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Have you ever been
to a labour exchange?
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You know, the last time
I went there,
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I was paid my money by a Sikh.
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A Sikh, sitting there with his
turban and a bangle
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on his hand.
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Now, I was three years
with the Indian army in India.
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I was three years in India
in civilian life.
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Erm, I got on well with
Sikhs, Hindus,
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the whole lot of them.
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But to walk into a British
labour exchange
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and find you're being paid
out your money by a Sikh...
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These are the people, that in my
small way, I helped train
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and educate...
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..erm... To go into labour
exchange is not
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00:00:59,720 --> 00:01:01,960
a very edifying experience at all.
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You know, you change into your
old clothes to go
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to the labour exchange, you know?
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But you've got to go.
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Edgar Mittelholzer had come
to England in the 1950s
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from British Guiana.
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But he had become
a best-selling novelist.
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What Mittelholzer wrote about
was violence...
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..the violence and the racism
that had been at the heart
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of the European empires.
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Mittelholzer believed that
it still haunted the minds
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of those who had ruled the empires.
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One of his most famous stories,
My Bones and My Flute,
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is about a group of colonialists
who travel up a river
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into the jungle in Guyana.
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They're searching for the remains
of a giant slave rebellion
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in the past, guided
by an old manuscript.
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But anyone who reads the manuscript
starts to hear the distant sound
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00:02:05,360 --> 00:02:07,398
of a flute...
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..and they change.
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They become possessed by something
that is reaching out
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from the jungle and working its way
into their minds.
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It is the anger and the fear
of the slave owner who put
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00:02:19,920 --> 00:02:21,360
down the rebellion.
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And it will not let them escape.
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00:02:27,280 --> 00:02:31,238
And Mittelholzer himself became
angry with England.
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00:02:31,240 --> 00:02:34,360
He saw it as a decaying,
corrupted country.
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I feel we've reached the stage,
you know, when we have become
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so soft, you know, so effete,
in other words,
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so effete, that we feel that,
well, even criminals...
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..erm, must be mollycoddled.
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And you feel so strongly
that you are prepared to go
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as far as to say that... Yes.
..there are human beings
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who should be categorised
as vermin.
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As vermin, exactly, quite.
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Anyone who is guilty of violence
on the human person and property,
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should be considered as human
vermin, and eradicated.
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I know it's a rather, it's a
violent thing to advocate,
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00:03:06,200 --> 00:03:09,440
but I can't see any other cure
to the crime problem.
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Every evening, he sat with his wife
in his house in Surrey,
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listening to the music of Wagner.
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Until one night, Mittelholzer walked
up the hill by his house,
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poured paraffin over himself...
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..and set himself alight.
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He burned to death.
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The anger and the fear had reached
out to the colonised too.
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In 1966, engineers monitoring
Chinese television
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from a mountain in Hong Kong, began
to realise that something unusual
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was happening in Beijing.
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China was sealed off from the
rest of the world.
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But what they saw were hundreds
of thousands of people streaming
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00:04:06,200 --> 00:04:09,320
in from other cities
and the countryside.
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By August 11th, 1.5 million
people had assembled
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in Tiananmen Square.
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Most of them were students
or schoolchildren.
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Then, Mao Zedong appeared
on the balcony above them.
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SINGING AND CHANTING
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Mao Zedong and his wife,
Jiang Qing, had unleashed
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a new force in China.
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These were what Mao called,
"The little devils of youth."
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He told them that they were going
to save the revolution.
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Their job was to go and seek out
the demons and the monsters
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who were corrupting the revolution.
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"No-one should be safe," he said,
"They should all be torn
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"down and smashed to pulp."
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The new revolutionaries gave
themselves a name,
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the Red Guards.
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Jiang Qing now had great power.
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She saw herself as equal to Mao.
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But she was convinced that the
threat to the revolution
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also came from inside
people's minds.
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She knew that even though China had
gone through a revolution,
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little had changed inside the heads
of millions of the people -
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including those in power.
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They still believed in a rigid
hierarchy.
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She had been scorned as a woman
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by the other revolutionaries
around Mao.
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They had done anything they could
to stop her.
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Jiang Qing had rewritten old Chinese
operas into epic melodramas
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about the need to challenge and
destroy the old order.
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All the old figures of authority
were banished.
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00:06:02,320 --> 00:06:05,998
Instead, the ordinary people,
including women,
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took centre stage.
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They were performed to millions
of young Red Guards,
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00:06:12,200 --> 00:06:14,438
and in talks before the
performances,
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Jiang Qing told the audience how
what they were about to watch
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were heroes awakening
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and realising that they could
take control.
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MUSIC PLAYS
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Till today, I still vividly remember
the first time
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I saw the revolutionary play.
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I was about 14 or 13 years old...
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..and there was a rush of emotion,
of identity.
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I was so excited.
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Suddenly...
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I saw those plays after Jiang Qing's
talk that night.
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And suddenly what she was saying
made sense to me,
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that there was a fundamental
difference
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00:07:12,360 --> 00:07:15,720
between the revolutionary art
and the traditional art.
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There was something in the play
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00:07:18,520 --> 00:07:21,998
about the working-class emotions
and working-class world outlook,
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and just the flamboyance of the
working-class figure
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00:07:25,360 --> 00:07:27,558
on stage, moved me.
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That is my society.
That's my life.
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That's the people I see.
That's the people I live with.
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And they're on stage.
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Mao and Jiang Qing suspended all
schools and universities,
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which released 120 million students,
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who were then sent out to find
and destroy
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the demons that were hiding among
those in authority.
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TRANSLATION: Our teachers were often
paraded through the streets,
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and we made them chant,
"I'm a demon, I'm a devil.
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"I deserve to die."
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00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:02,040
That's the song, and they had to
sing it.
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00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:05,358
And they all sang.
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00:08:05,360 --> 00:08:08,240
Whoever didn't, got beaten up -
some very badly.
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00:08:09,360 --> 00:08:11,518
We used our belts
to whip them.
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00:08:11,520 --> 00:08:13,080
Some people used sticks.
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00:08:14,080 --> 00:08:16,998
And the mother of this teacher
was pushed over a bridge
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and fell to her death.
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SINGING
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Horst Mahler had been born in what
was now East Germany.
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00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:06,520
His father had been a fervent Nazi
and an anti-Semite.
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00:09:07,840 --> 00:09:09,198
In 1945,
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00:09:09,200 --> 00:09:12,320
his family fled across Germany from
the approaching Red Army.
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Then his father committed suicide.
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00:09:17,520 --> 00:09:19,678
Mahler grew up in West Berlin,
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00:09:19,680 --> 00:09:21,198
and everything was buried.
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00:09:21,200 --> 00:09:23,040
DRIVER: Bitte, alle aussteigen.
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00:09:24,920 --> 00:09:28,998
In 1964, Mahler joined a new group
called the APO -
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00:09:29,000 --> 00:09:31,160
the Extra-Parliamentary Opposition.
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00:09:32,800 --> 00:09:35,638
They knew that many of those
in charge of the country
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had been senior members of the
Nazi Party.
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00:09:39,840 --> 00:09:41,838
But no-one talked about it.
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00:09:41,840 --> 00:09:44,918
They wanted to expose the Nazi
crimes of those in charge...
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CHANTING
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..and challenge their control
of the country.
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00:09:48,960 --> 00:09:52,558
There was the memory knocking
at the door,
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and we asked our parents and our
grandfathers,
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00:09:56,600 --> 00:09:58,998
"What did you do all this time?
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00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:03,678
"Did you resist or had you been a
little Nazi?
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00:10:03,680 --> 00:10:06,438
"Or had you been an opportunist?"
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00:10:06,440 --> 00:10:07,998
And...
HE CLEARS HIS THROAT
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..this discussion was blocked by the
elder generation.
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00:10:13,320 --> 00:10:16,158
And so it became hostile.
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SHOUTING
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The student movement was astonished
by the violent reaction
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00:10:22,640 --> 00:10:24,000
of the German government.
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00:10:25,760 --> 00:10:29,638
And Horst Mahler and other radicals
began to think that the problem
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00:10:29,640 --> 00:10:32,200
was far deeper than just
individual Nazis.
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00:10:34,440 --> 00:10:37,800
That maybe the whole Nazi system
had also survived...
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00:10:39,240 --> 00:10:43,040
..and was hiding behind the facade
of modern capitalism.
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00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:50,558
They argued that the very system
of industrial rationality
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00:10:50,560 --> 00:10:53,918
and bureaucratic control that had
made the Nazi state
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00:10:53,920 --> 00:10:56,440
so efficient, had simply mutated.
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00:10:58,320 --> 00:11:00,998
It had been taken up by
the victors -
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00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:03,198
above all by America -
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00:11:03,200 --> 00:11:07,118
and was now being used to run the
new global capitalism
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00:11:07,120 --> 00:11:08,998
and the multinational corporations
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00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:12,320
that were ruthlessly exploiting what
was called the Third World.
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00:11:14,640 --> 00:11:17,800
Anything that stood in the system's
way was bombed or burnt...
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00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:23,238
..with weapons created by the same
rational industrial techniques
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00:11:23,240 --> 00:11:25,000
that made the mass-consumer goods.
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00:11:27,480 --> 00:11:30,638
But the people in the West
couldn't see this,
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00:11:30,640 --> 00:11:33,078
because they have been led into
a dream world
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00:11:33,080 --> 00:11:36,198
that used mass consumerism and
sexualized imagery
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to entrance and distract everyone.
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00:11:39,200 --> 00:11:40,798
Und zauberhaft schon.
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00:11:40,800 --> 00:11:43,478
Die randlosen Strumpfhosen...
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00:11:43,480 --> 00:11:46,398
In reality, it was an iron cage
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00:11:46,400 --> 00:11:50,238
designed to look like an open
and free welfare state -
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00:11:50,240 --> 00:11:55,358
a full state of peace that was built
really on horror and war.
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00:11:55,360 --> 00:11:59,998
We were convinced that our
situation here,
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00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:01,400
the welfare state...
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00:12:02,480 --> 00:12:04,800
..is only possible - and a
result -
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00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:09,398
- by the exploitation of the
Third World.
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00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:13,998
And we said we must disturb
this peace,
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00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:17,598
this false peace in our country
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00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:20,758
in order to show the responsibility
of us,
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00:12:20,760 --> 00:12:25,198
that it is our task to implement
sabotage
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00:12:25,200 --> 00:12:27,040
in the centres of imperialism.
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00:12:35,760 --> 00:12:36,998
Hey, black power.
198
00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:38,918
What's the reaction to your arrest,
Mr Brown?
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00:12:38,920 --> 00:12:40,998
Of course, racist America has done
it again.
200
00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:44,758
But that's not going to end the
burning in Detroit, brother,
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00:12:44,760 --> 00:12:47,158
because we built the country up and
we'll burn it down,
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00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:48,398
honkies and all.
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00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:50,518
Mr Brown, did you tell them to
burn down that school?
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00:12:50,520 --> 00:12:53,118
Be serious, I ain't got to tell
black folks what to burn.
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00:12:53,120 --> 00:12:54,878
Did you tell them to shoot
Lady Bird?
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00:12:54,880 --> 00:12:56,758
Did I tell them to burn down
Detroit?
207
00:12:56,760 --> 00:12:59,518
Did I tell America to bring black
people here?
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00:12:59,520 --> 00:13:01,638
Did you tell them to shoot
at Lady Bird?
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00:13:01,640 --> 00:13:03,918
I say, if they give me a gun and
tell me to shoot my enemy,
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00:13:03,920 --> 00:13:05,198
I might shoot you.
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00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:07,958
Where have you been since the other
night, Mr Brown? OK, let's go.
