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Beneath the Yucatan Peninsula
of Mexico...
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..lies another world.
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00:01:02,520 --> 00:01:05,040
A labyrinth of caves...
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00:01:08,040 --> 00:01:11,760
..carved by freshwater...
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00:01:18,040 --> 00:01:21,640
..and essential for life on Earth.
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Freshwater shapes the land
and the creatures that live in it...
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..in the most surprising ways.
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00:02:07,840 --> 00:02:09,880
CHIRPING
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00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:17,680
The rainforest of Costa Rica.
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00:02:19,040 --> 00:02:23,520
As you might expect,
it rains most days.
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RUMBLE OF THUNDER
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00:02:25,520 --> 00:02:28,760
But it's only during the wet season
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00:02:28,760 --> 00:02:32,040
that the rains become torrential.
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00:02:40,520 --> 00:02:42,240
And with them...
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00:02:43,240 --> 00:02:46,280
..comes a most remarkable creature.
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00:03:01,280 --> 00:03:04,480
Gliding tree frogs.
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00:03:09,880 --> 00:03:12,680
Thousands drop in...
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..to gather at this
newly-formed pond.
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00:03:27,280 --> 00:03:30,440
They all have an urgent need.
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To breed.
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00:03:51,280 --> 00:03:54,760
This female needs to find a leaf
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00:03:54,760 --> 00:03:56,960
and lay her eggs.
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FROGS CROAK
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00:04:02,040 --> 00:04:06,040
The breeding frenzy
will only last one day...
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00:04:07,040 --> 00:04:10,040
..so she needs to get a move on.
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00:04:15,520 --> 00:04:18,280
There are lots of eager males.
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00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:26,680
Nine for every female.
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00:04:30,520 --> 00:04:35,200
And all are ready to
spring into action.
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00:04:40,760 --> 00:04:45,040
So, for her, getting
a partner is no problem.
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00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:57,760
But the other males are desperate.
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00:05:18,320 --> 00:05:22,760
For this female,
mating is rather chaotic.
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Things are getting out of hand.
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There is one way to deal with this.
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A few well-placed kicks...
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..usually does the job.
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Problem solved.
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00:06:16,280 --> 00:06:18,440
FROGS CROAK
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00:06:20,520 --> 00:06:24,520
She and her partner can now
finally mate...
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00:06:26,040 --> 00:06:28,040
..in relative peace.
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The eggs are positioned perfectly...
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..directly overhanging the pond.
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00:07:23,480 --> 00:07:28,280
This is the ideal nursery
for tadpoles.
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For now, her work here is done.
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She'll be back next year
when the heavy rains return.
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As quickly as freshwater appears...
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..it can vanish.
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Southeast Sri Lanka.
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FLIES BUZZ
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00:08:08,840 --> 00:08:11,520
It's the middle of the dry season.
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WIND HOWLS
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This is the only remaining
water hole for miles around.
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DEER YELPS
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Mugger crocodiles -
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giants, five metres long.
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00:09:40,440 --> 00:09:42,760
Dozens are hiding...
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00:09:43,760 --> 00:09:46,040
..beneath the surface.
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00:09:54,040 --> 00:09:55,840
And others...
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..are on their way.
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00:10:16,760 --> 00:10:20,040
This male has been
travelling for hours.
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00:10:26,760 --> 00:10:30,360
The water hole is the only place
where he has a chance
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to catch a deer.
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00:10:43,680 --> 00:10:49,040
A single adult would be enough to
feed him for the entire dry season.
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00:11:00,040 --> 00:11:03,120
But hunting prey that
knows you're here...
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00:11:04,120 --> 00:11:07,280
..requires something
truly remarkable.
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He creates...
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..a trap.
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00:11:39,720 --> 00:11:42,760
He digs down into the mud...
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..deep enough to hide
beneath the vegetation.
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Perfect camouflage.
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00:12:31,040 --> 00:12:35,040
He has built his trap
right on the water's edge...
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..so it's the first place that
thirsty deer will come to drink.
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00:13:04,840 --> 00:13:06,880
SQUAWKING
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These crocodiles
have learned to exploit
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the deer's desperate need
for freshwater.
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00:14:56,280 --> 00:15:00,520
Freshwater transforms not only
the lives of animals...
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00:15:02,280 --> 00:15:04,760
..but entire landscapes.
