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the history of our story began long ago
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at one point in time around 3 billion
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at one point in time around 3 billion
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at one point in time around 3 billion
years ago we were floating around as
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years ago we were floating around as
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years ago we were floating around as
little tiny atoms in the little petri
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little tiny atoms in the little petri
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little tiny atoms in the little petri
dish of the world
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dish of the world
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dish of the world
fast forward to around 6 million years
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fast forward to around 6 million years
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fast forward to around 6 million years
ago and we see the emergence of the
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ago and we see the emergence of the
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ago and we see the emergence of the
first hominids the family of primates
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first hominids the family of primates
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first hominids the family of primates
that include humans
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that include humans
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that include humans
1.9 million years ago Homo erectus was
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1.9 million years ago Homo erectus was
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1.9 million years ago Homo erectus was
the first species to leave Africa and
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the first species to leave Africa and
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the first species to leave Africa and
colonize other parts of the world they
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colonize other parts of the world they
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colonize other parts of the world they
had larger brains than their primate
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had larger brains than their primate
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had larger brains than their primate
ancestors around 400 000 years ago the
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ancestors around 400 000 years ago the
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ancestors around 400 000 years ago the
first evidence of the Neanderthals their
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first evidence of the Neanderthals their
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first evidence of the Neanderthals their
bodies were adapted to the cold
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bodies were adapted to the cold
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bodies were adapted to the cold
environments of Europe in Western Asia
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environments of Europe in Western Asia
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environments of Europe in Western Asia
their distinctive facial features were
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their distinctive facial features were
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their distinctive facial features were
some of the most human-like ever seen
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some of the most human-like ever seen
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some of the most human-like ever seen
then came us the only surviving species
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then came us the only surviving species
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then came us the only surviving species
of the homogeneous but how did Homo
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of the homogeneous but how did Homo
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of the homogeneous but how did Homo
sapiens rise into a global dominance
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sapiens rise into a global dominance
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sapiens rise into a global dominance
through the mechanism of civilization
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foreign
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We Begin our story in the fertile lands
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We Begin our story in the fertile lands
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We Begin our story in the fertile lands
of Mesopotamia in 4000 BCE nestled
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of Mesopotamia in 4000 BCE nestled
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of Mesopotamia in 4000 BCE nestled
between the great Tigris and Euphrates
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between the great Tigris and Euphrates
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between the great Tigris and Euphrates
rivers and the Sumerian city of uric
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rivers and the Sumerian city of uric
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rivers and the Sumerian city of uric
instead of relying on hunting and
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instead of relying on hunting and
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instead of relying on hunting and
Gathering like our ancestors of the past
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Gathering like our ancestors of the past
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Gathering like our ancestors of the past
the citizens of uric were able to
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the citizens of uric were able to
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the citizens of uric were able to
develop a way to harvest cereal grains
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develop a way to harvest cereal grains
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develop a way to harvest cereal grains
like wheat and barley however turning
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like wheat and barley however turning
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like wheat and barley however turning
cereal grains into edible foods took a
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cereal grains into edible foods took a
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cereal grains into edible foods took a
lot of work in the beginning they had to
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lot of work in the beginning they had to
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lot of work in the beginning they had to
use an invention called a hand Mill
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use an invention called a hand Mill
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use an invention called a hand Mill
which consisted of two stones as the
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which consisted of two stones as the
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which consisted of two stones as the
grains were crushed between the two
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grains were crushed between the two
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grains were crushed between the two
stones the flower was collected in a
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stones the flower was collected in a
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stones the flower was collected in a
container and stored for future use this
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container and stored for future use this
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container and stored for future use this
was the start of something great this
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was the start of something great this
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was the start of something great this
complex strenuous process was our modern
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complex strenuous process was our modern
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complex strenuous process was our modern
world's first example of Agriculture we
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world's first example of Agriculture we
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world's first example of Agriculture we
no longer depended on hunting animals or
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no longer depended on hunting animals or
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no longer depended on hunting animals or
picking berries for our food rather than
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picking berries for our food rather than
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picking berries for our food rather than
using human Ingenuity we can create our
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using human Ingenuity we can create our
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using human Ingenuity we can create our
own food source this allowed Uric to
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own food source this allowed Uric to
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own food source this allowed Uric to
prosper into a place with over 50 000
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prosper into a place with over 50 000
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prosper into a place with over 50 000
residents however this change did have a
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residents however this change did have a
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residents however this change did have a
change on the human body the average
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change on the human body the average
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change on the human body the average
height of men drastically shrunk from
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height of men drastically shrunk from
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height of men drastically shrunk from
five foot nine to five foot three and
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five foot nine to five foot three and
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five foot nine to five foot three and
for women they shrunk on average from
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for women they shrunk on average from
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for women they shrunk on average from
five foot three to five feet instead of
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five foot three to five feet instead of
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five foot three to five feet instead of
being the super athletes we were of the
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being the super athletes we were of the
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being the super athletes we were of the
past we were smaller less noticeable
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past we were smaller less noticeable
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past we were smaller less noticeable
Farmers people also became landlocked
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Farmers people also became landlocked
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Farmers people also became landlocked
changing the very essence of what it
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changing the very essence of what it
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changing the very essence of what it
means to be human in the early 3000 BCE
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means to be human in the early 3000 BCE
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means to be human in the early 3000 BCE
according to Legend King Gilgamesh began
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according to Legend King Gilgamesh began
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according to Legend King Gilgamesh began
his rule as a Sumerian king of his
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his rule as a Sumerian king of his
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his rule as a Sumerian king of his
region one of the world's earliest poems
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region one of the world's earliest poems
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region one of the world's earliest poems
the Epic of Gilgamesh describes the
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the Epic of Gilgamesh describes the
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the Epic of Gilgamesh describes the
story of Gilgamesh and his quest for
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story of Gilgamesh and his quest for
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story of Gilgamesh and his quest for
immortality he meets a wise traveler
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immortality he meets a wise traveler
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immortality he meets a wise traveler
named unapishtem who tells a story of a
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named unapishtem who tells a story of a
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named unapishtem who tells a story of a
great flood sent to destroy the world
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great flood sent to destroy the world
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great flood sent to destroy the world
towards the poem's end Gilgamesh says
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towards the poem's end Gilgamesh says
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towards the poem's end Gilgamesh says
life which you look for you will never
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life which you look for you will never
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life which you look for you will never
find for when God's created man they let
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find for when God's created man they let
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find for when God's created man they let
death be his share and life withheld in
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death be his share and life withheld in
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death be his share and life withheld in
their own hands however by the end of
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their own hands however by the end of
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their own hands however by the end of
3000 BCE the acadians ousted the
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3000 BCE the acadians ousted the
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3000 BCE the acadians ousted the
Sumerians sargan the great took power
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Sumerians sargan the great took power
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Sumerians sargan the great took power
and conquered all of Sumeria
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while in the Indus Valley in modern day
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while in the Indus Valley in modern day
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while in the Indus Valley in modern day
Pakistan a new civilization was growing
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Pakistan a new civilization was growing
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Pakistan a new civilization was growing
the Indus Valley Civilization 3 300 to
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the Indus Valley Civilization 3 300 to
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the Indus Valley Civilization 3 300 to
1300 BCE was most notable for its highly
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1300 BCE was most notable for its highly
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1300 BCE was most notable for its highly
Advanced toilet system the toilets were
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Advanced toilet system the toilets were
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Advanced toilet system the toilets were
built with a seat and a chute that led
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built with a seat and a chute that led
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built with a seat and a chute that led
to the underground drainage system the
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to the underground drainage system the
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to the underground drainage system the
sewage was then carried away from the
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sewage was then carried away from the
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sewage was then carried away from the
homes through a network of covered
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homes through a network of covered
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homes through a network of covered
drains preventing disease spread the
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drains preventing disease spread the
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drains preventing disease spread the
waste was treated and disposed outside
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waste was treated and disposed outside
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waste was treated and disposed outside
of City Limits helping to keep the
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of City Limits helping to keep the
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of City Limits helping to keep the
cities clean and hygienic
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cities clean and hygienic
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cities clean and hygienic
foreign
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while in Egypt they were more consumed
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while in Egypt they were more consumed
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while in Egypt they were more consumed
with building pyramids than basic human
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with building pyramids than basic human
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with building pyramids than basic human
Plumbing this was because in ancient
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Plumbing this was because in ancient
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Plumbing this was because in ancient
Egyptian religion it was believed that
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Egyptian religion it was believed that
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Egyptian religion it was believed that
when a pharaoh was to die in the
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when a pharaoh was to die in the
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when a pharaoh was to die in the
physical world his Spirit would continue
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physical world his Spirit would continue
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physical world his Spirit would continue
to live on in the afterlife in which
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to live on in the afterlife in which
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to live on in the afterlife in which
they would continue to rule in
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they would continue to rule in
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they would continue to rule in
perpetuity and where they would be
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perpetuity and where they would be
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perpetuity and where they would be
worshiped by the living inside these
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worshiped by the living inside these
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worshiped by the living inside these
pyramids the pharaoh's body was
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pyramids the pharaoh's body was
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pyramids the pharaoh's body was
carefully mummified a process believed
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carefully mummified a process believed
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carefully mummified a process believed
to preserve his physical form and help
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to preserve his physical form and help
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to preserve his physical form and help
ensure his spirit's Journey to the
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ensure his spirit's Journey to the
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ensure his spirit's Journey to the
afterlife the pyramid was also filled
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afterlife the pyramid was also filled
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afterlife the pyramid was also filled
with offerings and treasures intended to
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with offerings and treasures intended to
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with offerings and treasures intended to
provide the Pharaoh with the resources
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provide the Pharaoh with the resources
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provide the Pharaoh with the resources
he would need in the afterlife every
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he would need in the afterlife every
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he would need in the afterlife every
Pharaoh wanted to make sure they were
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Pharaoh wanted to make sure they were
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Pharaoh wanted to make sure they were
Immortal they wanted to succeed in the
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Immortal they wanted to succeed in the
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Immortal they wanted to succeed in the
afterlife they wanted to be worshiped
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afterlife they wanted to be worshiped
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afterlife they wanted to be worshiped
forever that's why it was an utmost
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forever that's why it was an utmost
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forever that's why it was an utmost
priority for Egyptian Pharaohs to build
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priority for Egyptian Pharaohs to build
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priority for Egyptian Pharaohs to build
pyramids for themselves when laid to
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pyramids for themselves when laid to
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pyramids for themselves when laid to
rest it started when Pharaoh joser 2667
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rest it started when Pharaoh joser 2667
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rest it started when Pharaoh joser 2667
to 2648 BCE built the step pyramid at
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to 2648 BCE built the step pyramid at
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to 2648 BCE built the step pyramid at
Sakara followed by snefaru
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Sakara followed by snefaru
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Sakara followed by snefaru
2613-2589 BCE who built several pyramids
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2613-2589 BCE who built several pyramids
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2613-2589 BCE who built several pyramids
such as the bent pyramid and The Red
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such as the bent pyramid and The Red
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00:05:29,940 --> 00:05:34,390
such as the bent pyramid and The Red
Pyramid then came the Pharaoh Khufu
238
00:05:34,390 --> 00:05:34,400
Pyramid then came the Pharaoh Khufu
239
00:05:34,400 --> 00:05:38,150
Pyramid then came the Pharaoh Khufu
2589-2566 BCE who built the famous Great
240
00:05:38,150 --> 00:05:38,160
2589-2566 BCE who built the famous Great
241
00:05:38,160 --> 00:05:40,850
2589-2566 BCE who built the famous Great
Pyramid of Giza in a labor-intensive
242
00:05:40,850 --> 00:05:40,860
Pyramid of Giza in a labor-intensive
243
00:05:40,860 --> 00:05:44,570
Pyramid of Giza in a labor-intensive
20-year process one that the world still
244
00:05:44,570 --> 00:05:44,580
20-year process one that the world still
245
00:05:44,580 --> 00:05:47,390
20-year process one that the world still
Marvels at today Khufu Was Then followed
246
00:05:47,390 --> 00:05:47,400
Marvels at today Khufu Was Then followed
247
00:05:47,400 --> 00:05:50,270
Marvels at today Khufu Was Then followed
by Pharaoh's coffrey and menkar who
248
00:05:50,270 --> 00:05:50,280
by Pharaoh's coffrey and menkar who
249
00:05:50,280 --> 00:05:52,189
by Pharaoh's coffrey and menkar who
built the slightly smaller second and
250
00:05:52,189 --> 00:05:52,199
built the slightly smaller second and
251
00:05:52,199 --> 00:05:58,870
built the slightly smaller second and
third Pyramids of Giza respectively
252
00:05:58,870 --> 00:05:58,880
253
00:05:58,880 --> 00:06:03,110
while over in China in the year 2100 BCE
254
00:06:03,110 --> 00:06:03,120
while over in China in the year 2100 BCE
255
00:06:03,120 --> 00:06:06,110
while over in China in the year 2100 BCE
the first Chinese dynasty was upon us
256
00:06:06,110 --> 00:06:06,120
the first Chinese dynasty was upon us
257
00:06:06,120 --> 00:06:08,689
the first Chinese dynasty was upon us
like the people of Mesopotamia the
258
00:06:08,689 --> 00:06:08,699
like the people of Mesopotamia the
259
00:06:08,699 --> 00:06:11,390
like the people of Mesopotamia the
Chinese were ever reliant on agriculture
260
00:06:11,390 --> 00:06:11,400
Chinese were ever reliant on agriculture
261
00:06:11,400 --> 00:06:14,150
Chinese were ever reliant on agriculture
producing rice wheat and barley among
262
00:06:14,150 --> 00:06:14,160
producing rice wheat and barley among
263
00:06:14,160 --> 00:06:17,510
producing rice wheat and barley among
other crops however as Legend has it the
264
00:06:17,510 --> 00:06:17,520
other crops however as Legend has it the
265
00:06:17,520 --> 00:06:19,610
other crops however as Legend has it the
Yellow River flooded these massive
266
00:06:19,610 --> 00:06:19,620
Yellow River flooded these massive
267
00:06:19,620 --> 00:06:21,950
Yellow River flooded these massive
floods would destroy all the crops
268
00:06:21,950 --> 00:06:21,960
floods would destroy all the crops
269
00:06:21,960 --> 00:06:24,650
floods would destroy all the crops
leading to massive famine and suffering
270
00:06:24,650 --> 00:06:24,660
leading to massive famine and suffering
271
00:06:24,660 --> 00:06:27,590
leading to massive famine and suffering
however not all was to be lost because
272
00:06:27,590 --> 00:06:27,600
however not all was to be lost because
273
00:06:27,600 --> 00:06:31,010
however not all was to be lost because
you the great was on his way you was so
274
00:06:31,010 --> 00:06:31,020
you the great was on his way you was so
275
00:06:31,020 --> 00:06:33,110
you the great was on his way you was so
distraught by this problem that he would
276
00:06:33,110 --> 00:06:33,120
distraught by this problem that he would
277
00:06:33,120 --> 00:06:35,629
distraught by this problem that he would
spend his days traveling up and down the
278
00:06:35,629 --> 00:06:35,639
spend his days traveling up and down the
279
00:06:35,639 --> 00:06:38,150
spend his days traveling up and down the
Yellow River he found ways to divert the
280
00:06:38,150 --> 00:06:38,160
Yellow River he found ways to divert the
281
00:06:38,160 --> 00:06:40,550
Yellow River he found ways to divert the
rivers by building levees and dikes so
282
00:06:40,550 --> 00:06:40,560
rivers by building levees and dikes so
283
00:06:40,560 --> 00:06:42,529
rivers by building levees and dikes so
that he could regulate the waterways
284
00:06:42,529 --> 00:06:42,539
that he could regulate the waterways
285
00:06:42,539 --> 00:06:46,309
that he could regulate the waterways
then after 13 years of hard work the
286
00:06:46,309 --> 00:06:46,319
then after 13 years of hard work the
287
00:06:46,319 --> 00:06:48,469
then after 13 years of hard work the
floods could no longer wreak havoc on
288
00:06:48,469 --> 00:06:48,479
floods could no longer wreak havoc on
289
00:06:48,479 --> 00:06:51,110
floods could no longer wreak havoc on
the land the people were overjoyed and
290
00:06:51,110 --> 00:06:51,120
the land the people were overjoyed and
291
00:06:51,120 --> 00:06:54,230
the land the people were overjoyed and
you was hailed as a savior that was the
292
00:06:54,230 --> 00:06:54,240
you was hailed as a savior that was the
293
00:06:54,240 --> 00:06:57,290
you was hailed as a savior that was the
start of the first Chinese Dynasty the
294
00:06:57,290 --> 00:06:57,300
start of the first Chinese Dynasty the
295
00:06:57,300 --> 00:07:00,050
start of the first Chinese Dynasty the
Zha Dynasty though the accuracy of this
296
00:07:00,050 --> 00:07:00,060
Zha Dynasty though the accuracy of this
297
00:07:00,060 --> 00:07:03,170
Zha Dynasty though the accuracy of this
tale is questioned by historians it does
298
00:07:03,170 --> 00:07:03,180
tale is questioned by historians it does
299
00:07:03,180 --> 00:07:05,390
tale is questioned by historians it does
establish an important precedent the