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00:13:07,960 --> 00:13:09,520
Oh, well.
213
00:13:16,160 --> 00:13:17,478
Nonviolence is OK,
214
00:13:17,480 --> 00:13:19,158
but you get nowhere with
nonviolence.
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00:13:19,160 --> 00:13:20,478
I like violence.
216
00:13:20,480 --> 00:13:22,878
Malcolm X started but didn't
finish.
217
00:13:22,880 --> 00:13:25,638
Malcolm X said, you know, the idea.
218
00:13:25,640 --> 00:13:28,678
He rooted it in the minds of
many blacks.
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00:13:28,680 --> 00:13:31,518
He really started the ball rolling.
220
00:13:31,520 --> 00:13:35,720
You feel that violence is necessary
in order to get rid of...
221
00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:39,318
..what you would call the
oppression?
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00:13:39,320 --> 00:13:41,278
It wouldn't get rid of it.
223
00:13:41,280 --> 00:13:44,878
But it will open, you know, some of
whiteys eyes to say,
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00:13:44,880 --> 00:13:46,358
"Well, you know, we're not joking.
225
00:13:46,360 --> 00:13:48,598
"We really mean what we say."
226
00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:51,198
Do you find yourself really hating
white people?
227
00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:53,160
Hm, yes.
228
00:13:56,520 --> 00:13:58,758
Some people hold grudges,
and I do.
229
00:13:58,760 --> 00:13:59,998
Look how they treat...
230
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:03,238
How many floors did my
great-grandmother scrub, you know?
231
00:14:03,240 --> 00:14:05,838
How many babies did she take care of
that weren't hers?
232
00:14:05,840 --> 00:14:07,998
You know, stuff like that.
233
00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:10,360
And I'm just one of those people
that holds things.
234
00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:18,438
Alice Faye Williams had been born
in North Carolina.
235
00:14:18,440 --> 00:14:20,638
She had run away from home
when she was young
236
00:14:20,640 --> 00:14:23,718
because she was frightened of her
violent father,
237
00:14:23,720 --> 00:14:25,800
and she came to New York
when she was 15.
238
00:14:27,520 --> 00:14:30,920
She managed to get a place to study
at the School of Performing Arts.
239
00:14:32,960 --> 00:14:36,318
Then, one day,
on 125th Street in Harlem,
240
00:14:36,320 --> 00:14:38,798
she listened to a speech by
Bobby Seale,
241
00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:40,880
one of the leaders of the
Black Panthers.
242
00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:47,998
The Black Panthers believed that
the only way to stop racism
243
00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:51,000
in America was for black people
to get power.
244
00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:55,318
Simply changing the law was
not enough.
245
00:14:55,320 --> 00:14:58,118
The anger and the fear
remained hidden away
246
00:14:58,120 --> 00:14:59,880
in millions of people's minds.
247
00:15:04,080 --> 00:15:06,678
The solution was Black Power,
248
00:15:06,680 --> 00:15:08,878
and the first person
to articulate this
249
00:15:08,880 --> 00:15:10,278
was Stokely Carmichael
250
00:15:10,280 --> 00:15:12,798
on a civil rights march
in Mississippi
251
00:15:12,800 --> 00:15:17,278
on one day when the more moderate
Martin Luther King was absent.
252
00:15:17,280 --> 00:15:19,438
So I just made a speech
building up to it,
253
00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:21,278
building up, building up,
building up,
254
00:15:21,280 --> 00:15:23,998
showing that it wasn't
a question of morality.
255
00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:26,118
It wasn't a question
of being good or bad.
256
00:15:26,120 --> 00:15:28,078
It was simply a question of power,
257
00:15:28,080 --> 00:15:30,678
and the way black people
had no power,
258
00:15:30,680 --> 00:15:32,678
and we had to have some power.
259
00:15:32,680 --> 00:15:36,878
Only type of power
we could have is Black Power.
260
00:15:36,880 --> 00:15:38,118
Black Power.
261
00:15:38,120 --> 00:15:39,838
We want Black Power.
262
00:15:39,840 --> 00:15:41,918
CROWD CHEERS
We want Black Power.
263
00:15:41,920 --> 00:15:45,238
We want Black Power. Black Power!
264
00:15:45,240 --> 00:15:48,998
We want Black Power.
We want Black Power.
265
00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:51,038
We want Black Power.
CROWD CHANTS: Black Power!
266
00:15:51,040 --> 00:15:52,998
We want Black Power. Black Power!
267
00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:54,958
That's right,
that's what we want, Black Power.
268
00:15:54,960 --> 00:15:58,280
They responded immediately,
in a healthy manner.
269
00:15:59,680 --> 00:16:02,118
Dr King came back the next day,
270
00:16:02,120 --> 00:16:03,958
but it was too late then.
271
00:16:03,960 --> 00:16:06,000
Black Power had been established.
272
00:16:09,360 --> 00:16:13,158
Alice Williams decided
to join the Black Panthers.
273
00:16:13,160 --> 00:16:17,598
She became a member of a new chapter
that had been set up in Harlem,
274
00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:20,920
and she changed her name
to Afeni Shakur.
275
00:16:23,040 --> 00:16:25,640
She later explained
what the Panthers meant for her.
276
00:16:26,920 --> 00:16:30,878
"For the first time," she said,
"there was now something I could do
277
00:16:30,880 --> 00:16:34,240
"with all this aggression
and all this fear inside me.
278
00:16:37,120 --> 00:16:40,438
"The Panther Party at that time
took my rage
279
00:16:40,440 --> 00:16:43,278
"and channelled it against THEM,
280
00:16:43,280 --> 00:16:46,078
"instead of against us.
281
00:16:46,080 --> 00:16:49,678
"They educated my mind
and gave me direction.
282
00:16:49,680 --> 00:16:52,760
"And with that direction came hope."
283
00:16:55,680 --> 00:17:00,398
CHANTING: We want justice!
We want justice!
284
00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:04,318
OFFICER SPEAKS INDISTINCTLY
285
00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:07,078
There's a line in there, now.
Fucking get her out of here.
286
00:17:07,080 --> 00:17:08,478
I'm trying.
287
00:17:08,480 --> 00:17:11,200
PROTESTER SCREAMS
288
00:17:13,560 --> 00:17:15,198
Watch out behind you now.
289
00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:18,558
You men!
He's trying to...
290
00:17:18,560 --> 00:17:20,560
GUNSHOTS
291
00:17:21,640 --> 00:17:23,798
GUNSHOTS
292
00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:27,078
HORN HONKS
293
00:17:27,080 --> 00:17:28,838
See anybody?
294
00:17:28,840 --> 00:17:29,918
Oh, there were...
295
00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:32,598
I saw in the precinct
a number of men and women
296
00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:33,838
being brought in.
297
00:17:33,840 --> 00:17:36,238
I had contact with some of the women
298
00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:38,278
when we were in the precinct,
299
00:17:38,280 --> 00:17:40,198
and they were also beaten.
300
00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:43,998
Some had black eyes,
some had swollen lips and so forth.
301
00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:47,438
And from what most of them said,
they were just walking
302
00:17:47,440 --> 00:17:51,878
along the street and most of them
were pushed or hit with a club.
303
00:17:51,880 --> 00:17:55,638
And when they protested the fact
that they were being hit
304
00:17:55,640 --> 00:17:59,038
for nothing, then they were beaten
and arrested.
305
00:17:59,040 --> 00:18:02,838
We teach children
that the policeman is a friend.
306
00:18:02,840 --> 00:18:07,038
In Harlem, however - although
I know that there are policemen
307
00:18:07,040 --> 00:18:10,598
who are friendly and
kind and decent and fair -
308
00:18:10,600 --> 00:18:13,438
this type of policeman
is a rare thing.
309
00:18:13,440 --> 00:18:14,680
Eh?
310
00:18:16,640 --> 00:18:18,080
You don't scare me, mate.
311
00:18:19,520 --> 00:18:22,198
I do shows in aid
of people like you.
312
00:18:22,200 --> 00:18:24,958
ROARING LAUGHTER
313
00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:27,400
APPLAUSE
314
00:18:39,120 --> 00:18:41,798
Michael de Freitas
had been a gangster.
315
00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:43,478
He had worked as an enforcer
316
00:18:43,480 --> 00:18:45,840
for the notorious slum landlord
Peter Rachman.
317
00:18:47,280 --> 00:18:49,520
But now he wanted
to be a revolutionary.
318
00:18:51,200 --> 00:18:52,438
Then, one day, he met
319
00:18:52,440 --> 00:18:54,798
the American black leader
Malcolm X,
320
00:18:54,800 --> 00:18:56,280
who was on a tour of England.
321
00:18:57,400 --> 00:18:59,800
They began to travel
around the country together.
322
00:19:01,080 --> 00:19:04,518
When they arrived in Birmingham,
the hotel receptionist thought
323
00:19:04,520 --> 00:19:07,838
that Michael de Freitas
was Malcolm X's brother,
324
00:19:07,840 --> 00:19:10,440
and he called him Michael X.
325
00:19:12,040 --> 00:19:14,318
De Freitas decided that,
in the future,
326
00:19:14,320 --> 00:19:17,238
this was going to be
his revolutionary name
327
00:19:17,240 --> 00:19:20,640
and he was going to lead
a revolution in Britain.
328
00:19:22,360 --> 00:19:25,438
Michael X soon became famous.
329
00:19:25,440 --> 00:19:28,438
I would hate to be described
as a politician
330
00:19:28,440 --> 00:19:31,518
because they are all such liars
and thieves.
331
00:19:31,520 --> 00:19:35,318
If I'm going to deal in the realms
of that type of public relations,
332
00:19:35,320 --> 00:19:38,278
I'd rather think of myself in terms
of being a statesman,
333
00:19:38,280 --> 00:19:41,838
which is an art that this country
has long since forgotten,
334
00:19:41,840 --> 00:19:43,998
like we have no statesmen today.
335
00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:46,198
I'm probably the only one
in the country.
336
00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:50,558
Unfortunately, we find
that the people of pale pigmentation
337
00:19:50,560 --> 00:19:55,398
are people who are so barbaric -
like, for instance, right now,
338
00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:59,398
this country, which is run
by those type of people,
339
00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:03,158
have got more weapons of destruction
340
00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:06,798
to create...to destroy
the entire world.
341
00:20:06,800 --> 00:20:09,598
And they are so savage,
they are building even more.
342
00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:11,880
You see, the British
are such a strange people.
343
00:20:13,240 --> 00:20:16,958
Many of Michael X's supporters
were the young white radicals
344
00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:19,158
who had moved into Notting Hill,
345
00:20:19,160 --> 00:20:22,478
into the very houses that he
and the gangster Peter Rachman
346
00:20:22,480 --> 00:20:24,200
had run ten years before.
347
00:20:26,600 --> 00:20:30,078
Because Michael was an outsider,
the white radicals believed
348
00:20:30,080 --> 00:20:32,920
that he could see the system
for what it really was.
349
00:20:34,920 --> 00:20:36,998
Like all revolutionaries
before them,
350
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:39,958
they had tried to appeal
to the white working class
351
00:20:39,960 --> 00:20:42,160
and get them to rise up
against the system.
352
00:20:43,600 --> 00:20:45,758
But no-one seemed to be interested.
353
00:20:45,760 --> 00:20:47,198
And what we've been talking
354
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:50,038
about here today
is the problem of racialism
355
00:20:50,040 --> 00:20:53,318
and the problem
of the attack by the government
356
00:20:53,320 --> 00:20:56,518
and by the employers
on working people's conditions.
