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Let's say a word about dreams.
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We all have thoughts which we never knew we had.
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They are too uncomfortable or too incompatible
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with our adult self to be remembered.
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Yet they are often disturbing, rumbling under the surface like lava in a volcano.
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The dream is the royal road to these thoughts.
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The royal road to the unconscious.
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This is the story about how Sigmund Freud's ideas
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about the unconscious mind were used by those in power
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in post-War America to try and control the masses.
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Politicians and planners came to believe that Freud was right to suggest
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that hidden deep within all human beings
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were dangerous and irrational desires and fears.
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They were convinced that it was the unleashing of these instincts
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that had led to the barbarism of Nazi Germany.
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To stop it ever happening again,
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they set out to find ways to control this hidden enemy within the human mind.
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At the heart of the story are Sigmund Freud's daughter Anna
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and his nephew Edward Bernays who had invented the profession of public relations.
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Their ideas were used by the US government, big business and the CIA
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to develop techniques to manage and control the minds of the American people.
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Those in power believed that the only way to make democracy work
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and create a stable society
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was to repress the savage barbarism
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that lurked just under the surface of normal American life.
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The story begins in the middle of the fierce fighting of the second world war.
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As the fighting intensified the American army was faced by an extraordinary number
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of mental breakdowns among its troops.
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Forty-nine percent of all soldiers evacuated from combat
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were sent back because they suffered from mental problems.
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In desperation the army turned to the new ideas of psychoanalysis.
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They made a film record of the experiment using hidden cameras.
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It says here on your record that you had headaches and that you had crying spells.
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Yes sir, I believe that your profession is calling it nostalgia.
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In other words, homesickness.
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Yes sir.
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It was induced when shortly before the war I received a picture of my sweetheart.
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I'm sorry I can't continue.
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That's all right.
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It was the first time that anyone had paid such attention
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to the feelings and anxieties of ordinary people.
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At the heart of the experiment
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were a number of refugee psychoanalysts from central Europe.
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They worked with American psychiatrists to guide and shape the project.
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When I first came to America I worked in the psychiatric service
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with soldiers trying to rehabilitate them.
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And I travelled in the train from the east coast to the west coast
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I was enormously curious
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what goes on in all of those little towns that the train is passing.
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After my years in the army I knew exactly
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what everyone was doing in the little towns.
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Because I saw so many people who came from there
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and I understood their aspirations, their disappointments and so forth.
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So it was as if somebody invited me
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to a privileged tour into the inner soul of America.
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I'm not doing this deliberately, please believe me.
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I do believe you.
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This display of emotion is sometimes very helpful.
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- I hope so, sir. - Sure, it gets it off your chest.
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Well sir, to be perfectly honest with you, I'm very much in love with my sweetheart.
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She has been the one person that gave me a sense of importance
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in that through her cooperation with me
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we were able to surmount so many obstacles.
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The psychoanalysts used techniques developed by Freud
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to take the men back into their pasts.
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They became convinced that breakdowns were not the direct result of the fighting.
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The stress of combat had merely triggered old childhood memories.
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These were memories of the men's own violent feelings and desires
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which they had repressed, because they were too frightening.
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To the psychoanalyst it was overwhelming proof of Freud's theory
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that underneath human beings were driven by primitive irrational forces.
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World War II was a major shattering experience
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because I discovered the enormous role of the irrational
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in the life of most people.
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Now that I can say that I learned that
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the ratio between the irrational and the rational in America
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is very much in favor of the irrational.
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That there's much greater unhappiness, much more suffering,
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it's much more...
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a sad a country than one would imagine it
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from the advertisements that you get,
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a much more problematic country.
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Victory in the second world war was celebrated as a triumph of democracy,
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but in private many policy makers were worried about the implications
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of the analysis of the soldiers.
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It seemed to show that underneath every American were irrational violent drives.
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What had happened in Germany seemed to bear this out.
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The complicity of so many ordinary Germans in mass killings during the war
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showed just how easily these forces could break through and overwhelm democracy.
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Planners and policy makers had been convinced
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by their experiences during World War II that human beings could
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act very irrationally because of this sort of teeming
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and raw and unpredictable emotionality.
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The kind of chaos that lived at the base of human personality
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could in fact infect the society, social institutions
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to such a point that the society itself would become sick.
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That's what they believe happened in Germany, in which the irrational,
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the anti-democratic went wild.
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It was a vision of human nature as incredibly destructive
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and they were terrified
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that Americans would in fact behave that way
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or were capable of behaving that way and they wanted to avoid a rerun of that.
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So what is needed
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is a human being that can internalize democratic values
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so they are not shaken with the storm
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and psychoanalysis carried in it the promise that it can be done.
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It opened up new vistas
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as to how the inner structures of the human being
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can be changed so that he becomes a more...
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vital free supporter and maintainer of democracy.
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Psychoanalysts were convinced they not only understood these dangerous forces
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but they knew how to control them too.
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They would use their techniques to create democratic individuals
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because democracy left to itself failed to do this.
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The source of this idea is not only Sigmund Freud but his youngest daughter Anna.
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She had fled with her father to London before the outbreak of war,
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and after he died Anna Freud became the acknowledged leader
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of the world psychoanalytic movement.
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She saw her job as to fulfill her father's dream
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of making his ideas accepted throughout the world.
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At the center of the Freud movement stood only Anna
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because she managed to work herself into that position.
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She was recognized as that,
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and not just because she was the daughter,
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she worked on that.
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She was rather forbidding and was not to me a warm person,
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not an Aunt that we could kiss and put your arms around;
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not at all;
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and her whole life rotated around the spreading of psychoanalysis.
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Freud himself had seen the role of psychoanalysis
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as allowing people to understand their unconscious drives.
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But Anna Freud believed it was possible to teach individuals
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how to control these inner forces.
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She had come to believe this through analyzing children,
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above all the children of her close friend, Dorothy Burlingham.
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Dorothy Burlingham was an American millionairess
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who in the 1920s fled a failed marriage
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and brought her children to Anna Freud in Vienna.
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They were suffering terrible anxieties and aggression,
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but Anna Freud was convinced she could free them from this
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by changing the world around them.
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She thought that she could come in
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and enter their environment essentially, because they were children
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you see and didn't have independent lives of their own,
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she could go talk to the parents or the mother,
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she could go to the schools, she could influence their real world,
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the actual external world to change their lives and to help them.
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And to change them as people?
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I think that was part of what her idea was,
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she felt that she could change them.
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From her analysis of the Burlingham children,
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Anna Freud developed a theory of how to help them control their inner drives.
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She believed that if, as well as psychotherapy,
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they were also encouraged to adapt to a good family and social environment,
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then the conscious part of their mind, the ego,
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would be strengthened in its struggle to control the unconscious.
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Anna Freud's aim was simply to help the children.
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But it was always the psychoanalyst who decided what was the right environment
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and the appropriate behavior for the children.
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And often as not, this reflected the social mores of the time.
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In my father's case they were concerned that he would be a homosexual
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and so a lot of their efforts went into preventing
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or trying to stop my father from becoming a homosexual.
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Whether or not he would have or did, is unknown to me.
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Why did they want to stop that?
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Because they felt it was abnormal,
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it wasn't a normal way to develop.
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They wanted to have him develop
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along lines that society recognized to be normal
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because if they didn't
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then he would be under control of forces that you don't understand,
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that you are not even aware of.
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The analysis seemed to be a great success
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and in the thirties the Burlingham children had returned to America.
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They settled down to happy married lives in the suburbs.
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What they didn't realize was that their experience was about to become a template
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for a giant social experiment
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to control the inner mental life of the American population.
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In 1946 President Truman signed The National Mental Health Act.
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It had been born directly out of the wartime discoveries by psychoanalysts
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that millions of Americans who had been drafted suffered hidden anxieties and fears.
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The aim of the act was to deal with this invisible threat to society.