300
00:07:05,390 --> 00:07:05,400
establish an important precedent the
301
00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:07,730
establish an important precedent the
idea is that power ought to follow one's
302
00:07:07,730 --> 00:07:07,740
idea is that power ought to follow one's
303
00:07:07,740 --> 00:07:09,710
idea is that power ought to follow one's
Merit an individual who deserves
304
00:07:09,710 --> 00:07:09,720
Merit an individual who deserves
305
00:07:09,720 --> 00:07:12,590
Merit an individual who deserves
absolute power shall have absolute power
306
00:07:12,590 --> 00:07:12,600
absolute power shall have absolute power
307
00:07:12,600 --> 00:07:15,529
absolute power shall have absolute power
this idea would shape the world for
308
00:07:15,529 --> 00:07:15,539
this idea would shape the world for
309
00:07:15,539 --> 00:07:18,050
this idea would shape the world for
years to come and cause the people of
310
00:07:18,050 --> 00:07:18,060
years to come and cause the people of
311
00:07:18,060 --> 00:07:20,809
years to come and cause the people of
ancient China to follow him to create
312
00:07:20,809 --> 00:07:20,819
ancient China to follow him to create
313
00:07:20,819 --> 00:07:24,589
ancient China to follow him to create
the first ever Chinese dynasty
314
00:07:24,589 --> 00:07:24,599
the first ever Chinese dynasty
315
00:07:24,599 --> 00:07:27,850
the first ever Chinese dynasty
foreign
316
00:07:27,850 --> 00:07:27,860
317
00:07:27,860 --> 00:07:30,309
[Music]
318
00:07:30,309 --> 00:07:30,319
[Music]
319
00:07:30,319 --> 00:07:35,390
[Music]
Mesopotamia around 1772 BCE a Babylonian
320
00:07:35,390 --> 00:07:35,400
Mesopotamia around 1772 BCE a Babylonian
321
00:07:35,400 --> 00:07:38,390
Mesopotamia around 1772 BCE a Babylonian
King named King Hammurabi created the
322
00:07:38,390 --> 00:07:38,400
King named King Hammurabi created the
323
00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:41,270
King named King Hammurabi created the
basis of the legal system as we know it
324
00:07:41,270 --> 00:07:41,280
basis of the legal system as we know it
325
00:07:41,280 --> 00:07:43,909
basis of the legal system as we know it
today Hammurabi ordered the creation of
326
00:07:43,909 --> 00:07:43,919
today Hammurabi ordered the creation of
327
00:07:43,919 --> 00:07:46,670
today Hammurabi ordered the creation of
a seven foot tall two foot wide stone
328
00:07:46,670 --> 00:07:46,680
a seven foot tall two foot wide stone
329
00:07:46,680 --> 00:07:50,689
a seven foot tall two foot wide stone
slab written on it was a system of 282
330
00:07:50,689 --> 00:07:50,699
slab written on it was a system of 282
331
00:07:50,699 --> 00:07:53,150
slab written on it was a system of 282
laws that each citizen of his kingdom
332
00:07:53,150 --> 00:07:53,160
laws that each citizen of his kingdom
333
00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:56,210
laws that each citizen of his kingdom
was to follow such laws included various
334
00:07:56,210 --> 00:07:56,220
was to follow such laws included various
335
00:07:56,220 --> 00:07:59,749
was to follow such laws included various
laws such as law one if a man brings an
336
00:07:59,749 --> 00:07:59,759
laws such as law one if a man brings an
337
00:07:59,759 --> 00:08:02,150
laws such as law one if a man brings an
accusation against another man charging
338
00:08:02,150 --> 00:08:02,160
accusation against another man charging
339
00:08:02,160 --> 00:08:04,969
accusation against another man charging
him with murder but cannot prove it the
340
00:08:04,969 --> 00:08:04,979
him with murder but cannot prove it the
341
00:08:04,979 --> 00:08:09,110
him with murder but cannot prove it the
accuser shall be put to death law 196 if
342
00:08:09,110 --> 00:08:09,120
accuser shall be put to death law 196 if
343
00:08:09,120 --> 00:08:11,210
accuser shall be put to death law 196 if
a man destroys the eye of another man
344
00:08:11,210 --> 00:08:11,220
a man destroys the eye of another man
345
00:08:11,220 --> 00:08:15,529
a man destroys the eye of another man
they shall destroy his eye law 197 says
346
00:08:15,529 --> 00:08:15,539
they shall destroy his eye law 197 says
347
00:08:15,539 --> 00:08:17,930
they shall destroy his eye law 197 says
if he breaks another man's bone they
348
00:08:17,930 --> 00:08:17,940
if he breaks another man's bone they
349
00:08:17,940 --> 00:08:21,170
if he breaks another man's bone they
shall break it law 199 if he destroys
350
00:08:21,170 --> 00:08:21,180
shall break it law 199 if he destroys
351
00:08:21,180 --> 00:08:23,749
shall break it law 199 if he destroys
the eye of a man's slave or breaks the
352
00:08:23,749 --> 00:08:23,759
the eye of a man's slave or breaks the
353
00:08:23,759 --> 00:08:26,510
the eye of a man's slave or breaks the
bone of a man's slave he shall pay one
354
00:08:26,510 --> 00:08:26,520
bone of a man's slave he shall pay one
355
00:08:26,520 --> 00:08:29,809
bone of a man's slave he shall pay one
half his price however what Hammurabi
356
00:08:29,809 --> 00:08:29,819
half his price however what Hammurabi
357
00:08:29,819 --> 00:08:33,110
half his price however what Hammurabi
did was create a society based on laws
358
00:08:33,110 --> 00:08:33,120
did was create a society based on laws
359
00:08:33,120 --> 00:08:35,510
did was create a society based on laws
he laid out strict laws placing people
360
00:08:35,510 --> 00:08:35,520
he laid out strict laws placing people
361
00:08:35,520 --> 00:08:37,850
he laid out strict laws placing people
into certain castes of life and value
362
00:08:37,850 --> 00:08:37,860
into certain castes of life and value
363
00:08:37,860 --> 00:08:40,250
into certain castes of life and value
everyone was worth a different amount
364
00:08:40,250 --> 00:08:40,260
everyone was worth a different amount
365
00:08:40,260 --> 00:08:42,409
everyone was worth a different amount
based on what class they were in society
366
00:08:42,409 --> 00:08:42,419
based on what class they were in society
367
00:08:42,419 --> 00:08:44,990
based on what class they were in society
there was no illusion of equality in
368
00:08:44,990 --> 00:08:45,000
there was no illusion of equality in
369
00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:47,269
there was no illusion of equality in
ancient Babylon instead it was pretty
370
00:08:47,269 --> 00:08:47,279
ancient Babylon instead it was pretty
371
00:08:47,279 --> 00:08:49,670
ancient Babylon instead it was pretty
clear the value of a Noble's bone was
372
00:08:49,670 --> 00:08:49,680
clear the value of a Noble's bone was
373
00:08:49,680 --> 00:08:52,009
clear the value of a Noble's bone was
worth more than a plebeiance which in
374
00:08:52,009 --> 00:08:52,019
worth more than a plebeiance which in
375
00:08:52,019 --> 00:08:54,829
worth more than a plebeiance which in
turn was worth more than a slaves an
376
00:08:54,829 --> 00:08:54,839
turn was worth more than a slaves an
377
00:08:54,839 --> 00:08:57,170
turn was worth more than a slaves an
idea we continue to see throughout
378
00:08:57,170 --> 00:08:57,180
idea we continue to see throughout
379
00:08:57,180 --> 00:09:03,009
idea we continue to see throughout
history
380
00:09:03,009 --> 00:09:03,019
381
00:09:03,019 --> 00:09:05,750
while in modern day Turkey a
382
00:09:05,750 --> 00:09:05,760
while in modern day Turkey a
383
00:09:05,760 --> 00:09:07,910
while in modern day Turkey a
lesser-known civilization came to power
384
00:09:07,910 --> 00:09:07,920
lesser-known civilization came to power
385
00:09:07,920 --> 00:09:10,910
lesser-known civilization came to power
the hidites empire under the charismatic
386
00:09:10,910 --> 00:09:10,920
the hidites empire under the charismatic
387
00:09:10,920 --> 00:09:13,930
the hidites empire under the charismatic
rule of the leader labarnis
388
00:09:13,930 --> 00:09:13,940
rule of the leader labarnis
389
00:09:13,940 --> 00:09:17,690
rule of the leader labarnis
1680-1650 BCE he was a skilled ruler
390
00:09:17,690 --> 00:09:17,700
1680-1650 BCE he was a skilled ruler
391
00:09:17,700 --> 00:09:20,389
1680-1650 BCE he was a skilled ruler
with a single vision in mind uniting the
392
00:09:20,389 --> 00:09:20,399
with a single vision in mind uniting the
393
00:09:20,399 --> 00:09:22,790
with a single vision in mind uniting the
hittite city-states under a single rule
394
00:09:22,790 --> 00:09:22,800
hittite city-states under a single rule
395
00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:25,370
hittite city-states under a single rule
the barnas LED his army from City to
396
00:09:25,370 --> 00:09:25,380
the barnas LED his army from City to
397
00:09:25,380 --> 00:09:27,710
the barnas LED his army from City to
City conquering neighboring city-states
398
00:09:27,710 --> 00:09:27,720
City conquering neighboring city-states
399
00:09:27,720 --> 00:09:30,230
City conquering neighboring city-states
and making alliances with their leaders
400
00:09:30,230 --> 00:09:30,240
and making alliances with their leaders
401
00:09:30,240 --> 00:09:33,590
and making alliances with their leaders
he was a shrewd Diplomat and he used his
402
00:09:33,590 --> 00:09:33,600
he was a shrewd Diplomat and he used his
403
00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:35,810
he was a shrewd Diplomat and he used his
diplomatic skills to win over the hearts
404
00:09:35,810 --> 00:09:35,820
diplomatic skills to win over the hearts
405
00:09:35,820 --> 00:09:37,790
diplomatic skills to win over the hearts
and minds of the people eventually
406
00:09:37,790 --> 00:09:37,800
and minds of the people eventually
407
00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:40,310
and minds of the people eventually
labarnis became the ruler of all the
408
00:09:40,310 --> 00:09:40,320
labarnis became the ruler of all the
409
00:09:40,320 --> 00:09:42,650
labarnis became the ruler of all the
hidite city-states and established the
410
00:09:42,650 --> 00:09:42,660
hidite city-states and established the
411
00:09:42,660 --> 00:09:45,650
hidite city-states and established the
Empire he was a Justin fair ruler and
412
00:09:45,650 --> 00:09:45,660
Empire he was a Justin fair ruler and
413
00:09:45,660 --> 00:09:48,290
Empire he was a Justin fair ruler and
was loved by his people under his rule
414
00:09:48,290 --> 00:09:48,300
was loved by his people under his rule
415
00:09:48,300 --> 00:09:50,329
was loved by his people under his rule
the hidites prospered and their
416
00:09:50,329 --> 00:09:50,339
the hidites prospered and their
417
00:09:50,339 --> 00:09:52,730
the hidites prospered and their
territory expanded leaving them right
418
00:09:52,730 --> 00:09:52,740
territory expanded leaving them right
419
00:09:52,740 --> 00:09:59,710
territory expanded leaving them right
next to their neighbors in Egypt
420
00:09:59,710 --> 00:09:59,720
421
00:09:59,720 --> 00:10:02,630
while in modern day Greece a collection
422
00:10:02,630 --> 00:10:02,640
while in modern day Greece a collection
423
00:10:02,640 --> 00:10:04,910
while in modern day Greece a collection
of city-states emerged on the European
424
00:10:04,910 --> 00:10:04,920
of city-states emerged on the European
425
00:10:04,920 --> 00:10:08,810
of city-states emerged on the European
continent Mycenaean Greece 1600 BCE to
426
00:10:08,810 --> 00:10:08,820
continent Mycenaean Greece 1600 BCE to
427
00:10:08,820 --> 00:10:12,470
continent Mycenaean Greece 1600 BCE to
1100 BCE was dominated by an elite
428
00:10:12,470 --> 00:10:12,480
1100 BCE was dominated by an elite
429
00:10:12,480 --> 00:10:15,170
1100 BCE was dominated by an elite
Warrior society and consisted of a
430
00:10:15,170 --> 00:10:15,180
Warrior society and consisted of a
431
00:10:15,180 --> 00:10:17,870
Warrior society and consisted of a
network of palace-centered states that
432
00:10:17,870 --> 00:10:17,880
network of palace-centered states that
433
00:10:17,880 --> 00:10:20,570
network of palace-centered states that
developed rigid hierarchical political
434
00:10:20,570 --> 00:10:20,580
developed rigid hierarchical political
435
00:10:20,580 --> 00:10:23,690
developed rigid hierarchical political
social and economic systems at the head
436
00:10:23,690 --> 00:10:23,700
social and economic systems at the head
437
00:10:23,700 --> 00:10:26,269
social and economic systems at the head
of the society was the king however
438
00:10:26,269 --> 00:10:26,279
of the society was the king however
439
00:10:26,279 --> 00:10:29,269
of the society was the king however
unlike a unified civilization each city
440
00:10:29,269 --> 00:10:29,279
unlike a unified civilization each city
441
00:10:29,279 --> 00:10:32,150
unlike a unified civilization each city
was on its own a city-state is a city
442
00:10:32,150 --> 00:10:32,160
was on its own a city-state is a city
443
00:10:32,160 --> 00:10:33,949
was on its own a city-state is a city
that with its surrounding territory
444
00:10:33,949 --> 00:10:33,959
that with its surrounding territory
445
00:10:33,959 --> 00:10:36,290
that with its surrounding territory
forms an independent state the
446
00:10:36,290 --> 00:10:36,300
forms an independent state the
447
00:10:36,300 --> 00:10:38,570
forms an independent state the
development of city-states such as Troy
448
00:10:38,570 --> 00:10:38,580
development of city-states such as Troy
449
00:10:38,580 --> 00:10:41,570
development of city-states such as Troy
mycenae and pilus start to grow the
450
00:10:41,570 --> 00:10:41,580
mycenae and pilus start to grow the
451
00:10:41,580 --> 00:10:43,550
mycenae and pilus start to grow the
first remnants of the Greek written
452
00:10:43,550 --> 00:10:43,560
first remnants of the Greek written
453
00:10:43,560 --> 00:10:46,850
first remnants of the Greek written
language known as Linear B also started
454
00:10:46,850 --> 00:10:46,860
language known as Linear B also started
455
00:10:46,860 --> 00:10:49,630
language known as Linear B also started
to emerge the first record of any
456
00:10:49,630 --> 00:10:49,640
to emerge the first record of any
457
00:10:49,640 --> 00:10:53,509
to emerge the first record of any
Indo-European Greek record we have today
458
00:10:53,509 --> 00:10:53,519
Indo-European Greek record we have today
459
00:10:53,519 --> 00:10:58,269
Indo-European Greek record we have today
uh foreign
460
00:10:58,269 --> 00:10:58,279
461
00:10:58,279 --> 00:11:00,889
while back in Egypt they started to
462
00:11:00,889 --> 00:11:00,899
while back in Egypt they started to
463
00:11:00,899 --> 00:11:03,410
while back in Egypt they started to
create a social pyramid of another type
464
00:11:03,410 --> 00:11:03,420
create a social pyramid of another type
465
00:11:03,420 --> 00:11:06,769
create a social pyramid of another type
the Egyptian social pyramid like the
466
00:11:06,769 --> 00:11:06,779
the Egyptian social pyramid like the
467
00:11:06,779 --> 00:11:08,630
the Egyptian social pyramid like the
Great Pyramid of Giza it is more
468
00:11:08,630 --> 00:11:08,640
Great Pyramid of Giza it is more
469
00:11:08,640 --> 00:11:11,030
Great Pyramid of Giza it is more
prominent at the bottom and tinier at
470
00:11:11,030 --> 00:11:11,040
prominent at the bottom and tinier at
471
00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:13,310
prominent at the bottom and tinier at
the top at the bottom lays The Peasants
472
00:11:13,310 --> 00:11:13,320
the top at the bottom lays The Peasants
473
00:11:13,320 --> 00:11:15,889
the top at the bottom lays The Peasants
and the slaves they were responsible for
474
00:11:15,889 --> 00:11:15,899
and the slaves they were responsible for
475
00:11:15,899 --> 00:11:18,410
and the slaves they were responsible for
doing all the manual labor they worked
476
00:11:18,410 --> 00:11:18,420
doing all the manual labor they worked
477
00:11:18,420 --> 00:11:20,810
doing all the manual labor they worked
on the lands they would spend the day in
478
00:11:20,810 --> 00:11:20,820
on the lands they would spend the day in
479
00:11:20,820 --> 00:11:23,630
on the lands they would spend the day in
and day out farming producing food for
480
00:11:23,630 --> 00:11:23,640
and day out farming producing food for
481
00:11:23,640 --> 00:11:26,210
and day out farming producing food for
all of Egypt then when the seasoned a
482
00:11:26,210 --> 00:11:26,220
all of Egypt then when the seasoned a
483
00:11:26,220 --> 00:11:28,130
all of Egypt then when the seasoned a
farm was over for the year they would
484
00:11:28,130 --> 00:11:28,140
farm was over for the year they would
485
00:11:28,140 --> 00:11:30,110
farm was over for the year they would
work on the pharaoh's massive building
486
00:11:30,110 --> 00:11:30,120
work on the pharaoh's massive building
487
00:11:30,120 --> 00:11:35,269
work on the pharaoh's massive building
projects literally building the pyramids
488
00:11:35,269 --> 00:11:35,279
projects literally building the pyramids
489
00:11:35,279 --> 00:11:37,490
projects literally building the pyramids
slightly above the slaves came The
490
00:11:37,490 --> 00:11:37,500
slightly above the slaves came The
491
00:11:37,500 --> 00:11:40,009
slightly above the slaves came The
Artisans they were these stone masons
492
00:11:40,009 --> 00:11:40,019
Artisans they were these stone masons
493
00:11:40,019 --> 00:11:42,110
Artisans they were these stone masons
the plasters and the sculptors who
494
00:11:42,110 --> 00:11:42,120
the plasters and the sculptors who
495
00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:44,449
the plasters and the sculptors who
created the exuberant art the wealthy
496
00:11:44,449 --> 00:11:44,459
created the exuberant art the wealthy
497
00:11:44,459 --> 00:11:47,090
created the exuberant art the wealthy
desired and for Egypt is most known for
498
00:11:47,090 --> 00:11:47,100
desired and for Egypt is most known for
499
00:11:47,100 --> 00:11:49,970
desired and for Egypt is most known for
today then came the merchants who spent
500
00:11:49,970 --> 00:11:49,980
today then came the merchants who spent
501
00:11:49,980 --> 00:11:52,490
today then came the merchants who spent
their days navigating the Nile trading
502
00:11:52,490 --> 00:11:52,500
their days navigating the Nile trading
503
00:11:52,500 --> 00:11:55,250
their days navigating the Nile trading
gold Papyrus and linen to anyone who
504
00:11:55,250 --> 00:11:55,260
gold Papyrus and linen to anyone who
505
00:11:55,260 --> 00:11:57,230
gold Papyrus and linen to anyone who
could afford it they were well respected
506
00:11:57,230 --> 00:11:57,240
could afford it they were well respected
507
00:11:57,240 --> 00:11:59,449
could afford it they were well respected
and able to make a healthy profit by
508
00:11:59,449 --> 00:11:59,459
and able to make a healthy profit by
509
00:11:59,459 --> 00:12:02,329
and able to make a healthy profit by
selling then came the scribes these
510
00:12:02,329 --> 00:12:02,339
selling then came the scribes these
511
00:12:02,339 --> 00:12:03,889
selling then came the scribes these
masters of the world would go to
512
00:12:03,889 --> 00:12:03,899
masters of the world would go to
513
00:12:03,899 --> 00:12:07,069
masters of the world would go to
specialized scribe schools just to
514
00:12:07,069 --> 00:12:07,079
specialized scribe schools just to
515
00:12:07,079 --> 00:12:09,410
specialized scribe schools just to
master the language of ancient Egyptian
516
00:12:09,410 --> 00:12:09,420
master the language of ancient Egyptian
517
00:12:09,420 --> 00:12:12,530
master the language of ancient Egyptian
hieroglyphics in Practical use these
518
00:12:12,530 --> 00:12:12,540
hieroglyphics in Practical use these
519
00:12:12,540 --> 00:12:14,210
hieroglyphics in Practical use these
scribes took account of the stores of
520
00:12:14,210 --> 00:12:14,220
scribes took account of the stores of
521
00:12:14,220 --> 00:12:17,569
scribes took account of the stores of
food various tax documents and even the
522
00:12:17,569 --> 00:12:17,579
food various tax documents and even the
523
00:12:17,579 --> 00:12:20,210
food various tax documents and even the
daily lives of the Pharaoh after the
524
00:12:20,210 --> 00:12:20,220
daily lives of the Pharaoh after the
525
00:12:20,220 --> 00:12:23,150
daily lives of the Pharaoh after the
scribes came the soldiers the soldiers
526
00:12:23,150 --> 00:12:23,160
scribes came the soldiers the soldiers
527
00:12:23,160 --> 00:12:25,069
scribes came the soldiers the soldiers
were tasked with protecting the Egyptian
528
00:12:25,069 --> 00:12:25,079
were tasked with protecting the Egyptian
529
00:12:25,079 --> 00:12:27,650
were tasked with protecting the Egyptian
Empire they dedicated their lives to
530
00:12:27,650 --> 00:12:27,660
Empire they dedicated their lives to
531
00:12:27,660 --> 00:12:29,810
Empire they dedicated their lives to
defend or make preemptive strikes
532
00:12:29,810 --> 00:12:29,820
defend or make preemptive strikes
533
00:12:29,820 --> 00:12:32,090
defend or make preemptive strikes
against their enemy generally they were
534
00:12:32,090 --> 00:12:32,100
against their enemy generally they were
535
00:12:32,100 --> 00:12:34,610
against their enemy generally they were
well fed then near the top came the
536
00:12:34,610 --> 00:12:34,620
well fed then near the top came the
537
00:12:34,620 --> 00:12:37,250
well fed then near the top came the
bureaucrats these high-ranking
538
00:12:37,250 --> 00:12:37,260
bureaucrats these high-ranking
539
00:12:37,260 --> 00:12:39,530
bureaucrats these high-ranking
government officials did essential tasks
540
00:12:39,530 --> 00:12:39,540
government officials did essential tasks
541
00:12:39,540 --> 00:12:42,110
government officials did essential tasks
at the top of society like the viziers
542
00:12:42,110 --> 00:12:42,120
at the top of society like the viziers
543
00:12:42,120 --> 00:12:44,750
at the top of society like the viziers
who ran the logistical tasks necessary
544
00:12:44,750 --> 00:12:44,760
who ran the logistical tasks necessary
545
00:12:44,760 --> 00:12:47,449
who ran the logistical tasks necessary
to run a civilization the priests
546
00:12:47,449 --> 00:12:47,459
to run a civilization the priests
547
00:12:47,459 --> 00:12:49,790
to run a civilization the priests
oversaw taking care of the temples to
548
00:12:49,790 --> 00:12:49,800
oversaw taking care of the temples to
549
00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:52,310
oversaw taking care of the temples to
ensure the gods were well cared for the
550
00:12:52,310 --> 00:12:52,320
ensure the gods were well cared for the
551
00:12:52,320 --> 00:12:54,949
ensure the gods were well cared for the
Nobles oversaw specific regions of the
552
00:12:54,949 --> 00:12:54,959
Nobles oversaw specific regions of the
553
00:12:54,959 --> 00:12:57,170
Nobles oversaw specific regions of the
Empire and kept order and said regions
554
00:12:57,170 --> 00:12:57,180
Empire and kept order and said regions
555
00:12:57,180 --> 00:13:00,530
Empire and kept order and said regions
at the top the purpose of everyone below
556
00:13:00,530 --> 00:13:00,540
at the top the purpose of everyone below
557
00:13:00,540 --> 00:13:03,170
at the top the purpose of everyone below
was the Pharaoh the king and the
558
00:13:03,170 --> 00:13:03,180
was the Pharaoh the king and the
559
00:13:03,180 --> 00:13:05,810
was the Pharaoh the king and the
mediator between the gods and the world
560
00:13:05,810 --> 00:13:05,820
mediator between the gods and the world
561
00:13:05,820 --> 00:13:08,569
mediator between the gods and the world
of men the Pharaohs will be known to be
562
00:13:08,569 --> 00:13:08,579
of men the Pharaohs will be known to be
563
00:13:08,579 --> 00:13:11,750
of men the Pharaohs will be known to be
Supreme and all must succumb to it when
564
00:13:11,750 --> 00:13:11,760
Supreme and all must succumb to it when
565
00:13:11,760 --> 00:13:14,150
Supreme and all must succumb to it when
the Pharaoh dies he will be buried in a
566
00:13:14,150 --> 00:13:14,160
the Pharaoh dies he will be buried in a
567
00:13:14,160 --> 00:13:16,069
the Pharaoh dies he will be buried in a
pyramid in which he will help eternally
568
00:13:16,069 --> 00:13:16,079
pyramid in which he will help eternally
569
00:13:16,079 --> 00:13:19,370
pyramid in which he will help eternally
rule over the Egyptian Empire Egyptian
570
00:13:19,370 --> 00:13:19,380
rule over the Egyptian Empire Egyptian
571
00:13:19,380 --> 00:13:22,310
rule over the Egyptian Empire Egyptian
Society was created to serve the Pharaoh
572
00:13:22,310 --> 00:13:22,320
Society was created to serve the Pharaoh
573
00:13:22,320 --> 00:13:25,069
Society was created to serve the Pharaoh
taxes were taken from the farmers for
574
00:13:25,069 --> 00:13:25,079
taxes were taken from the farmers for
575
00:13:25,079 --> 00:13:27,530
taxes were taken from the farmers for
the Pharaoh and Artisans made unique
576
00:13:27,530 --> 00:13:27,540
the Pharaoh and Artisans made unique
577
00:13:27,540 --> 00:13:30,050
the Pharaoh and Artisans made unique
crafts for it the merchants ensured the
578
00:13:30,050 --> 00:13:30,060
crafts for it the merchants ensured the
579
00:13:30,060 --> 00:13:31,790
crafts for it the merchants ensured the
Pharaoh was well supplied with the
580
00:13:31,790 --> 00:13:31,800
Pharaoh was well supplied with the
581
00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:34,069
Pharaoh was well supplied with the
needed Goods the scribes would follow
582
00:13:34,069 --> 00:13:34,079
needed Goods the scribes would follow
583
00:13:34,079 --> 00:13:36,470
needed Goods the scribes would follow
the Pharaoh and record his thoughts the
584
00:13:36,470 --> 00:13:36,480
the Pharaoh and record his thoughts the
585
00:13:36,480 --> 00:13:38,389
the Pharaoh and record his thoughts the
soldiers made sure his Empire was
586
00:13:38,389 --> 00:13:38,399
soldiers made sure his Empire was
587
00:13:38,399 --> 00:13:40,730
soldiers made sure his Empire was
protected the bureaucrats did the jobs
588
00:13:40,730 --> 00:13:40,740
protected the bureaucrats did the jobs
589
00:13:40,740 --> 00:13:43,190
protected the bureaucrats did the jobs
the Pharaoh couldn't do while the
590
00:13:43,190 --> 00:13:43,200
the Pharaoh couldn't do while the
591
00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:45,769
the Pharaoh couldn't do while the
Pharaoh sat at the top and communicated
592
00:13:45,769 --> 00:13:45,779
Pharaoh sat at the top and communicated
593
00:13:45,779 --> 00:13:50,050
Pharaoh sat at the top and communicated
with the gods Pharaoh Ramses II
594
00:13:50,050 --> 00:13:50,060
with the gods Pharaoh Ramses II
595
00:13:50,060 --> 00:13:53,569
with the gods Pharaoh Ramses II
1279-1213 BCE accomplished many
596
00:13:53,569 --> 00:13:53,579
1279-1213 BCE accomplished many
597
00:13:53,579 --> 00:13:55,610
1279-1213 BCE accomplished many
extraordinary things by living in this
598
00:13:55,610 --> 00:13:55,620
extraordinary things by living in this
599
00:13:55,620 --> 00:13:57,710
extraordinary things by living in this
social system he orchestrated the
600
00:13:57,710 --> 00:13:57,720
social system he orchestrated the
601
00:13:57,720 --> 00:14:00,290
social system he orchestrated the
construction of the Temple of Abu symbol
602
00:14:00,290 --> 00:14:00,300
construction of the Temple of Abu symbol
603
00:14:00,300 --> 00:14:03,710
construction of the Temple of Abu symbol
the ramosium and the Temple of Karnak he
604
00:14:03,710 --> 00:14:03,720
the ramosium and the Temple of Karnak he
605
00:14:03,720 --> 00:14:05,750
the ramosium and the Temple of Karnak he
was also able to grow the Egyptian
606
00:14:05,750 --> 00:14:05,760
was also able to grow the Egyptian
607
00:14:05,760 --> 00:14:09,050
was also able to grow the Egyptian
Empire and reconquer lands lost by other
608
00:14:09,050 --> 00:14:09,060
Empire and reconquer lands lost by other
609
00:14:09,060 --> 00:14:12,710
Empire and reconquer lands lost by other
pharaohs except for the land claimed by
610
00:14:12,710 --> 00:14:12,720
pharaohs except for the land claimed by
611
00:14:12,720 --> 00:14:15,650
pharaohs except for the land claimed by
the Hadith Empire
612
00:14:15,650 --> 00:14:15,660
the Hadith Empire
613
00:14:15,660 --> 00:14:21,069
the Hadith Empire
[Music]
614
00:14:21,069 --> 00:14:21,079
615
00:14:21,079 --> 00:14:23,930
the head eyed King of the time matwali
616
00:14:23,930 --> 00:14:23,940
the head eyed King of the time matwali
617
00:14:23,940 --> 00:14:25,569
the head eyed King of the time matwali
II
618
00:14:25,569 --> 00:14:25,579
II
619
00:14:25,579 --> 00:14:29,750
II
1295-1272 BCE was Notorious for ordering
620
00:14:29,750 --> 00:14:29,760
1295-1272 BCE was Notorious for ordering
621
00:14:29,760 --> 00:14:31,790
1295-1272 BCE was Notorious for ordering
his troops to attack his Egyptian
622
00:14:31,790 --> 00:14:31,800
his troops to attack his Egyptian
623
00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:33,949
his troops to attack his Egyptian
neighbors following the example of
624
00:14:33,949 --> 00:14:33,959
neighbors following the example of
625
00:14:33,959 --> 00:14:36,769
neighbors following the example of
labarnis matwali wanted to unify the
626
00:14:36,769 --> 00:14:36,779
labarnis matwali wanted to unify the
627
00:14:36,779 --> 00:14:39,530
labarnis matwali wanted to unify the
world under hittite rule however Ramses
628
00:14:39,530 --> 00:14:39,540
world under hittite rule however Ramses
629
00:14:39,540 --> 00:14:41,870
world under hittite rule however Ramses
had enough other pharaohs in the past
630
00:14:41,870 --> 00:14:41,880
had enough other pharaohs in the past
631
00:14:41,880 --> 00:14:44,569
had enough other pharaohs in the past
have tried to stop the Hittites but he
632
00:14:44,569 --> 00:14:44,579
have tried to stop the Hittites but he
633
00:14:44,579 --> 00:14:47,030
have tried to stop the Hittites but he
knew if his Empire was to ever succeed
634
00:14:47,030 --> 00:14:47,040
knew if his Empire was to ever succeed
635
00:14:47,040 --> 00:14:50,329
knew if his Empire was to ever succeed
he needed to attack back his Target is
636
00:14:50,329 --> 00:14:50,339
he needed to attack back his Target is
637
00:14:50,339 --> 00:14:53,870
he needed to attack back his Target is
the city of Kadesh Ramses rode in on his
638
00:14:53,870 --> 00:14:53,880
the city of Kadesh Ramses rode in on his
639
00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:57,110
the city of Kadesh Ramses rode in on his
Chariot with four divisions of 20 000
640
00:14:57,110 --> 00:14:57,120
Chariot with four divisions of 20 000
641
00:14:57,120 --> 00:15:00,230
Chariot with four divisions of 20 000
men ready to dominate and kill matwali
642