357
00:20:56,520 --> 00:21:00,398
The radicals decided that this was
because the ordinary people
358
00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:04,718
had been brainwashed by the media
and by consumerism
359
00:21:04,720 --> 00:21:08,760
and turned into what their theory
called one-dimensional creatures.
360
00:21:10,920 --> 00:21:13,278
Which meant that they were
the wrong kind of person
361
00:21:13,280 --> 00:21:14,600
to start a revolution with.
362
00:21:19,120 --> 00:21:21,798
Their whole mind is, you know,
like a cabbage. They're suppressed,
363
00:21:21,800 --> 00:21:23,798
they can't do
exactly what they want,
364
00:21:23,800 --> 00:21:25,118
they haven't got any freedom,
365
00:21:25,120 --> 00:21:27,518
they haven't got any freedom
to do exactly what they want
366
00:21:27,520 --> 00:21:30,118
under the system. I mean, we
certainly do. What is freedom?
367
00:21:30,120 --> 00:21:34,438
Well, being able to express yourself
in whichever way you feel is right.
368
00:21:34,440 --> 00:21:36,838
But I think it's not only the system
that's wrong.
369
00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:38,480
I think it's the people
that's wrong.
370
00:21:40,240 --> 00:21:44,520
JOYFUL SINGING
371
00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:11,398
Would you be interested in working
every night for me?
372
00:22:11,400 --> 00:22:14,238
Um... Yes, possibly
every night, yes.
373
00:22:14,240 --> 00:22:16,718
Fine. Well, you know, if you do us
well, we'll get the band to play it.
374
00:22:16,720 --> 00:22:18,798
Anything in particular
you'd like us to play?
375
00:22:18,800 --> 00:22:20,318
Anything at all. Anything at all?
376
00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:22,320
Would you? Yeah,
if you'd like to come...
377
00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:58,998
# When I was waiting in the bar,
where were you?
378
00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:01,598
# When I was pouring you a drink,
where were you?
379
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:04,520
# When I was crying at home in bed,
where were you?
380
00:23:09,880 --> 00:23:13,598
# I wanna talk to you all night
Do you like me?
381
00:23:13,600 --> 00:23:16,678
# I wanna find out about your life
And do you like me?
382
00:23:16,680 --> 00:23:19,800
# Could you ever be my wife?
Do you like me? #
383
00:23:23,440 --> 00:23:26,680
MUSIC DISTORTS INTO EERIE DRONES
384
00:23:34,880 --> 00:23:37,798
But one evening,
after making a speech in Reading,
385
00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:39,480
Michael X was arrested...
386
00:23:40,440 --> 00:23:42,278
..and he was sent to prison
for ten months
387
00:23:42,280 --> 00:23:44,080
for inciting racial hatred.
388
00:23:46,680 --> 00:23:50,958
The MP Enoch Powell had also made
a speech at the same time,
389
00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:53,558
violently attacking immigrants.
390
00:23:53,560 --> 00:23:57,038
He wasn't charged
and he carried on being an MP...
391
00:23:57,040 --> 00:23:59,438
CHEERS AND APPLAUSE
392
00:23:59,440 --> 00:24:02,398
..which Michael X said
rather proved his point
393
00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:04,640
about the racism
underlying the country.
394
00:24:06,320 --> 00:24:07,958
GUNFIRE
395
00:24:07,960 --> 00:24:10,360
WHIRRING
396
00:24:14,360 --> 00:24:16,320
BELL RINGS
397
00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:32,240
SHOUTING
398
00:24:38,040 --> 00:24:40,240
YELLING, GUNSHOTS
399
00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:11,520
I'm telling you!
Don't make me come walking...
400
00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:22,238
Certainly no-one is going
to tell you not to think
401
00:25:22,240 --> 00:25:25,398
what you honestly believe,
but I think maybe...
402
00:25:25,400 --> 00:25:27,598
..maybe you should re-examine
403
00:25:27,600 --> 00:25:30,638
a little bit
the things that you believe, huh?
404
00:25:30,640 --> 00:25:31,760
Think about it.
405
00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:37,198
In the Cold War,
the very idea of the individual
406
00:25:37,200 --> 00:25:41,198
and how the individual self
worked had become political,
407
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:43,958
because it was what defined
the United States
408
00:25:43,960 --> 00:25:46,080
against the collective ideology
of Russia.
409
00:25:47,560 --> 00:25:49,438
I think maybe...
410
00:25:49,440 --> 00:25:52,678
..maybe you should re-examine
a little bit
411
00:25:52,680 --> 00:25:55,118
the things that you believe, huh?
412
00:25:55,120 --> 00:25:58,198
What concerned
many psychologists, though,
413
00:25:58,200 --> 00:26:01,158
was that the Second World War
had revealed how frightening
414
00:26:01,160 --> 00:26:03,520
and deceptive human beings could be.
415
00:26:04,960 --> 00:26:06,838
Particularly in Nazi Germany,
416
00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:10,238
where ordinary people, who had
apparently been good citizens,
417
00:26:10,240 --> 00:26:12,720
had indulged
in the most terrible horrors.
418
00:26:14,280 --> 00:26:17,958
And psychologists started to
examine what really went on
419
00:26:17,960 --> 00:26:20,278
inside people's minds,
420
00:26:20,280 --> 00:26:22,398
trying to find ways of bypassing
421
00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:25,398
the conscious explanations
that humans gave,
422
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:28,360
because those explanations
could be deceptive.
423
00:26:29,520 --> 00:26:32,318
They wanted to find a way
of getting directly
424
00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:34,920
at what was going on
inside the brain.
425
00:26:36,720 --> 00:26:39,078
One of the key figures
was a psychologist called
426
00:26:39,080 --> 00:26:40,838
Dr Eckhard Hess.
427
00:26:40,840 --> 00:26:44,038
He had begun his career
recording and analysing
428
00:26:44,040 --> 00:26:45,800
animal behaviour on film.
429
00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:56,040
Now he did the same
with human beings.
430
00:26:57,200 --> 00:27:00,518
Dr Hess had discovered
that the pupils in the eyes
431
00:27:00,520 --> 00:27:02,638
of individuals reacted dramatically
432
00:27:02,640 --> 00:27:04,680
when they were shown
different kinds of images.
433
00:27:07,120 --> 00:27:10,678
The changes had nothing to do
with the changes in the light -
434
00:27:10,680 --> 00:27:13,000
they came from
within the human being.
435
00:27:15,160 --> 00:27:18,158
And Dr Hess believed that
they gave you a way of seeing
436
00:27:18,160 --> 00:27:22,520
the hidden emotional responses that
were going on inside the mind.
437
00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:27,358
Feelings that the individual might
not want to tell you about...
438
00:27:27,360 --> 00:27:29,760
..or even be aware of.
439
00:27:31,960 --> 00:27:34,240
You were looking directly
at the brain.
440
00:27:36,640 --> 00:27:38,958
Really, since the...
441
00:27:38,960 --> 00:27:43,638
..the eye is very, very intimately
a part of the brain,
442
00:27:43,640 --> 00:27:46,398
embryologically and anatomically,
443
00:27:46,400 --> 00:27:50,518
it is almost the same as though
they were a piece of the brain
444
00:27:50,520 --> 00:27:52,798
sticking out, behaving,
445
00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:56,640
and all the world is there
to be able to see it.
446
00:27:58,080 --> 00:28:02,358
And if that's so, what ought
to be reflected or mirrored
447
00:28:02,360 --> 00:28:03,800
in the eye...
448
00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:07,958
..is really
the behaviour of the brain.
449
00:28:07,960 --> 00:28:13,518
SHE SPEAKS MANDARIN
450
00:28:13,520 --> 00:28:16,680
Jiang Qing was now the most
powerful woman in the world.
451
00:28:20,040 --> 00:28:22,918
She was in charge of
giant cohorts of Red Guards
452
00:28:22,920 --> 00:28:26,760
that she'd guided and told
who to attack and destroy.
453
00:28:31,440 --> 00:28:34,238
High-up members
of the Communist Party were seized
454
00:28:34,240 --> 00:28:38,278
and paraded in front of tens
of thousands of screaming people
455
00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:40,598
and forced to confess
to thought crimes
456
00:28:40,600 --> 00:28:43,238
against the revolution.
457
00:28:43,240 --> 00:28:46,440
If they didn't,
they were beaten and killed.
458
00:28:50,080 --> 00:28:52,920
But in reality,
Jiang Qing had lost control.
459
00:28:54,880 --> 00:28:58,038
The revolution had never really
changed the structure of power
460
00:28:58,040 --> 00:28:59,718
in China,
461
00:28:59,720 --> 00:29:03,918
and what she and Mao Zedong
had unleashed was a vast anger
462
00:29:03,920 --> 00:29:08,158
and resentment against the elites
that was now bursting out
463
00:29:08,160 --> 00:29:10,240
and overwhelming the country.
464
00:29:12,720 --> 00:29:14,878
In Beijing,
there were mass killings,
465
00:29:14,880 --> 00:29:16,918
with bodies being thrown down wells
466
00:29:16,920 --> 00:29:19,718
or intercommunal burial pits.
467
00:29:19,720 --> 00:29:23,478
In Shanghai, hundreds of those
targeted by the Red Guards
468
00:29:23,480 --> 00:29:25,120
committed suicide.
469
00:29:30,320 --> 00:29:32,358
APPLAUSE
470
00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:34,880
But Jiang Qing had become famous
in the West.
471
00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:39,478
A feminist writer from America,
called Roxane Witke,
472
00:29:39,480 --> 00:29:41,440
came to Beijing to interview her.
473
00:29:42,640 --> 00:29:46,078
But as she talked to Jiang Qing,
Witke began to realise
474
00:29:46,080 --> 00:29:49,158
that something else
was also going on,
475
00:29:49,160 --> 00:29:52,078
that Jiang Qing
was using her new power
476
00:29:52,080 --> 00:29:55,958
to avenge herself and all those
who had dismissed her
477
00:29:55,960 --> 00:29:57,640
or patronised her in the past.
478
00:29:59,640 --> 00:30:02,400
Jiang Qing also had a demon
inside her.
479
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:09,678
One of the main themes of her life
was avenging herself against men
480
00:30:09,680 --> 00:30:11,918
who wronged her -
politically, mainly -
481
00:30:11,920 --> 00:30:14,318
when she was in her 20s.
482
00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:17,838
And she did not strike back
against them
483
00:30:17,840 --> 00:30:20,278
until the time
of the Cultural Revolution,
484
00:30:20,280 --> 00:30:21,678
some 20 years later.
485
00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:24,718
They still had refused
to give her access to the masses
486
00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:27,158
and to allow her to work.
487
00:30:27,160 --> 00:30:29,398
And she finally destroyed them.
488
00:30:29,400 --> 00:30:31,918
How?
489
00:30:31,920 --> 00:30:33,478
They were removed from their posts,
490
00:30:33,480 --> 00:30:35,318
they were humiliated
before the people,
491
00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:37,638
placards were put over their chests,
492
00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:39,998
they were dragged before the masses.
493
00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:42,600
They were humiliated.
They were destroyed.
494
00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:50,598
Jiang Qing also turned on everyone
who, in Shanghai in the 1930s,
495
00:30:50,600 --> 00:30:53,238
had held her film career back.
496
00:30:53,240 --> 00:30:55,518
Studio heads, directors
497
00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:59,638
and journalists were dismissed
and beaten up.
498
00:30:59,640 --> 00:31:03,758
But the worst was saved
for the film star Li Lili.
499
00:31:03,760 --> 00:31:07,838
They had starred together
in Bloodshed On Wolf Mountain.
500
00:31:07,840 --> 00:31:09,598
Jiang Qing had always believed
501
00:31:09,600 --> 00:31:11,918
that Li Lili
had deliberately upstaged her.