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Shocked by the appalling percentage of the emotionally unstable
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revealed by the World War II draft figures,
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Congress in 1946 passed The National Mental Health Act,
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which recognized for the first time that mental illness was a national problem.
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Keenly aware of the tremendous problems ahead is Dr. Robert H Felix,
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director of the vast new project.
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A primary objective of The National Mental Health program
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is to increase our fund of scientific knowledge about mental health
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and about mental illness. We're not doing this. Why?
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Because there are all too few skilled mental health workers.
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Two of the principal architects of the act were the Menninger brothers Carl and Will.
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Will had run the wartime psychotherapy experiments
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and now he and his brother begun to train hundreds of new psychiatrists.
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The Menningers were convinced that it would be possible to apply Anna Freud's ideas
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on a wide scale and to adults as well as children.
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The psychiatrist's job
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would be to teach ordinary Americans how to control their unconscious drives.
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Psychoanalysis could be used to make a better society.
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They said psychoanalytic thinking could make for the betterment of society.
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Because you could change the way the mind functioned;
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and you could take the ways
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in which people did hurtful things to themselves and others
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and alter them by enlarging their understanding.
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And this was the vision psychoanalysis brought.
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That you could really change people.
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And you could change them almost in limitless ways.
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In the late forties a vast project began in America
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to apply the ideas of psychoanalysis to the masses.
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Psychological guidance centers were set up in hundreds of towns.
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They were staffed by psychiatrists who believed it was their job
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to control the hidden forces inside the minds of millions of ordinary Americans.
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At the same time thousands of counselors were trained to apply psychoanalysis
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to marriage guidance,
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and social workers were sent out to visit people's homes
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and advise them on the psychological structure of family life.
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Behind all this was the fundamental idea of Anna Freud's'
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that if people were encouraged to conform
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to the accepted patterns of family and social life
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then their ego would be strengthened.
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They would be able to control the dangerous forces within them.
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When your emotions control your actions it affects not only yourself
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but the people around you.
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And if this sort of flair up is repeated often
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it might lead to a permanently warped personality.
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You can control the fire of your emotions so that your personality becomes more pleasant.
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So we expected someone who had been through that experience to more insightful,
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much more understanding,
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and a much better regulated person.
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And regulation includes being able to let go as it were,
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to enjoy a football game or a soccer game.
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A more understanding, yes rational, but also appropriately emotional person.
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The regulatory aspects of the human mind would really be in charge,
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instead of being overwhelmed by our passions and by our darker impulses.
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That one would be master or mistress over ones own passions.
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They just felt that the road to happiness
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was in adapting to the external world in which they lived.
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That people could be uncrippled from their own neurotic conflicts and impulses;
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that they would not engage in self-destructive behavior,
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that they would in fact adapt to the reality about them.
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They never questioned the reality.
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They never questioned that it might itself be a source of evil
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or something to which you could not adapt
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without compromise or without suffering or without exploiting yourself in some way.
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So there was this fit with the politics of the day.
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And a bounce of emotions,
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it's important
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to a well-rounded personality.
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But it was only the beginning of the rise to power of psychoanalysis in America.
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Psychoanalysts were about to move into big business
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and use their techniques not just to create model citizens, but model consumers.
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Last week's episode showed how Freud's American nephew Edward Bernays
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had been the first to convince American corporations that they could sell products
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by connecting them with people's unconscious feelings.
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But now a group of psychoanalysts were going to take what Bernays had begun
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and invent a whole range of techniques to get inside and manage
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the unconscious mind of the consumer.
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They were led by Ernest Dichter.
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Dichter had practiced next door to Freud in Vienna,
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but he had come to America and set up the Institute for Motivational Research
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in an old mansion north of New York.
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This is The Institute for Motivational Research,
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a place devoted to the intriguing business of finding out why people behave as they do.
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Why they buy as they do.
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Why they respond to advertising as they do.
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And this is Dr. Ernest Dichter.
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We don't go out and ask directly why do you buy and why don't you,
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what we try to do instead is try to understand the total personality,
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the self image of the customer;
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we use all the resources of modern social sciences.
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It opens up some stimulating psychological techniques for selling any new product.
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Like the other psychoanalysts Dichter believed that American citizens
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were fundamentally irrational beings;
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they could not be trusted.
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Their real reasons for buying products were rooted in unconscious desires and feelings.
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And Dichter wanted to find ways to uncover what he called
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the secret self of the American consumer.
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He was trying to get out of people's mind the unconscious motivations
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that they had for purchasing.
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These could be sexual, they could be psychological,
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they could be sociological, they could be a demand for status,
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a demand for recognition.
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There were things that people couldn't verbalize or wouldn't verbalize
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because they were too secret to them, they were a part of their nature,
286
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and they would be embarrassed if they came out and said things like this.
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He would interview people
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but not ask them direct questions
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but let them talk freely
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like you do in psychoanalysis,
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and that was his background.
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And he said why can't we have a group therapy session about products?
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And so Dichter built this room up above his garage
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and he said we can have psychoanalysis of products,
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they can actually act out and verbalize their wants and needs.
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All we're gonna do is try a couple of these salad dressings.
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Now, let's see what happens.
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That is a typical house laugh.
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And they could be observed and watched
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and other people could comment
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and they could talk about it and everybody could join in.
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He was the first to do this,
303
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this was absolutely the first time this was ever done.
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And he had a movie projector up there where you could show advertisements
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and things like that, and people could react to them
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and he invented the whole technique for mining the unconscious
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about the hidden psychological wants that people had about products.
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This became the focus group.
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Dichter's breakthrough came with a focus group study he did for Betty Crocker foods.
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Like many food manufacturers in the early fifties
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they had invented a new range of instant convenience foods.
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But although consumers had told market researchers they would welcome the idea
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in fact they were refusing to buy them.
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The worst problem was the Betty Crocker cake mix.
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Dichter did a series of focus groups where housewives free associated
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00:22:19,466 --> 00:22:20,688
about the cake mix.
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He concluded that they felt unconscious guilt about the new image been promoted
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of ease and convenience.
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In other words he had understood that the barrier to the consumption of the product
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was housewives' feeling of guilt about using it.
321
00:22:38,129 --> 00:22:41,306
They basically on one hand wanted to make it easier for themselves
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but they felt guilty about it.
323
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So what you've got to do in those circumstances is remove the barrier,
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the barrier being guilt.
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And the way you do that is you give the housewife a greater sense of participation.
326
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And how do you do that?
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By adding an egg.
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- As simple as that. - As simple as that.
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Dichter told Betty Crocker to put an instruction on the packet
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that the housewife should add an egg.
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It would be an unconscious symbol he said,
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of the housewife mixing in her own eggs as a gift to her husband
333
00:23:14,144 --> 00:23:15,724
and so would lessen the guilt.
334
00:23:16,024 --> 00:23:18,819
Betty Crocker did it, and the sales soared.
335
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My cake is ready.
336
00:23:22,620 --> 00:23:25,369
The consumer may have basic needs
337
00:23:25,669 --> 00:23:28,777
that the consumer himself or herself doesn't fully understand.
338
00:23:28,977 --> 00:23:34,656
You have to know what those needs are in order to fully exploit the consumer.
339
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Is it wrong to give people what they want
340
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by taking away their defenses,
341
00:23:47,573 --> 00:23:51,383
helping remove their defenses?
342
00:23:52,573 --> 00:23:54,663
It seems so much longer than last year!
343
00:23:54,863 --> 00:23:58,034
It is. Nearly four inches longer in some models.
344
00:23:58,500 --> 00:24:01,300
Ooooooooooooooooh!
345
00:24:03,041 --> 00:24:07,292
Dichter's success led to a rush by corporations and advertising agencies
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00:24:07,592 --> 00:24:08,980
to employ psychoanalysts.
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00:24:09,380 --> 00:24:13,353
They became known as the depth boys and they promised to show companies
348
00:24:13,553 --> 00:24:17,598
how to make millions by connecting their products with people's hidden desires.