00:15:00,230 --> 00:15:00,240
men ready to dominate and kill matwali
643
00:15:00,240 --> 00:15:02,870
men ready to dominate and kill matwali
however the hidites already knew of the
644
00:15:02,870 --> 00:15:02,880
however the hidites already knew of the
645
00:15:02,880 --> 00:15:04,910
however the hidites already knew of the
incoming Egyptian Invasion through
646
00:15:04,910 --> 00:15:04,920
incoming Egyptian Invasion through
647
00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:08,150
incoming Egyptian Invasion through
Espionage they fortified their city with
648
00:15:08,150 --> 00:15:08,160
Espionage they fortified their city with
649
00:15:08,160 --> 00:15:11,750
Espionage they fortified their city with
40 000 of his own men a war was about to
650
00:15:11,750 --> 00:15:11,760
40 000 of his own men a war was about to
651
00:15:11,760 --> 00:15:14,449
40 000 of his own men a war was about to
commence Ramses decided to split up his
652
00:15:14,449 --> 00:15:14,459
commence Ramses decided to split up his
653
00:15:14,459 --> 00:15:18,110
commence Ramses decided to split up his
divisions to force out but yet matwali
654
00:15:18,110 --> 00:15:18,120
divisions to force out but yet matwali
655
00:15:18,120 --> 00:15:21,350
divisions to force out but yet matwali
never did a gruesome mistake splitting
656
00:15:21,350 --> 00:15:21,360
never did a gruesome mistake splitting
657
00:15:21,360 --> 00:15:24,110
never did a gruesome mistake splitting
up his forces left him exposed unable to
658
00:15:24,110 --> 00:15:24,120
up his forces left him exposed unable to
659
00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:26,569
up his forces left him exposed unable to
get an advantage allowing matwali and
660
00:15:26,569 --> 00:15:26,579
get an advantage allowing matwali and
661
00:15:26,579 --> 00:15:28,610
get an advantage allowing matwali and
the people of Kadesh a chance for
662
00:15:28,610 --> 00:15:28,620
the people of Kadesh a chance for
663
00:15:28,620 --> 00:15:31,250
the people of Kadesh a chance for
victory historians believe that all they
664
00:15:31,250 --> 00:15:31,260
victory historians believe that all they
665
00:15:31,260 --> 00:15:33,050
victory historians believe that all they
did was come out from the fortification
666
00:15:33,050 --> 00:15:33,060
did was come out from the fortification
667
00:15:33,060 --> 00:15:36,889
did was come out from the fortification
of Kadesh and trap Ramses II's forces in
668
00:15:36,889 --> 00:15:36,899
of Kadesh and trap Ramses II's forces in
669
00:15:36,899 --> 00:15:40,009
of Kadesh and trap Ramses II's forces in
his army by the river but yet for some
670
00:15:40,009 --> 00:15:40,019
his army by the river but yet for some
671
00:15:40,019 --> 00:15:42,889
his army by the river but yet for some
unknown reason they never did leaving
672
00:15:42,889 --> 00:15:42,899
unknown reason they never did leaving
673
00:15:42,899 --> 00:15:45,710
unknown reason they never did leaving
the Battle of Kadesh to end in a draw
674
00:15:45,710 --> 00:15:45,720
the Battle of Kadesh to end in a draw
675
00:15:45,720 --> 00:15:48,170
the Battle of Kadesh to end in a draw
after the battle though both sides
676
00:15:48,170 --> 00:15:48,180
after the battle though both sides
677
00:15:48,180 --> 00:15:50,030
after the battle though both sides
decided it would be best to stop
678
00:15:50,030 --> 00:15:50,040
decided it would be best to stop
679
00:15:50,040 --> 00:15:51,949
decided it would be best to stop
attacking each other that they should
680
00:15:51,949 --> 00:15:51,959
attacking each other that they should
681
00:15:51,959 --> 00:15:54,350
attacking each other that they should
live in peace and unity in this world
682
00:15:54,350 --> 00:15:54,360
live in peace and unity in this world
683
00:15:54,360 --> 00:15:57,350
live in peace and unity in this world
then after the death of matwali the new
684
00:15:57,350 --> 00:15:57,360
then after the death of matwali the new
685
00:15:57,360 --> 00:15:59,930
then after the death of matwali the new
king had a silly III took the throne of
686
00:15:59,930 --> 00:15:59,940
king had a silly III took the throne of
687
00:15:59,940 --> 00:16:02,269
king had a silly III took the throne of
the hid-eyed Empire through the means of
688
00:16:02,269 --> 00:16:02,279
the hid-eyed Empire through the means of
689
00:16:02,279 --> 00:16:06,290
the hid-eyed Empire through the means of
Messengers in the year 1258 BCE both
690
00:16:06,290 --> 00:16:06,300
Messengers in the year 1258 BCE both
691
00:16:06,300 --> 00:16:08,810
Messengers in the year 1258 BCE both
Ramses and harusali signed the first
692
00:16:08,810 --> 00:16:08,820
Ramses and harusali signed the first
693
00:16:08,820 --> 00:16:12,410
Ramses and harusali signed the first
peace treaty to ever exist reading in
694
00:16:12,410 --> 00:16:12,420
peace treaty to ever exist reading in
695
00:16:12,420 --> 00:16:15,290
peace treaty to ever exist reading in
part Ramses the Great king the king of
696
00:16:15,290 --> 00:16:15,300
part Ramses the Great king the king of
697
00:16:15,300 --> 00:16:17,750
part Ramses the Great king the king of
the the country of Egypt shall never
698
00:16:17,750 --> 00:16:17,760
the the country of Egypt shall never
699
00:16:17,760 --> 00:16:19,790
the the country of Egypt shall never
attack the country of Hattie to take
700
00:16:19,790 --> 00:16:19,800
attack the country of Hattie to take
701
00:16:19,800 --> 00:16:22,310
attack the country of Hattie to take
possession of a part of this country and
702
00:16:22,310 --> 00:16:22,320
possession of a part of this country and
703
00:16:22,320 --> 00:16:24,470
possession of a part of this country and
harusali the great king of the country
704
00:16:24,470 --> 00:16:24,480
harusali the great king of the country
705
00:16:24,480 --> 00:16:26,810
harusali the great king of the country
of Hadi shall never attack the country
706
00:16:26,810 --> 00:16:26,820
of Hadi shall never attack the country
707
00:16:26,820 --> 00:16:29,810
of Hadi shall never attack the country
of Egypt to take possession of a part of
708
00:16:29,810 --> 00:16:29,820
of Egypt to take possession of a part of
709
00:16:29,820 --> 00:16:32,569
of Egypt to take possession of a part of
that country then a period of friendship
710
00:16:32,569 --> 00:16:32,579
that country then a period of friendship
711
00:16:32,579 --> 00:16:35,389
that country then a period of friendship
occurred between these two once warring
712
00:16:35,389 --> 00:16:35,399
occurred between these two once warring
713
00:16:35,399 --> 00:16:38,030
occurred between these two once warring
Nations the hidites were skilled in
714
00:16:38,030 --> 00:16:38,040
Nations the hidites were skilled in
715
00:16:38,040 --> 00:16:40,189
Nations the hidites were skilled in
metalwork and taught the Egyptians to
716
00:16:40,189 --> 00:16:40,199
metalwork and taught the Egyptians to
717
00:16:40,199 --> 00:16:43,249
metalwork and taught the Egyptians to
make Superior weapons and tools at the
718
00:16:43,249 --> 00:16:43,259
make Superior weapons and tools at the
719
00:16:43,259 --> 00:16:45,530
make Superior weapons and tools at the
same time the Egyptians master of
720
00:16:45,530 --> 00:16:45,540
same time the Egyptians master of
721
00:16:45,540 --> 00:16:47,749
same time the Egyptians master of
Agriculture shared their knowledge with
722
00:16:47,749 --> 00:16:47,759
Agriculture shared their knowledge with
723
00:16:47,759 --> 00:16:50,030
Agriculture shared their knowledge with
the Hittites trade for the benefit of
724
00:16:50,030 --> 00:16:50,040
the Hittites trade for the benefit of
725
00:16:50,040 --> 00:16:53,110
the Hittites trade for the benefit of
both civilizations both civilizations
726
00:16:53,110 --> 00:16:53,120
both civilizations both civilizations
727
00:16:53,120 --> 00:16:56,509
both civilizations both civilizations
prospered because of this peace can lead
728
00:16:56,509 --> 00:16:56,519
prospered because of this peace can lead
729
00:16:56,519 --> 00:16:58,910
prospered because of this peace can lead
to Prosperity the agreement was kept in
730
00:16:58,910 --> 00:16:58,920
to Prosperity the agreement was kept in
731
00:16:58,920 --> 00:17:02,329
to Prosperity the agreement was kept in
place until around 1200 BCE because
732
00:17:02,329 --> 00:17:02,339
place until around 1200 BCE because
733
00:17:02,339 --> 00:17:04,370
place until around 1200 BCE because
that's when the hid-eyed empire fell
734
00:17:04,370 --> 00:17:04,380
that's when the hid-eyed empire fell
735
00:17:04,380 --> 00:17:06,770
that's when the hid-eyed empire fell
because of the constant attacks they
736
00:17:06,770 --> 00:17:06,780
because of the constant attacks they
737
00:17:06,780 --> 00:17:09,289
because of the constant attacks they
faced from these sea people leaving the
738
00:17:09,289 --> 00:17:09,299
faced from these sea people leaving the
739
00:17:09,299 --> 00:17:11,809
faced from these sea people leaving the
hittite Empire to be lost in the state
740
00:17:11,809 --> 00:17:11,819
hittite Empire to be lost in the state
741
00:17:11,819 --> 00:17:17,949
hittite Empire to be lost in the state
of History
742
00:17:17,949 --> 00:17:17,959
743
00:17:17,959 --> 00:17:21,169
while on a continent far away the first
744
00:17:21,169 --> 00:17:21,179
while on a continent far away the first
745
00:17:21,179 --> 00:17:23,390
while on a continent far away the first
civilization in the Americas was taking
746
00:17:23,390 --> 00:17:23,400
civilization in the Americas was taking
747
00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:26,510
civilization in the Americas was taking
foot in modern day Mexico the Olmec
748
00:17:26,510 --> 00:17:26,520
foot in modern day Mexico the Olmec
749
00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:31,250
foot in modern day Mexico the Olmec
civilization 1200 BCE to 400 BCE is
750
00:17:31,250 --> 00:17:31,260
civilization 1200 BCE to 400 BCE is
751
00:17:31,260 --> 00:17:33,350
civilization 1200 BCE to 400 BCE is
often considered the mother civilization
752
00:17:33,350 --> 00:17:33,360
often considered the mother civilization
753
00:17:33,360 --> 00:17:36,650
often considered the mother civilization
of Native American civilizations however
754
00:17:36,650 --> 00:17:36,660
of Native American civilizations however
755
00:17:36,660 --> 00:17:39,110
of Native American civilizations however
sadly though not much is known about
756
00:17:39,110 --> 00:17:39,120
sadly though not much is known about
757
00:17:39,120 --> 00:17:41,270
sadly though not much is known about
them mainly due to their writing in a
758
00:17:41,270 --> 00:17:41,280
them mainly due to their writing in a
759
00:17:41,280 --> 00:17:43,669
them mainly due to their writing in a
hieroglyph historians still can't
760
00:17:43,669 --> 00:17:43,679
hieroglyph historians still can't
761
00:17:43,679 --> 00:17:46,430
hieroglyph historians still can't
decipher one of the few remains we have
762
00:17:46,430 --> 00:17:46,440
decipher one of the few remains we have
763
00:17:46,440 --> 00:17:50,750
decipher one of the few remains we have
are these 17 colossal Stone heads in
764
00:17:50,750 --> 00:17:50,760
are these 17 colossal Stone heads in
765
00:17:50,760 --> 00:17:52,850
are these 17 colossal Stone heads in
Mesoamerican culture there is this
766
00:17:52,850 --> 00:17:52,860
Mesoamerican culture there is this
767
00:17:52,860 --> 00:17:54,890
Mesoamerican culture there is this
belief that the head alone could contain
768
00:17:54,890 --> 00:17:54,900
belief that the head alone could contain
769
00:17:54,900 --> 00:17:58,070
belief that the head alone could contain
an individual's emotion experience and
770
00:17:58,070 --> 00:17:58,080
an individual's emotion experience and
771
00:17:58,080 --> 00:18:00,110
an individual's emotion experience and
soul we may not know their leaders names
772
00:18:00,110 --> 00:18:00,120
soul we may not know their leaders names
773
00:18:00,120 --> 00:18:02,870
soul we may not know their leaders names
like of other civilizations like Ramses
774
00:18:02,870 --> 00:18:02,880
like of other civilizations like Ramses
775
00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:05,029
like of other civilizations like Ramses
and Hammurabi when Looking Through The
776
00:18:05,029 --> 00:18:05,039
and Hammurabi when Looking Through The
777
00:18:05,039 --> 00:18:07,730
and Hammurabi when Looking Through The
Eyes of a stone head we can still feel
778
00:18:07,730 --> 00:18:07,740
Eyes of a stone head we can still feel
779
00:18:07,740 --> 00:18:10,370
Eyes of a stone head we can still feel
their presence and in some ways they
780
00:18:10,370 --> 00:18:10,380
their presence and in some ways they
781
00:18:10,380 --> 00:18:12,950
their presence and in some ways they
remain Immortal and shrined in history
782
00:18:12,950 --> 00:18:12,960
remain Immortal and shrined in history
783
00:18:12,960 --> 00:18:16,549
remain Immortal and shrined in history
for one day we may learn who they are
784
00:18:16,549 --> 00:18:16,559
for one day we may learn who they are
785
00:18:16,559 --> 00:18:19,180
for one day we may learn who they are
foreign
786
00:18:19,180 --> 00:18:19,190
foreign
787
00:18:19,190 --> 00:18:22,690
foreign
[Music]
788
00:18:22,690 --> 00:18:22,700
789
00:18:22,700 --> 00:18:27,049
forty six the 256 BCE in China was
790
00:18:27,049 --> 00:18:27,059
forty six the 256 BCE in China was
791
00:18:27,059 --> 00:18:29,390
forty six the 256 BCE in China was
taking its stride the Zhou dynasty
792
00:18:29,390 --> 00:18:29,400
taking its stride the Zhou dynasty
793
00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:31,669
taking its stride the Zhou dynasty
gained power because of the failures of
794
00:18:31,669 --> 00:18:31,679
gained power because of the failures of
795
00:18:31,679 --> 00:18:33,890
gained power because of the failures of
the less critical Shang Dynasty they
796
00:18:33,890 --> 00:18:33,900
the less critical Shang Dynasty they
797
00:18:33,900 --> 00:18:36,230
the less critical Shang Dynasty they
believed in the idea of a mandate from
798
00:18:36,230 --> 00:18:36,240
believed in the idea of a mandate from
799
00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:38,570
believed in the idea of a mandate from
Heaven this resulted in four principles
800
00:18:38,570 --> 00:18:38,580
Heaven this resulted in four principles
801
00:18:38,580 --> 00:18:41,150
Heaven this resulted in four principles
in the Chinese dynastical structure that
802
00:18:41,150 --> 00:18:41,160
in the Chinese dynastical structure that
803
00:18:41,160 --> 00:18:44,210
in the Chinese dynastical structure that
would be repeated repeatedly one Heaven
804
00:18:44,210 --> 00:18:44,220
would be repeated repeatedly one Heaven
805
00:18:44,220 --> 00:18:46,850
would be repeated repeatedly one Heaven
grants the emperor the right to rule two
806
00:18:46,850 --> 00:18:46,860
grants the emperor the right to rule two
807
00:18:46,860 --> 00:18:49,130
grants the emperor the right to rule two
since there is only one Heaven there can
808
00:18:49,130 --> 00:18:49,140
since there is only one Heaven there can
809
00:18:49,140 --> 00:18:51,650
since there is only one Heaven there can
only be one Emperor at any given time
810
00:18:51,650 --> 00:18:51,660
only be one Emperor at any given time
811
00:18:51,660 --> 00:18:54,529
only be one Emperor at any given time
three the emperor's virtue determines
812
00:18:54,529 --> 00:18:54,539
three the emperor's virtue determines
813
00:18:54,539 --> 00:18:57,470
three the emperor's virtue determines
his right to rule and four no one
814
00:18:57,470 --> 00:18:57,480
his right to rule and four no one
815
00:18:57,480 --> 00:19:00,710
his right to rule and four no one
Dynasty has a permanent right to rule a
816
00:19:00,710 --> 00:19:00,720
Dynasty has a permanent right to rule a
817
00:19:00,720 --> 00:19:03,049
Dynasty has a permanent right to rule a
ruler in Dynasty could lose the Mandate
818
00:19:03,049 --> 00:19:03,059
ruler in Dynasty could lose the Mandate
819
00:19:03,059 --> 00:19:04,850
ruler in Dynasty could lose the Mandate
from Heaven and the heavens weren't
820
00:19:04,850 --> 00:19:04,860
from Heaven and the heavens weren't
821
00:19:04,860 --> 00:19:07,310
from Heaven and the heavens weren't
always on the side of the rulers over
822
00:19:07,310 --> 00:19:07,320
always on the side of the rulers over
823
00:19:07,320 --> 00:19:09,950
always on the side of the rulers over
time it will fade into another Dynasty
824
00:19:09,950 --> 00:19:09,960
time it will fade into another Dynasty
825
00:19:09,960 --> 00:19:12,590
time it will fade into another Dynasty
the heavens would send signs of droughts
826
00:19:12,590 --> 00:19:12,600
the heavens would send signs of droughts
827
00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:15,350
the heavens would send signs of droughts
famines floods and earthquakes across
828
00:19:15,350 --> 00:19:15,360
famines floods and earthquakes across
829
00:19:15,360 --> 00:19:17,930
famines floods and earthquakes across
the land signaling they'd lost the
830
00:19:17,930 --> 00:19:17,940
the land signaling they'd lost the
831
00:19:17,940 --> 00:19:20,029
the land signaling they'd lost the
blessing from above this is how this
832
00:19:20,029 --> 00:19:20,039
blessing from above this is how this
833
00:19:20,039 --> 00:19:22,970
blessing from above this is how this
Shang Dynasty fell and the Zhou dynasty
834
00:19:22,970 --> 00:19:22,980
Shang Dynasty fell and the Zhou dynasty
835
00:19:22,980 --> 00:19:25,669
Shang Dynasty fell and the Zhou dynasty
grew to prominence the Zhou dynasty
836
00:19:25,669 --> 00:19:25,679
grew to prominence the Zhou dynasty
837
00:19:25,679 --> 00:19:28,010
grew to prominence the Zhou dynasty
brought another style of government and
838
00:19:28,010 --> 00:19:28,020
brought another style of government and
839
00:19:28,020 --> 00:19:31,070
brought another style of government and
the creation of feudalism the system was
840
00:19:31,070 --> 00:19:31,080
the creation of feudalism the system was
841
00:19:31,080 --> 00:19:32,870
the creation of feudalism the system was
straightforward leading to another
842
00:19:32,870 --> 00:19:32,880
straightforward leading to another
843
00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:35,570
straightforward leading to another
social pyramid at the bottom lay The
844
00:19:35,570 --> 00:19:35,580
social pyramid at the bottom lay The
845
00:19:35,580 --> 00:19:37,789
social pyramid at the bottom lay The
Peasants who were tied to the land and
846
00:19:37,789 --> 00:19:37,799
Peasants who were tied to the land and
847
00:19:37,799 --> 00:19:40,010
Peasants who were tied to the land and
whose job was to produce crops for the
848
00:19:40,010 --> 00:19:40,020
whose job was to produce crops for the
849
00:19:40,020 --> 00:19:42,830
whose job was to produce crops for the
Empire then came the soldiers whose job
850
00:19:42,830 --> 00:19:42,840
Empire then came the soldiers whose job
851
00:19:42,840 --> 00:19:45,049
Empire then came the soldiers whose job
was to protect the lands from foreign
852
00:19:45,049 --> 00:19:45,059
was to protect the lands from foreign
853
00:19:45,059 --> 00:19:47,870
was to protect the lands from foreign
Invaders then the Lords who owned the
854
00:19:47,870 --> 00:19:47,880
Invaders then the Lords who owned the
855
00:19:47,880 --> 00:19:49,970
Invaders then the Lords who owned the
land and paxed The Peasants a portion of
856
00:19:49,970 --> 00:19:49,980
land and paxed The Peasants a portion of
857
00:19:49,980 --> 00:19:52,730
land and paxed The Peasants a portion of
their crops who in turn the lord gave
858
00:19:52,730 --> 00:19:52,740
their crops who in turn the lord gave
859
00:19:52,740 --> 00:19:55,010
their crops who in turn the lord gave
some of their crops to the king the
860
00:19:55,010 --> 00:19:55,020
some of their crops to the king the
861
00:19:55,020 --> 00:19:57,350
some of their crops to the king the
person in charge of the whole empire the
862
00:19:57,350 --> 00:19:57,360
person in charge of the whole empire the
863
00:19:57,360 --> 00:19:59,570
person in charge of the whole empire the
king would then receive more crops and
864
00:19:59,570 --> 00:19:59,580
king would then receive more crops and
865
00:19:59,580 --> 00:20:02,750
king would then receive more crops and
become very wealthy all prophets go to
866
00:20:02,750 --> 00:20:02,760
become very wealthy all prophets go to
867
00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:05,690
become very wealthy all prophets go to
the king and all work goes to the masses
868
00:20:05,690 --> 00:20:05,700
the king and all work goes to the masses
869
00:20:05,700 --> 00:20:07,909
the king and all work goes to the masses
why would anyone just settle for a life
870
00:20:07,909 --> 00:20:07,919
why would anyone just settle for a life
871
00:20:07,919 --> 00:20:10,430
why would anyone just settle for a life
of farming day in and day out there are
872
00:20:10,430 --> 00:20:10,440
of farming day in and day out there are
873
00:20:10,440 --> 00:20:12,529
of farming day in and day out there are
two reasons for this phenomenon the
874
00:20:12,529 --> 00:20:12,539
two reasons for this phenomenon the
875
00:20:12,539 --> 00:20:15,049
two reasons for this phenomenon the
first reason was due to necessity it
876
00:20:15,049 --> 00:20:15,059
first reason was due to necessity it
877
00:20:15,059 --> 00:20:16,789
first reason was due to necessity it
took many more people to feed an Empire
878
00:20:16,789 --> 00:20:16,799
took many more people to feed an Empire
879
00:20:16,799 --> 00:20:19,370
took many more people to feed an Empire
and a family back then and the second
880
00:20:19,370 --> 00:20:19,380
and a family back then and the second
881
00:20:19,380 --> 00:20:22,310
and a family back then and the second
reason be being philosophy towards the
882
00:20:22,310 --> 00:20:22,320
reason be being philosophy towards the
883
00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:24,529
reason be being philosophy towards the
end of the Zhou dynasty the beginning of
884
00:20:24,529 --> 00:20:24,539
end of the Zhou dynasty the beginning of
885
00:20:24,539 --> 00:20:27,650
end of the Zhou dynasty the beginning of
Eastern philosophy was created Confucius
886
00:20:27,650 --> 00:20:27,660
Eastern philosophy was created Confucius
887
00:20:27,660 --> 00:20:30,590
Eastern philosophy was created Confucius
created a philosophy system justly named
888
00:20:30,590 --> 00:20:30,600
created a philosophy system justly named
889
00:20:30,600 --> 00:20:32,930
created a philosophy system justly named
Confucianism which is focused on the
890
00:20:32,930 --> 00:20:32,940
Confucianism which is focused on the
891
00:20:32,940 --> 00:20:35,210
Confucianism which is focused on the
importance of respect loyalty and
892
00:20:35,210 --> 00:20:35,220
importance of respect loyalty and
893
00:20:35,220 --> 00:20:38,090
importance of respect loyalty and
responsibility in all relationships in
894
00:20:38,090 --> 00:20:38,100
responsibility in all relationships in
895
00:20:38,100 --> 00:20:40,850
responsibility in all relationships in
life a central concept of Confucianism
896
00:20:40,850 --> 00:20:40,860
life a central concept of Confucianism
897
00:20:40,860 --> 00:20:44,029
life a central concept of Confucianism
is called Lee which can be translated as
898
00:20:44,029 --> 00:20:44,039
is called Lee which can be translated as
899
00:20:44,039 --> 00:20:48,230
is called Lee which can be translated as
rituals Customs or manners Lee refers to
900
00:20:48,230 --> 00:20:48,240
rituals Customs or manners Lee refers to
901
00:20:48,240 --> 00:20:50,029
rituals Customs or manners Lee refers to
the formal and informal social
902
00:20:50,029 --> 00:20:50,039
the formal and informal social
903
00:20:50,039 --> 00:20:52,610
the formal and informal social
conventions that guide societal Behavior
904
00:20:52,610 --> 00:20:52,620
conventions that guide societal Behavior
905
00:20:52,620 --> 00:20:55,010
conventions that guide societal Behavior
it is seen as maintaining order and
906
00:20:55,010 --> 00:20:55,020
it is seen as maintaining order and
907
00:20:55,020 --> 00:20:57,590
it is seen as maintaining order and
Harmony in Social relationships while
908
00:20:57,590 --> 00:20:57,600
Harmony in Social relationships while
909
00:20:57,600 --> 00:21:00,049
Harmony in Social relationships while
loud Z created another philosophy called
910
00:21:00,049 --> 00:21:00,059
loud Z created another philosophy called
911
00:21:00,059 --> 00:21:04,010
loud Z created another philosophy called
Taoism the word Tau means the way or the
912
00:21:04,010 --> 00:21:04,020
Taoism the word Tau means the way or the
913
00:21:04,020 --> 00:21:06,950
Taoism the word Tau means the way or the
path and taoism teaches that individuals
914
00:21:06,950 --> 00:21:06,960
path and taoism teaches that individuals
915
00:21:06,960 --> 00:21:09,409
path and taoism teaches that individuals
should seek to align themselves with the
916
00:21:09,409 --> 00:21:09,419
should seek to align themselves with the
917
00:21:09,419 --> 00:21:12,110
should seek to align themselves with the
natural flow of the universe rather than
918
00:21:12,110 --> 00:21:12,120
natural flow of the universe rather than
919
00:21:12,120 --> 00:21:14,450
natural flow of the universe rather than
fighting against it live your life as
920
00:21:14,450 --> 00:21:14,460
fighting against it live your life as
921
00:21:14,460 --> 00:21:17,270
fighting against it live your life as
peacefully with yourself as possible and
922
00:21:17,270 --> 00:21:17,280
peacefully with yourself as possible and
923
00:21:17,280 --> 00:21:18,890
peacefully with yourself as possible and
don't worry about external things
924
00:21:18,890 --> 00:21:18,900
don't worry about external things
925
00:21:18,900 --> 00:21:21,770
don't worry about external things
outside your control all just focus on
926
00:21:21,770 --> 00:21:21,780
outside your control all just focus on
927
00:21:21,780 --> 00:21:23,630
outside your control all just focus on
your farming one of the most famous
928
00:21:23,630 --> 00:21:23,640
your farming one of the most famous
929
00:21:23,640 --> 00:21:26,330
your farming one of the most famous
contemporaries from taoism is the idea
930
00:21:26,330 --> 00:21:26,340
contemporaries from taoism is the idea
931
00:21:26,340 --> 00:21:28,909
contemporaries from taoism is the idea
of Yin and Yang representing
932
00:21:28,909 --> 00:21:28,919
of Yin and Yang representing
933
00:21:28,919 --> 00:21:31,310
of Yin and Yang representing
complementary and interdependent forces
934
00:21:31,310 --> 00:21:31,320
complementary and interdependent forces
935
00:21:31,320 --> 00:21:34,549
complementary and interdependent forces
in nature such as light and dark hot and
936
00:21:34,549 --> 00:21:34,559
in nature such as light and dark hot and
937
00:21:34,559 --> 00:21:37,789
in nature such as light and dark hot and
cold or masculine and feminine taoism
938
00:21:37,789 --> 00:21:37,799
cold or masculine and feminine taoism
939
00:21:37,799 --> 00:21:40,190
cold or masculine and feminine taoism
teaches that by balancing these opposing
940
00:21:40,190 --> 00:21:40,200
teaches that by balancing these opposing
941
00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:43,010
teaches that by balancing these opposing
forces individuals can achieve Harmony
942
00:21:43,010 --> 00:21:43,020
forces individuals can achieve Harmony
943
00:21:43,020 --> 00:21:46,549
forces individuals can achieve Harmony
and fulfillment Confucianism and taoism
944
00:21:46,549 --> 00:21:46,559
and fulfillment Confucianism and taoism
945
00:21:46,559 --> 00:21:49,789
and fulfillment Confucianism and taoism
made a life bearable for ancient Chinese
946
00:21:49,789 --> 00:21:49,799
made a life bearable for ancient Chinese
947
00:21:49,799 --> 00:21:52,590
made a life bearable for ancient Chinese
farmers
948
00:21:52,590 --> 00:21:52,600
farmers
949
00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:55,370
farmers
[Music]
950
00:21:55,370 --> 00:21:55,380
[Music]
951
00:21:55,380 --> 00:21:57,710
[Music]
time progressed the city states that
952
00:21:57,710 --> 00:21:57,720
time progressed the city states that
953
00:21:57,720 --> 00:22:01,190
time progressed the city states that
occupied ancient Greece grew around 800
954
00:22:01,190 --> 00:22:01,200
occupied ancient Greece grew around 800
955
00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:04,010
occupied ancient Greece grew around 800
BCE the Greek city started to realize
956
00:22:04,010 --> 00:22:04,020
BCE the Greek city started to realize
957
00:22:04,020 --> 00:22:05,930
BCE the Greek city started to realize
that the land they occupied was
958
00:22:05,930 --> 00:22:05,940
that the land they occupied was
959
00:22:05,940 --> 00:22:08,690
that the land they occupied was
practically infertile so to produce an
960
00:22:08,690 --> 00:22:08,700
practically infertile so to produce an
961
00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:11,210
practically infertile so to produce an
essential staple of grain they had to
962
00:22:11,210 --> 00:22:11,220
essential staple of grain they had to
963
00:22:11,220 --> 00:22:13,850
essential staple of grain they had to
import it hence why the Greek States had
964
00:22:13,850 --> 00:22:13,860
import it hence why the Greek States had
965
00:22:13,860 --> 00:22:16,430
import it hence why the Greek States had
to colonize the world around them the
966
00:22:16,430 --> 00:22:16,440
to colonize the world around them the
967
00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:18,590
to colonize the world around them the
city stayed moletus at its height had
968
00:22:18,590 --> 00:22:18,600
city stayed moletus at its height had
969
00:22:18,600 --> 00:22:20,750
city stayed moletus at its height had
over 90 colonies throughout Europe
970
00:22:20,750 --> 00:22:20,760
over 90 colonies throughout Europe
971
00:22:20,760 --> 00:22:23,570
over 90 colonies throughout Europe
producing food for the Greeks at its
972
00:22:23,570 --> 00:22:23,580
producing food for the Greeks at its
973
00:22:23,580 --> 00:22:25,130
producing food for the Greeks at its
height the Greek had set up colonies
974
00:22:25,130 --> 00:22:25,140
height the Greek had set up colonies
975
00:22:25,140 --> 00:22:27,409
height the Greek had set up colonies
from modern-day Marseille in France to
976
00:22:27,409 --> 00:22:27,419
from modern-day Marseille in France to
977
00:22:27,419 --> 00:22:29,080
from modern-day Marseille in France to
rastavandan and Russia
978