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Every year,
over a trillion litres of water
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flow into the Kalahari Desert.
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00:15:32,360 --> 00:15:37,040
It has travelled a thousand miles
from where it fell as rain.
80
00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:44,160
And on arrival...
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00:15:46,040 --> 00:15:48,880
..it turns the Kalahari...
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00:15:48,880 --> 00:15:52,040
..into a vast oasis.
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SQUAWKING
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The Okavango Delta.
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00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:29,520
These waters attract
millions of animals.
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00:16:38,280 --> 00:16:44,040
And for some, now is
the perfect time to raise a family.
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A lily-trotter.
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CRACKING
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00:17:05,520 --> 00:17:08,040
And he is a father...
CHIRPING
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..on duty.
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00:17:20,480 --> 00:17:22,520
SQUAWKING
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00:17:28,760 --> 00:17:30,880
He has not just one...
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00:17:32,640 --> 00:17:36,440
..but four newly-hatched chicks.
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00:17:52,040 --> 00:17:56,520
They won't be able to fly
for another six weeks...
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00:17:59,480 --> 00:18:04,040
..so, until then, he alone
is their protector.
96
00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:10,520
CHIRPING
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00:18:10,520 --> 00:18:14,760
Walking on water
is not straightforward...
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00:18:17,520 --> 00:18:22,240
..so he must show them how
to be a lily-trotter.
99
00:18:43,520 --> 00:18:47,520
The floodwaters make the perfect
training ground.
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00:19:03,680 --> 00:19:06,040
And in two weeks...
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..his chicks not only
double in size...
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..they grow in confidence.
103
00:19:26,040 --> 00:19:30,040
But this is a dangerous place
to stray.
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00:19:36,760 --> 00:19:39,040
SQUAWKING
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00:19:39,040 --> 00:19:41,480
He sounds the alarm,
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00:19:41,480 --> 00:19:44,760
and his chicks instantly freeze.
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00:19:46,760 --> 00:19:49,360
They can't yet fly to safety.
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00:19:52,360 --> 00:19:55,760
But there is one thing
he can do to protect them.
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SQUAWKING
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00:19:58,040 --> 00:20:00,280
And it's risky.
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00:20:00,280 --> 00:20:02,120
SQUAWKING
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00:20:03,120 --> 00:20:06,280
Get close enough to distract...
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00:20:07,520 --> 00:20:10,280
..and hopefully divert
the crocodile.
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00:20:13,640 --> 00:20:15,600
SQUAWKING
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00:20:29,480 --> 00:20:31,520
SQUAWKING
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00:20:40,760 --> 00:20:42,760
Mission accomplished.
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00:20:55,480 --> 00:20:57,520
SQUAWKING
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00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:00,040
He signals the all clear.
119
00:21:13,040 --> 00:21:15,520
But one chick is missing.
120
00:21:18,040 --> 00:21:20,080
SQUAWKING
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00:21:39,040 --> 00:21:41,520
His calls...
SQUAWKING
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00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:43,520
..go unanswered.
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00:22:37,040 --> 00:22:40,680
A little bedraggled
but alive and well.
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CHIRPING
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His chick just hadn't heard
his call.
126
00:22:51,760 --> 00:22:53,920
And when danger threatens,
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00:22:53,920 --> 00:22:57,280
its always better
to be safe than sorry.
128
00:23:25,520 --> 00:23:28,560
He's brought his chicks,
all four of them,
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00:23:28,560 --> 00:23:31,280
to the verge of independence.
130
00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:47,760
Whilst lily-trotters
are well adapted
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00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:50,200
to life in this flooded world...
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PANTING
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..these residents of the delta
are not.
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00:24:02,280 --> 00:24:04,320
HIGH-PITCHED BARKING
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00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:11,040
African painted dogs.
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00:24:14,280 --> 00:24:18,040
Normally, they are remarkably
successful hunters.
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00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:23,360
But this pack of five
hasn't eaten in days.
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00:24:23,360 --> 00:24:25,400
PANTING
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00:24:29,040 --> 00:24:32,360
Finding prey isn't the problem.
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00:24:39,280 --> 00:24:43,760
This herd of lechwe is only
a few hundred metres away.
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00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:52,040
But between them is deep water.