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00:24:18,198 --> 00:24:20,288
Dichter himself became a millionaire,
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00:24:20,588 --> 00:24:23,783
famous for inventing slogans like 'A Tiger in Your Tank'.
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00:24:25,076 --> 00:24:28,671
Even the marketing of the Barbie doll came from a children's focus group.
352
00:24:29,438 --> 00:24:30,409
And so it goes.
353
00:24:31,814 --> 00:24:35,034
But Dichter was convinced this was far more than just selling.
354
00:24:35,848 --> 00:24:37,037
Like Anna Freud,
355
00:24:37,237 --> 00:24:40,832
he believed that the environment could be used to strengthen the human personality,
356
00:24:42,043 --> 00:24:45,395
and products had the power both to sate inner desires
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00:24:45,795 --> 00:24:48,752
and give people a feeling of common identity with those around them.
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It was a strategy for creating a stable society.
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Dichter called it the strategy of desire.
360
00:24:58,415 --> 00:25:02,841
To understand a stable citizen you have to know that modern man quite often
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00:25:03,041 --> 00:25:06,759
tries to work off his frustrations by spending on self-gratification.
362
00:25:06,939 --> 00:25:10,617
Modern man is eternally ready to fill out his self image
363
00:25:10,817 --> 00:25:12,908
by purchasing products which compliment it.
364
00:25:13,208 --> 00:25:17,069
If you identify yourself with a product
365
00:25:17,369 --> 00:25:22,504
it can have a therapeutic value.
366
00:25:23,062 --> 00:25:26,850
It improves your self-image
367
00:25:27,250 --> 00:25:30,398
and you become a more secure person
368
00:25:30,698 --> 00:25:36,606
and you have suddenly this confidence of going out in the world
369
00:25:36,906 --> 00:25:39,578
and doing what you want successfully.
370
00:25:41,472 --> 00:25:44,934
And it's believed that would then improve
371
00:25:45,234 --> 00:25:47,843
the whole of our society
372
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and become the best society on this planet.
373
00:25:59,372 --> 00:26:01,896
By the early fifties the ideas of psychoanalysis
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00:26:01,996 --> 00:26:04,059
had penetrated deep into American life.
375
00:26:05,721 --> 00:26:08,609
The psychoanalysts themselves became rich and powerful.
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00:26:09,283 --> 00:26:12,655
Many had consulting rooms overlooking Central Park in New York.
377
00:26:14,495 --> 00:26:18,154
Politicians and famous writers like Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams
378
00:26:18,354 --> 00:26:19,256
became their patients.
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00:26:21,021 --> 00:26:22,370
They were seeking not just help,
380
00:26:22,670 --> 00:26:25,549
but to understand the hidden roots of human behavior.
381
00:26:26,349 --> 00:26:30,673
We were sought after. Washington was interested in what we think.
382
00:26:32,329 --> 00:26:35,307
The important writers,
383
00:26:35,407 --> 00:26:39,270
important politicians, were undergoing psychoanalysis.
384
00:26:42,033 --> 00:26:47,168
We had waiting lists because there were so many patients that wanted to be analyzed.
385
00:26:48,695 --> 00:26:52,729
So it gave us a little bit of a swelled head.
386
00:26:54,137 --> 00:26:56,780
And as the psychoanalysts ideas took hold in America,
387
00:26:57,180 --> 00:27:02,047
a new elite began to emerge in politics, in social planning, and in business.
388
00:27:02,847 --> 00:27:04,155
What linked this elite
389
00:27:04,255 --> 00:27:07,050
was the assumption that the masses were fundamentally irrational.
390
00:27:08,450 --> 00:27:11,015
To make a free market democracy like America work
391
00:27:11,415 --> 00:27:16,163
one had to use psychological techniques to control mass irrationality.
392
00:27:18,005 --> 00:27:21,778
They actually believed that this elite was necessary because individual citizens
393
00:27:21,878 --> 00:27:24,755
were not capable, if left alone,
394
00:27:25,055 --> 00:27:27,425
of being democratic citizens.
395
00:27:27,625 --> 00:27:30,639
The elite was necessary in order to create the conditions
396
00:27:30,739 --> 00:27:36,516
that would produce individuals capable of behaving as a good consumer
397
00:27:36,616 --> 00:27:39,279
and also behaving as a democratic citizen.
398
00:27:39,479 --> 00:27:43,109
They didn't see their activities as anti-democratic;
399
00:27:43,309 --> 00:27:47,098
as undermining the capacity of individual citizens for democracy;
400
00:27:47,298 --> 00:27:49,816
quite the opposite. They understood
401
00:27:50,016 --> 00:27:55,219
that they were creating the conditions for democracy's survival in the future.
402
00:27:56,020 --> 00:27:59,991
Anna Freud had never intended that her idea would be used in such a way.
403
00:28:00,292 --> 00:28:04,711
but she happily accepted the rise of power of psychoanalysis in America.
404
00:28:05,511 --> 00:28:08,446
She remained in England living with Dorothy Burlingham.
405
00:28:08,846 --> 00:28:10,872
On the surface it was an idyllic life.
406
00:28:11,272 --> 00:28:14,372
She and Dorothy had bought a weekend cottage on the Suffolk coast.
407
00:28:14,972 --> 00:28:16,080
But in the summers
408
00:28:16,280 --> 00:28:19,830
Dorothy's children came from America to visit with the grandchildren.
409
00:28:21,365 --> 00:28:23,466
And underneath things were going badly wrong.
410
00:28:24,066 --> 00:28:28,298
Both Bob and Mabbie Burlingham whom Anna Freud had analyzed in the 1930s
411
00:28:28,598 --> 00:28:31,967
had suffered personal breakdowns and their marriages were collapsing.
412
00:28:33,096 --> 00:28:36,689
Bob was drinking heavily and Mabbie suffered terrible anxieties.
413
00:28:37,089 --> 00:28:42,022
The real reasons for the visits to England were yet more analysis with Anna Freud.
414
00:28:45,604 --> 00:28:48,066
The problem was that it didn't look very good, did it?
415
00:28:48,366 --> 00:28:51,090
Because here you somebody who's having nervous breakdowns
416
00:28:52,295 --> 00:28:54,237
and is having alcoholic binges
417
00:28:54,537 --> 00:28:58,485
and this doesn't really sit well.
418
00:29:00,882 --> 00:29:03,946
From a humane standpoint obviously this is not desirable,
419
00:29:04,346 --> 00:29:05,426
you want to help these people,
420
00:29:05,626 --> 00:29:10,488
but it also had the wider ramifications of everybody in analysis,
421
00:29:10,688 --> 00:29:14,221
in analytic circles knew that Bob and Mabbie were guinea pigs,
422
00:29:14,521 --> 00:29:18,207
they were the living proof that this is a wonderful process.
423
00:29:19,666 --> 00:29:22,905
It was very much swept under the rug, it really didn't get out.
424
00:29:23,105 --> 00:29:25,235
I mean these people had such,
425
00:29:27,034 --> 00:29:29,626
their power and influence was such
426
00:29:32,724 --> 00:29:33,796
that you were very careful.
427
00:29:33,896 --> 00:29:35,970
Anna Freud was a very powerful person
428
00:29:36,170 --> 00:29:38,229
and you were the grandchildren
429
00:29:39,034 --> 00:29:44,617
and she knew a great deal more about what went on in your parents' lives
430
00:29:44,789 --> 00:29:47,326
and so forth and it's not something you were going to tangle with,
431
00:29:47,426 --> 00:29:49,358
and you were a product of the whole situation.
432
00:29:50,351 --> 00:29:54,318
But at the same time we knew that something was really out of whack.
433
00:29:59,495 --> 00:30:02,399
As he grew older she became more and more important
434
00:30:03,542 --> 00:30:07,424
politically and scientifically but she didn't know when to stop.