00:22:29,080 --> 00:22:29,090
rastavandan and Russia
979
00:22:29,090 --> 00:22:32,350
rastavandan and Russia
[Music]
980
00:22:32,350 --> 00:22:32,360
981
00:22:32,360 --> 00:22:35,149
one of these new emerging city-states
982
00:22:35,149 --> 00:22:35,159
one of these new emerging city-states
983
00:22:35,159 --> 00:22:38,390
one of these new emerging city-states
was Rome as Legend has it Romulus and
984
00:22:38,390 --> 00:22:38,400
was Rome as Legend has it Romulus and
985
00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:40,850
was Rome as Legend has it Romulus and
Remus were twin brothers abandoned by
986
00:22:40,850 --> 00:22:40,860
Remus were twin brothers abandoned by
987
00:22:40,860 --> 00:22:42,590
Remus were twin brothers abandoned by
their parents and placed into the river
988
00:22:42,590 --> 00:22:42,600
their parents and placed into the river
989
00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:45,409
their parents and placed into the river
to bet as the basket floated across the
990
00:22:45,409 --> 00:22:45,419
to bet as the basket floated across the
991
00:22:45,419 --> 00:22:47,990
to bet as the basket floated across the
river a female wolf discovered the two
992
00:22:47,990 --> 00:22:48,000
river a female wolf discovered the two
993
00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:50,090
river a female wolf discovered the two
orphans and nursed them back to health
994
00:22:50,090 --> 00:22:50,100
orphans and nursed them back to health
995
00:22:50,100 --> 00:22:52,610
orphans and nursed them back to health
when Romulus and ramus became adults
996
00:22:52,610 --> 00:22:52,620
when Romulus and ramus became adults
997
00:22:52,620 --> 00:22:54,649
when Romulus and ramus became adults
they decided to find a city where the
998
00:22:54,649 --> 00:22:54,659
they decided to find a city where the
999
00:22:54,659 --> 00:22:57,230
they decided to find a city where the
wolf rescued them however this created
1000
00:22:57,230 --> 00:22:57,240
wolf rescued them however this created
1001
00:22:57,240 --> 00:22:59,510
wolf rescued them however this created
turmoil as both brothers wanted the site
1002
00:22:59,510 --> 00:22:59,520
turmoil as both brothers wanted the site
1003
00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:02,690
turmoil as both brothers wanted the site
to be named after themselves as Romulus
1004
00:23:02,690 --> 00:23:02,700
to be named after themselves as Romulus
1005
00:23:02,700 --> 00:23:05,450
to be named after themselves as Romulus
and ramus fought relentlessly eventually
1006
00:23:05,450 --> 00:23:05,460
and ramus fought relentlessly eventually
1007
00:23:05,460 --> 00:23:08,029
and ramus fought relentlessly eventually
Romulus came up with the final blow and
1008
00:23:08,029 --> 00:23:08,039
Romulus came up with the final blow and
1009
00:23:08,039 --> 00:23:15,240
Romulus came up with the final blow and
killed Remus creating Rome in 753 BC
1010
00:23:15,240 --> 00:23:15,250
1011
00:23:15,250 --> 00:23:16,390
[Music]
1012
00:23:16,390 --> 00:23:16,400
[Music]
1013
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:18,830
[Music]
while the Greek city-states might have
1014
00:23:18,830 --> 00:23:18,840
while the Greek city-states might have
1015
00:23:18,840 --> 00:23:21,230
while the Greek city-states might have
been colonizing Cyrus the Great was
1016
00:23:21,230 --> 00:23:21,240
been colonizing Cyrus the Great was
1017
00:23:21,240 --> 00:23:23,930
been colonizing Cyrus the Great was
about to take over an Empire at the time
1018
00:23:23,930 --> 00:23:23,940
about to take over an Empire at the time
1019
00:23:23,940 --> 00:23:26,510
about to take over an Empire at the time
the Persians were subjugated to the rule
1020
00:23:26,510 --> 00:23:26,520
the Persians were subjugated to the rule
1021
00:23:26,520 --> 00:23:29,029
the Persians were subjugated to the rule
of the medes Empire according to Legend
1022
00:23:29,029 --> 00:23:29,039
of the medes Empire according to Legend
1023
00:23:29,039 --> 00:23:32,330
of the medes Empire according to Legend
after his grandson Cyrus was born King
1024
00:23:32,330 --> 00:23:32,340
after his grandson Cyrus was born King
1025
00:23:32,340 --> 00:23:34,669
after his grandson Cyrus was born King
asked the ages of medes had a vivid
1026
00:23:34,669 --> 00:23:34,679
asked the ages of medes had a vivid
1027
00:23:34,679 --> 00:23:37,130
asked the ages of medes had a vivid
dream that his little grandson would one
1028
00:23:37,130 --> 00:23:37,140
dream that his little grandson would one
1029
00:23:37,140 --> 00:23:39,409
dream that his little grandson would one
day stage a revolt against him King
1030
00:23:39,409 --> 00:23:39,419
day stage a revolt against him King
1031
00:23:39,419 --> 00:23:42,230
day stage a revolt against him King
astiages knew what to do and ordered his
1032
00:23:42,230 --> 00:23:42,240
astiages knew what to do and ordered his
1033
00:23:42,240 --> 00:23:45,169
astiages knew what to do and ordered his
chief advisor to kill the baby but the
1034
00:23:45,169 --> 00:23:45,179
chief advisor to kill the baby but the
1035
00:23:45,179 --> 00:23:47,210
chief advisor to kill the baby but the
chief advisor gave the baby off to a
1036
00:23:47,210 --> 00:23:47,220
chief advisor gave the baby off to a
1037
00:23:47,220 --> 00:23:49,730
chief advisor gave the baby off to a
Shepherd to be raised instead however
1038
00:23:49,730 --> 00:23:49,740
Shepherd to be raised instead however
1039
00:23:49,740 --> 00:23:52,310
Shepherd to be raised instead however
troubles weren't over for Cyrus when he
1040
00:23:52,310 --> 00:23:52,320
troubles weren't over for Cyrus when he
1041
00:23:52,320 --> 00:23:55,850
troubles weren't over for Cyrus when he
was 10 King astiages found Cyrus King
1042
00:23:55,850 --> 00:23:55,860
was 10 King astiages found Cyrus King
1043
00:23:55,860 --> 00:23:58,370
was 10 King astiages found Cyrus King
astiages wanted to kill him because the
1044
00:23:58,370 --> 00:23:58,380
astiages wanted to kill him because the
1045
00:23:58,380 --> 00:24:01,130
astiages wanted to kill him because the
dream was very clear this man will
1046
00:24:01,130 --> 00:24:01,140
dream was very clear this man will
1047
00:24:01,140 --> 00:24:03,710
dream was very clear this man will
revolt against you yet against his
1048
00:24:03,710 --> 00:24:03,720
revolt against you yet against his
1049
00:24:03,720 --> 00:24:06,529
revolt against you yet against his
better senses Cyrus was allowed to live
1050
00:24:06,529 --> 00:24:06,539
better senses Cyrus was allowed to live
1051
00:24:06,539 --> 00:24:09,230
better senses Cyrus was allowed to live
King as theage is his biggest mistake
1052
00:24:09,230 --> 00:24:09,240
King as theage is his biggest mistake
1053
00:24:09,240 --> 00:24:11,990
King as theage is his biggest mistake
when Cyrus was a man he gathered his
1054
00:24:11,990 --> 00:24:12,000
when Cyrus was a man he gathered his
1055
00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:14,510
when Cyrus was a man he gathered his
army and revolted against his maternal
1056
00:24:14,510 --> 00:24:14,520
army and revolted against his maternal
1057
00:24:14,520 --> 00:24:17,690
army and revolted against his maternal
grandfather the two but as prophecy had
1058
00:24:17,690 --> 00:24:17,700
grandfather the two but as prophecy had
1059
00:24:17,700 --> 00:24:21,010
grandfather the two but as prophecy had
it astiages surrendered in 550 BCE
1060
00:24:21,010 --> 00:24:21,020
it astiages surrendered in 550 BCE
1061
00:24:21,020 --> 00:24:24,289
it astiages surrendered in 550 BCE
however Cyrus wasn't done conquering he
1062
00:24:24,289 --> 00:24:24,299
however Cyrus wasn't done conquering he
1063
00:24:24,299 --> 00:24:26,630
however Cyrus wasn't done conquering he
conquered Babylon and became the supreme
1064
00:24:26,630 --> 00:24:26,640
conquered Babylon and became the supreme
1065
00:24:26,640 --> 00:24:30,169
conquered Babylon and became the supreme
ruler of Mesopotamia and even the Indus
1066
00:24:30,169 --> 00:24:30,179
ruler of Mesopotamia and even the Indus
1067
00:24:30,179 --> 00:24:33,230
ruler of Mesopotamia and even the Indus
Valley Civilization the world was in
1068
00:24:33,230 --> 00:24:33,240
Valley Civilization the world was in
1069
00:24:33,240 --> 00:24:36,110
Valley Civilization the world was in
Cyrus's hand Cyrus then took over the
1070
00:24:36,110 --> 00:24:36,120
Cyrus's hand Cyrus then took over the
1071
00:24:36,120 --> 00:24:38,630
Cyrus's hand Cyrus then took over the
Greek colony of Ionia in Asia Minor
1072
00:24:38,630 --> 00:24:38,640
Greek colony of Ionia in Asia Minor
1073
00:24:38,640 --> 00:24:42,289
Greek colony of Ionia in Asia Minor
leading a great Persian Empire and then
1074
00:24:42,289 --> 00:24:42,299
leading a great Persian Empire and then
1075
00:24:42,299 --> 00:24:44,810
leading a great Persian Empire and then
he died leaving it all in the air for
1076
00:24:44,810 --> 00:24:44,820
he died leaving it all in the air for
1077
00:24:44,820 --> 00:24:47,870
he died leaving it all in the air for
the next great Persian king Darius the
1078
00:24:47,870 --> 00:24:47,880
the next great Persian king Darius the
1079
00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:49,800
the next great Persian king Darius the
Great
1080
00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:49,810
Great
1081
00:24:49,810 --> 00:24:51,909
Great
[Music]
1082
00:24:51,909 --> 00:24:51,919
[Music]
1083
00:24:51,919 --> 00:24:55,190
[Music]
while back in Greece various city-states
1084
00:24:55,190 --> 00:24:55,200
while back in Greece various city-states
1085
00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:58,250
while back in Greece various city-states
started to gain power but two were at
1086
00:24:58,250 --> 00:24:58,260
started to gain power but two were at
1087
00:24:58,260 --> 00:25:02,390
started to gain power but two were at
the Forefront Sparta and Athens Sparta
1088
00:25:02,390 --> 00:25:02,400
the Forefront Sparta and Athens Sparta
1089
00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:05,810
the Forefront Sparta and Athens Sparta
was a military Powerhouse the famous
1090
00:25:05,810 --> 00:25:05,820
was a military Powerhouse the famous
1091
00:25:05,820 --> 00:25:07,850
was a military Powerhouse the famous
Spartans believed everything should
1092
00:25:07,850 --> 00:25:07,860
Spartans believed everything should
1093
00:25:07,860 --> 00:25:11,029
Spartans believed everything should
focus on physical strength and War when
1094
00:25:11,029 --> 00:25:11,039
focus on physical strength and War when
1095
00:25:11,039 --> 00:25:13,490
focus on physical strength and War when
a new Young Spartan was born it would be
1096
00:25:13,490 --> 00:25:13,500
a new Young Spartan was born it would be
1097
00:25:13,500 --> 00:25:15,649
a new Young Spartan was born it would be
slaughtered if it didn't look healthy
1098
00:25:15,649 --> 00:25:15,659
slaughtered if it didn't look healthy
1099
00:25:15,659 --> 00:25:18,169
slaughtered if it didn't look healthy
boys were taken from their families at a
1100
00:25:18,169 --> 00:25:18,179
boys were taken from their families at a
1101
00:25:18,179 --> 00:25:20,029
boys were taken from their families at a
young age and were trained to become
1102
00:25:20,029 --> 00:25:20,039
young age and were trained to become
1103
00:25:20,039 --> 00:25:22,669
young age and were trained to become
Soldiers the brutal training included
1104
00:25:22,669 --> 00:25:22,679
Soldiers the brutal training included
1105
00:25:22,679 --> 00:25:25,130
Soldiers the brutal training included
physical conditioning weapons training
1106
00:25:25,130 --> 00:25:25,140
physical conditioning weapons training
1107
00:25:25,140 --> 00:25:28,010
physical conditioning weapons training
and harsh living conditions the entire
1108
00:25:28,010 --> 00:25:28,020
and harsh living conditions the entire
1109
00:25:28,020 --> 00:25:31,310
and harsh living conditions the entire
life of a Spartan was to win a war their
1110
00:25:31,310 --> 00:25:31,320
life of a Spartan was to win a war their
1111
00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:34,010
life of a Spartan was to win a war their
society reflected with three main groups
1112
00:25:34,010 --> 00:25:34,020
society reflected with three main groups
1113
00:25:34,020 --> 00:25:36,049
society reflected with three main groups
the ruling class consisted of
1114
00:25:36,049 --> 00:25:36,059
the ruling class consisted of
1115
00:25:36,059 --> 00:25:39,169
the ruling class consisted of
aristocrats who held political power the
1116
00:25:39,169 --> 00:25:39,179
aristocrats who held political power the
1117
00:25:39,179 --> 00:25:41,510
aristocrats who held political power the
free non-citizens who were not allowed
1118
00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:41,520
free non-citizens who were not allowed
1119
00:25:41,520 --> 00:25:43,370
free non-citizens who were not allowed
to participate in government but were
1120
00:25:43,370 --> 00:25:43,380
to participate in government but were
1121
00:25:43,380 --> 00:25:45,110
to participate in government but were
still expected to serve in the military
1122
00:25:45,110 --> 00:25:45,120
still expected to serve in the military
1123
00:25:45,120 --> 00:25:48,230
still expected to serve in the military
and the helits a group of enslaved
1124
00:25:48,230 --> 00:25:48,240
and the helits a group of enslaved
1125
00:25:48,240 --> 00:25:50,090
and the helits a group of enslaved
people that provided labor for the
1126
00:25:50,090 --> 00:25:50,100
people that provided labor for the
1127
00:25:50,100 --> 00:25:53,090
people that provided labor for the
Spartan State life in Sparta was harsh
1128
00:25:53,090 --> 00:25:53,100
Spartan State life in Sparta was harsh
1129
00:25:53,100 --> 00:25:58,730
Spartan State life in Sparta was harsh
brutal and militaristic
1130
00:25:58,730 --> 00:25:58,740
1131
00:25:58,740 --> 00:26:00,590
while their neighbors up north were
1132
00:26:00,590 --> 00:26:00,600
while their neighbors up north were
1133
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:02,330
while their neighbors up north were
experimenting with this idea of
1134
00:26:02,330 --> 00:26:02,340
experimenting with this idea of
1135
00:26:02,340 --> 00:26:05,390
experimenting with this idea of
democracy Athenian democracy was a
1136
00:26:05,390 --> 00:26:05,400
democracy Athenian democracy was a
1137
00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:07,850
democracy Athenian democracy was a
highly complicated mess there were two
1138
00:26:07,850 --> 00:26:07,860
highly complicated mess there were two
1139
00:26:07,860 --> 00:26:10,610
highly complicated mess there were two
branches the Council of 500 and the
1140
00:26:10,610 --> 00:26:10,620
branches the Council of 500 and the
1141
00:26:10,620 --> 00:26:13,190
branches the Council of 500 and the
assembly the Council of 500 was selected
1142
00:26:13,190 --> 00:26:13,200
assembly the Council of 500 was selected
1143
00:26:13,200 --> 00:26:16,010
assembly the Council of 500 was selected
randomly by a process known as sortitian
1144
00:26:16,010 --> 00:26:16,020
randomly by a process known as sortitian
1145
00:26:16,020 --> 00:26:18,409
randomly by a process known as sortitian
Athens itself was made up of 10
1146
00:26:18,409 --> 00:26:18,419
Athens itself was made up of 10
1147
00:26:18,419 --> 00:26:20,630
Athens itself was made up of 10
different tribes each tribe was
1148
00:26:20,630 --> 00:26:20,640
different tribes each tribe was
1149
00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:23,510
different tribes each tribe was
responsible for providing 50 citizens to
1150
00:26:23,510 --> 00:26:23,520
responsible for providing 50 citizens to
1151
00:26:23,520 --> 00:26:26,090
responsible for providing 50 citizens to
serve for one year in the Council of 500
1152
00:26:26,090 --> 00:26:26,100
serve for one year in the Council of 500
1153
00:26:26,100 --> 00:26:29,029
serve for one year in the Council of 500
via random selection each eligible
1154
00:26:29,029 --> 00:26:29,039
via random selection each eligible
1155
00:26:29,039 --> 00:26:31,070
via random selection each eligible
citizen would be given a personalized
1156
00:26:31,070 --> 00:26:31,080
citizen would be given a personalized
1157
00:26:31,080 --> 00:26:33,950
citizen would be given a personalized
token those tokens were inserted into a
1158
00:26:33,950 --> 00:26:33,960
token those tokens were inserted into a
1159
00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:35,570
token those tokens were inserted into a
particular machine called the
1160
00:26:35,570 --> 00:26:35,580
particular machine called the
1161
00:26:35,580 --> 00:26:38,510
particular machine called the
clariterion this long-lost technology
1162
00:26:38,510 --> 00:26:38,520
clariterion this long-lost technology
1163
00:26:38,520 --> 00:26:41,750
clariterion this long-lost technology
included tubes and balls which somehow
1164
00:26:41,750 --> 00:26:41,760
included tubes and balls which somehow
1165
00:26:41,760 --> 00:26:44,870
included tubes and balls which somehow
selected 50 residents of each tribe to
1166
00:26:44,870 --> 00:26:44,880
selected 50 residents of each tribe to
1167
00:26:44,880 --> 00:26:47,690
selected 50 residents of each tribe to
join the illustrious Council of 500
1168
00:26:47,690 --> 00:26:47,700
join the illustrious Council of 500
1169
00:26:47,700 --> 00:26:50,330
join the illustrious Council of 500
while in the assembly there was a system
1170
00:26:50,330 --> 00:26:50,340
while in the assembly there was a system
1171
00:26:50,340 --> 00:26:52,370
while in the assembly there was a system
in place that said that every single
1172
00:26:52,370 --> 00:26:52,380
in place that said that every single
1173
00:26:52,380 --> 00:26:55,010
in place that said that every single
citizen had a vote of course to be a
1174
00:26:55,010 --> 00:26:55,020
citizen had a vote of course to be a
1175
00:26:55,020 --> 00:26:57,169
citizen had a vote of course to be a
citizen you had to be a male and not a
1176
00:26:57,169 --> 00:26:57,179
citizen you had to be a male and not a
1177
00:26:57,179 --> 00:26:59,870
citizen you had to be a male and not a
slave and neither born and Athens or to
1178
00:26:59,870 --> 00:26:59,880
slave and neither born and Athens or to
1179
00:26:59,880 --> 00:27:02,510
slave and neither born and Athens or to
Athenian parents the Council of 500
1180
00:27:02,510 --> 00:27:02,520
Athenian parents the Council of 500
1181
00:27:02,520 --> 00:27:04,430
Athenian parents the Council of 500
would create the agenda for the main
1182
00:27:04,430 --> 00:27:04,440
would create the agenda for the main
1183
00:27:04,440 --> 00:27:07,310
would create the agenda for the main
assembly to vote on because over 30 000
1184
00:27:07,310 --> 00:27:07,320
assembly to vote on because over 30 000
1185
00:27:07,320 --> 00:27:09,350
assembly to vote on because over 30 000
people could have a vote at any given
1186
00:27:09,350 --> 00:27:09,360
people could have a vote at any given
1187
00:27:09,360 --> 00:27:13,070
people could have a vote at any given
time it was total chaos so to quell this
1188
00:27:13,070 --> 00:27:13,080
time it was total chaos so to quell this
1189
00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:14,990
time it was total chaos so to quell this
the council would nominate nine
1190
00:27:14,990 --> 00:27:15,000
the council would nominate nine
1191
00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:17,090
the council would nominate nine
presidents the morning of the meeting
1192
00:27:17,090 --> 00:27:17,100
presidents the morning of the meeting
1193
00:27:17,100 --> 00:27:19,970
presidents the morning of the meeting
and it was their job to ensure all the
1194
00:27:19,970 --> 00:27:19,980
and it was their job to ensure all the
1195
00:27:19,980 --> 00:27:22,070
and it was their job to ensure all the
rules and procedures were being followed
1196
00:27:22,070 --> 00:27:22,080
rules and procedures were being followed
1197
00:27:22,080 --> 00:27:24,049
rules and procedures were being followed
since they were appointed right before
1198
00:27:24,049 --> 00:27:24,059
since they were appointed right before
1199
00:27:24,059 --> 00:27:26,090
since they were appointed right before
the assembly met they were almost
1200
00:27:26,090 --> 00:27:26,100
the assembly met they were almost
1201
00:27:26,100 --> 00:27:29,149
the assembly met they were almost
impossible to bribe somehow the assembly
1202
00:27:29,149 --> 00:27:29,159
impossible to bribe somehow the assembly
1203
00:27:29,159 --> 00:27:31,490
impossible to bribe somehow the assembly
would loudly vote on whether a bill
1204
00:27:31,490 --> 00:27:31,500
would loudly vote on whether a bill
1205
00:27:31,500 --> 00:27:33,529
would loudly vote on whether a bill
would pass they would vote on matters
1206
00:27:33,529 --> 00:27:33,539
would pass they would vote on matters
1207
00:27:33,539 --> 00:27:36,110
would pass they would vote on matters
like appointing generals various laws
1208
00:27:36,110 --> 00:27:36,120
like appointing generals various laws
1209
00:27:36,120 --> 00:27:38,450
like appointing generals various laws
and other government bureaucracy however
1210
00:27:38,450 --> 00:27:38,460
and other government bureaucracy however
1211
00:27:38,460 --> 00:27:40,490
and other government bureaucracy however
not everyone liked this Athenian
1212
00:27:40,490 --> 00:27:40,500
not everyone liked this Athenian
1213
00:27:40,500 --> 00:27:43,070
not everyone liked this Athenian
democracy the famous Greek philosopher
1214
00:27:43,070 --> 00:27:43,080
democracy the famous Greek philosopher
1215
00:27:43,080 --> 00:27:46,130
democracy the famous Greek philosopher
Plato thought the idea was barbaric in
1216
00:27:46,130 --> 00:27:46,140
Plato thought the idea was barbaric in
1217
00:27:46,140 --> 00:27:48,110
Plato thought the idea was barbaric in
book 6 of a seminal book The Republic
1218
00:27:48,110 --> 00:27:48,120
book 6 of a seminal book The Republic
1219
00:27:48,120 --> 00:27:51,470
book 6 of a seminal book The Republic
Plato writes the true Navigator must
1220
00:27:51,470 --> 00:27:51,480
Plato writes the true Navigator must
1221
00:27:51,480 --> 00:27:54,110
Plato writes the true Navigator must
study the seasons of the year the sky
1222
00:27:54,110 --> 00:27:54,120
study the seasons of the year the sky
1223
00:27:54,120 --> 00:27:56,570
study the seasons of the year the sky
the stars the winds and all the other
1224
00:27:56,570 --> 00:27:56,580
the stars the winds and all the other
1225
00:27:56,580 --> 00:27:58,789
the stars the winds and all the other
subjects appropriate to his profession
1226
00:27:58,789 --> 00:27:58,799
subjects appropriate to his profession
1227
00:27:58,799 --> 00:28:01,490
subjects appropriate to his profession
if he is really fit to control the ship
1228
00:28:01,490 --> 00:28:01,500
if he is really fit to control the ship
1229
00:28:01,500 --> 00:28:03,710
if he is really fit to control the ship
think that it's quite impossible to
1230
00:28:03,710 --> 00:28:03,720
think that it's quite impossible to
1231
00:28:03,720 --> 00:28:05,630
think that it's quite impossible to
acquire the professional skill needed
1232
00:28:05,630 --> 00:28:05,640
acquire the professional skill needed
1233
00:28:05,640 --> 00:28:08,210
acquire the professional skill needed
for such control and that there's no
1234
00:28:08,210 --> 00:28:08,220
for such control and that there's no
1235
00:28:08,220 --> 00:28:11,269
for such control and that there's no
such thing as the art of navigation how
1236
00:28:11,269 --> 00:28:11,279
such thing as the art of navigation how
1237
00:28:11,279 --> 00:28:13,669
such thing as the art of navigation how
much could a randomly selected member of
1238
00:28:13,669 --> 00:28:13,679
much could a randomly selected member of
1239
00:28:13,679 --> 00:28:16,970
much could a randomly selected member of
the Council of 500 really know how much
1240
00:28:16,970 --> 00:28:16,980
the Council of 500 really know how much
1241
00:28:16,980 --> 00:28:19,190
the Council of 500 really know how much
could he fully contribute to society
1242
00:28:19,190 --> 00:28:19,200
could he fully contribute to society
1243
00:28:19,200 --> 00:28:21,710
could he fully contribute to society
should we allow a random member of
1244
00:28:21,710 --> 00:28:21,720
should we allow a random member of
1245
00:28:21,720 --> 00:28:24,890
should we allow a random member of
society to have any power instead Plato
1246
00:28:24,890 --> 00:28:24,900
society to have any power instead Plato
1247
00:28:24,900 --> 00:28:27,049
society to have any power instead Plato
would advocate for the idea of a
1248
00:28:27,049 --> 00:28:27,059
would advocate for the idea of a
1249
00:28:27,059 --> 00:28:29,570
would advocate for the idea of a
philosopher king a man who studies
1250
00:28:29,570 --> 00:28:29,580
philosopher king a man who studies
1251
00:28:29,580 --> 00:28:32,510
philosopher king a man who studies
wisdom logic and reasoning a man who
1252
00:28:32,510 --> 00:28:32,520
wisdom logic and reasoning a man who
1253
00:28:32,520 --> 00:28:34,490
wisdom logic and reasoning a man who
dedicates his life to understanding how
1254
00:28:34,490 --> 00:28:34,500
dedicates his life to understanding how
1255
00:28:34,500 --> 00:28:37,130
dedicates his life to understanding how
to be just a man who will become the
1256
00:28:37,130 --> 00:28:37,140
to be just a man who will become the
1257
00:28:37,140 --> 00:28:39,830
to be just a man who will become the
Navigator of wisdom Plato would rather
1258
00:28:39,830 --> 00:28:39,840
Navigator of wisdom Plato would rather
1259
00:28:39,840 --> 00:28:42,649
Navigator of wisdom Plato would rather
say the society we have described can
1260
00:28:42,649 --> 00:28:42,659
say the society we have described can
1261
00:28:42,659 --> 00:28:44,870
say the society we have described can
never grow into a reality or see the
1262
00:28:44,870 --> 00:28:44,880
never grow into a reality or see the
1263
00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:47,450
never grow into a reality or see the
light of day and there will be no end to
1264
00:28:47,450 --> 00:28:47,460
light of day and there will be no end to
1265
00:28:47,460 --> 00:28:50,390
light of day and there will be no end to
the Troubles of the states or indeed my
1266
00:28:50,390 --> 00:28:50,400
the Troubles of the states or indeed my
1267
00:28:50,400 --> 00:28:53,269
the Troubles of the states or indeed my
dear glaucon of humanity itself till
1268
00:28:53,269 --> 00:28:53,279
dear glaucon of humanity itself till
1269
00:28:53,279 --> 00:28:55,789
dear glaucon of humanity itself till
philosophers become rulers in this world
1270
00:28:55,789 --> 00:28:55,799
philosophers become rulers in this world
1271
00:28:55,799 --> 00:28:58,789
philosophers become rulers in this world
or to those We Now call Kings and rulers
1272
00:28:58,789 --> 00:28:58,799
or to those We Now call Kings and rulers
1273
00:28:58,799 --> 00:29:02,029
or to those We Now call Kings and rulers
really and truly become philosophers and
1274
00:29:02,029 --> 00:29:02,039
really and truly become philosophers and
1275
00:29:02,039 --> 00:29:04,789
really and truly become philosophers and
political power and philosophy thus come
1276
00:29:04,789 --> 00:29:04,799
political power and philosophy thus come
1277
00:29:04,799 --> 00:29:07,310
political power and philosophy thus come
into the same hands there's just one
1278
00:29:07,310 --> 00:29:07,320
into the same hands there's just one
1279
00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:09,529
into the same hands there's just one
issue with Plato's quote every leader
1280
00:29:09,529 --> 00:29:09,539
issue with Plato's quote every leader
1281
00:29:09,539 --> 00:29:11,029
issue with Plato's quote every leader
thinks they're a philosopher king
1282
00:29:11,029 --> 00:29:11,039
thinks they're a philosopher king
1283
00:29:11,039 --> 00:29:13,310
thinks they're a philosopher king
everyone thinks their thoughts are the
1284
00:29:13,310 --> 00:29:13,320
everyone thinks their thoughts are the
1285
00:29:13,320 --> 00:29:16,370
everyone thinks their thoughts are the
best everyone thinks their ideas are the
1286
00:29:16,370 --> 00:29:16,380
best everyone thinks their ideas are the
1287
00:29:16,380 --> 00:29:19,010
best everyone thinks their ideas are the
wisest from you the great in China to
1288
00:29:19,010 --> 00:29:19,020
wisest from you the great in China to
1289
00:29:19,020 --> 00:29:21,230
wisest from you the great in China to
labarnis of the Hiday Empire to
1290
00:29:21,230 --> 00:29:21,240
labarnis of the Hiday Empire to
1291
00:29:21,240 --> 00:29:23,570
labarnis of the Hiday Empire to
Siddhartha Gautama of the kingdom of
1292
00:29:23,570 --> 00:29:23,580
Siddhartha Gautama of the kingdom of
1293
00:29:23,580 --> 00:29:26,510
Siddhartha Gautama of the kingdom of
Magda in India
1294
00:29:26,510 --> 00:29:26,520
Magda in India
1295
00:29:26,520 --> 00:29:29,990
Magda in India
foreign
1296
00:29:29,990 --> 00:29:30,000
1297
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:32,389
while not so far away in the Indian
1298
00:29:32,389 --> 00:29:32,399
while not so far away in the Indian
1299
00:29:32,399 --> 00:29:35,330
while not so far away in the Indian
Kingdom of magata a spoiled Prince named
1300
00:29:35,330 --> 00:29:35,340
Kingdom of magata a spoiled Prince named
1301
00:29:35,340 --> 00:29:38,750
Kingdom of magata a spoiled Prince named
Siddhartha Gautama 500 BCE lived in
1302
00:29:38,750 --> 00:29:38,760
Siddhartha Gautama 500 BCE lived in
1303
00:29:38,760 --> 00:29:41,450
Siddhartha Gautama 500 BCE lived in
luxury inside a palace inside this
1304
00:29:41,450 --> 00:29:41,460
luxury inside a palace inside this
1305
00:29:41,460 --> 00:29:44,330
luxury inside a palace inside this
Palace Siddhartha could have anything he
1306
00:29:44,330 --> 00:29:44,340
Palace Siddhartha could have anything he
1307
00:29:44,340 --> 00:29:47,450
Palace Siddhartha could have anything he
wanted all the jewels all the wealth all
1308
00:29:47,450 --> 00:29:47,460
wanted all the jewels all the wealth all
1309
00:29:47,460 --> 00:29:50,269
wanted all the jewels all the wealth all
the finest Goods thrust upon him his
1310
00:29:50,269 --> 00:29:50,279
the finest Goods thrust upon him his
1311
00:29:50,279 --> 00:29:52,970
the finest Goods thrust upon him his
world inside of the palace was a Utopia
1312
00:29:52,970 --> 00:29:52,980
world inside of the palace was a Utopia
1313
00:29:52,980 --> 00:29:55,669