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00:25:06,040 --> 00:25:08,080
HIGH-PITCHED WHINING
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00:25:15,480 --> 00:25:17,120
GRUNTING
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00:25:17,120 --> 00:25:19,080
HIGH-PITCHED SQUEALS
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00:25:27,800 --> 00:25:30,760
It's not safe to cross here.
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LECHWE BARKS
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On dry land,
the dogs can run at over 40mph.
148
00:27:27,520 --> 00:27:32,520
But when threatened, lechwe always
seek the safety of water.
149
00:27:38,280 --> 00:27:41,640
With their splayed hooves
and long hind legs,
150
00:27:41,640 --> 00:27:44,280
they can power their way
through the water.
151
00:27:46,040 --> 00:27:48,400
The dogs can't.
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00:28:12,040 --> 00:28:16,320
The pack won't be able
to outswim the lechwe.
153
00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:18,360
PANTING
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00:28:19,360 --> 00:28:21,760
But they do have a strategy.
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The dogs drive the lechwe to
where they have the advantage.
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Back towards dry land.
157
00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:03,040
Now the pack can regain lost ground.
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00:29:50,640 --> 00:29:56,040
Success today, but tomorrow
the pack will need to hunt again.
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00:29:59,760 --> 00:30:01,480
In the Okavango,
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00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:07,040
animals must always adapt to the
coming and going of freshwater.
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00:30:11,760 --> 00:30:16,760
But there are a few rare places,
as here in Lake Malawi,
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where freshwater has lain
for millions of years.
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And that has enabled life to evolve
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00:30:26,520 --> 00:30:30,760
into a dazzling diversity
of species.
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00:30:37,440 --> 00:30:41,040
There are over a thousand
different kinds of fish here...
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..more than any other lake on Earth.
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00:30:56,040 --> 00:31:00,280
Competition in these waters
is intense.
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00:31:22,920 --> 00:31:27,280
Meet Nimbochromis livingstonii.
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00:31:30,520 --> 00:31:32,800
A master of deception
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00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:37,040
that tricks other fish
into thinking it's dead.
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Its mottled colouration
mimics decaying flesh.
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But to appear dead...
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..one must at least...
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..act dead.
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00:32:05,520 --> 00:32:08,680
This juvenile is fooling no-one.
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00:32:13,840 --> 00:32:18,040
Perhaps faking his death
will be more believable.
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Blown it.
178
00:32:56,040 --> 00:32:59,040
A more subtle performance
will be needed.
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00:33:12,280 --> 00:33:14,880
This is more convincing.
180
00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:30,280
But his aim must be better
than that.
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Nearly.
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It seems he's overstayed
his welcome.
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In a final effort...
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00:34:24,880 --> 00:34:28,280
..he appears to even
hold his breath.
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Success at last.
186
00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:15,520
All it took was a million years
of evolution...
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00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:29,040
..and the unique stability
of this ancient lake.
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Off the western coast
of Equatorial Africa
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lies the volcanic island of Bioko.
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RUMBLE OF THUNDER
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Freshwater here has
a turbulent nature.
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Few venture into such waters,
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00:36:39,520 --> 00:36:44,040
but for those that do,
there can be great rewards.
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After months feeding and growing
out at sea,
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these gobies are ready to breed.
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And the safest place
to lay their eggs
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is somewhere that
ocean predators can't reach.
198
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The top of this waterfall.
199
00:37:14,280 --> 00:37:17,760
Surely an impossible journey
for a fish.
200
00:37:21,760 --> 00:37:27,160
But over the coming days,
the gobies transform themselves.
201
00:37:30,280 --> 00:37:32,120
They change colour.
202
00:37:37,040 --> 00:37:43,040
Their mouth rotates and acts
like a kind of suction cup...
203
00:37:44,520 --> 00:37:47,040
..which they will certainly need.
204
00:37:52,520 --> 00:37:56,560
Because the only way...is up.
205
00:38:17,760 --> 00:38:21,040
It is 30 metres to the top.
206
00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:31,080
They are only an inch long.
207
00:38:34,040 --> 00:38:38,520
This is the equivalent of
a human being scaling a waterfall
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over a mile high.
209
00:38:50,040 --> 00:38:52,760
Millions attempt the climb...
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00:38:54,040 --> 00:38:57,680
..but less than 1% will make it.
211
00:39:07,280 --> 00:39:10,840
This goby has been
climbing for days.
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00:39:19,280 --> 00:39:21,000
Made it!