435
00:30:07,824 --> 00:30:09,988
She was a bit too righteous
436
00:30:12,012 --> 00:30:14,967
that what she did was always the thing
437
00:30:16,504 --> 00:30:20,547
and she would never to my knowledge acknowledge
438
00:30:21,801 --> 00:30:24,780
that she could make a mistake or be wrong.
439
00:30:26,198 --> 00:30:27,635
That is my feeling.
440
00:30:29,792 --> 00:30:32,602
But the power and influence of the Freud family in America
441
00:30:32,802 --> 00:30:34,470
was about to grow even more.
442
00:30:36,922 --> 00:30:40,148
Politicians were about to turn to Anna Freud's cousin
443
00:30:40,348 --> 00:30:43,205
Edward Bernays for help in a time of crisis.
444
00:30:44,350 --> 00:30:47,849
He was going to manipulate the inner feelings and fears of the masses
445
00:30:48,249 --> 00:30:50,970
to help America's politicians fight the cold war.
446
00:30:51,728 --> 00:30:55,828
I don't mean to say and no one can say to you that there are no dangers
447
00:30:56,029 --> 00:30:58,585
of course there are risks that we are not vigilant
448
00:30:58,785 --> 00:31:00,767
but we don't have to be hysterical.
449
00:31:01,966 --> 00:31:06,079
In 1953 the Soviet Union exploded it's first hydrogen bomb
450
00:31:06,479 --> 00:31:10,056
and the fear of nuclear war and communism gripped the United States.
451
00:31:11,156 --> 00:31:14,949
Those in power became concerned with how to reassure the population.
452
00:31:15,649 --> 00:31:18,944
Committees were set up and public information films made
453
00:31:19,244 --> 00:31:22,936
appealing for calm in the face of new threats like nuclear fallout.
454
00:31:25,246 --> 00:31:28,972
Is the fallacy of the bolding 85% of the bomb's worrying capacity
455
00:31:29,272 --> 00:31:32,749
to an agent that constitutes only about 15%
456
00:31:32,949 --> 00:31:35,264
of an atomic bomb's destroying potential.
457
00:31:35,695 --> 00:31:38,558
At this point Edward Bernays was living in New York.
458
00:31:39,758 --> 00:31:43,328
In the 1920s he had invented the profession of Public Relations
459
00:31:43,728 --> 00:31:46,707
and was now one of the most powerful PR men in America.
460
00:31:47,507 --> 00:31:51,123
He worked for most of the major corporations and advised politicians,
461
00:31:51,223 --> 00:31:53,294
including President Eisenhower.
462
00:31:55,056 --> 00:31:56,310
Like his uncle Sigmund,
463
00:31:56,510 --> 00:32:00,474
Bernays was convinced that human beings were driven by irrational forces.
464
00:32:01,750 --> 00:32:03,376
The only way to deal with the public
465
00:32:03,676 --> 00:32:06,647
was to connect with their unconscious desires and fears.
466
00:32:08,690 --> 00:32:12,887
Bernays argued that instead of trying to reduce people's fears of communism,
467
00:32:13,187 --> 00:32:16,118
one should actually encourage and manipulate the fear.
468
00:32:17,297 --> 00:32:20,305
And in such a way that it became a weapon in the cold war.
469
00:32:20,905 --> 00:32:23,080
Rational argument was fruitless.
470
00:32:24,037 --> 00:32:26,326
What my father understood about groups
471
00:32:26,526 --> 00:32:29,276
is that they are manipulable.
472
00:32:29,476 --> 00:32:30,408
They're malleable.
473
00:32:31,575 --> 00:32:36,905
And that you can tap into their deepest desires
474
00:32:37,105 --> 00:32:41,458
or their deepest fears and use that to your own purposes.
475
00:32:43,368 --> 00:32:48,057
I don't think he felt that all those publics out there had reliable judgment;
476
00:32:48,257 --> 00:32:51,700
that they may very easily might vote for the wrong man
477
00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:56,797
or want the wrong thing, so that they had to be guided from above.
478
00:32:57,497 --> 00:33:00,973
One of Bernays' main clients was the giant United Fruit Company.
479
00:33:01,895 --> 00:33:05,457
They owned vast banana plantations in Guatemala and Central America.
480
00:33:06,469 --> 00:33:10,201
For decades United Fruit had controlled the company through pliable dictators.
481
00:33:10,801 --> 00:33:12,856
It was known as a 'banana republic'.
482
00:33:14,346 --> 00:33:18,360
But in 1950 a young officer, Colonel Arbenz was elected president.
483
00:33:19,160 --> 00:33:22,496
He promised to remove United Fruits' control over the country
484
00:33:23,096 --> 00:33:27,551
and in 1953 he announced the government would take over much of their land.
485
00:33:28,351 --> 00:33:30,145
It was a massively popular move
486
00:33:30,645 --> 00:33:35,727
but a disaster for United Fruit and they turned to Bernays to help get rid of Arbenz.
487
00:33:36,585 --> 00:33:39,116
United Fruit brings in Bernays and he basically understood
488
00:33:39,316 --> 00:33:40,884
that what United Fruit Company had to do
489
00:33:41,084 --> 00:33:43,951
was change this from being a popularly elected government
490
00:33:44,251 --> 00:33:48,179
that was doing some things that were good for the people there, into this being,
491
00:33:48,579 --> 00:33:52,245
very close to the American shore, a threat to American democracy.
492
00:33:52,345 --> 00:33:54,488
This being at time in the cold war
493
00:33:54,588 --> 00:33:57,607
when Americans responded to issues of 'the red scare'
494
00:33:57,707 --> 00:33:59,463
and what communism might do,
495
00:33:59,763 --> 00:34:02,523
he was trying to transform this and brilliantly did transform it
496
00:34:02,623 --> 00:34:06,082
into an issue of a communist threat very close to our shores;
497
00:34:06,382 --> 00:34:10,136
taking United Fruit again, as a commercial client, out of the picture
498
00:34:10,436 --> 00:34:13,297
and making it look like a question of American democracy,
499
00:34:13,497 --> 00:34:15,631
American values being threatened.
500
00:34:17,159 --> 00:34:21,105
In reality Arbenz was a democratic socialist with no links to Moscow,
501
00:34:21,705 --> 00:34:25,728
but Bernays set out to turn him into a communist threat to America.
502
00:34:26,928 --> 00:34:31,180
He organized a trip to Guatemala for influential American journalists.
503
00:34:32,080 --> 00:34:35,207
Few of them knew anything about the country or its politics.
504
00:34:37,485 --> 00:34:42,215
Bernays arranged for them to be entertained and to meet selected Guatemalan politicians
505
00:34:42,615 --> 00:34:46,174
who told them Arbenz was a communist controlled by Moscow.
506
00:34:47,944 --> 00:34:52,171
During the trip there was also a violent anti-American demonstration in the capital.
507
00:34:53,474 --> 00:34:55,399
Many of those who worked for United Fruit
508
00:34:55,799 --> 00:34:58,635
were convinced it had been organized by Bernays himself.
509
00:35:01,475 --> 00:35:04,964
He also created a fake independent news agency in America
510
00:35:05,364 --> 00:35:07,679
called the Middle America Information Bureau.
511
00:35:08,479 --> 00:35:11,640
It bombarded the American media with press releases
512
00:35:11,840 --> 00:35:14,171
saying that Moscow was planning to use Guatemala
513
00:35:14,471 --> 00:35:15,976
as a beachhead to attack America.
514
00:35:16,476 --> 00:35:18,469
All of this had the desired effect.
515
00:35:19,095 --> 00:35:21,785
In Guatemala, the Jacob Arbenz regime
516
00:35:21,885 --> 00:35:25,735
became increasingly communistic after his inauguration in 1951.
517
00:35:26,472 --> 00:35:29,177
Communists in the congress and high governmental positions
518
00:35:29,377 --> 00:35:34,087
controlled major committees, labor and farm groups, and propaganda facilities.
519
00:35:34,487 --> 00:35:36,552
They agitated and led in demonstrations
520
00:35:36,652 --> 00:35:39,232
against neighboring countries and the United States.