world inside of the palace was a Utopia
on Earth there was no want need or
1314
00:29:55,669 --> 00:29:55,679
on Earth there was no want need or
1315
00:29:55,679 --> 00:29:58,730
on Earth there was no want need or
desire and it was perfect until he went
1316
00:29:58,730 --> 00:29:58,740
desire and it was perfect until he went
1317
00:29:58,740 --> 00:30:01,010
desire and it was perfect until he went
outside his Palace compound the only
1318
00:30:01,010 --> 00:30:01,020
outside his Palace compound the only
1319
00:30:01,020 --> 00:30:03,350
outside his Palace compound the only
place he ever knew as he took his first
1320
00:30:03,350 --> 00:30:03,360
place he ever knew as he took his first
1321
00:30:03,360 --> 00:30:05,990
place he ever knew as he took his first
steps outside of his Palace what he saw
1322
00:30:05,990 --> 00:30:06,000
steps outside of his Palace what he saw
1323
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:09,230
steps outside of his Palace what he saw
struck a cord he saw an old man dying
1324
00:30:09,230 --> 00:30:09,240
struck a cord he saw an old man dying
1325
00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:11,810
struck a cord he saw an old man dying
right on the street in front he realized
1326
00:30:11,810 --> 00:30:11,820
right on the street in front he realized
1327
00:30:11,820 --> 00:30:13,490
right on the street in front he realized
that the Human Experience wasn't
1328
00:30:13,490 --> 00:30:13,500
that the Human Experience wasn't
1329
00:30:13,500 --> 00:30:15,549
that the Human Experience wasn't
something that was perfect in Sublime
1330
00:30:15,549 --> 00:30:15,559
something that was perfect in Sublime
1331
00:30:15,559 --> 00:30:19,130
something that was perfect in Sublime
instead it was death as Gilgamesh
1332
00:30:19,130 --> 00:30:19,140
instead it was death as Gilgamesh
1333
00:30:19,140 --> 00:30:22,070
instead it was death as Gilgamesh
realized many years ago this was an
1334
00:30:22,070 --> 00:30:22,080
realized many years ago this was an
1335
00:30:22,080 --> 00:30:24,430
realized many years ago this was an
inevitable part of The Human Experience
1336
00:30:24,430 --> 00:30:24,440
inevitable part of The Human Experience
1337
00:30:24,440 --> 00:30:26,570
inevitable part of The Human Experience
Siddhartha left his life of luxury
1338
00:30:26,570 --> 00:30:26,580
Siddhartha left his life of luxury
1339
00:30:26,580 --> 00:30:29,029
Siddhartha left his life of luxury
behind and began a quest for knowledge
1340
00:30:29,029 --> 00:30:29,039
behind and began a quest for knowledge
1341
00:30:29,039 --> 00:30:31,310
behind and began a quest for knowledge
and enlightenment he studied with
1342
00:30:31,310 --> 00:30:31,320
and enlightenment he studied with
1343
00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:33,529
and enlightenment he studied with
spiritual teachers and meditated for
1344
00:30:33,529 --> 00:30:33,539
spiritual teachers and meditated for
1345
00:30:33,539 --> 00:30:35,930
spiritual teachers and meditated for
many years searching for answers to
1346
00:30:35,930 --> 00:30:35,940
many years searching for answers to
1347
00:30:35,940 --> 00:30:38,930
many years searching for answers to
Life's big questions finally after six
1348
00:30:38,930 --> 00:30:38,940
Life's big questions finally after six
1349
00:30:38,940 --> 00:30:41,690
Life's big questions finally after six
years of seeking he sat down under a fig
1350
00:30:41,690 --> 00:30:41,700
years of seeking he sat down under a fig
1351
00:30:41,700 --> 00:30:44,269
years of seeking he sat down under a fig
tree and meditated until he achieved
1352
00:30:44,269 --> 00:30:44,279
tree and meditated until he achieved
1353
00:30:44,279 --> 00:30:46,789
tree and meditated until he achieved
Enlightenment Enlightenment is a state
1354
00:30:46,789 --> 00:30:46,799
Enlightenment Enlightenment is a state
1355
00:30:46,799 --> 00:30:49,010
Enlightenment Enlightenment is a state
of inner peace in which one has
1356
00:30:49,010 --> 00:30:49,020
of inner peace in which one has
1357
00:30:49,020 --> 00:30:51,289
of inner peace in which one has
transcended the limitations of the ego
1358
00:30:51,289 --> 00:30:51,299
transcended the limitations of the ego
1359
00:30:51,299 --> 00:30:53,690
transcended the limitations of the ego
and is in touch with a universal
1360
00:30:53,690 --> 00:30:53,700
and is in touch with a universal
1361
00:30:53,700 --> 00:30:57,350
and is in touch with a universal
Consciousness or Divine Essence it isn't
1362
00:30:57,350 --> 00:30:57,360
Consciousness or Divine Essence it isn't
1363
00:30:57,360 --> 00:30:59,570
Consciousness or Divine Essence it isn't
a fixed and permanent thing but rather
1364
00:30:59,570 --> 00:30:59,580
a fixed and permanent thing but rather
1365
00:30:59,580 --> 00:31:01,909
a fixed and permanent thing but rather
an ongoing process of growth and
1366
00:31:01,909 --> 00:31:01,919
an ongoing process of growth and
1367
00:31:01,919 --> 00:31:03,909
an ongoing process of growth and
development but under that fig tree
1368
00:31:03,909 --> 00:31:03,919
development but under that fig tree
1369
00:31:03,919 --> 00:31:07,370
development but under that fig tree
Siddhartha became known as the Buddha or
1370
00:31:07,370 --> 00:31:07,380
Siddhartha became known as the Buddha or
1371
00:31:07,380 --> 00:31:10,070
Siddhartha became known as the Buddha or
the awakened one he would spend the rest
1372
00:31:10,070 --> 00:31:10,080
the awakened one he would spend the rest
1373
00:31:10,080 --> 00:31:12,250
the awakened one he would spend the rest
of his life traveling the countryside
1374
00:31:12,250 --> 00:31:12,260
of his life traveling the countryside
1375
00:31:12,260 --> 00:31:18,250
of his life traveling the countryside
becoming close to the enlightenment
1376
00:31:18,250 --> 00:31:18,260
1377
00:31:18,260 --> 00:31:21,230
Darius was determined to follow in his
1378
00:31:21,230 --> 00:31:21,240
Darius was determined to follow in his
1379
00:31:21,240 --> 00:31:23,269
Darius was determined to follow in his
Father's Footsteps and take over the
1380
00:31:23,269 --> 00:31:23,279
Father's Footsteps and take over the
1381
00:31:23,279 --> 00:31:25,789
Father's Footsteps and take over the
world after finalizing their rule over
1382
00:31:25,789 --> 00:31:25,799
world after finalizing their rule over
1383
00:31:25,799 --> 00:31:28,370
world after finalizing their rule over
the city-state of Ionia the Persians
1384
00:31:28,370 --> 00:31:28,380
the city-state of Ionia the Persians
1385
00:31:28,380 --> 00:31:30,230
the city-state of Ionia the Persians
were on a quest to take over Greece
1386
00:31:30,230 --> 00:31:30,240
were on a quest to take over Greece
1387
00:31:30,240 --> 00:31:33,350
were on a quest to take over Greece
Darius and his twenty thousand men came
1388
00:31:33,350 --> 00:31:33,360
Darius and his twenty thousand men came
1389
00:31:33,360 --> 00:31:36,169
Darius and his twenty thousand men came
to the city of Marathon in the year 490
1390
00:31:36,169 --> 00:31:36,179
to the city of Marathon in the year 490
1391
00:31:36,179 --> 00:31:38,529
to the city of Marathon in the year 490
BCE a city
1392
00:31:38,529 --> 00:31:38,539
BCE a city
1393
00:31:38,539 --> 00:31:41,810
BCE a city
26.2 miles away from Athens the
1394
00:31:41,810 --> 00:31:41,820
26.2 miles away from Athens the
1395
00:31:41,820 --> 00:31:44,269
26.2 miles away from Athens the
Athenians were vastly outnumbered with
1396
00:31:44,269 --> 00:31:44,279
Athenians were vastly outnumbered with
1397
00:31:44,279 --> 00:31:47,029
Athenians were vastly outnumbered with
only ten thousand men as the Persians
1398
00:31:47,029 --> 00:31:47,039
only ten thousand men as the Persians
1399
00:31:47,039 --> 00:31:48,950
only ten thousand men as the Persians
were trying to regroup the powerful
1400
00:31:48,950 --> 00:31:48,960
were trying to regroup the powerful
1401
00:31:48,960 --> 00:31:51,169
were trying to regroup the powerful
Greek hoplites crushed the weaker
1402
00:31:51,169 --> 00:31:51,179
Greek hoplites crushed the weaker
1403
00:31:51,179 --> 00:31:53,630
Greek hoplites crushed the weaker
Persian Foot Soldiers by routing the
1404
00:31:53,630 --> 00:31:53,640
Persian Foot Soldiers by routing the
1405
00:31:53,640 --> 00:31:55,730
Persian Foot Soldiers by routing the
wings before turning towards the center
1406
00:31:55,730 --> 00:31:55,740
wings before turning towards the center
1407
00:31:55,740 --> 00:31:58,310
wings before turning towards the center
of the Persian line the remnants of the
1408
00:31:58,310 --> 00:31:58,320
of the Persian line the remnants of the
1409
00:31:58,320 --> 00:32:00,409
of the Persian line the remnants of the
Persian army fled to their ships and
1410
00:32:00,409 --> 00:32:00,419
Persian army fled to their ships and
1411
00:32:00,419 --> 00:32:02,570
Persian army fled to their ships and
left the battle early historians believe
1412
00:32:02,570 --> 00:32:02,580
left the battle early historians believe
1413
00:32:02,580 --> 00:32:05,930
left the battle early historians believe
the battlefield littered 6400 Persian
1414
00:32:05,930 --> 00:32:05,940
the battlefield littered 6400 Persian
1415
00:32:05,940 --> 00:32:09,130
the battlefield littered 6400 Persian
bodies while the Athenians lost only
1416
00:32:09,130 --> 00:32:09,140
bodies while the Athenians lost only
1417
00:32:09,140 --> 00:32:12,710
bodies while the Athenians lost only
192. so the Persians retreated and an
1418
00:32:12,710 --> 00:32:12,720
192. so the Persians retreated and an
1419
00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:14,990
192. so the Persians retreated and an
Athenian messenger named phytopides ran
1420
00:32:14,990 --> 00:32:15,000
Athenian messenger named phytopides ran
1421
00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:15,789
Athenian messenger named phytopides ran
the
1422
00:32:15,789 --> 00:32:15,799
the
1423
00:32:15,799 --> 00:32:20,950
the
26.2 miles from Marathon to Athens
1424
00:32:20,950 --> 00:32:20,960
26.2 miles from Marathon to Athens
1425
00:32:20,960 --> 00:32:23,750
26.2 miles from Marathon to Athens
exclaiming with joy how the Athenians
1426
00:32:23,750 --> 00:32:23,760
exclaiming with joy how the Athenians
1427
00:32:23,760 --> 00:32:27,409
exclaiming with joy how the Athenians
just beat the mighty Persian Empire all
1428
00:32:27,409 --> 00:32:27,419
just beat the mighty Persian Empire all
1429
00:32:27,419 --> 00:32:30,289
just beat the mighty Persian Empire all
of Athens went crazy with this fantastic
1430
00:32:30,289 --> 00:32:30,299
of Athens went crazy with this fantastic
1431
00:32:30,299 --> 00:32:33,049
of Athens went crazy with this fantastic
news hence Leading The Fighter Pods
1432
00:32:33,049 --> 00:32:33,059
news hence Leading The Fighter Pods
1433
00:32:33,059 --> 00:32:35,210
news hence Leading The Fighter Pods
historic Trek to be sketched into
1434
00:32:35,210 --> 00:32:35,220
historic Trek to be sketched into
1435
00:32:35,220 --> 00:32:38,870
historic Trek to be sketched into
history as the world's first marathon
1436
00:32:38,870 --> 00:32:38,880
history as the world's first marathon
1437
00:32:38,880 --> 00:32:41,450
history as the world's first marathon
however the Persians weren't done even
1438
00:32:41,450 --> 00:32:41,460
however the Persians weren't done even
1439
00:32:41,460 --> 00:32:43,250
however the Persians weren't done even
with Darius the first dying of
1440
00:32:43,250 --> 00:32:43,260
with Darius the first dying of
1441
00:32:43,260 --> 00:32:46,430
with Darius the first dying of
mysterious circumstances his son exers
1442
00:32:46,430 --> 00:32:46,440
mysterious circumstances his son exers
1443
00:32:46,440 --> 00:32:48,889
mysterious circumstances his son exers
the first took over the crown and wanted
1444
00:32:48,889 --> 00:32:48,899
the first took over the crown and wanted
1445
00:32:48,899 --> 00:32:51,889
the first took over the crown and wanted
to complete his grandfather's Legacy in
1446
00:32:51,889 --> 00:32:51,899
to complete his grandfather's Legacy in
1447
00:32:51,899 --> 00:32:55,490
to complete his grandfather's Legacy in
480 BCE Xerxes the first wanted Revenge
1448
00:32:55,490 --> 00:32:55,500
480 BCE Xerxes the first wanted Revenge
1449
00:32:55,500 --> 00:32:57,950
480 BCE Xerxes the first wanted Revenge
so he brought his enormous Invasion
1450
00:32:57,950 --> 00:32:57,960
so he brought his enormous Invasion
1451
00:32:57,960 --> 00:33:00,289
so he brought his enormous Invasion
force of over 100
1452
00:33:00,289 --> 00:33:00,299
force of over 100
1453
00:33:00,299 --> 00:33:03,409
force of over 100
000 soldiers and was dead set on
1454
00:33:03,409 --> 00:33:03,419
000 soldiers and was dead set on
1455
00:33:03,419 --> 00:33:05,990
000 soldiers and was dead set on
conquering Greece then at a narrow pass
1456
00:33:05,990 --> 00:33:06,000
conquering Greece then at a narrow pass
1457
00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:08,930
conquering Greece then at a narrow pass
at Thermopylae the Spartan King Leonidas
1458
00:33:08,930 --> 00:33:08,940
at Thermopylae the Spartan King Leonidas
1459
00:33:08,940 --> 00:33:11,590
at Thermopylae the Spartan King Leonidas
had his force of 7 000 Spartans
1460
00:33:11,590 --> 00:33:11,600
had his force of 7 000 Spartans
1461
00:33:11,600 --> 00:33:14,870
had his force of 7 000 Spartans
maintained the defense Leonidas knew of
1462
00:33:14,870 --> 00:33:14,880
maintained the defense Leonidas knew of
1463
00:33:14,880 --> 00:33:17,090
maintained the defense Leonidas knew of
his disadvantage and developed a bold
1464
00:33:17,090 --> 00:33:17,100
his disadvantage and developed a bold
1465
00:33:17,100 --> 00:33:19,490
his disadvantage and developed a bold
and daring plan to defeat the Persians
1466
00:33:19,490 --> 00:33:19,500
and daring plan to defeat the Persians
1467
00:33:19,500 --> 00:33:21,710
and daring plan to defeat the Persians
rather than waiting for the versions to
1468
00:33:21,710 --> 00:33:21,720
rather than waiting for the versions to
1469
00:33:21,720 --> 00:33:24,230
rather than waiting for the versions to
attack Leonidas ordered his soldiers to
1470
00:33:24,230 --> 00:33:24,240
attack Leonidas ordered his soldiers to
1471
00:33:24,240 --> 00:33:26,210
attack Leonidas ordered his soldiers to
make a surprise attack on the Persian
1472
00:33:26,210 --> 00:33:26,220
make a surprise attack on the Persian
1473
00:33:26,220 --> 00:33:28,850
make a surprise attack on the Persian
Camp catching the Persians off guard and
1474
00:33:28,850 --> 00:33:28,860
Camp catching the Persians off guard and
1475
00:33:28,860 --> 00:33:31,370
Camp catching the Persians off guard and
disrupting their formation despite their
1476
00:33:31,370 --> 00:33:31,380
disrupting their formation despite their
1477
00:33:31,380 --> 00:33:33,769
disrupting their formation despite their
success the Greek army was ultimately
1478
00:33:33,769 --> 00:33:33,779
success the Greek army was ultimately
1479
00:33:33,779 --> 00:33:36,889
success the Greek army was ultimately
overwhelmed by the Persians who attacked
1480
00:33:36,889 --> 00:33:36,899
overwhelmed by the Persians who attacked
1481
00:33:36,899 --> 00:33:38,750
overwhelmed by the Persians who attacked
from all sides and eventually broke
1482
00:33:38,750 --> 00:33:38,760
from all sides and eventually broke
1483
00:33:38,760 --> 00:33:41,570
from all sides and eventually broke
through the Greek defenses Leonidas and
1484
00:33:41,570 --> 00:33:41,580
through the Greek defenses Leonidas and
1485
00:33:41,580 --> 00:33:43,430
through the Greek defenses Leonidas and
his soldiers fought with courage and
1486
00:33:43,430 --> 00:33:43,440
his soldiers fought with courage and
1487
00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:46,430
his soldiers fought with courage and
determination still they were ultimately
1488
00:33:46,430 --> 00:33:46,440
determination still they were ultimately
1489
00:33:46,440 --> 00:33:49,190
determination still they were ultimately
defeated then came the Battle of Salamis
1490
00:33:49,190 --> 00:33:49,200
defeated then came the Battle of Salamis
1491
00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:51,350
defeated then came the Battle of Salamis
where the Greeks could change the tilt
1492
00:33:51,350 --> 00:33:51,360
where the Greeks could change the tilt
1493
00:33:51,360 --> 00:33:54,409
where the Greeks could change the tilt
of the war in a naval battle between the
1494
00:33:54,409 --> 00:33:54,419
of the war in a naval battle between the
1495
00:33:54,419 --> 00:33:58,430
of the war in a naval battle between the
500 Persian trirem and 300 Greek triare
1496
00:33:58,430 --> 00:33:58,440
500 Persian trirem and 300 Greek triare
1497
00:33:58,440 --> 00:34:01,250
500 Persian trirem and 300 Greek triare
it didn't look good for the Greeks still
1498
00:34:01,250 --> 00:34:01,260
it didn't look good for the Greeks still
1499
00:34:01,260 --> 00:34:04,009
it didn't look good for the Greeks still
the great Athenian General the mysticles
1500
00:34:04,009 --> 00:34:04,019
the great Athenian General the mysticles
1501
00:34:04,019 --> 00:34:06,529
the great Athenian General the mysticles
employed his plan to move the Persian
1502
00:34:06,529 --> 00:34:06,539
employed his plan to move the Persian
1503
00:34:06,539 --> 00:34:08,990
employed his plan to move the Persian
Fleet into the narrow streets of Salamis
1504
00:34:08,990 --> 00:34:09,000
Fleet into the narrow streets of Salamis
1505
00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:12,050
Fleet into the narrow streets of Salamis
and hit the enemy Fleet so hard that it
1506
00:34:12,050 --> 00:34:12,060
and hit the enemy Fleet so hard that it
1507
00:34:12,060 --> 00:34:14,570
and hit the enemy Fleet so hard that it
had nowhere to retreat after a massive
1508
00:34:14,570 --> 00:34:14,580
had nowhere to retreat after a massive
1509
00:34:14,580 --> 00:34:17,149
had nowhere to retreat after a massive
sea Battle the mysticles one greased the
1510
00:34:17,149 --> 00:34:17,159
sea Battle the mysticles one greased the
1511
00:34:17,159 --> 00:34:20,149
sea Battle the mysticles one greased the
Victory and changed the face of the war
1512
00:34:20,149 --> 00:34:20,159
Victory and changed the face of the war
1513
00:34:20,159 --> 00:34:22,430
Victory and changed the face of the war
the versions still had their goal
1514
00:34:22,430 --> 00:34:22,440
the versions still had their goal
1515
00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:25,730
the versions still had their goal
conquer the Greek city-states Xerxes had
1516
00:34:25,730 --> 00:34:25,740
conquer the Greek city-states Xerxes had
1517
00:34:25,740 --> 00:34:27,649
conquer the Greek city-states Xerxes had
returned to Persia leaving Persian
1518
00:34:27,649 --> 00:34:27,659
returned to Persia leaving Persian
1519
00:34:27,659 --> 00:34:29,690
returned to Persia leaving Persian
general mardones in charge of the
1520
00:34:29,690 --> 00:34:29,700
general mardones in charge of the
1521
00:34:29,700 --> 00:34:31,730
general mardones in charge of the
Persian Force for most of the
1522
00:34:31,730 --> 00:34:31,740
Persian Force for most of the
1523
00:34:31,740 --> 00:34:34,310
Persian Force for most of the
significant battle yet after diplomatic
1524
00:34:34,310 --> 00:34:34,320
significant battle yet after diplomatic
1525
00:34:34,320 --> 00:34:36,889
significant battle yet after diplomatic
talks ceased Persian knew they had to
1526
00:34:36,889 --> 00:34:36,899
talks ceased Persian knew they had to
1527
00:34:36,899 --> 00:34:39,409
talks ceased Persian knew they had to
attack as the Persians sent their troops
1528
00:34:39,409 --> 00:34:39,419
attack as the Persians sent their troops
1529
00:34:39,419 --> 00:34:41,750
attack as the Persians sent their troops
to platea the Greeks knew they had to
1530
00:34:41,750 --> 00:34:41,760
to platea the Greeks knew they had to
1531
00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:44,570
to platea the Greeks knew they had to
work together with 30 various Greek
1532
00:34:44,570 --> 00:34:44,580
work together with 30 various Greek
1533
00:34:44,580 --> 00:34:46,669
work together with 30 various Greek
city-states working together they were
1534
00:34:46,669 --> 00:34:46,679
city-states working together they were
1535
00:34:46,679 --> 00:34:49,909
city-states working together they were
able to field a massive 110
1536
00:34:49,909 --> 00:34:49,919
able to field a massive 110
1537
00:34:49,919 --> 00:34:52,010
able to field a massive 110
000 hoplite army with the primary
1538
00:34:52,010 --> 00:34:52,020
000 hoplite army with the primary
1539
00:34:52,020 --> 00:34:55,070
000 hoplite army with the primary
purpose of defeating Persia though there
1540
00:34:55,070 --> 00:34:55,080
purpose of defeating Persia though there
1541
00:34:55,080 --> 00:34:56,990
purpose of defeating Persia though there
was nothing compared to the estimated
1542
00:34:56,990 --> 00:34:57,000
was nothing compared to the estimated
1543
00:34:57,000 --> 00:34:58,849
was nothing compared to the estimated
150
1544
00:34:58,849 --> 00:34:58,859
150
1545
00:34:58,859 --> 00:35:01,609
150
000 man army of Persia the battle was
1546
00:35:01,609 --> 00:35:01,619
000 man army of Persia the battle was
1547
00:35:01,619 --> 00:35:04,310
000 man army of Persia the battle was
fierce and intense with both sides
1548
00:35:04,310 --> 00:35:04,320
fierce and intense with both sides
1549
00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:06,470
fierce and intense with both sides
fighting with ferocity and determination
1550
00:35:06,470 --> 00:35:06,480
fighting with ferocity and determination
1551
00:35:06,480 --> 00:35:08,630
fighting with ferocity and determination
the Greek hoplites continued to be
1552
00:35:08,630 --> 00:35:08,640
the Greek hoplites continued to be
1553
00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:10,670
the Greek hoplites continued to be
effective against the Persian Cavalry
1554
00:35:10,670 --> 00:35:10,680
effective against the Persian Cavalry
1555
00:35:10,680 --> 00:35:12,710
effective against the Persian Cavalry
and archers the Greeks also
1556
00:35:12,710 --> 00:35:12,720
and archers the Greeks also
1557
00:35:12,720 --> 00:35:14,930
and archers the Greeks also
strategically used the terrain fighting
1558
00:35:14,930 --> 00:35:14,940
strategically used the terrain fighting
1559
00:35:14,940 --> 00:35:16,490
strategically used the terrain fighting
on a slope that helped offset the
1560
00:35:16,490 --> 00:35:16,500
on a slope that helped offset the
1561
00:35:16,500 --> 00:35:19,010
on a slope that helped offset the
Persian numerical advantage in the end
1562
00:35:19,010 --> 00:35:19,020
Persian numerical advantage in the end
1563
00:35:19,020 --> 00:35:21,470
Persian numerical advantage in the end
the Greeks defeated the Persian forces
1564
00:35:21,470 --> 00:35:21,480
the Greeks defeated the Persian forces
1565
00:35:21,480 --> 00:35:24,170
the Greeks defeated the Persian forces
and secured a decisive Victory the
1566
00:35:24,170 --> 00:35:24,180
and secured a decisive Victory the
1567
00:35:24,180 --> 00:35:26,390
and secured a decisive Victory the
Persians suffered heavy losses and
1568
00:35:26,390 --> 00:35:26,400
Persians suffered heavy losses and
1569
00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:28,849
Persians suffered heavy losses and
mardones was killed in the fighting the
1570
00:35:28,849 --> 00:35:28,859
mardones was killed in the fighting the
1571
00:35:28,859 --> 00:35:31,270
mardones was killed in the fighting the
Battle of plateaya marked the end of the
1572
00:35:31,270 --> 00:35:31,280
Battle of plateaya marked the end of the
1573
00:35:31,280 --> 00:35:34,250
Battle of plateaya marked the end of the
greco-persian wars and the Persian
1574
00:35:34,250 --> 00:35:34,260
greco-persian wars and the Persian
1575
00:35:34,260 --> 00:35:42,490
greco-persian wars and the Persian
threat to Greece
1576
00:35:42,490 --> 00:35:42,500
1577
00:35:42,500 --> 00:35:45,530
after the Persian War life in ancient
1578
00:35:45,530 --> 00:35:45,540
after the Persian War life in ancient
1579
00:35:45,540 --> 00:35:48,470
after the Persian War life in ancient
Greece was spectacular a golden age of
1580
00:35:48,470 --> 00:35:48,480
Greece was spectacular a golden age of
1581
00:35:48,480 --> 00:35:50,810
Greece was spectacular a golden age of
culture was upon us with no longer
1582
00:35:50,810 --> 00:35:50,820
culture was upon us with no longer
1583
00:35:50,820 --> 00:35:53,270
culture was upon us with no longer
having to face the threat of War Athens
1584
00:35:53,270 --> 00:35:53,280
having to face the threat of War Athens
1585
00:35:53,280 --> 00:35:55,849
having to face the threat of War Athens
was able to create architectural wonders
1586
00:35:55,849 --> 00:35:55,859
was able to create architectural wonders
1587
00:35:55,859 --> 00:35:58,910
was able to create architectural wonders
such as the Parthenon the Parthenon sits
1588
00:35:58,910 --> 00:35:58,920
such as the Parthenon the Parthenon sits
1589
00:35:58,920 --> 00:36:01,550
such as the Parthenon the Parthenon sits
upon the Athenian Acropolis a prominent
1590
00:36:01,550 --> 00:36:01,560
upon the Athenian Acropolis a prominent
1591
00:36:01,560 --> 00:36:04,130
upon the Athenian Acropolis a prominent
Hill overlooking the city of Athens to
1592
00:36:04,130 --> 00:36:04,140
Hill overlooking the city of Athens to
1593
00:36:04,140 --> 00:36:06,349
Hill overlooking the city of Athens to
show its wealth and culture no matter
1594
00:36:06,349 --> 00:36:06,359
show its wealth and culture no matter
1595
00:36:06,359 --> 00:36:08,870
show its wealth and culture no matter
where you'll go in Athens you can still
1596
00:36:08,870 --> 00:36:08,880
where you'll go in Athens you can still
1597
00:36:08,880 --> 00:36:12,109
where you'll go in Athens you can still
see the great Parthenon even today then
1598
00:36:12,109 --> 00:36:12,119
see the great Parthenon even today then
1599
00:36:12,119 --> 00:36:14,450
see the great Parthenon even today then
came the theater around this time the
1600
00:36:14,450 --> 00:36:14,460
came the theater around this time the
1601
00:36:14,460 --> 00:36:16,310
came the theater around this time the
state would sponsor the most significant
1602
00:36:16,310 --> 00:36:16,320
state would sponsor the most significant
1603
00:36:16,320 --> 00:36:18,829
state would sponsor the most significant
poets to create stories in the Athenian
1604
00:36:18,829 --> 00:36:18,839
poets to create stories in the Athenian
1605
00:36:18,839 --> 00:36:22,370
poets to create stories in the Athenian
festival called the city dionysia a
1606
00:36:22,370 --> 00:36:22,380
festival called the city dionysia a
1607
00:36:22,380 --> 00:36:24,170
festival called the city dionysia a
festival designed to worship the Greek
1608
00:36:24,170 --> 00:36:24,180
festival designed to worship the Greek
1609
00:36:24,180 --> 00:36:26,990
festival designed to worship the Greek
god of theater infertility Dionysus
1610
00:36:26,990 --> 00:36:27,000
god of theater infertility Dionysus
1611
00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:29,650
god of theater infertility Dionysus
creating playwrights such as Sophocles
1612
00:36:29,650 --> 00:36:29,660
creating playwrights such as Sophocles
1613
00:36:29,660 --> 00:36:32,810
creating playwrights such as Sophocles
escalus and Aristophanes
1614
00:36:32,810 --> 00:36:32,820
escalus and Aristophanes
1615
00:36:32,820 --> 00:36:35,770
escalus and Aristophanes
[Music]
1616
00:36:35,770 --> 00:36:35,780
[Music]
1617
00:36:35,780 --> 00:36:39,530
[Music]
states were hungry for power Athens was
1618
00:36:39,530 --> 00:36:39,540
states were hungry for power Athens was
1619
00:36:39,540 --> 00:36:42,349
states were hungry for power Athens was
recruiting city-states into their Delian
1620
00:36:42,349 --> 00:36:42,359
recruiting city-states into their Delian
1621
00:36:42,359 --> 00:36:44,690
recruiting city-states into their Delian
Alliance while Sparta was recruiting
1622
00:36:44,690 --> 00:36:44,700
Alliance while Sparta was recruiting
1623
00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:46,970
Alliance while Sparta was recruiting
city-states into their Peloponnesian
1624
00:36:46,970 --> 00:36:46,980
city-states into their Peloponnesian
1625
00:36:46,980 --> 00:36:50,089
city-states into their Peloponnesian
Alliance both Sparta and Athens felt
1626
00:36:50,089 --> 00:36:50,099
Alliance both Sparta and Athens felt
1627
00:36:50,099 --> 00:36:51,710
Alliance both Sparta and Athens felt
like they should control the city of
1628
00:36:51,710 --> 00:36:51,720
like they should control the city of
1629
00:36:51,720 --> 00:36:56,810
like they should control the city of
corkia hence why in 434 BCE war was upon
1630
00:36:56,810 --> 00:36:56,820
corkia hence why in 434 BCE war was upon
1631
00:36:56,820 --> 00:36:59,270
corkia hence why in 434 BCE war was upon
the Greek Peninsula resulting in Naval
1632
00:36:59,270 --> 00:36:59,280
the Greek Peninsula resulting in Naval
1633
00:36:59,280 --> 00:37:01,430
the Greek Peninsula resulting in Naval
battles such as the Battle of siblos and
1634
00:37:01,430 --> 00:37:01,440
battles such as the Battle of siblos and
1635
00:37:01,440 --> 00:37:05,750
battles such as the Battle of siblos and
the Battle of pilos by 421 BCE a short
1636
00:37:05,750 --> 00:37:05,760
the Battle of pilos by 421 BCE a short
1637
00:37:05,760 --> 00:37:08,870
the Battle of pilos by 421 BCE a short
piece was negotiated however this piece
1638
00:37:08,870 --> 00:37:08,880
piece was negotiated however this piece
1639
00:37:08,880 --> 00:37:11,690
piece was negotiated however this piece
would not last and Athens had their eyes
1640
00:37:11,690 --> 00:37:11,700
would not last and Athens had their eyes
1641
00:37:11,700 --> 00:37:14,510
would not last and Athens had their eyes
on Sicily initially the expedition was
1642
00:37:14,510 --> 00:37:14,520
on Sicily initially the expedition was
1643
00:37:14,520 --> 00:37:16,910
on Sicily initially the expedition was
going well the Athenians established
1644
00:37:16,910 --> 00:37:16,920
going well the Athenians established
1645
00:37:16,920 --> 00:37:19,370
going well the Athenians established
alliances with several Sicilian cities
1646
00:37:19,370 --> 00:37:19,380
alliances with several Sicilian cities
1647
00:37:19,380 --> 00:37:22,310
alliances with several Sicilian cities
and won several minor skirmishes against
1648
00:37:22,310 --> 00:37:22,320
and won several minor skirmishes against
1649
00:37:22,320 --> 00:37:26,210
and won several minor skirmishes against