213
00:39:25,360 --> 00:39:29,760
Those that reach the top
can now prepare to breed.
214
00:39:33,040 --> 00:39:38,280
And when the time comes, their young
will be washed back out to sea.
215
00:39:59,280 --> 00:40:02,040
The extraordinary power
of flowing water
216
00:40:02,040 --> 00:40:05,520
makes it our planet's
greatest architect.
217
00:40:26,040 --> 00:40:30,520
This may look like the surface
of an alien planet...
218
00:40:43,520 --> 00:40:49,200
..but these strange patterns
are channels of freshwater...
219
00:40:51,360 --> 00:40:53,760
.flowing towards the sea.
220
00:41:08,040 --> 00:41:11,040
For 3.8 billion years,
221
00:41:11,040 --> 00:41:13,920
ever since the first rains fell...
222
00:41:15,280 --> 00:41:18,680
..freshwater has been
making this journey.
223
00:41:34,280 --> 00:41:39,040
But today, two thirds
of our world's great rivers
224
00:41:39,040 --> 00:41:41,680
no longer reach the sea.
225
00:41:53,880 --> 00:41:57,720
CREAKING
226
00:42:14,040 --> 00:42:18,280
There is a finite amount
of freshwater on Earth...
227
00:42:30,520 --> 00:42:34,360
..so humans have devised
extraordinary means
228
00:42:34,360 --> 00:42:40,040
to ensure that it is always
available to meet our every demand.
229
00:42:50,320 --> 00:42:53,520
We now control freshwater...
230
00:42:55,040 --> 00:42:57,280
..on a colossal scale.
231
00:43:02,040 --> 00:43:05,040
The largest irrigation system
on Earth
232
00:43:05,040 --> 00:43:08,440
has been built here in Pakistan.
233
00:43:09,960 --> 00:43:14,000
HORNS BLARE
234
00:43:17,520 --> 00:43:21,360
A vast network of dams and canals...
235
00:43:24,040 --> 00:43:28,520
..that diverts and drains
the great Indus River.
236
00:43:34,520 --> 00:43:39,280
It's used to irrigate an area
the size of England.
237
00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:46,880
This man-made freshwater world
238
00:43:46,880 --> 00:43:49,760
provides water and a livelihood
239
00:43:49,760 --> 00:43:52,000
for millions of people...
240
00:43:52,000 --> 00:43:54,080
LAUGHTER
241
00:43:56,160 --> 00:43:59,960
CHATTER
242
00:43:59,960 --> 00:44:03,760
..but at a cost
to the natural world.
243
00:44:03,760 --> 00:44:07,360
CHATTER
244
00:44:16,520 --> 00:44:22,040
A rare creature has become stranded
in this irrigation canal.
245
00:44:25,520 --> 00:44:28,480
And the water will soon be gone,
246
00:44:28,480 --> 00:44:32,040
used to supply the surrounding land.
247
00:44:38,280 --> 00:44:43,280
Endangered, they number fewer
than 2,000 individuals.
248
00:44:48,760 --> 00:44:51,360
An Indus river dolphin.
249
00:44:52,920 --> 00:44:57,120
CHATTER, YELLING
250
00:45:05,280 --> 00:45:11,040
This female dolphin is 150 miles
from the main river.
251
00:45:14,760 --> 00:45:17,400
She can't return on her own,
252
00:45:17,400 --> 00:45:22,520
so the only option is for
this rescue team to take her.
253
00:45:22,520 --> 00:45:26,680
CHATTER
254
00:45:34,520 --> 00:45:37,600
CHATTER CONTINUES
255
00:45:46,520 --> 00:45:50,360
Out of water,
she cannot survive for long.
256
00:45:50,360 --> 00:45:54,360
CHATTER
257
00:45:57,040 --> 00:46:00,440
The journey back to the river
will take hours.
258
00:46:00,440 --> 00:46:05,160
CHATTER
259
00:46:10,040 --> 00:46:14,760
Her life now depends
on these people.
260
00:46:36,040 --> 00:46:39,480
SIREN WAILS
261
00:47:33,160 --> 00:47:38,680
CHATTER
262
00:48:05,760 --> 00:48:11,560
Nearly 30 dolphins had to be
rescued in one month alone.
263
00:48:41,760 --> 00:48:46,280
Freshwater is not only
a resource for humans.
