in the conductivity of the water.
669
00:40:10,827 --> 00:40:13,034
As the water becomes
more conductive,
670
00:40:13,137 --> 00:40:14,724
the electricity
from the lightening
671
00:40:14,827 --> 00:40:18,206
can drain off much quicker
into the water.
672
00:40:18,310 --> 00:40:20,172
And this is what
heats up the air faster,
673
00:40:20,275 --> 00:40:23,034
and will give us
the brighter lightening.
674
00:40:23,137 --> 00:40:25,586
[Jeremy] Colin and his team
have proved for the first time
675
00:40:25,689 --> 00:40:29,448
the importance of salinity in
the brightness of superbolts.
676
00:40:29,551 --> 00:40:32,034
Science has been looking
in the wrong direction.
677
00:40:32,137 --> 00:40:35,620
[Jeremy] So, it's not what's in the
clouds that may hold the answer.
678
00:40:35,724 --> 00:40:38,310
it's what lies in the water.
679
00:40:40,344 --> 00:40:43,206
But, there's a big difference
between a lab
680
00:40:43,310 --> 00:40:47,241
and the vast watery expanses
of our planet.
681
00:40:47,344 --> 00:40:49,344
There is a very interesting step
682
00:40:49,448 --> 00:40:53,206
to add an extra layer of
complexity into the problem,
683
00:40:53,310 --> 00:40:56,965
but, that, by itself, can't explain
everything in the patterns we see.
684
00:40:59,310 --> 00:41:05,517
[Jeremy] The scientists at Tel Aviv
are continuing their investigations.
685
00:41:05,620 --> 00:41:10,551
So, were the lightening strikes at
Venice Beach and Boston Harbor...
686
00:41:11,896 --> 00:41:13,068
superbolts?
687
00:41:13,172 --> 00:41:15,482
The more recent
distribution of superbolts
688
00:41:15,586 --> 00:41:19,137
show that they're not uniformly
distributed over the oceans.
689
00:41:20,758 --> 00:41:22,517
[Jeremy] The latest researchhas discovered
690
00:41:22,620 --> 00:41:25,206
that where superbolts
tend to hit the most
691
00:41:25,310 --> 00:41:27,413
is not along the US coastline,
692
00:41:27,517 --> 00:41:31,448
but in the north east Atlantic
and Mediterranean.
693
00:41:31,551 --> 00:41:34,344
We may never know for certain
whether the lightning strikes
694
00:41:34,448 --> 00:41:36,793
in Venice Beach
and Boston Harbor,
695
00:41:36,896 --> 00:41:40,758
although deadly and
destructive, were superbolts.
696
00:41:40,862 --> 00:41:44,103
And, why they hit
certain areas more than others
697
00:41:44,206 --> 00:41:46,517
is another enigma to crack.
698
00:41:46,620 --> 00:41:48,689
As soon as you discover
something, then, again
699
00:41:48,793 --> 00:41:51,793
it gives you another ten,
15 questions to answer.
700
00:41:54,241 --> 00:41:57,137
[Jeremy] Science has revealedan intense connection
701
00:41:57,241 --> 00:42:01,758
between the salty oceans and
the immense power of the skies,
702
00:42:01,862 --> 00:42:04,551
but, there is still
a lot left to understand
703
00:42:04,655 --> 00:42:07,965
about this highly
complex relationship.
60554
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