521
00:35:41,074 --> 00:35:44,081
What was profoundly new in terms of what Bernays did
522
00:35:44,281 --> 00:35:47,328
is he took this menace to our backyard in Guatemala.
523
00:35:47,428 --> 00:35:50,024
For the first time we saw reds
524
00:35:50,524 --> 00:35:53,497
a couple hundred miles from New Orleans,
525
00:35:53,767 --> 00:35:57,682
who Eddie Bernays had us believing were a true threat to us.
526
00:35:57,782 --> 00:36:00,241
There was going to be a Soviet outpost in our backyard.
527
00:36:01,581 --> 00:36:05,368
But what Bernays was doing was not just trying to blacken the Arbenz regime,
528
00:36:05,768 --> 00:36:07,369
he was part of a secret plot.
529
00:36:08,169 --> 00:36:12,573
President Eisenhower had agreed that America should topple the Arbenz government,
530
00:36:12,773 --> 00:36:13,990
but secretly.
531
00:36:14,590 --> 00:36:17,169
The CIA were instructed to organize a coup.
532
00:36:18,643 --> 00:36:20,856
Working with the United Fruit Company
533
00:36:21,156 --> 00:36:23,265
the CIA trained and armed a rebel army
534
00:36:23,665 --> 00:36:26,391
and found a new leader for the country called Colonel Armas.
535
00:36:27,595 --> 00:36:31,996
The CIA agent in charge was Howard Hunt, later one of the Watergate burglars.
536
00:36:32,496 --> 00:36:35,246
What we wanted to do is have a terror campaign;
537
00:36:36,931 --> 00:36:39,185
to terrify Arbenz particularly,
538
00:36:39,485 --> 00:36:41,628
terrify his troops,
539
00:36:41,928 --> 00:36:47,761
much as the German Stuka bombers terrified the population of Holland,
540
00:36:47,861 --> 00:36:51,041
Belgium and Poland at the onset of World War II
541
00:36:51,804 --> 00:36:53,885
and just rendered everybody paralyzed.
542
00:36:55,854 --> 00:36:59,670
As planes flown by CIA pilots dropped bombs on Guatemala City,
543
00:37:00,070 --> 00:37:03,932
Edward Bernays carried on his propaganda campaign in the American press.
544
00:37:04,532 --> 00:37:06,692
He was preparing the American population
545
00:37:06,992 --> 00:37:10,949
to see this as the liberation of Guatemala by freedom fighters for democracy.
546
00:37:14,678 --> 00:37:19,275
He totally understood that the coup would happen when the public and the press
547
00:37:20,198 --> 00:37:21,725
when conditions on the public and the press
548
00:37:21,825 --> 00:37:24,002
allowed for a coup to happen and he created those conditions.
549
00:37:24,102 --> 00:37:28,395
He was totally savvy in terms of just what he was helping create there
550
00:37:28,495 --> 00:37:29,615
in terms of the overthrow.
551
00:37:29,815 --> 00:37:31,742
But ultimately he was reshaping reality,
552
00:37:31,942 --> 00:37:36,736
and reshaping public opinion in a way that's undemocratic and manipulative.
553
00:37:38,825 --> 00:37:42,749
On June 27th 1954 Colonel Arbenz fled the country
554
00:37:43,149 --> 00:37:45,155
and Armas arrived as the new leader.
555
00:37:46,318 --> 00:37:49,341
Within months Vice President Nixon visited Guatemala.
556
00:37:50,452 --> 00:37:53,454
In an event staged by United Fruit's PR department
557
00:37:53,854 --> 00:37:55,818
he was shown piles of Marxist literature
558
00:37:56,118 --> 00:37:59,220
that had been found it was said in the presidential palace.
559
00:38:02,230 --> 00:38:05,535
This is the first time in the history of the world
560
00:38:05,735 --> 00:38:09,394
that the communist government has been overthrown by the people.
561
00:38:09,594 --> 00:38:12,952
And for that we congratulate you and the people of Guatemala
562
00:38:13,152 --> 00:38:14,496
for the support they have given.
563
00:38:14,696 --> 00:38:18,986
And we are sure that under your leadership supported by the people
564
00:38:19,086 --> 00:38:22,369
whom I have met by the hundreds on my visit to Guatemala
565
00:38:22,569 --> 00:38:26,320
that Guatemala is going to enter a new era
566
00:38:26,520 --> 00:38:29,918
in which there will be prosperity for the people
567
00:38:30,218 --> 00:38:32,619
together with liberty for the people.
568
00:38:33,119 --> 00:38:34,598
Thank you very much for
569
00:38:35,314 --> 00:38:39,583
allowing us to see this exhibit of communism in Guatemala.
570
00:38:39,784 --> 00:38:41,147
You're welcome.
571
00:38:41,247 --> 00:38:44,005
Time for dinner and see what mother has for dessert.
572
00:38:44,205 --> 00:38:45,671
Banana gingerbread shortcake.
573
00:38:45,971 --> 00:38:50,687
Just another of the many tempting ways in which this nutritious food can be prepared.
574
00:38:51,380 --> 00:38:55,335
To now that you've seen where bananas come from before they reach your table,
575
00:38:55,635 --> 00:38:58,063
our journey to banana land is ended.
576
00:38:58,265 --> 00:39:00,103
We hope you enjoyed the trip.
577
00:39:00,310 --> 00:39:01,955
We know you like bananas.
578
00:39:03,793 --> 00:39:06,503
Bernays had manipulated the American people
579
00:39:06,903 --> 00:39:09,969
but he had done so because he, like many others at the time
580
00:39:10,269 --> 00:39:14,489
believed that the interests of business and the interests of America were indivisible.
581
00:39:15,089 --> 00:39:17,311
Especially when faced with the threat of communism.
582
00:39:18,664 --> 00:39:20,070
But Bernays was convinced
583
00:39:20,170 --> 00:39:23,293
that to explain this rationally to the American people was impossible.
584
00:39:24,039 --> 00:39:25,274
Because they were not rational.
585
00:39:26,151 --> 00:39:28,533
Instead one had to touch on their inner fears
586
00:39:28,933 --> 00:39:31,646
and manipulate them in the interest of a higher truth.
587
00:39:32,755 --> 00:39:34,935
He called it the engineering of consent.
588
00:39:36,758 --> 00:39:40,885
He was doing it for the American way of life
589
00:39:41,285 --> 00:39:46,095
to which he was devoted, sincerely devoted.
590
00:39:46,495 --> 00:39:50,260
And yet he felt the people were really pretty stupid.
591
00:39:50,660 --> 00:39:52,291
And that's the paradox.
592
00:39:52,691 --> 00:39:57,061
If you don't leave it up to the people themselves
593
00:39:57,461 --> 00:40:01,571
but force them to choose what you want them to choose,
594
00:40:01,871 --> 00:40:06,096
however subtly, then it's not democracy anymore.
595
00:40:09,707 --> 00:40:12,137
It's something else, it's being told what to do,
596
00:40:14,213 --> 00:40:16,593
it's that old authoritarian thing.
597
00:40:19,523 --> 00:40:21,347
But the idea that it was necessary
598
00:40:21,547 --> 00:40:24,197
to manipulate the inner feelings of the American population
599
00:40:24,597 --> 00:40:26,637
in the interest of fighting the cold war
600
00:40:26,837 --> 00:40:28,615
now began to take root in Washington.
601
00:40:29,315 --> 00:40:33,009
Above all, in the CIA, who were going to take it much further.
602
00:40:35,142 --> 00:40:38,850
They were concerned that the Soviets were experimenting with psychological methods
603
00:40:39,050 --> 00:40:41,945
to actually alter the memories and feelings of people.
604
00:40:42,645 --> 00:40:45,403
The aim being to produce more controllable citizens.
605
00:40:46,048 --> 00:40:47,422
It was known as brainwashing.