264
00:48:52,280 --> 00:48:57,040
It is the home for
countless species
265
00:48:57,040 --> 00:49:02,200
that simply cannot survive
without it.
266
00:49:21,040 --> 00:49:24,800
Freshwater is the lifeblood
267
00:49:24,800 --> 00:49:27,280
of Planet Earth.
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To film the story of the most
endangered freshwater dolphin,
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the Planet Earth team joined the
world's leading expert - Uzma Khan.
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The first time I saw Indus dolphin,
I was just amazed.
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It's a beautiful creature, you know,
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it's like love at first sight.
It's so unique.
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Uzma has been studying
the last remaining population
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for over 20 years.
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There's a dolphin that surfaced
just right there.
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Indus river dolphin
can only live in freshwater.
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It is only found in Pakistan
and nowhere else.
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And we only have about 2,000
of them left in the Indus River.
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So, you know, each individual
is special.
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Following the dolphins in the murky
water is extremely challenging.
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They only surface for a split second
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and that makes protecting them
difficult, too.
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Their greatest threat is becoming
trapped in the irrigation canals.
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But Uzma may have a solution,
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and teams up with a rescue unit...
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..to attempt something
never done before.
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This is the first time
we'll be putting satellite tags
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on river dolphins in Asia.
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Sensors has not been tested
on this species,
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there's a little bit of anxiety,
but if they work,
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then it's going to be a breakthrough
for conservation.
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SIREN WAILS
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Uzma has been developing
a suitable tag for over ten years
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and hopes it will help her
collect critical data
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on how the dolphins are moving
through the dams and canals.
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But in order to tag, she will
first need a successful rescue.
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CHATTER
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I'm usually very concerned
when a rescue is happening.
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You know, the divers,
they are very experienced,
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but a part of me is always
very worried.
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They are wild animals
that have never been handled.
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It's really quite a risky thing
that they're undertaking here.
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There's a good chance
the dolphin might die.
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But, of course, they're balancing
that against the fact
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that they definitely will die
if they stay in here,
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so it's a risk they have to take.
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CHATTER
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Have they got the dolphin?
Yeah, I think so. They've got it.
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Now speed is key.
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CHATTER
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We're now bombing across the field
on the way to the release site,
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and I think Uzma went ahead of us,
so I'm really hopeful
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that she'll get her opportunity
to tag the dolphin.
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SIREN WAILS
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But rescue missions
don't always go to plan.
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LOUD RELEASE OF AIR
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A puncture.
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The dolphin is quickly moved
to the film crew's truck.
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ANXIOUS CHATTER
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But with no roof for shelter,
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the dolphin is at greater risk
of dehydration.
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The stakes are high, even right now.
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It's a cute little animal
and we don't want it to die.
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The team re-route
to the closest release site.
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There can be no more delay.
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Uzma calls off the tagging.
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It's unfortunate
because we were all prepared,
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we were very excited since morning,
all geared up,
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but hopefully we'll get an
opportunity to tag the next rescue.
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A few days later,
Uzma finally gets her chance.
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It's a very exciting day for us.
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It's OK.
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The moment that we have been
waiting for, over ten years.
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Just stay calm.
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OK, it's good to go.
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Congratulations.
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Well done.
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I am very happy, very happy.
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I think it's a great accomplishment.
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It's the happiest moment of my life.
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APPLAUSE
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Within a few weeks, the tags begin
to reveal some new insights.
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They are moving quite a lot,
which we never expected.
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So one of the dolphins actually
went about 46km upstream
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from the release site, and the
other thing is that we thought
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that they will stay
in the main river stream,
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but they are using side channels.
It is extremely interesting.
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Tracking the movement
of the tagged dolphins
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will help Uzma better understand
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when and where
they become trapped...
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..helping safeguard the future
of this most endangered animal.
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Next time...
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..forests.
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A hidden world...
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CHIRPING
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..where lives are
intimately entwined...
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..in the most unexpected ways.
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Habitat Explorer brings animals
and their habitats to life.
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00:57:37,240 --> 00:57:40,880
Explore this free interactive
and make origami animals.
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00:57:40,880 --> 00:57:44,680
Go to bbc.co.uk/planetearth3
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and follow the links
to the Open University.
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Or to order a free printed version,
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00:57:49,520 --> 00:57:52,760
visit the website or call
the number on the screen.
26757
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