502
00:31:11,920 --> 00:31:16,078
THEY SPEAK MANDARIN
503
00:31:16,080 --> 00:31:19,840
Now, Li Lili and her husband
were seized by Red Guards.
504
00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:24,198
Jiang Qing ordered them
to be tortured.
505
00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:25,240
Li Lili survived...
506
00:31:26,520 --> 00:31:29,078
..but her husband couldn't bear it,
507
00:31:29,080 --> 00:31:30,880
and he committed suicide.
508
00:31:41,320 --> 00:31:44,838
We have warned every person
in the world
509
00:31:44,840 --> 00:31:47,838
not to visit Palestine
510
00:31:47,840 --> 00:31:51,598
because Palestine
is not a tourist attraction.
511
00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:53,238
It's a battlefield,
512
00:31:53,240 --> 00:31:54,760
and it is our land.
513
00:31:55,960 --> 00:32:01,478
Anybody who'll get killed
or injured in Palestine
514
00:32:01,480 --> 00:32:03,840
would be carrying
his own responsibility.
515
00:32:09,120 --> 00:32:12,198
Horst Mahler and a group of
other German revolutionaries
516
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:15,520
secretly went to a Palestinian
training camp in Jordan.
517
00:32:17,240 --> 00:32:20,160
They had decided to train
in urban guerrilla warfare.
518
00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:23,720
But things didn't go well
from the very start.
519
00:32:25,840 --> 00:32:28,198
One of the leaders of the group,
Andreas Baader,
520
00:32:28,200 --> 00:32:30,680
insisted on having
mixed sleeping quarters.
521
00:32:32,520 --> 00:32:36,240
Then the female members of the group
started to sunbathe on the roof.
522
00:32:37,560 --> 00:32:39,558
The commander of the camp
told them to stop.
523
00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:41,358
Overhead!
524
00:32:41,360 --> 00:32:42,720
Baader argued with him.
525
00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:47,918
The anti-imperialist struggle
and sexual emancipation, he said,
526
00:32:47,920 --> 00:32:50,118
must go hand in hand.
527
00:32:50,120 --> 00:32:52,478
The commander refused.
528
00:32:52,480 --> 00:32:54,318
Baader put it more bluntly.
529
00:32:54,320 --> 00:32:58,320
"Fucking and shooting," he said,
"are the same thing."
530
00:33:00,680 --> 00:33:03,678
Then Horst Mahler found
that the fedayeen fighters
531
00:33:03,680 --> 00:33:06,160
in the camp had brought
in pictures of Hitler.
532
00:33:07,400 --> 00:33:10,758
They pointed at them
and said, "Good man,"
533
00:33:10,760 --> 00:33:12,480
because he had killed the Jews.
534
00:33:18,240 --> 00:33:20,798
"That was very hard for us,"
Mahler later said,
535
00:33:20,800 --> 00:33:24,238
"because we had a feeling
of guilt about the Jews.
536
00:33:24,240 --> 00:33:26,040
"We were very upset."
537
00:33:28,360 --> 00:33:31,118
In the end, the Germans went
on strike because they weren't
538
00:33:31,120 --> 00:33:33,520
being given enough bullets
each day to shoot with.
539
00:33:35,080 --> 00:33:38,200
So the commander stormed their house
and threw them out.
540
00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:45,758
They came back to West Germany,
541
00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:47,878
helped by the East German Stasi,
542
00:33:47,880 --> 00:33:50,440
who saw it as a way
of destabilising the West.
543
00:33:52,280 --> 00:33:55,638
And the revolutionaries set out
to use their training
544
00:33:55,640 --> 00:34:00,080
to force the West German state
to reveal its true fascist face.
545
00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:12,398
Afeni Shakur was now
a full-time member
546
00:34:12,400 --> 00:34:14,800
of the Black Panther chapter
in New York.
547
00:34:15,800 --> 00:34:18,918
She was certain that
the only solution in America
548
00:34:18,920 --> 00:34:20,520
was violent uprising.
549
00:34:21,560 --> 00:34:25,560
She spent her time writing poems
calling for revolution.
550
00:34:28,040 --> 00:34:30,558
But the problem was that
she and many of the others
551
00:34:30,560 --> 00:34:34,280
in her cell didn't know
what to do to make this happen.
552
00:34:35,320 --> 00:34:39,358
They watched enviously as other
Black Panthers on the West Coast
553
00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:42,518
fought running battles with
the police and the military.
554
00:34:42,520 --> 00:34:44,878
GUNFIRE
555
00:34:44,880 --> 00:34:47,158
All we have to say is,
all power to the people,
556
00:34:47,160 --> 00:34:48,718
and you can jail a revolutionary
557
00:34:48,720 --> 00:34:50,518
but you sure can't jail
a revolution.
558
00:34:50,520 --> 00:34:52,838
Baby, you're gonna have
some dealing to do,
559
00:34:52,840 --> 00:34:55,558
cos niggers ain't gonna stop
until they either get freedom
560
00:34:55,560 --> 00:34:58,438
or destroy everything
that they run across.
561
00:34:58,440 --> 00:35:00,398
The question of who to attack
in New York
562
00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:02,718
got more and more complicated.
563
00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:06,038
Some of the Panthers argued
that they should target the ruthless
564
00:35:06,040 --> 00:35:09,638
landlords who made them live
in rotting apartments,
565
00:35:09,640 --> 00:35:12,638
and the bankers
who refused to lend blacks money
566
00:35:12,640 --> 00:35:16,358
so they could never escape
from the slums.
567
00:35:16,360 --> 00:35:19,958
These, they said, were the agents
of imperialist control.
568
00:35:19,960 --> 00:35:21,558
But in New York,
569
00:35:21,560 --> 00:35:24,998
the majority of landlords
and bankers were Jewish.
570
00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:27,918
And we are being exploited
by people who are not...
571
00:35:27,920 --> 00:35:31,318
..do not live in our colonies,
you see, or in our communities,
572
00:35:31,320 --> 00:35:34,958
who come into our communities
and exploit us every day, you see,
573
00:35:34,960 --> 00:35:37,478
and they take the money back
to their communities.
574
00:35:37,480 --> 00:35:40,998
So this is like
a colonial imperialism
575
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:43,478
in all content, you see.
576
00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:46,758
And the people who exploit us
in our immediate communities,
577
00:35:46,760 --> 00:35:51,080
particularly in New York City,
are Zionist Jews.
578
00:35:55,960 --> 00:35:59,158
Afeni Shakur's group
came up with a plan.
579
00:35:59,160 --> 00:36:01,238
They were going to plant bombs
580
00:36:01,240 --> 00:36:03,680
in big department stores
like Macy's...
581
00:36:04,840 --> 00:36:08,238
..and they would also bomb
the Bronx Botanical Gardens
582
00:36:08,240 --> 00:36:10,760
and attack local police stations.
583
00:36:14,240 --> 00:36:19,158
But as they developed the plan,
Afeni Shakur began to worry.
584
00:36:19,160 --> 00:36:21,080
She didn't want to kill civilians...
585
00:36:22,280 --> 00:36:24,598
..and she felt they were being
bullied into it
586
00:36:24,600 --> 00:36:26,638
by one of their group.
587
00:36:26,640 --> 00:36:29,238
He was one of the founder members
of the cell,
588
00:36:29,240 --> 00:36:32,960
whose revolutionary name
was Yedwa Sudan.
589
00:36:34,320 --> 00:36:37,238
And Afeni Shakur started
to be suspicious.
590
00:36:37,240 --> 00:36:40,320
She wondered if he might really
be an undercover policeman.
591
00:36:41,760 --> 00:36:45,078
Shakur told another member
of the group about her suspicions,
592
00:36:45,080 --> 00:36:48,240
who then went
and confronted Yedwa Sudan.
593
00:36:49,600 --> 00:36:51,638
Sudan immediately pulled out a gun,
594
00:36:51,640 --> 00:36:55,280
fired two bullets into the table
in front of him and denied it.
595
00:36:57,480 --> 00:36:58,998
He said that Afeni Shakur
596
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:01,520
was just being a typical
emotional woman.
597
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:06,800
And the group believed him,
not her.
598
00:37:18,520 --> 00:37:20,398
When Michael X came out of jail,
599
00:37:20,400 --> 00:37:24,038
he found that the world
had completely changed,
600
00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:26,278
but not in the way he had hoped.
601
00:37:26,280 --> 00:37:29,038
The middle-class radicals
who, only a year before,
602
00:37:29,040 --> 00:37:31,398
had been
his most fervent supporters,
603
00:37:31,400 --> 00:37:33,680
suddenly didn't want
to know him any more.
604
00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:38,678
In Notting Hill, no-one talked
of violent revolution
605
00:37:38,680 --> 00:37:41,160
or of bringing down
the corrupt power structure.
606
00:37:42,560 --> 00:37:45,598
Instead, a new group had turned up.
607
00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:48,318
They looked like young radicals,
608
00:37:48,320 --> 00:37:50,320
but they had
a rather different agenda.
609
00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:59,040
# And there's no more war
610
00:38:01,160 --> 00:38:08,078
# Cos there's no more world. #
611
00:38:08,080 --> 00:38:11,758
Hundreds of student volunteers
from all over the country
612
00:38:11,760 --> 00:38:13,558
had come to do a massive survey
613
00:38:13,560 --> 00:38:16,198
of everyone who lived
in Notting Hill.
614
00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:20,718
It was the beginning
of what was called community action.
615
00:38:20,720 --> 00:38:24,558
They were going to use the data
to create neighbourhood centres,
616
00:38:24,560 --> 00:38:28,480
which they said would be a different
way of empowering the local people.
617
00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:33,678
Parts of Notting Hill
are closed off
618
00:38:33,680 --> 00:38:37,238
from the general mainstream
of society,
619
00:38:37,240 --> 00:38:40,358
treated differently from society,
620
00:38:40,360 --> 00:38:43,718
sometimes treated
as a social dustbin,
621
00:38:43,720 --> 00:38:46,318
sometimes treated as a ghetto.
622
00:38:46,320 --> 00:38:47,600
Hello.
623
00:38:49,880 --> 00:38:51,318
Now, I think you've got...?
624
00:38:51,320 --> 00:38:53,398
We've got the lighting,
we pay for it ourself.
625
00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:55,878
And you pay for it yourself?
Yes, and the heating.
626
00:38:55,880 --> 00:38:58,238
Cleaning. This doesn't really apply
to you, this applies to
627
00:38:58,240 --> 00:39:00,198
other people...
TENANT LAUGHS
628
00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:02,358
..in other sorts of rented
accommodations.
629
00:39:02,360 --> 00:39:04,638
We do that ourselves.
You do that yourself? Yes.
630
00:39:04,640 --> 00:39:07,798
Also room service doesn't
really apply either, I imagine.
631
00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:09,358
No.
632
00:39:09,360 --> 00:39:12,558
But soon, many of the local
black residents who were involved
633
00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:14,440
with the project resigned...
634
00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:19,438
..because power seemed to remain
firmly with the white professionals.
635
00:39:19,440 --> 00:39:21,518
And we go in, in an orderly fashion
636
00:39:21,520 --> 00:39:24,280
and no damage to the property
at all, please.
637
00:39:26,360 --> 00:39:30,198
Well, what made me resign
is because I don't think
638
00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:32,638
that enough local people
639
00:39:32,640 --> 00:39:35,318
were being involved, is it?
640
00:39:35,320 --> 00:39:38,398
And by local people,
I mean West Indians.
641
00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:40,278
Students can't do much.
642
00:39:40,280 --> 00:39:42,598
They're relegated to a role
643
00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:45,198
of just getting information.