606
00:40:51,338 --> 00:40:55,197
Psychologists in the CIA were convinced that this really might be possible
607
00:40:55,933 --> 00:40:58,163
and that they should try do it themselves.
608
00:41:01,188 --> 00:41:05,222
The image of the human being that was being built up at that particular time
609
00:41:05,868 --> 00:41:08,308
was that there was a great deal
610
00:41:08,508 --> 00:41:10,872
of vulnerability in every human being
611
00:41:11,873 --> 00:41:15,389
and that that vulnerability could be manipulated
612
00:41:15,589 --> 00:41:20,847
to program somebody to be something that I wanted them to be
613
00:41:21,782 --> 00:41:23,227
and they didn't want to be.
614
00:41:26,072 --> 00:41:29,562
That you could manipulate people in such a way
615
00:41:29,762 --> 00:41:34,778
that they could be automatons, if you will, for whatever your own purposes were.
616
00:41:36,015 --> 00:41:38,383
This is the image that people thought was possible.
617
00:41:39,851 --> 00:41:44,178
In the late fifties the CIA poured millions of dollars into the psychology departments
618
00:41:44,478 --> 00:41:46,337
at universities across America.
619
00:41:47,362 --> 00:41:49,177
They were secretly funding experiments
620
00:41:49,377 --> 00:41:52,937
on how to alter and control the inner drives of human beings.
621
00:41:54,305 --> 00:41:55,946
The most notorious of these experiments
622
00:41:56,046 --> 00:41:59,100
was run by the head of the American Psychiatric Association,
623
00:41:59,500 --> 00:42:04,049
Dr. Ewen Cameron. Like many psychiatrists at that time,
624
00:42:04,449 --> 00:42:07,976
Cameron was convinced that inside human beings were dangerous forces
625
00:42:08,276 --> 00:42:09,549
which threatened society.
626
00:42:10,149 --> 00:42:13,794
But he believed that it was possible to not just control these forces
627
00:42:14,094 --> 00:42:15,649
but actually remove them.
628
00:42:16,513 --> 00:42:20,593
He thought that psychiatry should not just concentrate on sick people
629
00:42:20,693 --> 00:42:24,301
and the mentally ill, but should actually go into government,
630
00:42:24,501 --> 00:42:29,149
that politicians should listen to psychiatrists; psychiatrists should be
631
00:42:29,249 --> 00:42:34,531
in every parliament and should direct and monitor political activities
632
00:42:34,731 --> 00:42:36,604
because they knew
633
00:42:37,004 --> 00:42:42,280
in a rational scientific way what was good for people.
634
00:42:43,057 --> 00:42:47,342
Cameron had set up a clinic in a hospital in Montreal called the Allen Memorial.
635
00:42:47,934 --> 00:42:49,606
It is now long since closed down.
636
00:42:50,990 --> 00:42:54,534
Cameron took patients who suffered a wide range of mental problems.
637
00:42:55,334 --> 00:42:59,130
His theory was that these resulted from forgotten or repressed memories.
638
00:42:59,834 --> 00:43:03,733
But he was impatient with the theory of using psychotherapy to uncover them.
639
00:43:04,033 --> 00:43:06,193
Instead, he would simply wipe them.
640
00:43:06,993 --> 00:43:09,242
Cameron used drugs including LSD
641
00:43:09,542 --> 00:43:13,208
and the technique of ECT, electro-convulsive therapy.
642
00:43:14,037 --> 00:43:17,000
It was conventionally used at that time to relieve depression.
643
00:43:17,500 --> 00:43:21,702
But Cameron was going to use it in a new way, to produce new people.
644
00:43:23,815 --> 00:43:26,991
He was really using it to try and
645
00:43:28,592 --> 00:43:32,306
change the fundamental function of the individual.
646
00:43:32,973 --> 00:43:38,754
To alter their past memories,
647
00:43:38,854 --> 00:43:40,893
their past ways of behaving,
648
00:43:42,352 --> 00:43:45,477
and as I think he said at one point,
649
00:43:46,290 --> 00:43:49,893
to just sort of erase everything from their pasts
650
00:43:49,993 --> 00:43:52,443
so that you then had a slate
651
00:43:52,643 --> 00:43:56,089
in which you could record new ways of behavior.
652
00:43:58,403 --> 00:44:02,238
And so he used massive doses of shock,
653
00:44:02,338 --> 00:44:05,653
people receiving several shocks a day
654
00:44:07,850 --> 00:44:12,556
and over a course over time hundreds of ECT treatments
655
00:44:12,756 --> 00:44:18,429
so that they were just reduced to sort of a primitive vegetable state.
656
00:44:21,076 --> 00:44:22,931
I don't remember what happened to me.
657
00:44:23,770 --> 00:44:27,495
I was introduced to Dr. Cameron and I don't remember Dr. Cameron at all.
658
00:44:28,398 --> 00:44:30,005
I don't remember any of that.
659
00:44:30,205 --> 00:44:33,036
They shipped me up to what they call 'the sleep room'
660
00:44:33,896 --> 00:44:38,208
and they gave me all of these electro-convulsive shock treatments
661
00:44:38,308 --> 00:44:44,208
and mega doses of drugs and LSD and all of that and I have no memory of any of that.
662
00:44:44,879 --> 00:44:48,813
Nothing of that time at the Allen Memorial
663
00:44:48,913 --> 00:44:53,519
or any of my life previous to that. All gone. Wiped.
664
00:44:54,771 --> 00:44:58,617
And then having depatterned somebody or brought them down
665
00:44:58,817 --> 00:45:01,728
to where basically nothing
666
00:45:01,928 --> 00:45:05,068
but the essential functions of the body
667
00:45:05,606 --> 00:45:08,466
were going on in terms of breathing and things of this nature,
668
00:45:08,766 --> 00:45:12,392
then he would begin to feed material into these individuals;
669
00:45:12,492 --> 00:45:14,116
positive material
670
00:45:14,316 --> 00:45:19,004
such that the brain would be programmed in a positive way,
671
00:45:19,116 --> 00:45:21,617
so that the individual would be completely altered.
672
00:45:21,717 --> 00:45:25,797
Then he put these tapes under our pillows called psychic driving.
673
00:45:26,567 --> 00:45:31,314
He would then put back into this empty brain a program
674
00:45:32,378 --> 00:45:34,900
of whatever sort he decided upon.
675
00:45:35,942 --> 00:45:38,330
And the people like myself
676
00:45:38,387 --> 00:45:42,006
would wake up another person, I guess.
677
00:45:43,729 --> 00:45:47,131
In fact Cameron's experiments were a complete disaster.
678
00:45:48,312 --> 00:45:51,799
All he managed to produce were dozens of individuals with memory loss
679
00:45:52,199 --> 00:45:56,924
and the ability to repeat the phrase 'I am at ease with myself'.
680
00:45:58,730 --> 00:46:03,303
And it was not an isolated case, almost all the experiments the CIA funded
681
00:46:03,503 --> 00:46:04,857
were equally unsuccessful.
682
00:46:05,892 --> 00:46:09,803
Despite their ambitions American psychologists were beginning to find out
683
00:46:10,003 --> 00:46:11,332
how difficult it was
684
00:46:11,432 --> 00:46:15,418
to understand and control the inner workings of the human mind.
685
00:46:17,710 --> 00:46:21,752
We had really been chasing a phantom,
686
00:46:21,952 --> 00:46:23,384
if you will, an illusion,
687
00:46:23,685 --> 00:46:29,101
that the human mind was more capable of manipulation from the outside,
688
00:46:31,770 --> 00:46:34,338
by outside factors than it is.
689
00:46:35,576 --> 00:46:40,406
We found out that the human being is an extremely complex thing.
690
00:46:42,065 --> 00:46:44,060
There were no simple solutions.
691
00:46:47,543 --> 00:46:52,325
But you've just got to bear in mind that these were strange times.