the Sicilian forces but soon alcibiotes
1650
00:37:26,210 --> 00:37:26,220
the Sicilian forces but soon alcibiotes
1651
00:37:26,220 --> 00:37:29,210
the Sicilian forces but soon alcibiotes
one of the greatest naval Generals in
1652
00:37:29,210 --> 00:37:29,220
one of the greatest naval Generals in
1653
00:37:29,220 --> 00:37:32,030
one of the greatest naval Generals in
history was recalled to Athens to face
1654
00:37:32,030 --> 00:37:32,040
history was recalled to Athens to face
1655
00:37:32,040 --> 00:37:33,490
history was recalled to Athens to face
charges of
1656
00:37:33,490 --> 00:37:33,500
charges of
1657
00:37:33,500 --> 00:37:36,589
charges of
the Athenian fleet was left without his
1658
00:37:36,589 --> 00:37:36,599
the Athenian fleet was left without his
1659
00:37:36,599 --> 00:37:39,730
the Athenian fleet was left without his
leadership
1660
00:37:39,730 --> 00:37:39,740
1661
00:37:39,740 --> 00:37:42,890
in his absence the expedition began to
1662
00:37:42,890 --> 00:37:42,900
in his absence the expedition began to
1663
00:37:42,900 --> 00:37:45,530
in his absence the expedition began to
unravel the Athenians could not take the
1664
00:37:45,530 --> 00:37:45,540
unravel the Athenians could not take the
1665
00:37:45,540 --> 00:37:47,930
unravel the Athenians could not take the
city of Syracuse which had fortified its
1666
00:37:47,930 --> 00:37:47,940
city of Syracuse which had fortified its
1667
00:37:47,940 --> 00:37:50,210
city of Syracuse which had fortified its
defenses and was well prepared for a
1668
00:37:50,210 --> 00:37:50,220
defenses and was well prepared for a
1669
00:37:50,220 --> 00:37:52,609
defenses and was well prepared for a
Siege the Sicilians were aided by
1670
00:37:52,609 --> 00:37:52,619
Siege the Sicilians were aided by
1671
00:37:52,619 --> 00:37:55,550
Siege the Sicilians were aided by
reinforcements from Sparta which saw an
1672
00:37:55,550 --> 00:37:55,560
reinforcements from Sparta which saw an
1673
00:37:55,560 --> 00:37:57,770
reinforcements from Sparta which saw an
opportunity to strike a crippling blow
1674
00:37:57,770 --> 00:37:57,780
opportunity to strike a crippling blow
1675
00:37:57,780 --> 00:38:00,650
opportunity to strike a crippling blow
against its arch-rival Athens the
1676
00:38:00,650 --> 00:38:00,660
against its arch-rival Athens the
1677
00:38:00,660 --> 00:38:02,390
against its arch-rival Athens the
Athenian suffered from a lack of
1678
00:38:02,390 --> 00:38:02,400
Athenian suffered from a lack of
1679
00:38:02,400 --> 00:38:05,030
Athenian suffered from a lack of
supplies and were plagued by disease at
1680
00:38:05,030 --> 00:38:05,040
supplies and were plagued by disease at
1681
00:38:05,040 --> 00:38:07,370
supplies and were plagued by disease at
the same time the syracuseans launched a
1682
00:38:07,370 --> 00:38:07,380
the same time the syracuseans launched a
1683
00:38:07,380 --> 00:38:09,589
the same time the syracuseans launched a
series of surprise attacks and ambushes
1684
00:38:09,589 --> 00:38:09,599
series of surprise attacks and ambushes
1685
00:38:09,599 --> 00:38:12,349
series of surprise attacks and ambushes
finally after months of grueling
1686
00:38:12,349 --> 00:38:12,359
finally after months of grueling
1687
00:38:12,359 --> 00:38:14,329
finally after months of grueling
fighting the Athenian fleet was
1688
00:38:14,329 --> 00:38:14,339
fighting the Athenian fleet was
1689
00:38:14,339 --> 00:38:17,030
fighting the Athenian fleet was
destroyed in a decisive battle thousands
1690
00:38:17,030 --> 00:38:17,040
destroyed in a decisive battle thousands
1691
00:38:17,040 --> 00:38:19,310
destroyed in a decisive battle thousands
of Athenians were killed and many more
1692
00:38:19,310 --> 00:38:19,320
of Athenians were killed and many more
1693
00:38:19,320 --> 00:38:21,950
of Athenians were killed and many more
were captured and enslaved a decade
1694
00:38:21,950 --> 00:38:21,960
were captured and enslaved a decade
1695
00:38:21,960 --> 00:38:24,829
were captured and enslaved a decade
after that Athens fell to the Spartans
1696
00:38:24,829 --> 00:38:24,839
after that Athens fell to the Spartans
1697
00:38:24,839 --> 00:38:28,849
after that Athens fell to the Spartans
the age of legendary Greece was now over
1698
00:38:28,849 --> 00:38:28,859
the age of legendary Greece was now over
1699
00:38:28,859 --> 00:38:31,550
the age of legendary Greece was now over
both Athens and Sparta were
1700
00:38:31,550 --> 00:38:31,560
both Athens and Sparta were
1701
00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:34,609
both Athens and Sparta were
significantly weaker never to regain the
1702
00:38:34,609 --> 00:38:34,619
significantly weaker never to regain the
1703
00:38:34,619 --> 00:38:37,250
significantly weaker never to regain the
same power they once had leaving the
1704
00:38:37,250 --> 00:38:37,260
same power they once had leaving the
1705
00:38:37,260 --> 00:38:40,910
same power they once had leaving the
world ready for a philosopher king to
1706
00:38:40,910 --> 00:38:40,920
world ready for a philosopher king to
1707
00:38:40,920 --> 00:38:46,030
world ready for a philosopher king to
conquer it all foreign
1708
00:38:46,030 --> 00:38:46,040
1709
00:38:46,040 --> 00:38:49,370
in the East the Mandate of Heaven was up
1710
00:38:49,370 --> 00:38:49,380
in the East the Mandate of Heaven was up
1711
00:38:49,380 --> 00:38:52,609
in the East the Mandate of Heaven was up
the Zhou dynasty after a long 800 year
1712
00:38:52,609 --> 00:38:52,619
the Zhou dynasty after a long 800 year
1713
00:38:52,619 --> 00:38:55,430
the Zhou dynasty after a long 800 year
rule it was deemed by the heavens that
1714
00:38:55,430 --> 00:38:55,440
rule it was deemed by the heavens that
1715
00:38:55,440 --> 00:38:57,650
rule it was deemed by the heavens that
their empire was up which led to a
1716
00:38:57,650 --> 00:38:57,660
their empire was up which led to a
1717
00:38:57,660 --> 00:39:01,450
their empire was up which led to a
period known as the Warring States
1718
00:39:01,450 --> 00:39:01,460
period known as the Warring States
1719
00:39:01,460 --> 00:39:05,990
period known as the Warring States
474-221 BCE this resulted in Han fisi
1720
00:39:05,990 --> 00:39:06,000
474-221 BCE this resulted in Han fisi
1721
00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:08,089
474-221 BCE this resulted in Han fisi
who created a new philosophy called
1722
00:39:08,089 --> 00:39:08,099
who created a new philosophy called
1723
00:39:08,099 --> 00:39:10,790
who created a new philosophy called
legalism followers of legalism believe
1724
00:39:10,790 --> 00:39:10,800
legalism followers of legalism believe
1725
00:39:10,800 --> 00:39:13,670
legalism followers of legalism believe
that people were inherently selfish and
1726
00:39:13,670 --> 00:39:13,680
that people were inherently selfish and
1727
00:39:13,680 --> 00:39:14,950
that people were inherently selfish and
would only act in their own
1728
00:39:14,950 --> 00:39:14,960
would only act in their own
1729
00:39:14,960 --> 00:39:17,210
would only act in their own
self-interest and that the only way to
1730
00:39:17,210 --> 00:39:17,220
self-interest and that the only way to
1731
00:39:17,220 --> 00:39:19,010
self-interest and that the only way to
keep them in line was through a system
1732
00:39:19,010 --> 00:39:19,020
keep them in line was through a system
1733
00:39:19,020 --> 00:39:21,530
keep them in line was through a system
of rewards and punishments that was
1734
00:39:21,530 --> 00:39:21,540
of rewards and punishments that was
1735
00:39:21,540 --> 00:39:24,530
of rewards and punishments that was
clear and consistently enforced this
1736
00:39:24,530 --> 00:39:24,540
clear and consistently enforced this
1737
00:39:24,540 --> 00:39:26,630
clear and consistently enforced this
resulted in Fiji claiming that the best
1738
00:39:26,630 --> 00:39:26,640
resulted in Fiji claiming that the best
1739
00:39:26,640 --> 00:39:29,089
resulted in Fiji claiming that the best
way to achieve social order was by
1740
00:39:29,089 --> 00:39:29,099
way to achieve social order was by
1741
00:39:29,099 --> 00:39:31,069
way to achieve social order was by
establishing a powerful ruler
1742
00:39:31,069 --> 00:39:31,079
establishing a powerful ruler
1743
00:39:31,079 --> 00:39:33,950
establishing a powerful ruler
responsible for enforcing the law and
1744
00:39:33,950 --> 00:39:33,960
responsible for enforcing the law and
1745
00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:37,010
responsible for enforcing the law and
punishing wrongdoers he also believed
1746
00:39:37,010 --> 00:39:37,020
punishing wrongdoers he also believed
1747
00:39:37,020 --> 00:39:38,870
punishing wrongdoers he also believed
the ruler should have complete control
1748
00:39:38,870 --> 00:39:38,880
the ruler should have complete control
1749
00:39:38,880 --> 00:39:41,930
the ruler should have complete control
over the military the economy and
1750
00:39:41,930 --> 00:39:41,940
over the military the economy and
1751
00:39:41,940 --> 00:39:46,370
over the military the economy and
Society
1752
00:39:46,370 --> 00:39:46,380
1753
00:39:46,380 --> 00:39:48,770
while in the heart of the Oaxaca region
1754
00:39:48,770 --> 00:39:48,780
while in the heart of the Oaxaca region
1755
00:39:48,780 --> 00:39:51,170
while in the heart of the Oaxaca region
of Mexico the zapatec civilization
1756
00:39:51,170 --> 00:39:51,180
of Mexico the zapatec civilization
1757
00:39:51,180 --> 00:39:53,990
of Mexico the zapatec civilization
started to flourish the capital city of
1758
00:39:53,990 --> 00:39:54,000
started to flourish the capital city of
1759
00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:56,030
started to flourish the capital city of
Monte Alban was being built on a
1760
00:39:56,030 --> 00:39:56,040
Monte Alban was being built on a
1761
00:39:56,040 --> 00:39:58,010
Monte Alban was being built on a
Mountaintop overlooking the entire
1762
00:39:58,010 --> 00:39:58,020
Mountaintop overlooking the entire
1763
00:39:58,020 --> 00:40:00,530
Mountaintop overlooking the entire
Oaxaca Valley perched on the Mountaintop
1764
00:40:00,530 --> 00:40:00,540
Oaxaca Valley perched on the Mountaintop
1765
00:40:00,540 --> 00:40:02,990
Oaxaca Valley perched on the Mountaintop
overlooking the valley of Oaxaca the
1766
00:40:02,990 --> 00:40:03,000
overlooking the valley of Oaxaca the
1767
00:40:03,000 --> 00:40:05,390
overlooking the valley of Oaxaca the
city was home to a ruling Elite who
1768
00:40:05,390 --> 00:40:05,400
city was home to a ruling Elite who
1769
00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:07,849
city was home to a ruling Elite who
oversaw a hierarchical social structure
1770
00:40:07,849 --> 00:40:07,859
oversaw a hierarchical social structure
1771
00:40:07,859 --> 00:40:10,550
oversaw a hierarchical social structure
that included middle-class Artisans and
1772
00:40:10,550 --> 00:40:10,560
that included middle-class Artisans and
1773
00:40:10,560 --> 00:40:13,190
that included middle-class Artisans and
lower class Farmers the people of the
1774
00:40:13,190 --> 00:40:13,200
lower class Farmers the people of the
1775
00:40:13,200 --> 00:40:15,290
lower class Farmers the people of the
zapatec civilization were known for
1776
00:40:15,290 --> 00:40:15,300
zapatec civilization were known for
1777
00:40:15,300 --> 00:40:17,829
zapatec civilization were known for
their Innovative agricultural practices
1778
00:40:17,829 --> 00:40:17,839
their Innovative agricultural practices
1779
00:40:17,839 --> 00:40:20,630
their Innovative agricultural practices
including the cultivation of Maize and
1780
00:40:20,630 --> 00:40:20,640
including the cultivation of Maize and
1781
00:40:20,640 --> 00:40:22,790
including the cultivation of Maize and
other crops which sustained their
1782
00:40:22,790 --> 00:40:22,800
other crops which sustained their
1783
00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:24,530
other crops which sustained their
communities in times of drought and
1784
00:40:24,530 --> 00:40:24,540
communities in times of drought and
1785
00:40:24,540 --> 00:40:27,109
communities in times of drought and
other environmental pressures they also
1786
00:40:27,109 --> 00:40:27,119
other environmental pressures they also
1787
00:40:27,119 --> 00:40:29,510
other environmental pressures they also
developed an early writing system which
1788
00:40:29,510 --> 00:40:29,520
developed an early writing system which
1789
00:40:29,520 --> 00:40:31,730
developed an early writing system which
used a combination of symbols and glyphs
1790
00:40:31,730 --> 00:40:31,740
used a combination of symbols and glyphs
1791
00:40:31,740 --> 00:40:34,190
used a combination of symbols and glyphs
to represent words and ideas they
1792
00:40:34,190 --> 00:40:34,200
to represent words and ideas they
1793
00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:36,170
to represent words and ideas they
developed an advanced calendar system
1794
00:40:36,170 --> 00:40:36,180
developed an advanced calendar system
1795
00:40:36,180 --> 00:40:39,490
developed an advanced calendar system
based on 260-day and
1796
00:40:39,490 --> 00:40:39,500
based on 260-day and
1797
00:40:39,500 --> 00:40:45,190
based on 260-day and
365-day solar Cycles
1798
00:40:45,190 --> 00:40:45,200
1799
00:40:45,200 --> 00:40:49,790
in Greece during the year 356 BCE in the
1800
00:40:49,790 --> 00:40:49,800
in Greece during the year 356 BCE in the
1801
00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:51,970
in Greece during the year 356 BCE in the
city of Pella in the Kingdom of Macedon
1802
00:40:51,970 --> 00:40:51,980
city of Pella in the Kingdom of Macedon
1803
00:40:51,980 --> 00:40:55,490
city of Pella in the Kingdom of Macedon
the greatest commander in history was
1804
00:40:55,490 --> 00:40:55,500
the greatest commander in history was
1805
00:40:55,500 --> 00:40:58,250
the greatest commander in history was
born Alexander the Great grew up knowing
1806
00:40:58,250 --> 00:40:58,260
born Alexander the Great grew up knowing
1807
00:40:58,260 --> 00:41:00,770
born Alexander the Great grew up knowing
he would be a leader and was the son of
1808
00:41:00,770 --> 00:41:00,780
he would be a leader and was the son of
1809
00:41:00,780 --> 00:41:04,069
he would be a leader and was the son of
King Philip II in Queen Olympia But the
1810
00:41:04,069 --> 00:41:04,079
King Philip II in Queen Olympia But the
1811
00:41:04,079 --> 00:41:06,710
King Philip II in Queen Olympia But the
teacher was much more impressive since
1812
00:41:06,710 --> 00:41:06,720
teacher was much more impressive since
1813
00:41:06,720 --> 00:41:09,230
teacher was much more impressive since
he was a kid Alexander was tutored by
1814
00:41:09,230 --> 00:41:09,240
he was a kid Alexander was tutored by
1815
00:41:09,240 --> 00:41:12,170
he was a kid Alexander was tutored by
Aristotle Aristotle is the man who is
1816
00:41:12,170 --> 00:41:12,180
Aristotle Aristotle is the man who is
1817
00:41:12,180 --> 00:41:15,109
Aristotle Aristotle is the man who is
known as the father of a logic he
1818
00:41:15,109 --> 00:41:15,119
known as the father of a logic he
1819
00:41:15,119 --> 00:41:17,210
known as the father of a logic he
created the fields of biology and
1820
00:41:17,210 --> 00:41:17,220
created the fields of biology and
1821
00:41:17,220 --> 00:41:19,670
created the fields of biology and
taxonomy by introducing a way to think
1822
00:41:19,670 --> 00:41:19,680
taxonomy by introducing a way to think
1823
00:41:19,680 --> 00:41:22,609
taxonomy by introducing a way to think
called the scientific method a method
1824
00:41:22,609 --> 00:41:22,619
called the scientific method a method
1825
00:41:22,619 --> 00:41:25,310
called the scientific method a method
that is still taught in schools to this
1826
00:41:25,310 --> 00:41:25,320
that is still taught in schools to this
1827
00:41:25,320 --> 00:41:27,589
that is still taught in schools to this
day he also wrote extensively about
1828
00:41:27,589 --> 00:41:27,599
day he also wrote extensively about
1829
00:41:27,599 --> 00:41:30,770
day he also wrote extensively about
philosophy ethics and art changing the
1830
00:41:30,770 --> 00:41:30,780
philosophy ethics and art changing the
1831
00:41:30,780 --> 00:41:33,230
philosophy ethics and art changing the
face of the world as we know it today
1832
00:41:33,230 --> 00:41:33,240
face of the world as we know it today
1833
00:41:33,240 --> 00:41:35,870
face of the world as we know it today
this is the man who was in charge of
1834
00:41:35,870 --> 00:41:35,880
this is the man who was in charge of
1835
00:41:35,880 --> 00:41:38,750
this is the man who was in charge of
teaching Alexander the Great Alexander
1836
00:41:38,750 --> 00:41:38,760
teaching Alexander the Great Alexander
1837
00:41:38,760 --> 00:41:41,150
teaching Alexander the Great Alexander
was 20 when his father was assassinated
1838
00:41:41,150 --> 00:41:41,160
was 20 when his father was assassinated
1839
00:41:41,160 --> 00:41:43,069
was 20 when his father was assassinated
but his excellent education Nation
1840
00:41:43,069 --> 00:41:43,079
but his excellent education Nation
1841
00:41:43,079 --> 00:41:45,710
but his excellent education Nation
allowed him to take over the rest of the
1842
00:41:45,710 --> 00:41:45,720
allowed him to take over the rest of the
1843
00:41:45,720 --> 00:41:49,569
allowed him to take over the rest of the
world after his father died in 336 BCE
1844
00:41:49,569 --> 00:41:49,579
world after his father died in 336 BCE
1845
00:41:49,579 --> 00:41:52,609
world after his father died in 336 BCE
Alexander was hell-bent on keeping his
1846
00:41:52,609 --> 00:41:52,619
Alexander was hell-bent on keeping his
1847
00:41:52,619 --> 00:41:55,010
Alexander was hell-bent on keeping his
family's power so in the Greek city of
1848
00:41:55,010 --> 00:41:55,020
family's power so in the Greek city of
1849
00:41:55,020 --> 00:41:57,710
family's power so in the Greek city of
Thebes decided to revolt Alexander and
1850
00:41:57,710 --> 00:41:57,720
Thebes decided to revolt Alexander and
1851
00:41:57,720 --> 00:42:02,210
Thebes decided to revolt Alexander and
his army marched 240 miles in 14 days
1852
00:42:02,210 --> 00:42:02,220
his army marched 240 miles in 14 days
1853
00:42:02,220 --> 00:42:05,329
his army marched 240 miles in 14 days
when thieves refused to surrender he
1854
00:42:05,329 --> 00:42:05,339
when thieves refused to surrender he
1855
00:42:05,339 --> 00:42:08,569
when thieves refused to surrender he
raised the entire city to the ground and
1856
00:42:08,569 --> 00:42:08,579
raised the entire city to the ground and
1857
00:42:08,579 --> 00:42:11,510
raised the entire city to the ground and
6 000 were killed and the rest were sold
1858
00:42:11,510 --> 00:42:11,520
6 000 were killed and the rest were sold
1859
00:42:11,520 --> 00:42:13,609
6 000 were killed and the rest were sold
into slavery the rest of the Greek
1860
00:42:13,609 --> 00:42:13,619
into slavery the rest of the Greek
1861
00:42:13,619 --> 00:42:16,430
into slavery the rest of the Greek
city-states recoiled in fear allowing
1862
00:42:16,430 --> 00:42:16,440
city-states recoiled in fear allowing
1863
00:42:16,440 --> 00:42:18,950
city-states recoiled in fear allowing
Alexander to do as he pleased leaving
1864
00:42:18,950 --> 00:42:18,960
Alexander to do as he pleased leaving
1865
00:42:18,960 --> 00:42:21,410
Alexander to do as he pleased leaving
for his new Target to be Persia and the
1866
00:42:21,410 --> 00:42:21,420
for his new Target to be Persia and the
1867
00:42:21,420 --> 00:42:26,410
for his new Target to be Persia and the
new Persian king Darius III in 333 BC
1868
00:42:26,410 --> 00:42:26,420
new Persian king Darius III in 333 BC
1869
00:42:26,420 --> 00:42:29,150
new Persian king Darius III in 333 BC
Alexander faced the Persian army at the
1870
00:42:29,150 --> 00:42:29,160
Alexander faced the Persian army at the
1871
00:42:29,160 --> 00:42:31,430
Alexander faced the Persian army at the
Battle of Isis this significant
1872
00:42:31,430 --> 00:42:31,440
Battle of Isis this significant
1873
00:42:31,440 --> 00:42:33,829
Battle of Isis this significant
engagement saw the Persian king Darius
1874
00:42:33,829 --> 00:42:33,839
engagement saw the Persian king Darius
1875
00:42:33,839 --> 00:42:36,470
engagement saw the Persian king Darius
III defeated and forced to flee
1876
00:42:36,470 --> 00:42:36,480
III defeated and forced to flee
1877
00:42:36,480 --> 00:42:38,630
III defeated and forced to flee
Alexander then captured several key
1878
00:42:38,630 --> 00:42:38,640
Alexander then captured several key
1879
00:42:38,640 --> 00:42:41,030
Alexander then captured several key
cities including the vital Port of Tire
1880
00:42:41,030 --> 00:42:41,040
cities including the vital Port of Tire
1881
00:42:41,040 --> 00:42:44,210
cities including the vital Port of Tire
which had resisted his initial Siege in
1882
00:42:44,210 --> 00:42:44,220
which had resisted his initial Siege in
1883
00:42:44,220 --> 00:42:48,230
which had resisted his initial Siege in
331 BC Alexander faced Darius III again
1884
00:42:48,230 --> 00:42:48,240
331 BC Alexander faced Darius III again
1885
00:42:48,240 --> 00:42:50,810
331 BC Alexander faced Darius III again
at the Battle of gagamela near the
1886
00:42:50,810 --> 00:42:50,820
at the Battle of gagamela near the
1887
00:42:50,820 --> 00:42:53,510
at the Battle of gagamela near the
Tigris River in modern day Iraq despite
1888
00:42:53,510 --> 00:42:53,520
Tigris River in modern day Iraq despite
1889
00:42:53,520 --> 00:42:56,329
Tigris River in modern day Iraq despite
being outnumbered Alexander won a
1890
00:42:56,329 --> 00:42:56,339
being outnumbered Alexander won a
1891
00:42:56,339 --> 00:42:59,390
being outnumbered Alexander won a
decisive Victory using Superior Tactics
1892
00:42:59,390 --> 00:42:59,400
decisive Victory using Superior Tactics
1893
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:01,970
decisive Victory using Superior Tactics
and Mobility the Persian army was
1894
00:43:01,970 --> 00:43:01,980
and Mobility the Persian army was
1895
00:43:01,980 --> 00:43:05,530
and Mobility the Persian army was
shattered and Darius III fled once again
1896
00:43:05,530 --> 00:43:05,540
shattered and Darius III fled once again
1897
00:43:05,540 --> 00:43:08,150
shattered and Darius III fled once again
Alexander then proceeded to capture the
1898
00:43:08,150 --> 00:43:08,160
Alexander then proceeded to capture the
1899
00:43:08,160 --> 00:43:10,730
Alexander then proceeded to capture the
Persian capital of Babylon and took
1900
00:43:10,730 --> 00:43:10,740
Persian capital of Babylon and took
1901
00:43:10,740 --> 00:43:13,190
Persian capital of Babylon and took
control of much of Mesopotamia he
1902
00:43:13,190 --> 00:43:13,200
control of much of Mesopotamia he
1903
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:15,530
control of much of Mesopotamia he
continued his campaign Eastward winning
1904
00:43:15,530 --> 00:43:15,540
continued his campaign Eastward winning
1905
00:43:15,540 --> 00:43:17,870
continued his campaign Eastward winning
battles in what is now modern-day Iran
1906
00:43:17,870 --> 00:43:17,880
battles in what is now modern-day Iran
1907
00:43:17,880 --> 00:43:21,770
battles in what is now modern-day Iran
and Afghanistan in 330 BC he captured
1908
00:43:21,770 --> 00:43:21,780
and Afghanistan in 330 BC he captured
1909
00:43:21,780 --> 00:43:25,010
and Afghanistan in 330 BC he captured
the Persian capital of persepolis a city
1910
00:43:25,010 --> 00:43:25,020
the Persian capital of persepolis a city
1911
00:43:25,020 --> 00:43:26,930
the Persian capital of persepolis a city
of great wealth and cultural
1912
00:43:26,930 --> 00:43:26,940
of great wealth and cultural
1913
00:43:26,940 --> 00:43:30,109
of great wealth and cultural
significance but Alexander wasn't done
1914
00:43:30,109 --> 00:43:30,119
significance but Alexander wasn't done
1915
00:43:30,119 --> 00:43:33,349
significance but Alexander wasn't done
he wanted to expand Eastward eventually
1916
00:43:33,349 --> 00:43:33,359
he wanted to expand Eastward eventually
1917
00:43:33,359 --> 00:43:35,750
he wanted to expand Eastward eventually
crossing the Hindu Kush mountains into
1918
00:43:35,750 --> 00:43:35,760
crossing the Hindu Kush mountains into
1919
00:43:35,760 --> 00:43:38,690
crossing the Hindu Kush mountains into
India however his troops grew tired of
1920
00:43:38,690 --> 00:43:38,700
India however his troops grew tired of
1921
00:43:38,700 --> 00:43:40,550
India however his troops grew tired of
the Endless fighting and refused to go
1922
00:43:40,550 --> 00:43:40,560
the Endless fighting and refused to go
1923
00:43:40,560 --> 00:43:43,490
the Endless fighting and refused to go
any further and Alexander was forced to
1924
00:43:43,490 --> 00:43:43,500
any further and Alexander was forced to
1925
00:43:43,500 --> 00:43:45,050
any further and Alexander was forced to
turn back
1926
00:43:45,050 --> 00:43:45,060
turn back
1927
00:43:45,060 --> 00:43:47,750
turn back
however after Alexander failed in the
1928
00:43:47,750 --> 00:43:47,760
however after Alexander failed in the
1929
00:43:47,760 --> 00:43:50,750
however after Alexander failed in the
Indian subcontinent a Powerhouse emerged
1930
00:43:50,750 --> 00:43:50,760
Indian subcontinent a Powerhouse emerged
1931
00:43:50,760 --> 00:43:53,750
Indian subcontinent a Powerhouse emerged
in India called the mauryan Empire at
1932
00:43:53,750 --> 00:43:53,760
in India called the mauryan Empire at
1933
00:43:53,760 --> 00:43:55,970
in India called the mauryan Empire at
its height it spanned over much of India
1934
00:43:55,970 --> 00:43:55,980
its height it spanned over much of India
1935
00:43:55,980 --> 00:43:58,910
its height it spanned over much of India
Pakistan Bangladesh and Afghanistan
1936
00:43:58,910 --> 00:43:58,920
Pakistan Bangladesh and Afghanistan
1937
00:43:58,920 --> 00:44:01,730
Pakistan Bangladesh and Afghanistan
however this conquering came at much of
1938
00:44:01,730 --> 00:44:01,740
however this conquering came at much of
1939
00:44:01,740 --> 00:44:04,130
however this conquering came at much of
a cost for its leader Ashoka the great
1940
00:44:04,130 --> 00:44:04,140
a cost for its leader Ashoka the great
1941
00:44:04,140 --> 00:44:07,790
a cost for its leader Ashoka the great
in 261 BC after the death of his parents
1942
00:44:07,790 --> 00:44:07,800
in 261 BC after the death of his parents
1943
00:44:07,800 --> 00:44:10,550
in 261 BC after the death of his parents
Ashoka decided that his Empire needed to
1944
00:44:10,550 --> 00:44:10,560
Ashoka decided that his Empire needed to
1945
00:44:10,560 --> 00:44:13,190
Ashoka decided that his Empire needed to
expand in his sights the kingdom of
1946
00:44:13,190 --> 00:44:13,200
expand in his sights the kingdom of
1947
00:44:13,200 --> 00:44:16,550
expand in his sights the kingdom of
Kalinga the war was Bloody the war was
1948
00:44:16,550 --> 00:44:16,560
Kalinga the war was Bloody the war was
1949
00:44:16,560 --> 00:44:19,550
Kalinga the war was Bloody the war was
fierce over a hundred thousand people
1950
00:44:19,550 --> 00:44:19,560
fierce over a hundred thousand people
1951
00:44:19,560 --> 00:44:22,490
fierce over a hundred thousand people
died Ashoka couldn't sleep with himself
1952
00:44:22,490 --> 00:44:22,500
died Ashoka couldn't sleep with himself
1953
00:44:22,500 --> 00:44:24,230
died Ashoka couldn't sleep with himself
he didn't know how to deal with his
1954
00:44:24,230 --> 00:44:24,240
he didn't know how to deal with his
1955
00:44:24,240 --> 00:44:26,930
he didn't know how to deal with his
actions that resulted in so Much Death
1956
00:44:26,930 --> 00:44:26,940
actions that resulted in so Much Death
1957
00:44:26,940 --> 00:44:29,270
actions that resulted in so Much Death
so he turned to the teaching of the
1958
00:44:29,270 --> 00:44:29,280
so he turned to the teaching of the
1959
00:44:29,280 --> 00:44:32,089
so he turned to the teaching of the
Buddha under ashoka's rule the mauryan
1960
00:44:32,089 --> 00:44:32,099
Buddha under ashoka's rule the mauryan
1961
00:44:32,099 --> 00:44:34,069
Buddha under ashoka's rule the mauryan
Empire became known for supporting
1962
00:44:34,069 --> 00:44:34,079
Empire became known for supporting
1963
00:44:34,079 --> 00:44:35,930
Empire became known for supporting
Buddhist teachings and promoting
1964
00:44:35,930 --> 00:44:35,940
Buddhist teachings and promoting
1965
00:44:35,940 --> 00:44:38,930
Buddhist teachings and promoting
non-violence Ashoka issued a series of
1966
00:44:38,930 --> 00:44:38,940
non-violence Ashoka issued a series of
1967
00:44:38,940 --> 00:44:41,450
non-violence Ashoka issued a series of
edicts inscribed on rocks and pillars
1968
00:44:41,450 --> 00:44:41,460
edicts inscribed on rocks and pillars
1969
00:44:41,460 --> 00:44:43,430
edicts inscribed on rocks and pillars
throughout the Empire that promoted
1970
00:44:43,430 --> 00:44:43,440
throughout the Empire that promoted
1971
00:44:43,440 --> 00:44:46,130
throughout the Empire that promoted
principles such as kindness respect for
1972
00:44:46,130 --> 00:44:46,140
principles such as kindness respect for
1973
00:44:46,140 --> 00:44:48,950
principles such as kindness respect for
all religions and the abolition of
1974
00:44:48,950 --> 00:44:48,960
all religions and the abolition of
1975
00:44:48,960 --> 00:44:51,829
all religions and the abolition of
slavery certain traits were not shared
1976
00:44:51,829 --> 00:44:51,839
slavery certain traits were not shared
1977
00:44:51,839 --> 00:44:58,970
slavery certain traits were not shared
in the west by Alexander
1978
00:44:58,970 --> 00:44:58,980
1979
00:44:58,980 --> 00:45:01,970
in the west it was deemed honorable to
1980
00:45:01,970 --> 00:45:01,980
in the west it was deemed honorable to
1981
00:45:01,980 --> 00:45:04,190
in the west it was deemed honorable to
die in combat and a hero's death would
1982
00:45:04,190 --> 00:45:04,200
die in combat and a hero's death would
1983
00:45:04,200 --> 00:45:06,950
die in combat and a hero's death would
be remembered forever a farmer will die
1984
00:45:06,950 --> 00:45:06,960
be remembered forever a farmer will die
1985
00:45:06,960 --> 00:45:09,589
be remembered forever a farmer will die
in anonymity Alexander died a few years
1986
00:45:09,589 --> 00:45:09,599
in anonymity Alexander died a few years
1987
00:45:09,599 --> 00:45:12,349
in anonymity Alexander died a few years
later in Babylon at the age of 32.
1988
00:45:12,349 --> 00:45:12,359
later in Babylon at the age of 32.
1989
00:45:12,359 --> 00:45:14,990
later in Babylon at the age of 32.