644
00:39:45,200 --> 00:39:46,958
Isn't that worthwhile?
645
00:39:46,960 --> 00:39:48,798
Well, I suppose it's worthwhile,
646
00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:50,878
but it depends
on how the information
647
00:39:50,880 --> 00:39:52,398
will be used afterwards.
648
00:39:52,400 --> 00:39:56,518
The aim of Black Power
had been that people would organise
649
00:39:56,520 --> 00:40:00,798
themselves so they could stand up
against those who ruled them.
650
00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:04,918
Michael X realised that what was
happening now in Notting Hill
651
00:40:04,920 --> 00:40:06,758
was the opposite.
652
00:40:06,760 --> 00:40:08,998
People were being treated
as subjects,
653
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:10,718
to be counted and measured...
654
00:40:10,720 --> 00:40:12,160
..and managed.
655
00:40:14,480 --> 00:40:18,480
He became increasingly cynical
about the liberals' real intentions.
656
00:40:19,720 --> 00:40:21,718
These places always
have fantastic space.
657
00:40:21,720 --> 00:40:23,998
Oh, this is a tremendous
place if you've got the money.
658
00:40:24,000 --> 00:40:26,198
If you want to have a party
or something. A party, yeah.
659
00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:28,758
A few years ago,
you were reported to have said
660
00:40:28,760 --> 00:40:30,878
that whites who claim to help you
661
00:40:30,880 --> 00:40:32,918
are out to kill you.
662
00:40:32,920 --> 00:40:35,518
Do you, um, still believe that?
663
00:40:35,520 --> 00:40:36,638
Yes.
664
00:40:36,640 --> 00:40:40,718
I'm thinking, when I said that,
I was referring to people
665
00:40:40,720 --> 00:40:43,238
who are described as white liberals.
666
00:40:43,240 --> 00:40:45,998
They are some of the most vicious
667
00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:48,518
people I find in this country,
668
00:40:48,520 --> 00:40:52,278
for the simple reason... Anywhere,
not just in this country.
669
00:40:52,280 --> 00:40:56,598
Because they're the kind of people
who come to black neighbourhoods,
670
00:40:56,600 --> 00:41:00,198
ostensibly to help black people.
671
00:41:00,200 --> 00:41:06,278
UPBEAT MUSIC
672
00:41:06,280 --> 00:41:10,078
Michael X had come to believe
that the talk of revolution
673
00:41:10,080 --> 00:41:14,040
had just been empty rhetoric
that disguised something else.
674
00:41:15,080 --> 00:41:17,318
The new groups might look
like radicals
675
00:41:17,320 --> 00:41:19,598
and dance to black music,
676
00:41:19,600 --> 00:41:22,518
but really they were the children
of the colonialists
677
00:41:22,520 --> 00:41:24,598
who had run the Empire.
678
00:41:24,600 --> 00:41:27,640
And they had no intention
of giving up their power.
679
00:41:29,640 --> 00:41:32,558
That old system of power
was simply mutating,
680
00:41:32,560 --> 00:41:34,638
morphing into a new form
681
00:41:34,640 --> 00:41:37,200
that camouflaged itself
in radicalism...
682
00:41:38,440 --> 00:41:41,480
..but still would
manage and control.
683
00:41:47,640 --> 00:41:49,718
Michael X was an ambitious man
684
00:41:49,720 --> 00:41:52,160
who had badly wanted
political power.
685
00:41:53,480 --> 00:41:58,240
I don't see anything to be terrified
about, about powerful black people.
686
00:41:59,360 --> 00:42:01,078
I'm a pretty powerful black man.
687
00:42:01,080 --> 00:42:03,720
I'm the most powerful black man
in Europe.
688
00:42:05,720 --> 00:42:08,400
But now he saw that
he was never going to get it.
689
00:42:09,480 --> 00:42:12,678
So he decided that he, too,
would revert
690
00:42:12,680 --> 00:42:16,198
to the old forms of power
that he knew well -
691
00:42:16,200 --> 00:42:18,160
extortion and violence.
692
00:42:22,920 --> 00:42:26,678
He set up a new organisation
called the Black House.
693
00:42:26,680 --> 00:42:28,440
It deliberately excluded whites.
694
00:42:29,920 --> 00:42:32,638
He still talked
of violent revolution,
695
00:42:32,640 --> 00:42:35,478
but really it was a front
for taking over drug-dealing
696
00:42:35,480 --> 00:42:36,680
in parts of London.
697
00:42:38,920 --> 00:42:42,598
He also persuaded John Lennon
and Yoko Ono, who had shaved
698
00:42:42,600 --> 00:42:46,478
off their hair, to donate it
and a large amount of money
699
00:42:46,480 --> 00:42:47,640
to the Black House.
700
00:42:49,280 --> 00:42:53,120
Michael X took the money
and pocketed it for himself.
701
00:42:54,320 --> 00:42:58,038
Michael was putting every single
cent he could get in his own pocket.
702
00:42:58,040 --> 00:42:59,638
He didn't care about black people.
703
00:42:59,640 --> 00:43:02,958
What did they think of him
in the end, when it failed?
704
00:43:02,960 --> 00:43:06,560
Well, they thought
he was just a cheap con man.
705
00:43:09,040 --> 00:43:11,158
They... They...
706
00:43:11,160 --> 00:43:13,278
..lost faith in Michael
707
00:43:13,280 --> 00:43:14,838
in the end,
708
00:43:14,840 --> 00:43:17,440
but he was just playing
his games, you know.
709
00:43:20,120 --> 00:43:22,798
And why do you think he did that?
710
00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:24,518
Because Michael doesn't
711
00:43:24,520 --> 00:43:26,200
believe in Black Power.
712
00:43:27,760 --> 00:43:29,558
Michael is just on a power trip
713
00:43:29,560 --> 00:43:34,438
for, you know, for his own benefit.
714
00:43:34,440 --> 00:43:37,198
Michael doesn't like black people
715
00:43:37,200 --> 00:43:39,720
because Michael is half white.
716
00:43:42,200 --> 00:43:43,918
In a short time,
I'm going to ask you
717
00:43:43,920 --> 00:43:46,918
to put your face up against
that face piece and look in this box
718
00:43:46,920 --> 00:43:49,838
while I ask you to solve
some multiplication problems
719
00:43:49,840 --> 00:43:51,078
in your head.
720
00:43:51,080 --> 00:43:53,918
The problems
will be relatively simple.
721
00:43:53,920 --> 00:43:55,758
They'll give be given
to you verbally,
722
00:43:55,760 --> 00:43:58,878
and I will ask you to give me
the answer verbally back.
723
00:43:58,880 --> 00:44:02,038
Give me only the answer.
Once you have given me the answer,
724
00:44:02,040 --> 00:44:05,038
dismiss the problem from your mind
and we'll go on to a next one.
725
00:44:05,040 --> 00:44:08,598
Many psychologists had begun
to take Dr Hess's experiments
726
00:44:08,600 --> 00:44:10,440
with the pupils of the eye further.
727
00:44:11,680 --> 00:44:15,598
They were fascinated by the idea
that there might be other forces
728
00:44:15,600 --> 00:44:20,038
inside the mind that people
themselves weren't aware of.
729
00:44:20,040 --> 00:44:22,558
One of them was a young
psychologist studying
730
00:44:22,560 --> 00:44:24,840
in America, called Daniel Kahneman.
731
00:44:26,680 --> 00:44:29,718
His fascination with the complexity
of the mind had come
732
00:44:29,720 --> 00:44:32,158
from a moment of terror
when he was a child,
733
00:44:32,160 --> 00:44:35,600
living in Nazi-occupied France
during the Second World War.
734
00:44:37,200 --> 00:44:40,318
One day, he had been stopped
by an SS officer.
735
00:44:40,320 --> 00:44:42,318
Kahneman was a Jew,
736
00:44:42,320 --> 00:44:45,678
and the SS was in charge of sending
people to the death camps.
737
00:44:45,680 --> 00:44:50,158
He was convinced that he was about
to be sent away to be killed.
738
00:44:50,160 --> 00:44:53,398
But the SS man picked him up,
kissed him
739
00:44:53,400 --> 00:44:56,600
and showed him pictures
of his own son in Germany.
740
00:45:01,520 --> 00:45:05,638
Kahneman decided that the human mind
was very strange
741
00:45:05,640 --> 00:45:08,240
and full of contradictory impulses.
742
00:45:14,280 --> 00:45:16,838
17 times 19.
743
00:45:16,840 --> 00:45:19,238
Now, he, along
with other psychologists
744
00:45:19,240 --> 00:45:23,518
inspired by Dr Hess,
studied the pupils in people's eyes
745
00:45:23,520 --> 00:45:27,038
as they gave them
all kinds of problems to solve
746
00:45:27,040 --> 00:45:30,198
while distracting them
with music and noise.
747
00:45:30,200 --> 00:45:33,998
CLICKING
223.
748
00:45:34,000 --> 00:45:37,478
They were trying to probe further
into the human brain,
749
00:45:37,480 --> 00:45:40,438
to see how it responded
to the world outside
750
00:45:40,440 --> 00:45:43,080
in ways that the individual
wasn't aware of.
751
00:45:45,920 --> 00:45:48,918
But as Kahneman and the others
watched the individuals
752
00:45:48,920 --> 00:45:53,398
in their laboratories,
isolated from the society outside,
753
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:56,358
they were led down
a very strange path,
754
00:45:56,360 --> 00:45:59,358
that in the age when the individual
self was going to become
755
00:45:59,360 --> 00:46:04,278
the central focus, from politics
through to consumerism,
756
00:46:04,280 --> 00:46:07,678
the scientists were going to
come to the conclusion
757
00:46:07,680 --> 00:46:12,480
that maybe the conscious self wasn't
fully in control of what humans did.
758
00:46:13,920 --> 00:46:18,158
35 years later, Kahneman was going
to be given the Nobel Prize
759
00:46:18,160 --> 00:46:21,920
for a theory that began
with his work in the 1960s.
760
00:46:23,400 --> 00:46:26,918
He would come to believe
that what we think of as the self
761
00:46:26,920 --> 00:46:30,038
is really just a small part
of something else
762
00:46:30,040 --> 00:46:34,598
hidden inside our brains -
a much larger part of the brain
763
00:46:34,600 --> 00:46:38,518
that actually experiences
the world outside.
764
00:46:38,520 --> 00:46:41,478
But that experience makes no sense -
765
00:46:41,480 --> 00:46:45,758
it is just an ongoing, chaotic rush
of biochemical data
766
00:46:45,760 --> 00:46:47,800
that flashes up and fades away.
767
00:46:49,280 --> 00:46:51,878
And what humans think of
as their self
768
00:46:51,880 --> 00:46:55,558
is actually an accessory
that tries to make sense
769
00:46:55,560 --> 00:46:58,000
of this chaotic mass
of incoming data.
770
00:46:59,640 --> 00:47:02,598
But, to do that, it has to simplify
771
00:47:02,600 --> 00:47:07,038
and turn that data into stories
that are sometimes so simplified
772
00:47:07,040 --> 00:47:10,720
that they bear little relationship
to the reality outside.
773
00:47:15,720 --> 00:47:19,238
It gives people the feeling
that they are in control,
774
00:47:19,240 --> 00:47:21,600
but that is
just a comforting illusion.
775
00:47:25,440 --> 00:47:28,278
Kahneman's theory was going
to have far-reaching influence
776
00:47:28,280 --> 00:47:29,640
beyond psychology.
777
00:47:30,840 --> 00:47:33,078
Because the implication
of what he was saying
778
00:47:33,080 --> 00:47:35,918
was that you could never change
people's behaviour
779
00:47:35,920 --> 00:47:37,800
by appealing to them rationally.