692
00:46:54,609 --> 00:46:57,895
The psychoanalysts had come to power in America because of their theory
693
00:46:58,095 --> 00:47:02,053
that they knew how to control the dangerous forces inside human beings.
694
00:47:03,847 --> 00:47:07,241
But now the psychoanalysts were about to face a high profile failure
695
00:47:07,869 --> 00:47:11,805
that would lead people to begin questioning the very basis of their ideas.
696
00:47:13,890 --> 00:47:15,453
It began in Hollywood.
697
00:47:17,394 --> 00:47:20,271
The film industry had become fascinated with psychoanalysis,
698
00:47:20,771 --> 00:47:24,960
and Anna Freud was a powerful influence on dozens of analysts in Los Angeles.
699
00:47:26,176 --> 00:47:29,602
They treated film stars, directors, and studio bosses.
700
00:47:30,502 --> 00:47:35,258
Anna Freud's closest friend was the most sought after of all, Ralph Greenson.
701
00:47:39,184 --> 00:47:43,446
And in 1960 the most famous star in the world turned to Greenson for help.
702
00:47:44,717 --> 00:47:46,972
Marilyn Monroe was suffering from despair
703
00:47:47,272 --> 00:47:49,742
and had become addicted to alcohol and drugs.
704
00:47:51,530 --> 00:47:53,371
When I walked in to dinner
705
00:47:53,571 --> 00:47:54,655
here was Marilyn Monroe.
706
00:47:54,955 --> 00:47:57,115
And I made a picture with her called All About Eve.
707
00:47:57,215 --> 00:47:58,497
This was dinner at Ralph Greenson's?
708
00:47:58,597 --> 00:48:00,555
Yes. And...
709
00:48:01,155 --> 00:48:02,369
the only thing was...
710
00:48:03,956 --> 00:48:05,755
Ralph was trying to show her...
711
00:48:14,934 --> 00:48:17,482
the way a family life ought really to be.
712
00:48:18,882 --> 00:48:22,071
So we were walking the dog after and I said, what the hell are you doing here?
713
00:48:22,474 --> 00:48:24,018
I said, You never had me to dinner!
714
00:48:25,157 --> 00:48:27,110
And he said, You weren't that sick.
715
00:48:29,358 --> 00:48:30,934
And I said, oh.
716
00:48:31,735 --> 00:48:37,561
He said this child has no, NO frame of reference.
717
00:48:38,610 --> 00:48:41,519
In other words she has no idea what the goal is.
718
00:48:42,259 --> 00:48:44,900
What Greenson did was follow Anna Freud's theory.
719
00:48:45,909 --> 00:48:47,651
If Marilyn Monroe could be thought
720
00:48:47,751 --> 00:48:51,115
to conform to what society considered a normal pattern of life.
721
00:48:51,693 --> 00:48:55,191
That would help her ego control her inner destructive urges.
722
00:48:56,635 --> 00:48:58,557
But Greenson pushed it to an extreme.
723
00:48:58,957 --> 00:49:01,567
He persuaded Monroe to move into a house nearby
724
00:49:01,967 --> 00:49:03,312
that was decorated like his own.
725
00:49:04,012 --> 00:49:08,898
He then took her into his own family life, and he, his wife and his daughter
726
00:49:09,198 --> 00:49:11,379
played at being Monroe's own family.
727
00:49:12,379 --> 00:49:15,520
Greenson himself would become the model of conformity.
728
00:49:16,267 --> 00:49:17,068
And so this...
729
00:49:17,832 --> 00:49:19,778
someone she regarded as important
730
00:49:22,544 --> 00:49:24,145
and she idealized,
731
00:49:24,798 --> 00:49:29,085
if he turned out to be a very gratifying father figure
732
00:49:30,211 --> 00:49:32,574
her ego would benefit from that, that was the theory.
733
00:49:35,055 --> 00:49:37,586
His wife and children, everyone was involved in it.
734
00:49:38,004 --> 00:49:41,282
They were strengthening the person, they were strengthening the mind,
735
00:49:41,682 --> 00:49:44,588
they were strengthening the agent that controls inner life;
736
00:49:44,788 --> 00:49:48,282
against adversity, against insufficiency,
737
00:49:48,483 --> 00:49:51,920
against too much frustration,
738
00:49:53,117 --> 00:49:57,222
so that Marilyn would no longer be a helpless person looking for love,
739
00:49:57,622 --> 00:49:58,663
she'd have enough love.
740
00:50:00,188 --> 00:50:01,591
But despite all his efforts,
741
00:50:01,700 --> 00:50:03,860
Greenson was unable to help Marilyn Monroe.
742
00:50:05,048 --> 00:50:09,171
On August 5th 1962 she committed suicide in her house.
743
00:50:12,544 --> 00:50:16,520
The suicide shocked many in the analytic community, including Anna Freud.
744
00:50:18,041 --> 00:50:19,942
And high profile figures in American life
745
00:50:20,142 --> 00:50:22,847
who had previously been enthusiasts for psychoanalysis
746
00:50:23,247 --> 00:50:27,444
now began to question why psychoanalysis had become so powerful in America.
747
00:50:28,944 --> 00:50:31,217
Was it really because it benefitted individuals
748
00:50:32,219 --> 00:50:36,806
or had it in fact become a form of constraint in the interests of social order.
749
00:50:37,706 --> 00:50:41,071
The critics included Monroe's ex-husband, Arthur Miller.
750
00:50:41,879 --> 00:50:44,663
My argument with so much if psychoanalysis
751
00:50:44,863 --> 00:50:47,514
is the preconception that suffering is a mistake,
752
00:50:48,583 --> 00:50:49,741
or a sign of weakness,
753
00:50:49,941 --> 00:50:51,377
or a sign even of illness.
754
00:50:51,477 --> 00:50:52,417
When in fact,
755
00:50:53,831 --> 00:50:57,504
possibly the greatest truths we know will have come out of people's suffering.
756
00:50:57,904 --> 00:51:01,033
That the problem is not to undo suffering
757
00:51:01,133 --> 00:51:04,542
or to wipe it off the face of the earth but to make it inform our lives,
758
00:51:04,742 --> 00:51:08,931
instead of trying to cure ourselves of it constantly and avoid it.
759
00:51:09,588 --> 00:51:14,309
And avoid anything but that lobotomized sense of what they call happiness.
760
00:51:15,242 --> 00:51:19,754
There's too much of an attempt it seems to me at controlling man
761
00:51:19,954 --> 00:51:20,930
rather than freeing him;
762
00:51:21,796 --> 00:51:26,225
of defining him rather than letting him go.
763
00:51:26,935 --> 00:51:31,311
And it's part of the whole ideology of this age which is power mad.
764
00:51:34,486 --> 00:51:37,698
Hey, have you heard about the crazy new way
765
00:51:38,684 --> 00:51:41,187
to send a message today
766
00:51:41,533 --> 00:51:44,471
It's flashed on a screen, too quick to see
767
00:51:44,795 --> 00:51:48,058
But still you get it, subliminally
768
00:51:48,706 --> 00:51:50,768
At the same time an onslaught was launched
769
00:51:50,968 --> 00:51:54,262
on the way psychoanalysis was being used by business to control people.
770
00:51:55,920 --> 00:51:57,603
The first blow came with a bestseller,
771
00:51:57,803 --> 00:52:00,056
The Hidden Persuaders, written by Vance Packard.
772
00:52:01,056 --> 00:52:05,426
It accused psychoanalysts of reducing the American people to emotional puppets
773
00:52:05,826 --> 00:52:09,017
whose only function was to keep mass production lines running.
774
00:52:10,424 --> 00:52:13,982
They did this by manipulating people's unconscious desires,
775
00:52:14,182 --> 00:52:16,970
to create longings for ever new brands and models.
776
00:52:17,945 --> 00:52:19,533
They had turned the population
777
00:52:19,733 --> 00:52:23,365
into unwitting participants in the system of planned obsolescence.