throughout his expedition Alexander was
1990
00:45:14,990 --> 00:45:15,000
throughout his expedition Alexander was
1991
00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:17,210
throughout his expedition Alexander was
spreading Greek ideas founded by his
1992
00:45:17,210 --> 00:45:17,220
spreading Greek ideas founded by his
1993
00:45:17,220 --> 00:45:20,210
spreading Greek ideas founded by his
once wise teacher bringing the rise of
1994
00:45:20,210 --> 00:45:20,220
once wise teacher bringing the rise of
1995
00:45:20,220 --> 00:45:22,910
once wise teacher bringing the rise of
Greek ideals across the land starting
1996
00:45:22,910 --> 00:45:22,920
Greek ideals across the land starting
1997
00:45:22,920 --> 00:45:25,250
Greek ideals across the land starting
the seeds of the western cultures we see
1998
00:45:25,250 --> 00:45:25,260
the seeds of the western cultures we see
1999
00:45:25,260 --> 00:45:28,069
the seeds of the western cultures we see
today once Alexander died his Empire
2000
00:45:28,069 --> 00:45:28,079
today once Alexander died his Empire
2001
00:45:28,079 --> 00:45:30,950
today once Alexander died his Empire
just could not sustain itself his
2002
00:45:30,950 --> 00:45:30,960
just could not sustain itself his
2003
00:45:30,960 --> 00:45:33,109
just could not sustain itself his
generals feuded as to who should be the
2004
00:45:33,109 --> 00:45:33,119
generals feuded as to who should be the
2005
00:45:33,119 --> 00:45:35,690
generals feuded as to who should be the
leader of this great Empire everyone
2006
00:45:35,690 --> 00:45:35,700
leader of this great Empire everyone
2007
00:45:35,700 --> 00:45:38,750
leader of this great Empire everyone
wanted power yet in fighting left to
2008
00:45:38,750 --> 00:45:38,760
wanted power yet in fighting left to
2009
00:45:38,760 --> 00:45:42,230
wanted power yet in fighting left to
waste in Oblivion eventually in 323 BC
2010
00:45:42,230 --> 00:45:42,240
waste in Oblivion eventually in 323 BC
2011
00:45:42,240 --> 00:45:45,470
waste in Oblivion eventually in 323 BC
after senseless Wars the Greek generals
2012
00:45:45,470 --> 00:45:45,480
after senseless Wars the Greek generals
2013
00:45:45,480 --> 00:45:47,510
after senseless Wars the Greek generals
divided the world into three major
2014
00:45:47,510 --> 00:45:47,520
divided the world into three major
2015
00:45:47,520 --> 00:45:50,690
divided the world into three major
Empires the ptolemes in Egypt the
2016
00:45:50,690 --> 00:45:50,700
Empires the ptolemes in Egypt the
2017
00:45:50,700 --> 00:45:53,510
Empires the ptolemes in Egypt the
seleucids in the East and the antigonids
2018
00:45:53,510 --> 00:45:53,520
seleucids in the East and the antigonids
2019
00:45:53,520 --> 00:45:56,829
seleucids in the East and the antigonids
in Greece
2020
00:45:56,829 --> 00:45:56,839
2021
00:45:56,839 --> 00:46:00,230
one of Alexander's generals LED Egypt
2022
00:46:00,230 --> 00:46:00,240
one of Alexander's generals LED Egypt
2023
00:46:00,240 --> 00:46:03,050
one of Alexander's generals LED Egypt
into a period of prosperity inspiration
2024
00:46:03,050 --> 00:46:03,060
into a period of prosperity inspiration
2025
00:46:03,060 --> 00:46:05,870
into a period of prosperity inspiration
by his former leader ptolemy's built the
2026
00:46:05,870 --> 00:46:05,880
by his former leader ptolemy's built the
2027
00:46:05,880 --> 00:46:09,230
by his former leader ptolemy's built the
Library of Alexandria a hub for an
2028
00:46:09,230 --> 00:46:09,240
Library of Alexandria a hub for an
2029
00:46:09,240 --> 00:46:11,690
Library of Alexandria a hub for an
intellectual scholarship intellectuals
2030
00:46:11,690 --> 00:46:11,700
intellectual scholarship intellectuals
2031
00:46:11,700 --> 00:46:13,430
intellectual scholarship intellectuals
from all over will come to the library
2032
00:46:13,430 --> 00:46:13,440
from all over will come to the library
2033
00:46:13,440 --> 00:46:15,770
from all over will come to the library
to exchange ideas and thoughts
2034
00:46:15,770 --> 00:46:15,780
to exchange ideas and thoughts
2035
00:46:15,780 --> 00:46:17,870
to exchange ideas and thoughts
throughout the world leaving us to have
2036
00:46:17,870 --> 00:46:17,880
throughout the world leaving us to have
2037
00:46:17,880 --> 00:46:19,970
throughout the world leaving us to have
great philosophers like Plato and
2038
00:46:19,970 --> 00:46:19,980
great philosophers like Plato and
2039
00:46:19,980 --> 00:46:22,430
great philosophers like Plato and
Aristotle to be the backbone of our
2040
00:46:22,430 --> 00:46:22,440
Aristotle to be the backbone of our
2041
00:46:22,440 --> 00:46:23,390
Aristotle to be the backbone of our
culture
2042
00:46:23,390 --> 00:46:23,400
culture
2043
00:46:23,400 --> 00:46:26,210
culture
while the general seleucid was given the
2044
00:46:26,210 --> 00:46:26,220
while the general seleucid was given the
2045
00:46:26,220 --> 00:46:29,089
while the general seleucid was given the
keys to the city of Babylon Babylon at
2046
00:46:29,089 --> 00:46:29,099
keys to the city of Babylon Babylon at
2047
00:46:29,099 --> 00:46:31,309
keys to the city of Babylon Babylon at
this time was a cultural Hub melting
2048
00:46:31,309 --> 00:46:31,319
this time was a cultural Hub melting
2049
00:46:31,319 --> 00:46:34,130
this time was a cultural Hub melting
Greek Persian Indian and Central Asian
2050
00:46:34,130 --> 00:46:34,140
Greek Persian Indian and Central Asian
2051
00:46:34,140 --> 00:46:37,250
Greek Persian Indian and Central Asian
cultures seleucid though preferred Greek
2052
00:46:37,250 --> 00:46:37,260
cultures seleucid though preferred Greek
2053
00:46:37,260 --> 00:46:40,010
cultures seleucid though preferred Greek
ideas in Greek language the seleucid
2054
00:46:40,010 --> 00:46:40,020
ideas in Greek language the seleucid
2055
00:46:40,020 --> 00:46:41,750
ideas in Greek language the seleucid
empire was at its height during the
2056
00:46:41,750 --> 00:46:41,760
empire was at its height during the
2057
00:46:41,760 --> 00:46:45,530
empire was at its height during the
reign of King and Hiatus III 223 BC to
2058
00:46:45,530 --> 00:46:45,540
reign of King and Hiatus III 223 BC to
2059
00:46:45,540 --> 00:46:49,490
reign of King and Hiatus III 223 BC to
187 BC under King Antiochus III the
2060
00:46:49,490 --> 00:46:49,500
187 BC under King Antiochus III the
2061
00:46:49,500 --> 00:46:51,829
187 BC under King Antiochus III the
seleucids encompassed a vast territory
2062
00:46:51,829 --> 00:46:51,839
seleucids encompassed a vast territory
2063
00:46:51,839 --> 00:46:54,470
seleucids encompassed a vast territory
from modern day Turkey to modern-day
2064
00:46:54,470 --> 00:46:54,480
from modern day Turkey to modern-day
2065
00:46:54,480 --> 00:46:57,829
from modern day Turkey to modern-day
Pakistan one of the largest Empires on
2066
00:46:57,829 --> 00:46:57,839
Pakistan one of the largest Empires on
2067
00:46:57,839 --> 00:47:01,730
Pakistan one of the largest Empires on
record until the rise of the Romans
2068
00:47:01,730 --> 00:47:01,740
record until the rise of the Romans
2069
00:47:01,740 --> 00:47:04,550
record until the rise of the Romans
while the antigonids did not have nearly
2070
00:47:04,550 --> 00:47:04,560
while the antigonids did not have nearly
2071
00:47:04,560 --> 00:47:07,490
while the antigonids did not have nearly
as much success by the time antigonids
2072
00:47:07,490 --> 00:47:07,500
as much success by the time antigonids
2073
00:47:07,500 --> 00:47:09,530
as much success by the time antigonids
the first took power the Greeks were
2074
00:47:09,530 --> 00:47:09,540
the first took power the Greeks were
2075
00:47:09,540 --> 00:47:11,990
the first took power the Greeks were
just a shell of what they once were the
2076
00:47:11,990 --> 00:47:12,000
just a shell of what they once were the
2077
00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:14,450
just a shell of what they once were the
age of the Greeks was behind us the
2078
00:47:14,450 --> 00:47:14,460
age of the Greeks was behind us the
2079
00:47:14,460 --> 00:47:16,430
age of the Greeks was behind us the
ptolemies the seleucids and the
2080
00:47:16,430 --> 00:47:16,440
ptolemies the seleucids and the
2081
00:47:16,440 --> 00:47:19,130
ptolemies the seleucids and the
antigonids went astray from the Roman
2082
00:47:19,130 --> 00:47:19,140
antigonids went astray from the Roman
2083
00:47:19,140 --> 00:47:20,450
antigonids went astray from the Roman
Empire
2084
00:47:20,450 --> 00:47:20,460
Empire
2085
00:47:20,460 --> 00:47:23,930
Empire
however for Rome to rise it had to face
2086
00:47:23,930 --> 00:47:23,940
however for Rome to rise it had to face
2087
00:47:23,940 --> 00:47:27,770
however for Rome to rise it had to face
a powerful foe Carthage both Rome and
2088
00:47:27,770 --> 00:47:27,780
a powerful foe Carthage both Rome and
2089
00:47:27,780 --> 00:47:29,870
a powerful foe Carthage both Rome and
Carthage had a desire for the same
2090
00:47:29,870 --> 00:47:29,880
Carthage had a desire for the same
2091
00:47:29,880 --> 00:47:32,750
Carthage had a desire for the same
city-state Messina on the island of
2092
00:47:32,750 --> 00:47:32,760
city-state Messina on the island of
2093
00:47:32,760 --> 00:47:34,670
city-state Messina on the island of
Sicily this would give either
2094
00:47:34,670 --> 00:47:34,680
Sicily this would give either
2095
00:47:34,680 --> 00:47:37,730
Sicily this would give either
civilization a foothold to grab power in
2096
00:47:37,730 --> 00:47:37,740
civilization a foothold to grab power in
2097
00:47:37,740 --> 00:47:40,670
civilization a foothold to grab power in
the Mediterranean the first Punic War
2098
00:47:40,670 --> 00:47:40,680
the Mediterranean the first Punic War
2099
00:47:40,680 --> 00:47:43,849
the Mediterranean the first Punic War
was upon us and after 20 years of
2100
00:47:43,849 --> 00:47:43,859
was upon us and after 20 years of
2101
00:47:43,859 --> 00:47:47,630
was upon us and after 20 years of
fighting in the year 241 BCE and the
2102
00:47:47,630 --> 00:47:47,640
fighting in the year 241 BCE and the
2103
00:47:47,640 --> 00:47:49,849
fighting in the year 241 BCE and the
defeat of Carthage the Treaty of
2104
00:47:49,849 --> 00:47:49,859
defeat of Carthage the Treaty of
2105
00:47:49,859 --> 00:47:53,150
defeat of Carthage the Treaty of
lutatius was signed the peace though was
2106
00:47:53,150 --> 00:47:53,160
lutatius was signed the peace though was
2107
00:47:53,160 --> 00:47:57,770
lutatius was signed the peace though was
short-lived in 218 BCE the Second Punic
2108
00:47:57,770 --> 00:47:57,780
short-lived in 218 BCE the Second Punic
2109
00:47:57,780 --> 00:48:00,109
short-lived in 218 BCE the Second Punic
Wars began when the carthagian general
2110
00:48:00,109 --> 00:48:00,119
Wars began when the carthagian general
2111
00:48:00,119 --> 00:48:02,930
Wars began when the carthagian general
Hannibal invaded Italy with his army
2112
00:48:02,930 --> 00:48:02,940
Hannibal invaded Italy with his army
2113
00:48:02,940 --> 00:48:05,630
Hannibal invaded Italy with his army
including elephants to conquer Rome
2114
00:48:05,630 --> 00:48:05,640
including elephants to conquer Rome
2115
00:48:05,640 --> 00:48:08,089
including elephants to conquer Rome
Hannibal won several early battles
2116
00:48:08,089 --> 00:48:08,099
Hannibal won several early battles
2117
00:48:08,099 --> 00:48:11,650
Hannibal won several early battles
including the Battle of canae in 216 BCE
2118
00:48:11,650 --> 00:48:11,660
including the Battle of canae in 216 BCE
2119
00:48:11,660 --> 00:48:15,170
including the Battle of canae in 216 BCE
still he was ultimately defeated by the
2120
00:48:15,170 --> 00:48:15,180
still he was ultimately defeated by the
2121
00:48:15,180 --> 00:48:17,990
still he was ultimately defeated by the
Roman general Scipio Africanus at the
2122
00:48:17,990 --> 00:48:18,000
Roman general Scipio Africanus at the
2123
00:48:18,000 --> 00:48:21,890
Roman general Scipio Africanus at the
Battle of Zama in 202 BC ee the war
2124
00:48:21,890 --> 00:48:21,900
Battle of Zama in 202 BC ee the war
2125
00:48:21,900 --> 00:48:24,530
Battle of Zama in 202 BC ee the war
resulted in the complete defeat of
2126
00:48:24,530 --> 00:48:24,540
resulted in the complete defeat of
2127
00:48:24,540 --> 00:48:27,109
resulted in the complete defeat of
Carthage which was forced to cede its
2128
00:48:27,109 --> 00:48:27,119
Carthage which was forced to cede its
2129
00:48:27,119 --> 00:48:29,510
Carthage which was forced to cede its
territories to Rome and the end of the
2130
00:48:29,510 --> 00:48:29,520
territories to Rome and the end of the
2131
00:48:29,520 --> 00:48:32,390
territories to Rome and the end of the
carthaginian Empire there was no doubt
2132
00:48:32,390 --> 00:48:32,400
carthaginian Empire there was no doubt
2133
00:48:32,400 --> 00:48:34,550
carthaginian Empire there was no doubt
in the world anymore that it was time
2134
00:48:34,550 --> 00:48:34,560
in the world anymore that it was time
2135
00:48:34,560 --> 00:48:36,829
in the world anymore that it was time
for the Romans to take charge in the
2136
00:48:36,829 --> 00:48:36,839
for the Romans to take charge in the
2137
00:48:36,839 --> 00:48:40,630
for the Romans to take charge in the
West
2138
00:48:40,630 --> 00:48:40,640
2139
00:48:40,640 --> 00:48:43,550
while in the East after the end of the
2140
00:48:43,550 --> 00:48:43,560
while in the East after the end of the
2141
00:48:43,560 --> 00:48:46,370
while in the East after the end of the
Warring States period chin Shi Huang and
2142
00:48:46,370 --> 00:48:46,380
Warring States period chin Shi Huang and
2143
00:48:46,380 --> 00:48:49,030
Warring States period chin Shi Huang and
the Qin dynasty were an absolute power
2144
00:48:49,030 --> 00:48:49,040
the Qin dynasty were an absolute power
2145
00:48:49,040 --> 00:48:54,230
the Qin dynasty were an absolute power
221 BCE to 206 BCE chin was determined
2146
00:48:54,230 --> 00:48:54,240
221 BCE to 206 BCE chin was determined
2147
00:48:54,240 --> 00:48:56,809
221 BCE to 206 BCE chin was determined
to turn diverse China into a unified
2148
00:48:56,809 --> 00:48:56,819
to turn diverse China into a unified
2149
00:48:56,819 --> 00:49:00,109
to turn diverse China into a unified
Chinese Empire he divided the lands into
2150
00:49:00,109 --> 00:49:00,119
Chinese Empire he divided the lands into
2151
00:49:00,119 --> 00:49:03,349
Chinese Empire he divided the lands into
36 command areas supervised by a
2152
00:49:03,349 --> 00:49:03,359
36 command areas supervised by a
2153
00:49:03,359 --> 00:49:06,290
36 command areas supervised by a
governor military commander and Imperial
2154
00:49:06,290 --> 00:49:06,300
governor military commander and Imperial
2155
00:49:06,300 --> 00:49:08,690
governor military commander and Imperial
inspector it was expected that he
2156
00:49:08,690 --> 00:49:08,700
inspector it was expected that he
2157
00:49:08,700 --> 00:49:11,030
inspector it was expected that he
followed the wheel of chin or else you
2158
00:49:11,030 --> 00:49:11,040
followed the wheel of chin or else you
2159
00:49:11,040 --> 00:49:13,730
followed the wheel of chin or else you
would face harsh penalties the basic
2160
00:49:13,730 --> 00:49:13,740
would face harsh penalties the basic
2161
00:49:13,740 --> 00:49:16,670
would face harsh penalties the basic
ideas of legalism in action strong
2162
00:49:16,670 --> 00:49:16,680
ideas of legalism in action strong
2163
00:49:16,680 --> 00:49:19,550
ideas of legalism in action strong
government harsh laws and inheriting
2164
00:49:19,550 --> 00:49:19,560
government harsh laws and inheriting
2165
00:49:19,560 --> 00:49:21,890
government harsh laws and inheriting
knowing that humans were necessarily
2166
00:49:21,890 --> 00:49:21,900
knowing that humans were necessarily
2167
00:49:21,900 --> 00:49:24,650
knowing that humans were necessarily
selfish however their mandate from
2168
00:49:24,650 --> 00:49:24,660
selfish however their mandate from
2169
00:49:24,660 --> 00:49:27,710
selfish however their mandate from
Heaven ran quite quickly after chin Shi
2170
00:49:27,710 --> 00:49:27,720
Heaven ran quite quickly after chin Shi
2171
00:49:27,720 --> 00:49:30,589
Heaven ran quite quickly after chin Shi
huang's death China was in turmoil with
2172
00:49:30,589 --> 00:49:30,599
huang's death China was in turmoil with
2173
00:49:30,599 --> 00:49:32,950
huang's death China was in turmoil with
another Dynasty on foot
2174
00:49:32,950 --> 00:49:32,960
another Dynasty on foot
2175
00:49:32,960 --> 00:49:37,309
another Dynasty on foot
Lou Bing leader from 206 to 195 BCE
2176
00:49:37,309 --> 00:49:37,319
Lou Bing leader from 206 to 195 BCE
2177
00:49:37,319 --> 00:49:40,130
Lou Bing leader from 206 to 195 BCE
after leading a revolt against the chin
2178
00:49:40,130 --> 00:49:40,140
after leading a revolt against the chin
2179
00:49:40,140 --> 00:49:42,589
after leading a revolt against the chin
was declared emperor of the new Han
2180
00:49:42,589 --> 00:49:42,599
was declared emperor of the new Han
2181
00:49:42,599 --> 00:49:45,170
was declared emperor of the new Han
Dynasty instead of following the strict
2182
00:49:45,170 --> 00:49:45,180
Dynasty instead of following the strict
2183
00:49:45,180 --> 00:49:47,930
Dynasty instead of following the strict
legalistic mindset of the chin Liu
2184
00:49:47,930 --> 00:49:47,940
legalistic mindset of the chin Liu
2185
00:49:47,940 --> 00:49:50,030
legalistic mindset of the chin Liu
decided to set his Empire as a
2186
00:49:50,030 --> 00:49:50,040
decided to set his Empire as a
2187
00:49:50,040 --> 00:49:52,910
decided to set his Empire as a
confucianist paradise the ideals of
2188
00:49:52,910 --> 00:49:52,920
confucianist paradise the ideals of
2189
00:49:52,920 --> 00:49:55,970
confucianist paradise the ideals of
moderation virtue and piety as set
2190
00:49:55,970 --> 00:49:55,980
moderation virtue and piety as set
2191
00:49:55,980 --> 00:49:58,130
moderation virtue and piety as set
through Confucianism were marched
2192
00:49:58,130 --> 00:49:58,140
through Confucianism were marched
2193
00:49:58,140 --> 00:50:00,950
through Confucianism were marched
throughout the Empire weaving the Cocoon
2194
00:50:00,950 --> 00:50:00,960
throughout the Empire weaving the Cocoon
2195
00:50:00,960 --> 00:50:03,589
throughout the Empire weaving the Cocoon
of a powerful Dynasty during the Han
2196
00:50:03,589 --> 00:50:03,599
of a powerful Dynasty during the Han
2197
00:50:03,599 --> 00:50:06,050
of a powerful Dynasty during the Han
Dynasty the production of silk was ever
2198
00:50:06,050 --> 00:50:06,060
Dynasty the production of silk was ever
2199
00:50:06,060 --> 00:50:08,930
Dynasty the production of silk was ever
increasing and the idea of prophets was
2200
00:50:08,930 --> 00:50:08,940
increasing and the idea of prophets was
2201
00:50:08,940 --> 00:50:12,609
increasing and the idea of prophets was
in the minds of all so in 138 BCE
2202
00:50:12,609 --> 00:50:12,619
in the minds of all so in 138 BCE
2203
00:50:12,619 --> 00:50:16,130
in the minds of all so in 138 BCE
Emperor Han Wu sent an imperial Convoy
2204
00:50:16,130 --> 00:50:16,140
Emperor Han Wu sent an imperial Convoy
2205
00:50:16,140 --> 00:50:18,410
Emperor Han Wu sent an imperial Convoy
to make contact with cultures of Central
2206
00:50:18,410 --> 00:50:18,420
to make contact with cultures of Central
2207
00:50:18,420 --> 00:50:21,290
to make contact with cultures of Central
Asia and the Mediterranean then after
2208
00:50:21,290 --> 00:50:21,300
Asia and the Mediterranean then after
2209
00:50:21,300 --> 00:50:23,150
Asia and the Mediterranean then after
the routes were established Chinese
2210
00:50:23,150 --> 00:50:23,160
the routes were established Chinese
2211
00:50:23,160 --> 00:50:25,069
the routes were established Chinese
merchants and Traders would bring their
2212
00:50:25,069 --> 00:50:25,079
merchants and Traders would bring their
2213
00:50:25,079 --> 00:50:27,290
merchants and Traders would bring their
silk across the Silk Road to the Middle
2214
00:50:27,290 --> 00:50:27,300
silk across the Silk Road to the Middle
2215
00:50:27,300 --> 00:50:29,690
silk across the Silk Road to the Middle
East and eventually Europe where it
2216
00:50:29,690 --> 00:50:29,700
East and eventually Europe where it
2217
00:50:29,700 --> 00:50:32,270
East and eventually Europe where it
would be sold at high profits though in
2218
00:50:32,270 --> 00:50:32,280
would be sold at high profits though in
2219
00:50:32,280 --> 00:50:34,309
would be sold at high profits though in
the beginning the rod was relatively
2220
00:50:34,309 --> 00:50:34,319
the beginning the rod was relatively
2221
00:50:34,319 --> 00:50:38,870
the beginning the rod was relatively
short because in 97 BC Ambassador Khan
2222
00:50:38,870 --> 00:50:38,880
short because in 97 BC Ambassador Khan
2223
00:50:38,880 --> 00:50:41,450
short because in 97 BC Ambassador Khan
Ying was sent to Rome with gifts of silk
2224
00:50:41,450 --> 00:50:41,460
Ying was sent to Rome with gifts of silk
2225
00:50:41,460 --> 00:50:43,970
Ying was sent to Rome with gifts of silk
for their empire however Khan only got
2226
00:50:43,970 --> 00:50:43,980
for their empire however Khan only got
2227
00:50:43,980 --> 00:50:46,370
for their empire however Khan only got
As far as Mesopotamia because he was
2228
00:50:46,370 --> 00:50:46,380
As far as Mesopotamia because he was
2229
00:50:46,380 --> 00:50:48,950
As far as Mesopotamia because he was
told by the parthians the dominant
2230
00:50:48,950 --> 00:50:48,960
told by the parthians the dominant
2231
00:50:48,960 --> 00:50:51,049
told by the parthians the dominant
Empire in Iran at the time that the
2232
00:50:51,049 --> 00:50:51,059
Empire in Iran at the time that the
2233
00:50:51,059 --> 00:50:53,870
Empire in Iran at the time that the
journey would take years little did Khan
2234
00:50:53,870 --> 00:50:53,880
journey would take years little did Khan
2235
00:50:53,880 --> 00:50:56,630
journey would take years little did Khan
know that he was misinformed that the
2236
00:50:56,630 --> 00:50:56,640
know that he was misinformed that the
2237
00:50:56,640 --> 00:50:58,370
know that he was misinformed that the
journey would have been relatively
2238
00:50:58,370 --> 00:50:58,380
journey would have been relatively
2239
00:50:58,380 --> 00:51:00,650
journey would have been relatively
shorter but the parthians wanted to keep
2240
00:51:00,650 --> 00:51:00,660
shorter but the parthians wanted to keep
2241
00:51:00,660 --> 00:51:03,230
shorter but the parthians wanted to keep
their spot as the middlemen they did not
2242
00:51:03,230 --> 00:51:03,240
their spot as the middlemen they did not
2243
00:51:03,240 --> 00:51:05,930
their spot as the middlemen they did not
want China and Rome to have contact with
2244
00:51:05,930 --> 00:51:05,940
want China and Rome to have contact with
2245
00:51:05,940 --> 00:51:08,329
want China and Rome to have contact with
one another creating a system of three
2246
00:51:08,329 --> 00:51:08,339
one another creating a system of three
2247
00:51:08,339 --> 00:51:11,089
one another creating a system of three
Empires smushed right up against each
2248
00:51:11,089 --> 00:51:11,099
Empires smushed right up against each
2249
00:51:11,099 --> 00:51:13,970
Empires smushed right up against each
other Rome in the West parthians in the
2250
00:51:13,970 --> 00:51:13,980
other Rome in the West parthians in the
2251
00:51:13,980 --> 00:51:20,390
other Rome in the West parthians in the
center and China in the east
2252
00:51:20,390 --> 00:51:20,400
2253
00:51:20,400 --> 00:51:24,349
then in 86 BCE Greece already being
2254
00:51:24,349 --> 00:51:24,359
then in 86 BCE Greece already being
2255
00:51:24,359 --> 00:51:26,630
then in 86 BCE Greece already being
weakened by the conquest of Alexander
2256
00:51:26,630 --> 00:51:26,640
weakened by the conquest of Alexander
2257
00:51:26,640 --> 00:51:28,910
weakened by the conquest of Alexander
the Great was now the target of the
2258
00:51:28,910 --> 00:51:28,920
the Great was now the target of the
2259
00:51:28,920 --> 00:51:32,210
the Great was now the target of the
Roman Empire General Lucius Cornelius
2260
00:51:32,210 --> 00:51:32,220
Roman Empire General Lucius Cornelius
2261
00:51:32,220 --> 00:51:34,730
Roman Empire General Lucius Cornelius
Sola LED an army of Legions to the
2262
00:51:34,730 --> 00:51:34,740
Sola LED an army of Legions to the
2263
00:51:34,740 --> 00:51:37,849
Sola LED an army of Legions to the
Forefront of Athens he besieged Athens
2264
00:51:37,849 --> 00:51:37,859
Forefront of Athens he besieged Athens
2265
00:51:37,859 --> 00:51:40,549
Forefront of Athens he besieged Athens
for several months brutally torturing
2266
00:51:40,549 --> 00:51:40,559
for several months brutally torturing
2267
00:51:40,559 --> 00:51:42,770
for several months brutally torturing
the citizens within eventually when
2268
00:51:42,770 --> 00:51:42,780
the citizens within eventually when
2269
00:51:42,780 --> 00:51:45,170
the citizens within eventually when
Athens fell he ordered his soldiers to
2270
00:51:45,170 --> 00:51:45,180
Athens fell he ordered his soldiers to
2271
00:51:45,180 --> 00:51:47,510
Athens fell he ordered his soldiers to
loot and pillage the city destroying
2272
00:51:47,510 --> 00:51:47,520
loot and pillage the city destroying
2273
00:51:47,520 --> 00:51:50,690
loot and pillage the city destroying
many important cultural Treasures this
2274
00:51:50,690 --> 00:51:50,700
many important cultural Treasures this
2275
00:51:50,700 --> 00:51:53,290
many important cultural Treasures this
takeover cemented Rome as a superpower
2276
00:51:53,290 --> 00:51:53,300
takeover cemented Rome as a superpower
2277
00:51:53,300 --> 00:51:56,089
takeover cemented Rome as a superpower
Athens no longer had the power but
2278
00:51:56,089 --> 00:51:56,099
Athens no longer had the power but
2279
00:51:56,099 --> 00:51:58,430
Athens no longer had the power but
rather it was in Rome
2280
00:51:58,430 --> 00:51:58,440
rather it was in Rome
2281
00:51:58,440 --> 00:52:02,390
rather it was in Rome
while in 63 BCE General Pompey was
2282
00:52:02,390 --> 00:52:02,400
while in 63 BCE General Pompey was
2283
00:52:02,400 --> 00:52:04,790
while in 63 BCE General Pompey was
tasked with capturing Jerusalem and the
2284
00:52:04,790 --> 00:52:04,800
tasked with capturing Jerusalem and the
2285
00:52:04,800 --> 00:52:07,309
tasked with capturing Jerusalem and the
region of Galilee the Romans quickly
2286
00:52:07,309 --> 00:52:07,319
region of Galilee the Romans quickly
2287
00:52:07,319 --> 00:52:09,890
region of Galilee the Romans quickly
captured the cities forcing Galilee to
2288
00:52:09,890 --> 00:52:09,900
captured the cities forcing Galilee to
2289
00:52:09,900 --> 00:52:12,650
captured the cities forcing Galilee to
be placed under Roman rule including a
2290
00:52:12,650 --> 00:52:12,660
be placed under Roman rule including a
2291
00:52:12,660 --> 00:52:16,069
be placed under Roman rule including a
small village called Nazareth
2292
00:52:16,069 --> 00:52:16,079
small village called Nazareth
2293
00:52:16,079 --> 00:52:18,770
small village called Nazareth
the Romans desire to expand didn't end
2294
00:52:18,770 --> 00:52:18,780
the Romans desire to expand didn't end
2295
00:52:18,780 --> 00:52:22,549
the Romans desire to expand didn't end
in Galilee though in 58 BCE Julius
2296
00:52:22,549 --> 00:52:22,559
in Galilee though in 58 BCE Julius
2297
00:52:22,559 --> 00:52:24,410
in Galilee though in 58 BCE Julius
Caesar was appointed governor of the
2298
00:52:24,410 --> 00:52:24,420
Caesar was appointed governor of the
2299
00:52:24,420 --> 00:52:26,630
Caesar was appointed governor of the
Roman provide of sicipaline Gaul
2300
00:52:26,630 --> 00:52:26,640
Roman provide of sicipaline Gaul
2301
00:52:26,640 --> 00:52:28,670
Roman provide of sicipaline Gaul
Northern Italy with the express
2302
00:52:28,670 --> 00:52:28,680
Northern Italy with the express
2303
00:52:28,680 --> 00:52:31,010
Northern Italy with the express
assignment of Conquering the rest of the
2304
00:52:31,010 --> 00:52:31,020
assignment of Conquering the rest of the
2305
00:52:31,020 --> 00:52:33,829
assignment of Conquering the rest of the
Gauls at the time the Gauls were a group
2306
00:52:33,829 --> 00:52:33,839
Gauls at the time the Gauls were a group
2307
00:52:33,839 --> 00:52:35,930
Gauls at the time the Gauls were a group
of Celtic peoples who lived in that area
2308
00:52:35,930 --> 00:52:35,940
of Celtic peoples who lived in that area
2309
00:52:35,940 --> 00:52:39,109
of Celtic peoples who lived in that area
that is now France Belgium and parts of
2310
00:52:39,109 --> 00:52:39,119
that is now France Belgium and parts of
2311
00:52:39,119 --> 00:52:42,410
that is now France Belgium and parts of
Switzerland Germany and Italy however it
2312
00:52:42,410 --> 00:52:42,420
Switzerland Germany and Italy however it
2313
00:52:42,420 --> 00:52:44,329
Switzerland Germany and Italy however it
was Caesar's job to take over these
2314
00:52:44,329 --> 00:52:44,339
was Caesar's job to take over these
2315
00:52:44,339 --> 00:52:47,210
was Caesar's job to take over these
Celtic tribes while the Gauls who were
2316
00:52:47,210 --> 00:52:47,220
Celtic tribes while the Gauls who were
2317
00:52:47,220 --> 00:52:49,730
Celtic tribes while the Gauls who were
insistent on their independence all had
2318
00:52:49,730 --> 00:52:49,740
insistent on their independence all had
2319
00:52:49,740 --> 00:52:51,950
insistent on their independence all had
to work together under the leadership of
2320
00:52:51,950 --> 00:52:51,960
to work together under the leadership of
2321
00:52:51,960 --> 00:52:54,109
to work together under the leadership of
verse in generics in a last-ditch
2322
00:52:54,109 --> 00:52:54,119
verse in generics in a last-ditch
2323
00:52:54,119 --> 00:52:56,690
verse in generics in a last-ditch
attempt to stop the Romans as Caesar
2324
00:52:56,690 --> 00:52:56,700
attempt to stop the Romans as Caesar
2325
00:52:56,700 --> 00:52:59,450
attempt to stop the Romans as Caesar
brought his troops to Elijah in 52 BC
2326
00:52:59,450 --> 00:52:59,460
brought his troops to Elijah in 52 BC
2327
00:52:59,460 --> 00:53:03,290
brought his troops to Elijah in 52 BC
war was upon us Alicia was surrounded by
2328
00:53:03,290 --> 00:53:03,300
war was upon us Alicia was surrounded by
2329
00:53:03,300 --> 00:53:05,510
war was upon us Alicia was surrounded by
a double wall and a ditch with
2330
00:53:05,510 --> 00:53:05,520
a double wall and a ditch with
2331
00:53:05,520 --> 00:53:07,609
a double wall and a ditch with
additional fortifications on the town's
2332
00:53:07,609 --> 00:53:07,619
additional fortifications on the town's
2333
00:53:07,619 --> 00:53:10,250
additional fortifications on the town's
Hills verson generics had gathered a
2334
00:53:10,250 --> 00:53:10,260
Hills verson generics had gathered a
2335
00:53:10,260 --> 00:53:12,710
Hills verson generics had gathered a
large force of Gaelic Warriors inside
2336
00:53:12,710 --> 00:53:12,720
large force of Gaelic Warriors inside
2337
00:53:12,720 --> 00:53:15,349
large force of Gaelic Warriors inside
the town in contrast Caesar had
2338
00:53:15,349 --> 00:53:15,359
the town in contrast Caesar had
2339
00:53:15,359 --> 00:53:17,990
the town in contrast Caesar had