780
00:47:41,000 --> 00:47:42,678
And, in a strange way,
781
00:47:42,680 --> 00:47:46,280
Kahneman was saying the same thing
as the left-wing revolutionaries.
782
00:47:47,640 --> 00:47:51,198
Human beings did live
in a simplified dream world.
783
00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:52,998
But what he was saying
784
00:47:53,000 --> 00:47:55,560
was that there was nothing
you could do about that.
785
00:47:57,000 --> 00:47:59,078
And in an age of individualism,
786
00:47:59,080 --> 00:48:02,438
when you could no longer
order people about,
787
00:48:02,440 --> 00:48:06,678
the only solution was to keep them
in that dream world
788
00:48:06,680 --> 00:48:10,440
and to make sure the dream world
was safe and happy.
789
00:48:11,680 --> 00:48:14,438
The idea of appealing
to them rationally
790
00:48:14,440 --> 00:48:16,358
and changing the world...
791
00:48:16,360 --> 00:48:17,600
..was pointless.
792
00:48:20,920 --> 00:48:23,200
SHE SPEAKS MANDARIN
793
00:48:30,600 --> 00:48:33,200
HE GROANS
794
00:48:42,560 --> 00:48:45,280
ECHOING
795
00:48:47,480 --> 00:48:50,840
By now, China was in a state
of almost civil war.
796
00:48:52,560 --> 00:48:55,598
Different groups of armed Red Guards
were fighting running battles
797
00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:58,080
with each other
in all the major cities.
798
00:49:00,400 --> 00:49:02,118
But Jiang Qing still believed
799
00:49:02,120 --> 00:49:04,520
that real power
was almost within her grasp.
800
00:49:05,960 --> 00:49:09,398
She had destroyed the one man
who was seen as Mao's successor,
801
00:49:09,400 --> 00:49:11,918
Liu Shaoqi.
802
00:49:11,920 --> 00:49:13,638
CHANTING
803
00:49:13,640 --> 00:49:15,638
Red Guards took Liu from his house,
804
00:49:15,640 --> 00:49:17,840
and he was beaten up
and imprisoned.
805
00:49:19,480 --> 00:49:21,438
Everyone, including children,
806
00:49:21,440 --> 00:49:23,960
were told that he, too, was a demon.
807
00:49:34,800 --> 00:49:37,960
Then suddenly,
Mao turned on Jiang Qing.
808
00:49:39,440 --> 00:49:41,478
At a public meeting
of those in charge
809
00:49:41,480 --> 00:49:44,878
of the Cultural Revolution,
he told her,
810
00:49:44,880 --> 00:49:47,718
"You are someone
who has grandiose aims
811
00:49:47,720 --> 00:49:50,438
"but puny abilities,
812
00:49:50,440 --> 00:49:52,760
"great ambition, but little talent."
813
00:49:57,000 --> 00:49:59,800
Jiang Qing realised
that she was being dropped.
814
00:50:05,880 --> 00:50:11,318
In her operas, Jiang Qing
had gone back into China's past.
815
00:50:11,320 --> 00:50:15,520
Her aim had been to rework them,
to express a new kind of revolution.
816
00:50:17,160 --> 00:50:21,878
But, in reality, she had reawakened
a dark and poisonous violence
817
00:50:21,880 --> 00:50:25,360
that had lurked under the surface
of China for hundreds of years.
818
00:50:26,360 --> 00:50:29,758
It was driven by a resentment
of the rigid hierarchies
819
00:50:29,760 --> 00:50:32,040
that the revolution
had not really changed.
820
00:50:33,080 --> 00:50:37,758
Mao had not given her or anyone else
guidance about what to do
821
00:50:37,760 --> 00:50:39,880
with the fury
that she had summoned up.
822
00:50:41,160 --> 00:50:42,680
And now she knew why.
823
00:50:43,800 --> 00:50:48,198
He had simply been using her -
and the violence that she created -
824
00:50:48,200 --> 00:50:50,800
as a way of destroying
all opposition to him.
825
00:50:52,760 --> 00:50:56,198
He had no other vision of
how to solve the old divisions
826
00:50:56,200 --> 00:50:57,760
and resentments in China.
827
00:50:59,160 --> 00:51:03,000
His only aim had been to get rid
of all his rivals in the party.
828
00:51:04,960 --> 00:51:09,118
Jiang Qing had been betrayed
yet again.
829
00:51:09,120 --> 00:51:11,680
GUNSHOTS
830
00:51:17,600 --> 00:51:20,040
GUNFIRE
831
00:51:25,480 --> 00:51:28,878
The members of the Red Army Faction
were now planting bombs
832
00:51:28,880 --> 00:51:31,800
and robbing banks
all across West Germany.
833
00:51:33,560 --> 00:51:36,278
They announced
that they had now become Maoists,
834
00:51:36,280 --> 00:51:37,958
followers of Mao Zedong,
835
00:51:37,960 --> 00:51:40,520
and they were going to awaken
the popular masses.
836
00:51:43,600 --> 00:51:46,798
The government were desperate
to capture them,
837
00:51:46,800 --> 00:51:50,480
and they turned to a man
who said he knew how to find them.
838
00:52:00,520 --> 00:52:02,878
He was called Horst Herold.
839
00:52:02,880 --> 00:52:05,840
He was the head of a tiny
federal crime investigation unit.
840
00:52:07,440 --> 00:52:09,158
It had no real power,
841
00:52:09,160 --> 00:52:12,918
because any national police system
was prohibited by law
842
00:52:12,920 --> 00:52:15,440
to stop Nazism
from ever re-emerging.
843
00:52:17,720 --> 00:52:19,638
But Herold insisted
that the only way
844
00:52:19,640 --> 00:52:22,398
to catch the terrorists
hidden in the cities
845
00:52:22,400 --> 00:52:24,840
was to reintroduce control
from the centre.
846
00:52:26,880 --> 00:52:29,478
His solution was to use a computer,
847
00:52:29,480 --> 00:52:32,160
because there was no law
to stop that.
848
00:52:33,720 --> 00:52:37,118
Working day and night
inside a protected complex,
849
00:52:37,120 --> 00:52:39,758
Herold created
a giant computer network
850
00:52:39,760 --> 00:52:42,440
that monitored the movements
of millions of people.
851
00:52:45,480 --> 00:52:49,198
He also fed into the computer
vast amounts of data,
852
00:52:49,200 --> 00:52:51,838
not just about
the terrorists themselves,
853
00:52:51,840 --> 00:52:56,918
but others who, in his words,
represented a danger -
854
00:52:56,920 --> 00:53:00,920
individuals the data showed might
become terrorists in the future.
855
00:53:03,160 --> 00:53:08,038
From all this, Herold created
what he called logical sequences -
856
00:53:08,040 --> 00:53:10,358
patterns drawn from the data
857
00:53:10,360 --> 00:53:13,760
that predicted where the terrorists
might be hiding in the cities.
858
00:53:15,080 --> 00:53:18,318
What he had invented was
a new rational bureaucracy,
859
00:53:18,320 --> 00:53:22,600
working from the centre,
in which information was control.
860
00:53:24,600 --> 00:53:28,318
It was the start
of mass electronic surveillance.
861
00:53:28,320 --> 00:53:30,358
And it caught the terrorists.
862
00:53:30,360 --> 00:53:31,718
INDISTINCT CONVERSATION
863
00:53:31,720 --> 00:53:35,360
GERMAN SPOKEN OVER TANNOY
864
00:53:37,960 --> 00:53:40,160
GUNFIRE
865
00:53:42,280 --> 00:53:46,118
GUNFIRE CONTINUES
866
00:53:46,120 --> 00:53:49,240
But Horst Herold was not
just an unthinking technocrat.
867
00:53:50,520 --> 00:53:54,838
By studying all the data, he had,
he believed, come to understand
868
00:53:54,840 --> 00:53:59,038
that the terrorists were just
a tiny part of something much bigger
869
00:53:59,040 --> 00:54:02,198
that was happening
all across the world -
870
00:54:02,200 --> 00:54:05,720
something that those in power
did not yet comprehend.
871
00:54:07,720 --> 00:54:11,678
And, in 1973,
he made an extraordinary speech
872
00:54:11,680 --> 00:54:14,280
that laid out
the world that he saw coming.
873
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:19,558
The violence and the horror that
the terrorists created, he said,
874
00:54:19,560 --> 00:54:23,598
did not just happen
because of something evil or sick
875
00:54:23,600 --> 00:54:25,000
inside their heads.
876
00:54:26,280 --> 00:54:29,038
It was a reaction
to the new system of power
877
00:54:29,040 --> 00:54:31,160
that was rising up
across the world.
878
00:54:32,720 --> 00:54:37,638
It was the system that the radicals
had identified in the 1960s -
879
00:54:37,640 --> 00:54:41,278
the new global networks
of multinational corporations
880
00:54:41,280 --> 00:54:42,998
and international finance
881
00:54:43,000 --> 00:54:46,440
that they believed were ruthlessly
exploiting the world.
882
00:54:48,520 --> 00:54:51,358
If you want to get rid of
the terrorism, Herold said,
883
00:54:51,360 --> 00:54:53,160
there are two alternatives.
884
00:54:54,400 --> 00:54:56,318
You either use political power
885
00:54:56,320 --> 00:54:59,080
to change and reform
that global system.
886
00:55:00,440 --> 00:55:04,718
Or you decide to
systematically control the people,
887
00:55:04,720 --> 00:55:07,000
and their anger
and their discontent.
888
00:55:08,560 --> 00:55:12,758
But, to do that, you would have
to create surveillance networks
889
00:55:12,760 --> 00:55:16,320
like the one he had built,
but on a global scale.
890
00:55:40,800 --> 00:55:43,360
In Notting Hill,
all the politics had gone.
891
00:55:44,760 --> 00:55:47,638
The counterculture
had transformed completely
892
00:55:47,640 --> 00:55:52,080
into a new kind of consumerism,
with self-expression at its heart.
893
00:56:02,560 --> 00:56:07,240
Michael X left London in disgust
and he went back to Trinidad.
894
00:56:09,280 --> 00:56:12,320
He moved into a large house
hidden away in the suburbs.
895
00:56:13,800 --> 00:56:17,238
He said that he was going to set up
a new radical organisation
896
00:56:17,240 --> 00:56:20,998
called the University
of the Alternative,
897
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:24,278
but it was clear that he was
in a manic state of mind
898
00:56:24,280 --> 00:56:25,920
and increasingly paranoid.
899
00:56:29,200 --> 00:56:32,078
Then, one night,
the compound burned down,
900
00:56:32,080 --> 00:56:33,880
and Michael X disappeared.
901
00:56:37,680 --> 00:56:39,960
The police found a hidden grave
in the garden.
902
00:56:41,040 --> 00:56:44,998
In it was the body of one
of Michael X's last disciples,
903
00:56:45,000 --> 00:56:48,000
Gale Benson,
the daughter of a conservative MP.
904
00:56:49,760 --> 00:56:53,678
She had discovered that Michael X's
real plan was to grow marijuana
905
00:56:53,680 --> 00:56:56,358
and export it to the United States,
906
00:56:56,360 --> 00:56:59,600
so he had ordered a group of his men
to kill her.
907
00:57:00,640 --> 00:57:02,438
He told one of them, Steve Yeates,
908
00:57:02,440 --> 00:57:05,480
that she was an undercover agent
from the CIA.
909
00:57:06,960 --> 00:57:09,918
She was seized from behind
and stabbed several times
910
00:57:09,920 --> 00:57:11,758
across the body with a knife.
911
00:57:11,760 --> 00:57:13,558
She was struggling very violently.