778
00:52:25,643 --> 00:52:29,150
The second blow came from an influential philosopher and social critic,
779
00:52:29,350 --> 00:52:32,764
Herbert Marcuse. He had been trained in psychoanalysis.
780
00:52:35,830 --> 00:52:39,932
This is a childish application of psychoanalysis
781
00:52:40,232 --> 00:52:45,150
which does not take at all into consideration the very real
782
00:52:46,080 --> 00:52:49,123
political systematic waste of resources
783
00:52:49,423 --> 00:52:52,610
of technology and of the productive process.
784
00:52:53,165 --> 00:52:55,385
For example this planned obsolescence;
785
00:52:55,805 --> 00:53:00,212
for example the production of innumerable brands and gadgets
786
00:53:00,512 --> 00:53:03,958
who are in the last analysis always the same;
787
00:53:04,458 --> 00:53:08,657
the production of innumerable different
788
00:53:09,401 --> 00:53:11,126
models of automobiles;
789
00:53:11,400 --> 00:53:14,503
and this prosperity at the same time,
790
00:53:14,803 --> 00:53:16,952
consciously or unconsciously
791
00:53:17,352 --> 00:53:21,058
leads to a kind of schizophrenic existence.
792
00:53:23,038 --> 00:53:27,906
I believe that in this society an incredible quantity of aggressiveness
793
00:53:28,006 --> 00:53:30,365
and destructiveness is accumulated
794
00:53:30,565 --> 00:53:35,965
precisely because of the empty prosperity which then...
795
00:53:38,787 --> 00:53:40,104
simply erupts.
796
00:53:48,097 --> 00:53:49,126
Marcuse's argument
797
00:53:49,326 --> 00:53:52,627
is not simply that psychoanalysis had been used for corrupt purposes,
798
00:53:53,310 --> 00:53:54,579
it was more fundamental.
799
00:53:55,925 --> 00:53:59,985
Marcuse said that the very idea that you needed to control people was wrong.
800
00:54:01,205 --> 00:54:03,838
Human beings did have inner emotional drives,
801
00:54:04,116 --> 00:54:06,479
but they were not inherently violent or evil.
802
00:54:07,283 --> 00:54:11,765
It was society that made these drives dangerous by repressing and distorting them.
803
00:54:13,154 --> 00:54:15,998
Anna Freud and her followers had increased that repression
804
00:54:16,298 --> 00:54:18,752
by trying to make people conform to society.
805
00:54:19,552 --> 00:54:23,357
In so doing, they made people more dangerous, not less.
806
00:54:24,744 --> 00:54:27,176
Marcuse challenged that social world
807
00:54:27,376 --> 00:54:29,726
and he said that's a world that should not be adapted to.
808
00:54:30,305 --> 00:54:33,993
And in fact what the individual was adapting to
809
00:54:34,393 --> 00:54:38,746
was corrupt and evil and corrupting.
810
00:54:39,346 --> 00:54:42,478
In other words he switched the source of evil
811
00:54:43,520 --> 00:54:47,749
from inward conflict to the society itself.
812
00:54:48,598 --> 00:54:51,322
That the sickness in society lies at the society level,
813
00:54:51,522 --> 00:54:54,071
not at the sickness of human beings in it.
814
00:54:54,371 --> 00:54:56,144
And if people did not challenge that,
815
00:54:56,444 --> 00:55:01,517
then they were in fact submitting to evil.
816
00:55:03,105 --> 00:55:04,948
Modern psychology has a word
817
00:55:05,048 --> 00:55:08,599
that is probably used more than any other word in psychology,
818
00:55:09,335 --> 00:55:11,514
it is the word maladjusted.
819
00:55:12,937 --> 00:55:18,743
It is the ringing cry of modern child psychology, maladjusted.
820
00:55:18,943 --> 00:55:21,895
Now of course we all want to live the well adjusted life
821
00:55:21,995 --> 00:55:25,952
in order to avoid neurotic and schizophrenic personalities.
822
00:55:26,985 --> 00:55:31,732
But as I move toward my conclusion I would like to say to you today,
823
00:55:32,562 --> 00:55:34,204
in a very honest manner,
824
00:55:34,711 --> 00:55:39,255
that there are some things in our society and some things in our world
825
00:55:40,177 --> 00:55:42,919
to which I am proud to be maladjusted
826
00:55:43,748 --> 00:55:47,476
and I call upon all men of good will to be maladjusted
827
00:55:47,576 --> 00:55:50,847
to these things until the good society is realized.
828
00:55:51,592 --> 00:55:55,294
I must honestly say to you that I never intend to adjust myself
829
00:55:56,457 --> 00:55:59,690
to racial segregation and discrimination.
830
00:56:00,544 --> 00:56:05,614
I never intend to adjust myself to religious bigotry.
831
00:56:06,587 --> 00:56:09,868
I never intend to adjust myself to economic conditions
832
00:56:10,168 --> 00:56:14,940
that will take necessities from the many to give luxuries to the few,
833
00:56:14,952 --> 00:56:20,079
leave millions of God's children smothering in an airtight cage of poverty
834
00:56:20,379 --> 00:56:22,608
in the midst of an affluent society.
835
00:56:25,945 --> 00:56:29,365
The political influence of the Freudian psychoanalysts was over.
836
00:56:30,408 --> 00:56:32,017
Instead they were now accused
837
00:56:32,317 --> 00:56:35,881
of having helped to create a repressive form of social control.
838
00:56:39,180 --> 00:56:41,026
Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham
839
00:56:41,426 --> 00:56:43,990
lived on in Sigmund Freud's old house in London.
840
00:56:44,941 --> 00:56:48,528
In 1970 Dorothy's son Bob died of alcoholism,
841
00:56:49,633 --> 00:56:55,524
and in 1973 his sister Mabbie returned for yet more analysis with Anna Freud.
842
00:56:56,666 --> 00:56:58,262
She went back for more analysis;
843
00:56:58,362 --> 00:57:02,411
she was living at 20 Maresfield Gardens in the Freud house,
844
00:57:03,102 --> 00:57:05,280
as I guess she did when she wasn't with her husband,
845
00:57:05,480 --> 00:57:08,905
and she committed suicide.
846
00:57:09,205 --> 00:57:10,747
She took an overdose of sleeping pills.
847
00:57:12,845 --> 00:57:14,009
In Freud's own house?
848
00:57:14,109 --> 00:57:15,504
In Freud's own house, right.
849
00:57:21,021 --> 00:57:25,057
So obviously there are a lot of implications
850
00:57:25,157 --> 00:57:26,880
that one can draw from that and I just think
851
00:57:26,980 --> 00:57:29,530
she happened to reach the end of the rope there.
852
00:57:30,427 --> 00:57:35,305
Although it would seem to be a very pointed act.
853
00:57:35,505 --> 00:57:38,399
Obviously suicide is a very politicized act
854
00:57:38,499 --> 00:57:41,044
and to do it in Sigmund Freud's own house
855
00:57:42,238 --> 00:57:47,031
is certainly different from doing it in Riverdale back in New York.
856
00:57:52,122 --> 00:57:53,910
Nest Week's episode will tell the story
857
00:57:54,010 --> 00:57:56,530
of the rise to power of the enemies of the Freud family.
858
00:57:57,790 --> 00:58:01,316
They believed that the way to build a better society was to let the self free.
859
00:58:03,223 --> 00:58:06,264
But what they didn't realize was that this idea of liberation
860
00:58:06,664 --> 00:58:10,865
would provide business and politics with yet another way to control the self,
861
00:58:11,565 --> 00:58:13,914
by feeding its infinite desires.
862
00:58:14,500 --> 00:58:22,500
Time synch (-8.83s), spellcheck, and (some) edits by coyote 30December2011
863
00:58:23,000 --> 00:58:31,000
from previous version found on AllSubs.org, which gave thanks for the script to
864
00:58:31,500 --> 00:58:39,500
http://hareloco.spaces.live.com/blog/cns!E7089CD7CF32AA20!243.entry
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