912
00:57:13,560 --> 00:57:15,958
And Steve Yeates, who wasn't even
supposed to be part
913
00:57:15,960 --> 00:57:18,638
of this particular operation,
became impatient.
914
00:57:18,640 --> 00:57:19,998
He grabbed a cutlass,
915
00:57:20,000 --> 00:57:23,238
which in these parts is a long knife
used for cutting sugar cane,
916
00:57:23,240 --> 00:57:25,358
and plunged it
straight into her neck.
917
00:57:25,360 --> 00:57:27,358
Well, that was the fatal blow.
918
00:57:27,360 --> 00:57:29,398
The men then piled stones
on top of her
919
00:57:29,400 --> 00:57:31,678
and filled in the rest
of the grave.
920
00:57:31,680 --> 00:57:35,278
Sometime later, Malik phoned the
house to see what the situation was,
921
00:57:35,280 --> 00:57:38,920
and Steve Yeates simply told him,
"The tree is planted."
922
00:57:40,600 --> 00:57:43,558
Michael X fled to Guyana.
923
00:57:43,560 --> 00:57:46,238
He then headed south,
away from the towns,
924
00:57:46,240 --> 00:57:48,640
down a small trail,
past mining camps.
925
00:57:50,240 --> 00:57:52,118
His aim was to get to the river
926
00:57:52,120 --> 00:57:55,118
and take a boat upriver
into the jungle,
927
00:57:55,120 --> 00:57:56,800
where he would be safe.
928
00:58:00,280 --> 00:58:03,598
It was the same jungle that
Edgar Mittelholzer had described
929
00:58:03,600 --> 00:58:06,760
in his story about the ghosts
from the colonial past.
930
00:58:13,480 --> 00:58:16,278
But there was one person
who was about to show that,
931
00:58:16,280 --> 00:58:19,598
even in the growing mood
of paranoia and defeat,
932
00:58:19,600 --> 00:58:22,998
an individual who believed
in the idea of revolution
933
00:58:23,000 --> 00:58:26,280
could take on the power
of the state and defeat it.
934
00:58:27,800 --> 00:58:31,838
One morning, armed police stormed
into Afeni Shakur's apartment
935
00:58:31,840 --> 00:58:33,878
and arrested her.
936
00:58:33,880 --> 00:58:37,038
All the other members of her cell
were also arrested.
937
00:58:37,040 --> 00:58:39,878
They were charged
with what the government said
938
00:58:39,880 --> 00:58:43,278
was a giant plan to destroy
"those elements of society,
939
00:58:43,280 --> 00:58:46,160
"which the defendants
call the power structure".
940
00:58:47,600 --> 00:58:49,798
It included
attacking police stations
941
00:58:49,800 --> 00:58:52,798
and planning to bomb five
large department stores
942
00:58:52,800 --> 00:58:54,600
and the Bronx Botanical Gardens.
943
00:58:56,240 --> 00:58:58,320
They became known as the Panther 21.
944
00:58:59,560 --> 00:59:02,238
Their trial was held
in a state of paranoia
945
00:59:02,240 --> 00:59:04,360
about further attacks
by the Panthers.
946
00:59:05,880 --> 00:59:08,198
But it also caused a sensation
947
00:59:08,200 --> 00:59:11,478
when it was revealed that three
of the founding members of the group
948
00:59:11,480 --> 00:59:13,520
had been undercover police officers.
949
00:59:16,040 --> 00:59:19,398
What was stranger was that
some of those officers
950
00:59:19,400 --> 00:59:21,158
seemed to have been unaware that
951
00:59:21,160 --> 00:59:24,080
there were other undercover agents
in the cell.
952
00:59:27,480 --> 00:59:31,038
They were also the most active
members of the group.
953
00:59:31,040 --> 00:59:32,998
"We had to organise everything,"
954
00:59:33,000 --> 00:59:35,918
one of the undercover agents
explained at the trial,
955
00:59:35,920 --> 00:59:38,398
because everyone else
in the group was off doing
956
00:59:38,400 --> 00:59:41,318
what they called "their own shit".
957
00:59:41,320 --> 00:59:43,280
DRUMS SOUND MILITARY MARCH
958
00:59:50,440 --> 00:59:52,998
The prosecution claimed
that the group had been inspired
959
00:59:53,000 --> 00:59:55,798
by violent revolutionary propaganda,
960
00:59:55,800 --> 00:59:59,438
and in particular by the film
The Battle Of Algiers,
961
00:59:59,440 --> 01:00:02,560
made about the Algerian struggle
against French colonialism.
962
01:00:04,120 --> 01:00:05,638
# Hasta manana... #
963
01:00:05,640 --> 01:00:07,358
They showed the film in the court.
964
01:00:07,360 --> 01:00:09,118
# No te retardes
965
01:00:09,120 --> 01:00:10,798
# Mi vida
966
01:00:10,800 --> 01:00:14,158
# Hasta manana, Rebecca
967
01:00:14,160 --> 01:00:17,560
# Espero que tu no vas a olvidar. #
968
01:00:19,840 --> 01:00:23,318
SCREAMING
969
01:00:23,320 --> 01:00:25,278
Unlike all the other Panthers,
970
01:00:25,280 --> 01:00:28,038
Afeni Shakur
chose to defend herself,
971
01:00:28,040 --> 01:00:29,598
and at the end of the trial,
972
01:00:29,600 --> 01:00:32,878
she cross-examined
the leading undercover agent.
973
01:00:32,880 --> 01:00:35,438
He was the man
she had suspected from the start,
974
01:00:35,440 --> 01:00:37,318
Yedwa Sudan.
975
01:00:37,320 --> 01:00:39,240
His real name was Ralph White.
976
01:00:40,360 --> 01:00:42,198
A journalist
who was in the courtroom
977
01:00:42,200 --> 01:00:44,960
wrote a book
that described what happened.
978
01:00:46,320 --> 01:00:48,318
She started
by getting White to admit
979
01:00:48,320 --> 01:00:51,438
that, really, most of
the inspiration for the plots
980
01:00:51,440 --> 01:00:53,998
came from the undercover agents.
981
01:00:54,000 --> 01:00:57,198
Not only had they continually
pushed for the violence
982
01:00:57,200 --> 01:00:59,438
and suggested the targets,
983
01:00:59,440 --> 01:01:02,038
but they had also arranged
to buy the dynamite
984
01:01:02,040 --> 01:01:03,800
off yet another undercover agent.
985
01:01:05,080 --> 01:01:08,600
They had also arranged for the cars
to transport the dynamite.
986
01:01:09,880 --> 01:01:12,678
That, really,
the plot to attack America
987
01:01:12,680 --> 01:01:16,280
had been created and driven
by the American authorities.
988
01:01:18,760 --> 01:01:21,118
But then Afeni Shakur went further.
989
01:01:21,120 --> 01:01:25,198
She talked to White in the courtroom
not as a police officer,
990
01:01:25,200 --> 01:01:28,398
but as a comrade
that she had spent 18 months with,
991
01:01:28,400 --> 01:01:30,158
and asked him about the activism
992
01:01:30,160 --> 01:01:33,038
that they had done together
in the community.
993
01:01:33,040 --> 01:01:35,678
He said that he thought
what they had done
994
01:01:35,680 --> 01:01:40,320
was "powerful, inspiring and,"
he said, "beautiful".
995
01:01:43,800 --> 01:01:48,478
She asked if he had misrepresented
the Panthers to his police bosses.
996
01:01:48,480 --> 01:01:49,600
He said yes.
997
01:01:53,760 --> 01:01:56,000
She asked if he had betrayed
the community.
998
01:01:57,240 --> 01:01:58,520
He said yes.
999
01:02:01,760 --> 01:02:03,438
When the jury was sent out,
1000
01:02:03,440 --> 01:02:06,638
they talked for 40 minutes,
came back
1001
01:02:06,640 --> 01:02:08,760
and acquitted all the defendants.
1002
01:02:11,720 --> 01:02:13,638
It was a powerful example
1003
01:02:13,640 --> 01:02:16,320
of how an individual
could challenge those in power...
1004
01:02:17,520 --> 01:02:18,880
..and win.
1005
01:02:27,520 --> 01:02:30,878
But, at the same time,
the revelations at the trial
1006
01:02:30,880 --> 01:02:34,398
of how the Panthers had been
penetrated and manipulated
1007
01:02:34,400 --> 01:02:38,400
fed the growing paranoia that was
tearing the radical movement apart.
1008
01:02:41,240 --> 01:02:43,680
MUSIC: Violent
by Tupac
1009
01:03:05,120 --> 01:03:09,080
RAPID GUNFIRE
1010
01:03:15,040 --> 01:03:18,838
# They claim that I'm violent
just cos I refuse to be silent
1011
01:03:18,840 --> 01:03:22,438
# These hypocrites are havin' fits
cos I'm no buyin' it, defyin' it
1012
01:03:22,440 --> 01:03:25,958
# Envious because I will rebel
against any oppressor
1013
01:03:25,960 --> 01:03:27,798
# And this is known as self-defence
1014
01:03:27,800 --> 01:03:30,278
# I show no mercy
They claim that I'm a lunatic
1015
01:03:30,280 --> 01:03:32,918
# But when the shit gets thick,
I'm the one you go and get
1016
01:03:32,920 --> 01:03:36,078
# Don't look confused
The truth is so plain to see
1017
01:03:36,080 --> 01:03:39,078
# Cos I'm the nigga that you
sell-outs are ashamed to be
1018
01:03:39,080 --> 01:03:42,078
# In every Jeep and every car,
brothers stomp this
1019
01:03:42,080 --> 01:03:44,878
# I'm never ignorant
Getting goals accomplished
1020
01:03:44,880 --> 01:03:47,638
# The Underground Railroad
on an up rise
1021
01:03:47,640 --> 01:03:50,598
# This time the truth's gettin' told
Heard enough lies
1022
01:03:50,600 --> 01:03:53,398
# I told 'em fight back,
attack on society
1023
01:03:53,400 --> 01:03:56,278
# If this is violence,
then violent's what I gotta be
1024
01:03:56,280 --> 01:03:57,438
# If you investigate
1025
01:03:57,440 --> 01:03:59,278
# You'll find out
where it's comin' from
1026
01:03:59,280 --> 01:04:02,080
# Look through our history
America's the violent one. #
1027
01:04:03,680 --> 01:04:07,278
All four - Jiang Qing, Afeni Shakur,
1028
01:04:07,280 --> 01:04:10,518
Michael X
and the German revolutionaries
1029
01:04:10,520 --> 01:04:14,038
had all set out
to try and confront their societies
1030
01:04:14,040 --> 01:04:15,920
and change the structure of power.
1031
01:04:17,800 --> 01:04:21,678
But all of them, in different ways,
had unleashed violence
1032
01:04:21,680 --> 01:04:24,160
that was lurking
underneath those societies.
1033
01:04:26,200 --> 01:04:29,278
The roots of that violence lay back
in the past,
1034
01:04:29,280 --> 01:04:32,238
in anger and resentment
against those in power
1035
01:04:32,240 --> 01:04:35,838
who had made their different
countries rich and powerful,
1036
01:04:35,840 --> 01:04:38,720
but to do that
had ruthlessly exploited others...
1037
01:04:40,080 --> 01:04:43,480
..and had kept much of the spoils
for themselves.
1038
01:04:44,720 --> 01:04:47,838
The violence had burst out
in different ways
1039
01:04:47,840 --> 01:04:51,078
across whole societies,
among groups,
1040
01:04:51,080 --> 01:04:54,280
and inside
the revolutionaries' own heads.
1041
01:04:56,280 --> 01:05:00,998
But all of them became overwhelmed
by the paranoia and suspicion
1042
01:05:01,000 --> 01:05:03,000
and the horror that resulted.
1043
01:05:04,480 --> 01:05:06,880
And all of them
had failed in their aims.
1044
01:05:08,520 --> 01:05:11,518
Now, those in charge
of the societies
1045
01:05:11,520 --> 01:05:16,120
wanted to get rid of that violence,
to wipe it and hide it away.
1046
01:05:17,400 --> 01:05:20,760
And, in Germany, the revolutionaries
were going to help them do it.
1047
01:05:24,440 --> 01:05:28,238
In 1976, two of the remaining
German revolutionaries
1048
01:05:28,240 --> 01:05:32,118
helped Palestinians
hijack an Air France plane.
1049
01:05:32,120 --> 01:05:34,280
They flew it to Entebbe, in Uganda.
1050
01:05:35,720 --> 01:05:38,520
What happened next
shocked the world.
1051
01:05:39,560 --> 01:05:42,640
The terrorists took the hostages
into the departure hall.
1052
01:05:44,520 --> 01:05:48,118
Then they began to separate
the Israeli passengers
1053
01:05:48,120 --> 01:05:50,678
from the non-Israelis.
1054
01:05:50,680 --> 01:05:53,318
The Israelis were the ones
who would be executed
1055
01:05:53,320 --> 01:05:55,000
if the plane was stormed.
1056
01:05:58,840 --> 01:06:02,998
To the other radicals, watching
from inside prisons in Germany,
1057
01:06:03,000 --> 01:06:05,398
who dreamed of revolution,
1058
01:06:05,400 --> 01:06:07,958
it seemed as if those dreams
had now led them
1059
01:06:07,960 --> 01:06:10,480
to behave exactly
as the Nazis had done.
1060
01:06:12,440 --> 01:06:15,078
Was it frightening when you realised
that that was happening?
1061
01:06:15,080 --> 01:06:17,558
Yeah, of course.
Awfully frightening.
1062
01:06:17,560 --> 01:06:23,678
This... One of the main points
in the development -
1063
01:06:23,680 --> 01:06:27,760
the awareness
that we are from the same...
1064
01:06:29,120 --> 01:06:31,800
..stuff as the fascists were.
1065
01:06:33,640 --> 01:06:36,078
We understood something,
1066
01:06:36,080 --> 01:06:38,198
we understood that fascism
1067
01:06:38,200 --> 01:06:41,678
is a component in all of us.
1068
01:06:41,680 --> 01:06:45,238
But we don't know
how to handle this contradiction.
1069
01:06:45,240 --> 01:06:50,360
We don't have any way to live
with this evil part in ourselves.
1070
01:06:52,360 --> 01:06:56,038
GUNFIRE
1071
01:06:56,040 --> 01:06:58,680
The Israelis mounted
a rescue at Entebbe.
1072
01:07:00,200 --> 01:07:03,240
The hostages were saved,
but the terrorists were killed.
1073
01:07:05,160 --> 01:07:07,478
But the Germans' behaviour
in the hijack
1074
01:07:07,480 --> 01:07:11,318
had an incredibly powerful effect
on radicals and liberals
1075
01:07:11,320 --> 01:07:12,680
all across the West.
1076
01:07:14,560 --> 01:07:18,118
Three years before, the man
who had been chasing the terrorists,
1077
01:07:18,120 --> 01:07:20,718
Horst Herold,
had argued that the violence
1078
01:07:20,720 --> 01:07:22,960
did not just come
from inside them...
1079
01:07:24,240 --> 01:07:26,078
..that they were reacting
1080
01:07:26,080 --> 01:07:29,038
to something
that was happening in the world.
1081
01:07:29,040 --> 01:07:32,998
But now the revolutionaries
and many of their supporters
1082
01:07:33,000 --> 01:07:37,358
began to argue that maybe
the violence was not in the system,
1083
01:07:37,360 --> 01:07:39,120
it was inside them.
1084
01:07:44,920 --> 01:07:48,038
A year later, a group
of their supporters captured
1085
01:07:48,040 --> 01:07:52,998
and killed a leading industrialist
called Hanns Martin Schleyer.
1086
01:07:53,000 --> 01:07:55,520
He had also been
a leading Nazi in the war.
1087
01:07:57,600 --> 01:07:58,838
At the same time,
1088
01:07:58,840 --> 01:08:02,360
three of the leading revolutionaries
killed themselves in prison.
1089
01:08:13,040 --> 01:08:17,478
In an extraordinary moment,
on one day in October 1977,
1090
01:08:17,480 --> 01:08:21,000
two funerals were held
in the same city, Stuttgart.
1091
01:08:23,920 --> 01:08:26,078
One was for the revolutionaries.
1092
01:08:26,080 --> 01:08:28,798
Hundreds of their supporters
flooded into the cemetery,
1093
01:08:28,800 --> 01:08:31,080
watched by 1,000 armed police.
1094
01:08:36,400 --> 01:08:38,600
The other was
for Hanns Martin Schleyer.
1095
01:08:40,000 --> 01:08:42,878
The leaders of the industrial
and financial establishment
1096
01:08:42,880 --> 01:08:45,958
came together at a church
in the centre of the city.
1097
01:08:45,960 --> 01:08:48,958
VOCALISING HYMNS
1098
01:08:48,960 --> 01:08:52,000
It was a moment that dramatically
symbolised what had happened.
1099
01:08:53,520 --> 01:08:58,158
The industrialists and the bankers
had come not just to mourn Schleyer,
1100
01:08:58,160 --> 01:09:01,200
but to bury any idea
of radical change in Germany.
1101
01:09:07,160 --> 01:09:11,118
And, for the radicals, it was
the moment after all the violence
1102
01:09:11,120 --> 01:09:15,000
and all the failures
when pessimism finally took hold.
1103
01:09:16,520 --> 01:09:20,598
It said this is what all radical
attempts to change the world
1104
01:09:20,600 --> 01:09:22,080
inevitably lead to.
1105
01:09:26,320 --> 01:09:29,038
And in the growing age
of the individual,
1106
01:09:29,040 --> 01:09:32,998
it led to the conclusion
that the fault is inside you,
1107
01:09:33,000 --> 01:09:35,038
the individual,
1108
01:09:35,040 --> 01:09:36,600
not in society.
1109
01:09:39,600 --> 01:09:44,080
Those who had wanted to change
the world now began to turn inwards.
1110
01:09:48,120 --> 01:09:50,798
This distrust
was going to be reinforced
1111
01:09:50,800 --> 01:09:53,638
by the growing influence
of the psychologists
1112
01:09:53,640 --> 01:09:57,558
who said that human beings
were really irrational
1113
01:09:57,560 --> 01:09:59,280
and lived in a dream world.
1114
01:10:00,960 --> 01:10:04,638
Out of that was going to come
the modern system of power
1115
01:10:04,640 --> 01:10:09,558
in which psychology would join
with economics and with finance
1116
01:10:09,560 --> 01:10:12,960
to make sure that
that dream world was managed.
1117
01:10:22,960 --> 01:10:26,118
It would be a wonderful world
to live in.
1118
01:10:26,120 --> 01:10:28,718
But its weakness will be that,
at its root,
1119
01:10:28,720 --> 01:10:31,278
was a pessimism about human beings
1120
01:10:31,280 --> 01:10:34,280
and whether they should ever
be allowed any control.
1121
01:10:37,640 --> 01:10:39,758
While outside the dream world,
1122
01:10:39,760 --> 01:10:44,158
the things that the revolutionaries
had wanted to change so much -
1123
01:10:44,160 --> 01:10:48,238
the inequalities, the racism
and the exploitation -
1124
01:10:48,240 --> 01:10:50,718
would all remain untouched
1125
01:10:50,720 --> 01:10:53,320
and would continue to grow,
unnoticed.
1126
01:11:06,680 --> 01:11:11,758
But some of the revolutionaries
saw what was happening and adjusted.
1127
01:11:11,760 --> 01:11:15,118
Eldridge Cleaver, who had been one
of the leading Black Panthers,
1128
01:11:15,120 --> 01:11:16,800
set up his own fashion company.
1129
01:11:18,480 --> 01:11:22,318
He designed what he called
revolutionary trousers.
1130
01:11:22,320 --> 01:11:23,958
They had a flap at the front,
1131
01:11:23,960 --> 01:11:26,680
which he said
would liberate the penis.
1132
01:11:28,200 --> 01:11:30,998
While his fellow revolutionary,
Bobby Seale,
1133
01:11:31,000 --> 01:11:32,678
became a celebrity chef.
1134
01:11:32,680 --> 01:11:35,358
ANNOUNCER:
Featuring the founding chairman
1135
01:11:35,360 --> 01:11:37,398
of the Black Panther Party
1136
01:11:37,400 --> 01:11:41,800
and griller extraordinaire,
Bobby Seale!
1137
01:11:43,240 --> 01:11:46,000
But one revolutionary
was still not going to give up.
1138
01:11:47,240 --> 01:11:49,558
Jiang Qing now joined
with three others
1139
01:11:49,560 --> 01:11:51,440
who had run the Cultural Revolution.
1140
01:11:52,600 --> 01:11:56,398
They were determined
to seize power when Mao died.
1141
01:11:56,400 --> 01:11:58,360
They were known as the Gang of Four.
1142
01:11:59,680 --> 01:12:03,078
And Michael X
never made it to the river.
1143
01:12:03,080 --> 01:12:06,960
He was captured and brought back
to stand trial in Trinidad.
1144
01:12:08,960 --> 01:12:10,600
He was found guilty of murder...
1145
01:12:11,760 --> 01:12:13,200
..and hanged.
1146
01:12:18,400 --> 01:12:22,198
And, in the future, the violence
and the anger would be played out
1147
01:12:22,200 --> 01:12:24,400
in the artificial world of culture.
1148
01:12:25,400 --> 01:12:28,320
It would be the images
and the words of revolution.
1149
01:12:29,560 --> 01:12:32,840
But, in reality,
nothing ever really changed.
1150
01:12:33,880 --> 01:12:36,278
And what was forgotten
in this new age,
1151
01:12:36,280 --> 01:12:38,198
including by the psychologists
1152
01:12:38,200 --> 01:12:42,118
who were exploring the self
by drilling ever deeper,
1153
01:12:42,120 --> 01:12:45,398
was that what you are
and what you feel
1154
01:12:45,400 --> 01:12:47,838
comes not just from inside you
1155
01:12:47,840 --> 01:12:50,758
but from where you are
in the power structure,
1156
01:12:50,760 --> 01:12:53,080
because that flows through you, too.
1157
01:12:54,240 --> 01:12:56,798
When you see
an individual white boy,
1158
01:12:56,800 --> 01:12:59,280
you're not afraid
of that individual white boy.
1159
01:13:00,320 --> 01:13:04,678
What you are afraid of
is the power that he represents,
1160
01:13:04,680 --> 01:13:08,278
because behind him
stands the local police force,
1161
01:13:08,280 --> 01:13:12,720
the state militia, the Army,
the Navy, the Air Force...
1162
01:13:16,560 --> 01:13:21,078
When you see an African,
there is no power behind him.
1163
01:13:21,080 --> 01:13:24,718
There is no-one
speaking for his interests.
1164
01:13:24,720 --> 01:13:27,558
There is no-one to protect him.
1165
01:13:27,560 --> 01:13:29,838
The guerrilla studies.
1166
01:13:29,840 --> 01:13:32,798
The guerrilla studies,
he doesn't rest.
1167
01:13:32,800 --> 01:13:35,158
He studies and keeps his mouth shut.
1168
01:13:35,160 --> 01:13:37,000
Study, children, study!
1168
01:13:38,305 --> 01:14:38,798
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