assembled a sizable Roman army outside
2340
00:53:17,990 --> 00:53:18,000
assembled a sizable Roman army outside
2341
00:53:18,000 --> 00:53:20,930
assembled a sizable Roman army outside
the walls Caesar realized that a direct
2342
00:53:20,930 --> 00:53:20,940
the walls Caesar realized that a direct
2343
00:53:20,940 --> 00:53:23,809
the walls Caesar realized that a direct
assault on the town would be complex so
2344
00:53:23,809 --> 00:53:23,819
assault on the town would be complex so
2345
00:53:23,819 --> 00:53:25,790
assault on the town would be complex so
he surrounded the gallic forces and
2346
00:53:25,790 --> 00:53:25,800
he surrounded the gallic forces and
2347
00:53:25,800 --> 00:53:27,950
he surrounded the gallic forces and
starved them into submission he ordered
2348
00:53:27,950 --> 00:53:27,960
starved them into submission he ordered
2349
00:53:27,960 --> 00:53:29,450
starved them into submission he ordered
the construction of a series of
2350
00:53:29,450 --> 00:53:29,460
the construction of a series of
2351
00:53:29,460 --> 00:53:32,750
the construction of a series of
fortifications around Alicia including a
2352
00:53:32,750 --> 00:53:32,760
fortifications around Alicia including a
2353
00:53:32,760 --> 00:53:35,510
fortifications around Alicia including a
circumvalation wall that encircled the
2354
00:53:35,510 --> 00:53:35,520
circumvalation wall that encircled the
2355
00:53:35,520 --> 00:53:37,970
circumvalation wall that encircled the
town and a second wall in ditch that
2356
00:53:37,970 --> 00:53:37,980
town and a second wall in ditch that
2357
00:53:37,980 --> 00:53:40,069
town and a second wall in ditch that
faced outward to defend against any
2358
00:53:40,069 --> 00:53:40,079
faced outward to defend against any
2359
00:53:40,079 --> 00:53:42,770
faced outward to defend against any
attempts to break out over several weeks
2360
00:53:42,770 --> 00:53:42,780
attempts to break out over several weeks
2361
00:53:42,780 --> 00:53:45,530
attempts to break out over several weeks
Caesar's forces engaged in a grueling
2362
00:53:45,530 --> 00:53:45,540
Caesar's forces engaged in a grueling
2363
00:53:45,540 --> 00:53:48,170
Caesar's forces engaged in a grueling
Siege of Elysia with both sides
2364
00:53:48,170 --> 00:53:48,180
Siege of Elysia with both sides
2365
00:53:48,180 --> 00:53:50,569
Siege of Elysia with both sides
suffering heavy losses the gallic
2366
00:53:50,569 --> 00:53:50,579
suffering heavy losses the gallic
2367
00:53:50,579 --> 00:53:52,730
suffering heavy losses the gallic
Warriors inside the town made several
2368
00:53:52,730 --> 00:53:52,740
Warriors inside the town made several
2369
00:53:52,740 --> 00:53:54,410
Warriors inside the town made several
attempts to break out but they were
2370
00:53:54,410 --> 00:53:54,420
attempts to break out but they were
2371
00:53:54,420 --> 00:53:57,410
attempts to break out but they were
repelled by the Roman forces the tide of
2372
00:53:57,410 --> 00:53:57,420
repelled by the Roman forces the tide of
2373
00:53:57,420 --> 00:53:59,510
repelled by the Roman forces the tide of
the battle turned in favor of the Romans
2374
00:53:59,510 --> 00:53:59,520
the battle turned in favor of the Romans
2375
00:53:59,520 --> 00:54:02,450
the battle turned in favor of the Romans
when a second Gaelic Army led by verse
2376
00:54:02,450 --> 00:54:02,460
when a second Gaelic Army led by verse
2377
00:54:02,460 --> 00:54:05,390
when a second Gaelic Army led by verse
and generics's Ally kamius attempted to
2378
00:54:05,390 --> 00:54:05,400
and generics's Ally kamius attempted to
2379
00:54:05,400 --> 00:54:07,790
and generics's Ally kamius attempted to
relieve The Siege Caesar sent a
2380
00:54:07,790 --> 00:54:07,800
relieve The Siege Caesar sent a
2381
00:54:07,800 --> 00:54:09,650
relieve The Siege Caesar sent a
Detachment of his forces to intercept
2382
00:54:09,650 --> 00:54:09,660
Detachment of his forces to intercept
2383
00:54:09,660 --> 00:54:12,650
Detachment of his forces to intercept
the gallic reinforcements after a fierce
2384
00:54:12,650 --> 00:54:12,660
the gallic reinforcements after a fierce
2385
00:54:12,660 --> 00:54:14,870
the gallic reinforcements after a fierce
battle the Roman soldiers emerged
2386
00:54:14,870 --> 00:54:14,880
battle the Roman soldiers emerged
2387
00:54:14,880 --> 00:54:17,870
battle the Roman soldiers emerged
Victorious with his forces surrounded in
2388
00:54:17,870 --> 00:54:17,880
Victorious with his forces surrounded in
2389
00:54:17,880 --> 00:54:20,450
Victorious with his forces surrounded in
facing starvation versus generics was
2390
00:54:20,450 --> 00:54:20,460
facing starvation versus generics was
2391
00:54:20,460 --> 00:54:22,549
facing starvation versus generics was
forced to surrender he emerged from
2392
00:54:22,549 --> 00:54:22,559
forced to surrender he emerged from
2393
00:54:22,559 --> 00:54:25,010
forced to surrender he emerged from
Elysia and offered himself as a prisoner
2394
00:54:25,010 --> 00:54:25,020
Elysia and offered himself as a prisoner
2395
00:54:25,020 --> 00:54:27,890
Elysia and offered himself as a prisoner
to Caesar effectively ending the gallic
2396
00:54:27,890 --> 00:54:27,900
to Caesar effectively ending the gallic
2397
00:54:27,900 --> 00:54:30,290
to Caesar effectively ending the gallic
resistance to Roman rule throughout the
2398
00:54:30,290 --> 00:54:30,300
resistance to Roman rule throughout the
2399
00:54:30,300 --> 00:54:32,750
resistance to Roman rule throughout the
next two years Caesar crossed the gallic
2400
00:54:32,750 --> 00:54:32,760
next two years Caesar crossed the gallic
2401
00:54:32,760 --> 00:54:35,270
next two years Caesar crossed the gallic
Empire conquering and implementing it
2402
00:54:35,270 --> 00:54:35,280
Empire conquering and implementing it
2403
00:54:35,280 --> 00:54:37,730
Empire conquering and implementing it
into Rome the Gauls were implemented
2404
00:54:37,730 --> 00:54:37,740
into Rome the Gauls were implemented
2405
00:54:37,740 --> 00:54:40,069
into Rome the Gauls were implemented
into Rome even gaining citizenship
2406
00:54:40,069 --> 00:54:40,079
into Rome even gaining citizenship
2407
00:54:40,079 --> 00:54:45,790
into Rome even gaining citizenship
within the empire
2408
00:54:45,790 --> 00:54:45,800
2409
00:54:45,800 --> 00:54:48,650
however the Senate was not happy with
2410
00:54:48,650 --> 00:54:48,660
however the Senate was not happy with
2411
00:54:48,660 --> 00:54:50,930
however the Senate was not happy with
Caesar even though he had great success
2412
00:54:50,930 --> 00:54:50,940
Caesar even though he had great success
2413
00:54:50,940 --> 00:54:53,030
Caesar even though he had great success
against the Gauls the Roman senate
2414
00:54:53,030 --> 00:54:53,040
against the Gauls the Roman senate
2415
00:54:53,040 --> 00:54:55,490
against the Gauls the Roman senate
wanted him to stop they did not like the
2416
00:54:55,490 --> 00:54:55,500
wanted him to stop they did not like the
2417
00:54:55,500 --> 00:54:57,770
wanted him to stop they did not like the
popularity Caesar was gaining nor the
2418
00:54:57,770 --> 00:54:57,780
popularity Caesar was gaining nor the
2419
00:54:57,780 --> 00:54:59,990
popularity Caesar was gaining nor the
power he was controlling so the Roman
2420
00:54:59,990 --> 00:55:00,000
power he was controlling so the Roman
2421
00:55:00,000 --> 00:55:02,329
power he was controlling so the Roman
senate called upon Caesar to resign his
2422
00:55:02,329 --> 00:55:02,339
senate called upon Caesar to resign his
2423
00:55:02,339 --> 00:55:04,910
senate called upon Caesar to resign his
command and disband his army or risk
2424
00:55:04,910 --> 00:55:04,920
command and disband his army or risk
2425
00:55:04,920 --> 00:55:07,130
command and disband his army or risk
being declared An Enemy of the State
2426
00:55:07,130 --> 00:55:07,140
being declared An Enemy of the State
2427
00:55:07,140 --> 00:55:09,890
being declared An Enemy of the State
this led Caesar to an essential choice
2428
00:55:09,890 --> 00:55:09,900
this led Caesar to an essential choice
2429
00:55:09,900 --> 00:55:12,290
this led Caesar to an essential choice
to make will he either follow the wheel
2430
00:55:12,290 --> 00:55:12,300
to make will he either follow the wheel
2431
00:55:12,300 --> 00:55:14,690
to make will he either follow the wheel
of the Roman senate or ignore them and
2432
00:55:14,690 --> 00:55:14,700
of the Roman senate or ignore them and
2433
00:55:14,700 --> 00:55:17,809
of the Roman senate or ignore them and
start a bloody Civil War Roman law at
2434
00:55:17,809 --> 00:55:17,819
start a bloody Civil War Roman law at
2435
00:55:17,819 --> 00:55:20,329
start a bloody Civil War Roman law at
the time prohibited any general from
2436
00:55:20,329 --> 00:55:20,339
the time prohibited any general from
2437
00:55:20,339 --> 00:55:22,609
the time prohibited any general from
Crossing the Rubicon River and entering
2438
00:55:22,609 --> 00:55:22,619
Crossing the Rubicon River and entering
2439
00:55:22,619 --> 00:55:24,710
Crossing the Rubicon River and entering
Mainland Italy with a standing army
2440
00:55:24,710 --> 00:55:24,720
Mainland Italy with a standing army
2441
00:55:24,720 --> 00:55:27,170
Mainland Italy with a standing army
without the expressed permission of the
2442
00:55:27,170 --> 00:55:27,180
without the expressed permission of the
2443
00:55:27,180 --> 00:55:29,990
without the expressed permission of the
Roman senate to do so would be treason
2444
00:55:29,990 --> 00:55:30,000
Roman senate to do so would be treason
2445
00:55:30,000 --> 00:55:32,390
Roman senate to do so would be treason
and this tiny stream would reveal
2446
00:55:32,390 --> 00:55:32,400
and this tiny stream would reveal
2447
00:55:32,400 --> 00:55:34,609
and this tiny stream would reveal
Caesar's intentions and mark the point
2448
00:55:34,609 --> 00:55:34,619
Caesar's intentions and mark the point
2449
00:55:34,619 --> 00:55:37,730
Caesar's intentions and mark the point
of no return Civil War was imminent as
2450
00:55:37,730 --> 00:55:37,740
of no return Civil War was imminent as
2451
00:55:37,740 --> 00:55:39,530
of no return Civil War was imminent as
Caesar and his army marched over the
2452
00:55:39,530 --> 00:55:39,540
Caesar and his army marched over the
2453
00:55:39,540 --> 00:55:41,930
Caesar and his army marched over the
Rubicon battles in corfinium and
2454
00:55:41,930 --> 00:55:41,940
Rubicon battles in corfinium and
2455
00:55:41,940 --> 00:55:44,569
Rubicon battles in corfinium and
farsalis showed the Senate that Caesar
2456
00:55:44,569 --> 00:55:44,579
farsalis showed the Senate that Caesar
2457
00:55:44,579 --> 00:55:47,150
farsalis showed the Senate that Caesar
was a worthy foe so the Roman senate
2458
00:55:47,150 --> 00:55:47,160
was a worthy foe so the Roman senate
2459
00:55:47,160 --> 00:55:50,630
was a worthy foe so the Roman senate
appointed his son-in-law mayus Pompey to
2460
00:55:50,630 --> 00:55:50,640
appointed his son-in-law mayus Pompey to
2461
00:55:50,640 --> 00:55:52,849
appointed his son-in-law mayus Pompey to
lead the Roman forces against his
2462
00:55:52,849 --> 00:55:52,859
lead the Roman forces against his
2463
00:55:52,859 --> 00:55:54,950
lead the Roman forces against his
father-in-law both parties knew the
2464
00:55:54,950 --> 00:55:54,960
father-in-law both parties knew the
2465
00:55:54,960 --> 00:55:57,109
father-in-law both parties knew the
importance of Spain due to it providing
2466
00:55:57,109 --> 00:55:57,119
importance of Spain due to it providing
2467
00:55:57,119 --> 00:55:59,089
importance of Spain due to it providing
a link between Italy and the rest of
2468
00:55:59,089 --> 00:55:59,099
a link between Italy and the rest of
2469
00:55:59,099 --> 00:56:01,549
a link between Italy and the rest of
Europe the two armies clashed near the
2470
00:56:01,549 --> 00:56:01,559
Europe the two armies clashed near the
2471
00:56:01,559 --> 00:56:03,829
Europe the two armies clashed near the
town of Leda in northeastern Spain
2472
00:56:03,829 --> 00:56:03,839
town of Leda in northeastern Spain
2473
00:56:03,839 --> 00:56:06,130
town of Leda in northeastern Spain
Caesar's Army was significantly
2474
00:56:06,130 --> 00:56:06,140
Caesar's Army was significantly
2475
00:56:06,140 --> 00:56:08,870
Caesar's Army was significantly
outnumbered but he could use a superior
2476
00:56:08,870 --> 00:56:08,880
outnumbered but he could use a superior
2477
00:56:08,880 --> 00:56:11,210
outnumbered but he could use a superior
military tactics and training to gain
2478
00:56:11,210 --> 00:56:11,220
military tactics and training to gain
2479
00:56:11,220 --> 00:56:13,309
military tactics and training to gain
the upper hand in the battle after
2480
00:56:13,309 --> 00:56:13,319
the upper hand in the battle after
2481
00:56:13,319 --> 00:56:16,490
the upper hand in the battle after
several days of intense fighting Caesar
2482
00:56:16,490 --> 00:56:16,500
several days of intense fighting Caesar
2483
00:56:16,500 --> 00:56:19,490
several days of intense fighting Caesar
emerged Victorious forcing pompey's
2484
00:56:19,490 --> 00:56:19,500
emerged Victorious forcing pompey's
2485
00:56:19,500 --> 00:56:22,190
emerged Victorious forcing pompey's
forces to retreat declaring Caesar as
2486
00:56:22,190 --> 00:56:22,200
forces to retreat declaring Caesar as
2487
00:56:22,200 --> 00:56:25,130
forces to retreat declaring Caesar as
the new leader of Rome when Caesar made
2488
00:56:25,130 --> 00:56:25,140
the new leader of Rome when Caesar made
2489
00:56:25,140 --> 00:56:27,349
the new leader of Rome when Caesar made
it back to Rome the crowds were chanting
2490
00:56:27,349 --> 00:56:27,359
it back to Rome the crowds were chanting
2491
00:56:27,359 --> 00:56:30,530
it back to Rome the crowds were chanting
hail Caesar hail Caesar the people then
2492
00:56:30,530 --> 00:56:30,540
hail Caesar hail Caesar the people then
2493
00:56:30,540 --> 00:56:33,230
hail Caesar hail Caesar the people then
decided that he would be the dictator of
2494
00:56:33,230 --> 00:56:33,240
decided that he would be the dictator of
2495
00:56:33,240 --> 00:56:36,290
decided that he would be the dictator of
Rome for Life Caesar immediately set to
2496
00:56:36,290 --> 00:56:36,300
Rome for Life Caesar immediately set to
2497
00:56:36,300 --> 00:56:38,630
Rome for Life Caesar immediately set to
work implementing a series of reforms
2498
00:56:38,630 --> 00:56:38,640
work implementing a series of reforms
2499
00:56:38,640 --> 00:56:41,089
work implementing a series of reforms
and policies aimed at improving ordinary
2500
00:56:41,089 --> 00:56:41,099
and policies aimed at improving ordinary
2501
00:56:41,099 --> 00:56:43,730
and policies aimed at improving ordinary
Romans lives and strengthen winning the
2502
00:56:43,730 --> 00:56:43,740
Romans lives and strengthen winning the
2503
00:56:43,740 --> 00:56:45,589
Romans lives and strengthen winning the
central government's power he ordered
2504
00:56:45,589 --> 00:56:45,599
central government's power he ordered
2505
00:56:45,599 --> 00:56:47,270
central government's power he ordered
the construction of new infrastructure
2506
00:56:47,270 --> 00:56:47,280
the construction of new infrastructure
2507
00:56:47,280 --> 00:56:49,790
the construction of new infrastructure
such as roads Bridges and aqueducts
2508
00:56:49,790 --> 00:56:49,800
such as roads Bridges and aqueducts
2509
00:56:49,800 --> 00:56:51,589
such as roads Bridges and aqueducts
which helped to connect different parts
2510
00:56:51,589 --> 00:56:51,599
which helped to connect different parts
2511
00:56:51,599 --> 00:56:53,750
which helped to connect different parts
of the city and improve trade and
2512
00:56:53,750 --> 00:56:53,760
of the city and improve trade and
2513
00:56:53,760 --> 00:56:56,510
of the city and improve trade and
commerce Caesar also enacted a series of
2514
00:56:56,510 --> 00:56:56,520
commerce Caesar also enacted a series of
2515
00:56:56,520 --> 00:56:59,630
commerce Caesar also enacted a series of
political and social reforms including
2516
00:56:59,630 --> 00:56:59,640
political and social reforms including
2517
00:56:59,640 --> 00:57:01,790
political and social reforms including
granting citizenship to many people
2518
00:57:01,790 --> 00:57:01,800
granting citizenship to many people
2519
00:57:01,800 --> 00:57:04,490
granting citizenship to many people
living in the Roman Empire and creating
2520
00:57:04,490 --> 00:57:04,500
living in the Roman Empire and creating
2521
00:57:04,500 --> 00:57:06,890
living in the Roman Empire and creating
new laws and customs that were based on
2522
00:57:06,890 --> 00:57:06,900
new laws and customs that were based on
2523
00:57:06,900 --> 00:57:09,710
new laws and customs that were based on
Roman practices he encouraged the spread
2524
00:57:09,710 --> 00:57:09,720
Roman practices he encouraged the spread
2525
00:57:09,720 --> 00:57:11,870
Roman practices he encouraged the spread
of the Latin language and culture
2526
00:57:11,870 --> 00:57:11,880
of the Latin language and culture
2527
00:57:11,880 --> 00:57:14,329
of the Latin language and culture
throughout the city and established the
2528
00:57:14,329 --> 00:57:14,339
throughout the city and established the
2529
00:57:14,339 --> 00:57:16,790
throughout the city and established the
Julian calendar which is the basis of
2530
00:57:16,790 --> 00:57:16,800
Julian calendar which is the basis of
2531
00:57:16,800 --> 00:57:19,490
Julian calendar which is the basis of
the calendar we use today however
2532
00:57:19,490 --> 00:57:19,500
the calendar we use today however
2533
00:57:19,500 --> 00:57:22,069
the calendar we use today however
Caesar's Reign was short-lived because
2534
00:57:22,069 --> 00:57:22,079
Caesar's Reign was short-lived because
2535
00:57:22,079 --> 00:57:26,390
Caesar's Reign was short-lived because
two years later in 44 BC he was stabbed
2536
00:57:26,390 --> 00:57:26,400
two years later in 44 BC he was stabbed
2537
00:57:26,400 --> 00:57:29,809
two years later in 44 BC he was stabbed
to death by two loyal Senators Cassius
2538
00:57:29,809 --> 00:57:29,819
to death by two loyal Senators Cassius
2539
00:57:29,819 --> 00:57:33,049
to death by two loyal Senators Cassius
and Brutus the assassination of Caesar
2540
00:57:33,049 --> 00:57:33,059
and Brutus the assassination of Caesar
2541
00:57:33,059 --> 00:57:35,990
and Brutus the assassination of Caesar
led the Roman world into disarray the
2542
00:57:35,990 --> 00:57:36,000
led the Roman world into disarray the
2543
00:57:36,000 --> 00:57:38,990
led the Roman world into disarray the
world was filled with factions vying for
2544
00:57:38,990 --> 00:57:39,000
world was filled with factions vying for
2545
00:57:39,000 --> 00:57:40,790
world was filled with factions vying for
government control without a strong
2546
00:57:40,790 --> 00:57:40,800
government control without a strong
2547
00:57:40,800 --> 00:57:41,680
government control without a strong
leader
2548
00:57:41,680 --> 00:57:41,690
leader
2549
00:57:41,690 --> 00:57:43,270
leader
[Music]
2550
00:57:43,270 --> 00:57:43,280
[Music]
2551
00:57:43,280 --> 00:57:46,549
[Music]
Octavian sees her son who was 18 then
2552
00:57:46,549 --> 00:57:46,559
Octavian sees her son who was 18 then
2553
00:57:46,559 --> 00:57:48,710
Octavian sees her son who was 18 then
came to Rome to claim his inheritance
2554
00:57:48,710 --> 00:57:48,720
came to Rome to claim his inheritance
2555
00:57:48,720 --> 00:57:50,450
came to Rome to claim his inheritance
and assert his place in the political
2556
00:57:50,450 --> 00:57:50,460
and assert his place in the political
2557
00:57:50,460 --> 00:57:52,549
and assert his place in the political
landscape he quickly aligned himself
2558
00:57:52,549 --> 00:57:52,559
landscape he quickly aligned himself
2559
00:57:52,559 --> 00:57:54,589
landscape he quickly aligned himself
with Caesar's loyal Lieutenant Mark
2560
00:57:54,589 --> 00:57:54,599
with Caesar's loyal Lieutenant Mark
2561
00:57:54,599 --> 00:57:57,410
with Caesar's loyal Lieutenant Mark
Anthony together they defeated Caesar's
2562
00:57:57,410 --> 00:57:57,420
Anthony together they defeated Caesar's
2563
00:57:57,420 --> 00:57:59,870
Anthony together they defeated Caesar's
assassins at the Battle of Philippi in
2564
00:57:59,870 --> 00:57:59,880
assassins at the Battle of Philippi in
2565
00:57:59,880 --> 00:58:03,710
assassins at the Battle of Philippi in
42 BCE however tension soon arose
2566
00:58:03,710 --> 00:58:03,720
42 BCE however tension soon arose
2567
00:58:03,720 --> 00:58:06,410
42 BCE however tension soon arose
between Octavian and Anthony as both men
2568
00:58:06,410 --> 00:58:06,420
between Octavian and Anthony as both men
2569
00:58:06,420 --> 00:58:09,290
between Octavian and Anthony as both men
vied for control of the Roman Empire in
2570
00:58:09,290 --> 00:58:09,300
vied for control of the Roman Empire in
2571
00:58:09,300 --> 00:58:12,829
vied for control of the Roman Empire in
31 BCE their forces clashed in the naval
2572
00:58:12,829 --> 00:58:12,839
31 BCE their forces clashed in the naval
2573
00:58:12,839 --> 00:58:15,109
31 BCE their forces clashed in the naval
battle of actium which resulted in
2574
00:58:15,109 --> 00:58:15,119
battle of actium which resulted in
2575
00:58:15,119 --> 00:58:17,270
battle of actium which resulted in
Octavian emerging as the clear Victor
2576
00:58:17,270 --> 00:58:17,280
Octavian emerging as the clear Victor
2577
00:58:17,280 --> 00:58:19,809
Octavian emerging as the clear Victor
Anthony fled to Egypt with his lover
2578
00:58:19,809 --> 00:58:19,819
Anthony fled to Egypt with his lover
2579
00:58:19,819 --> 00:58:22,549
Anthony fled to Egypt with his lover
Cleopatra and the two committed suicide
2580
00:58:22,549 --> 00:58:22,559
Cleopatra and the two committed suicide
2581
00:58:22,559 --> 00:58:25,190
Cleopatra and the two committed suicide
the following year with Anthony's defeat
2582
00:58:25,190 --> 00:58:25,200
the following year with Anthony's defeat
2583
00:58:25,200 --> 00:58:28,549
the following year with Anthony's defeat
Octavian emerged as the Undisputed ruler
2584
00:58:28,549 --> 00:58:28,559
Octavian emerged as the Undisputed ruler
2585
00:58:28,559 --> 00:58:32,450
Octavian emerged as the Undisputed ruler
of Rome in 27 BCE he was appointed
2586
00:58:32,450 --> 00:58:32,460
of Rome in 27 BCE he was appointed
2587
00:58:32,460 --> 00:58:35,150
of Rome in 27 BCE he was appointed
Augustus and became the first Roman
2588
00:58:35,150 --> 00:58:35,160
Augustus and became the first Roman
2589
00:58:35,160 --> 00:58:37,490
Augustus and became the first Roman
Emperor
2590
00:58:37,490 --> 00:58:37,500
Emperor
2591
00:58:37,500 --> 00:58:41,710
Emperor
foreign
2592
00:58:41,710 --> 00:58:41,720
2593
00:58:41,720 --> 00:58:44,329
augustus's Reign a man who would change
2594
00:58:44,329 --> 00:58:44,339
augustus's Reign a man who would change
2595
00:58:44,339 --> 00:58:46,670
augustus's Reign a man who would change
the world was born in the Roman occupied
2596
00:58:46,670 --> 00:58:46,680
the world was born in the Roman occupied
2597
00:58:46,680 --> 00:58:49,849
the world was born in the Roman occupied
city of Bethlehem Jesus Christ The
2598
00:58:49,849 --> 00:58:49,859
city of Bethlehem Jesus Christ The
2599
00:58:49,859 --> 00:58:52,250
city of Bethlehem Jesus Christ The
Gospel of Luke says in those days a
2600
00:58:52,250 --> 00:58:52,260
Gospel of Luke says in those days a
2601
00:58:52,260 --> 00:58:54,049
Gospel of Luke says in those days a
decree went out from Caesar Augustus
2602
00:58:54,049 --> 00:58:54,059
decree went out from Caesar Augustus
2603
00:58:54,059 --> 00:58:56,329
decree went out from Caesar Augustus
that all the world should be registered
2604
00:58:56,329 --> 00:58:56,339
that all the world should be registered
2605
00:58:56,339 --> 00:58:58,670
that all the world should be registered
this was the first registration when
2606
00:58:58,670 --> 00:58:58,680
this was the first registration when
2607
00:58:58,680 --> 00:59:01,430
this was the first registration when
quirinius was governor of Syria and all
2608
00:59:01,430 --> 00:59:01,440
quirinius was governor of Syria and all
2609
00:59:01,440 --> 00:59:03,829
quirinius was governor of Syria and all
went to be registered each to his own
2610
00:59:03,829 --> 00:59:03,839
went to be registered each to his own
2611
00:59:03,839 --> 00:59:07,789
went to be registered each to his own
town Luke 2 1-3 this census was an
2612
00:59:07,789 --> 00:59:07,799
town Luke 2 1-3 this census was an
2613
00:59:07,799 --> 00:59:09,829
town Luke 2 1-3 this census was an
essential factor in Roman society
2614
00:59:09,829 --> 00:59:09,839
essential factor in Roman society
2615
00:59:09,839 --> 00:59:11,750
essential factor in Roman society
because it established the population
2616
00:59:11,750 --> 00:59:11,760
because it established the population
2617
00:59:11,760 --> 00:59:13,730
because it established the population
counts in these various communities
2618
00:59:13,730 --> 00:59:13,740
counts in these various communities
2619
00:59:13,740 --> 00:59:16,190
counts in these various communities
making it possible to tax these various
2620
00:59:16,190 --> 00:59:16,200
making it possible to tax these various
2621
00:59:16,200 --> 00:59:19,130
making it possible to tax these various
citizens so the highly pregnant Mary and
2622
00:59:19,130 --> 00:59:19,140
citizens so the highly pregnant Mary and
2623
00:59:19,140 --> 00:59:21,710
citizens so the highly pregnant Mary and
her betrothed husband Joseph had to
2624
00:59:21,710 --> 00:59:21,720
her betrothed husband Joseph had to
2625
00:59:21,720 --> 00:59:25,430
her betrothed husband Joseph had to
travel 90 miles on foot from Nazareth to
2626
00:59:25,430 --> 00:59:25,440
travel 90 miles on foot from Nazareth to
2627
00:59:25,440 --> 00:59:27,589
travel 90 miles on foot from Nazareth to
Bethlehem to complete this legally
2628
00:59:27,589 --> 00:59:27,599
Bethlehem to complete this legally
2629
00:59:27,599 --> 00:59:30,530
Bethlehem to complete this legally
required Roman census when they arrived
2630
00:59:30,530 --> 00:59:30,540
required Roman census when they arrived
2631
00:59:30,540 --> 00:59:32,809
required Roman census when they arrived
in Bethlehem many other descendants of
2632
00:59:32,809 --> 00:59:32,819
in Bethlehem many other descendants of
2633
00:59:32,819 --> 00:59:35,150
in Bethlehem many other descendants of
the king of David or members of the
2634
00:59:35,150 --> 00:59:35,160
the king of David or members of the
2635
00:59:35,160 --> 00:59:37,309
the king of David or members of the
Jewish faith were also going to
2636
00:59:37,309 --> 00:59:37,319
Jewish faith were also going to
2637
00:59:37,319 --> 00:59:39,829
Jewish faith were also going to
Bethlehem for the census they found out
2638
00:59:39,829 --> 00:59:39,839
Bethlehem for the census they found out
2639
00:59:39,839 --> 00:59:41,329
Bethlehem for the census they found out
that there was no room for them in the
2640
00:59:41,329 --> 00:59:41,339
that there was no room for them in the
2641
00:59:41,339 --> 00:59:43,609
that there was no room for them in the
in so they were forced to take shelter
2642
00:59:43,609 --> 00:59:43,619
in so they were forced to take shelter
2643
00:59:43,619 --> 00:59:45,950
in so they were forced to take shelter
in a stable where Mary gave birth to
2644
00:59:45,950 --> 00:59:45,960
in a stable where Mary gave birth to
2645
00:59:45,960 --> 00:59:48,950
in a stable where Mary gave birth to
Jesus Jesus was later named King of the
2646
00:59:48,950 --> 00:59:48,960
Jesus Jesus was later named King of the
2647
00:59:48,960 --> 00:59:51,589
Jesus Jesus was later named King of the
Jews after Jesus's birthday and the
2648
00:59:51,589 --> 00:59:51,599
Jews after Jesus's birthday and the
2649
00:59:51,599 --> 00:59:53,990
Jews after Jesus's birthday and the
completion of the census Mary and Joseph
2650
00:59:53,990 --> 00:59:54,000
completion of the census Mary and Joseph
2651
00:59:54,000 --> 00:59:56,030
completion of the census Mary and Joseph
returned to Nazareth with their
2652
00:59:56,030 --> 00:59:56,040
returned to Nazareth with their
2653
00:59:56,040 --> 00:59:59,210
returned to Nazareth with their
extraordinary son as the years of Jesus
2654
00:59:59,210 --> 00:59:59,220
extraordinary son as the years of Jesus
2655
00:59:59,220 --> 01:00:02,329
extraordinary son as the years of Jesus
went on stories about him grew more and
2656
01:00:02,329 --> 01:00:02,339
went on stories about him grew more and
2657
01:00:02,339 --> 01:00:05,030
went on stories about him grew more and
more followers began to worship Jesus as
2658
01:00:05,030 --> 01:00:05,040
more followers began to worship Jesus as
2659
01:00:05,040 --> 01:00:07,130
more followers began to worship Jesus as
their Messiah they claimed that he can
2660
01:00:07,130 --> 01:00:07,140
their Messiah they claimed that he can
2661
01:00:07,140 --> 01:00:09,289
their Messiah they claimed that he can
catch an endless amount of fish they
2662
01:00:09,289 --> 01:00:09,299
catch an endless amount of fish they
2663
01:00:09,299 --> 01:00:11,809
catch an endless amount of fish they
claim that he can cure the Blind and
2664
01:00:11,809 --> 01:00:11,819
claim that he can cure the Blind and
2665
01:00:11,819 --> 01:00:14,569
claim that he can cure the Blind and
they claim that he was the son of God so
2666
01:00:14,569 --> 01:00:14,579
they claim that he was the son of God so
2667
01:00:14,579 --> 01:00:16,609
they claim that he was the son of God so
these followers specifically his
2668
01:00:16,609 --> 01:00:16,619
these followers specifically his
2669
01:00:16,619 --> 01:00:18,829
these followers specifically his
disciples started to write down his
2670
01:00:18,829 --> 01:00:18,839
disciples started to write down his
2671
01:00:18,839 --> 01:00:21,289
disciples started to write down his
entire life Journey four of his closest
2672
01:00:21,289 --> 01:00:21,299
entire life Journey four of his closest
2673
01:00:21,299 --> 01:00:24,289
entire life Journey four of his closest
disciples Matthew Mark Luke and John
2674
01:00:24,289 --> 01:00:24,299
disciples Matthew Mark Luke and John
2675
01:00:24,299 --> 01:00:26,809
disciples Matthew Mark Luke and John
wrote down the main chunks of the book
2676
01:00:26,809 --> 01:00:26,819
wrote down the main chunks of the book
2677
01:00:26,819 --> 01:00:29,930
wrote down the main chunks of the book
in these parts called gospels each of
2678
01:00:29,930 --> 01:00:29,940
in these parts called gospels each of
2679
01:00:29,940 --> 01:00:32,150
in these parts called gospels each of
these gospels covered almost all of the
2680
01:00:32,150 --> 01:00:32,160
these gospels covered almost all of the
2681
01:00:32,160 --> 01:00:34,789
these gospels covered almost all of the
same events The Narrative life of Jesus
2682
01:00:34,789 --> 01:00:34,799
same events The Narrative life of Jesus
2683
01:00:34,799 --> 01:00:37,430
same events The Narrative life of Jesus
Christ this narrative testimony of a
2684
01:00:37,430 --> 01:00:37,440
Christ this narrative testimony of a
2685
01:00:37,440 --> 01:00:40,190
Christ this narrative testimony of a
child born in a stable changed the world
2686
01:00:40,190 --> 01:00:40,200
child born in a stable changed the world
2687
01:00:40,200 --> 01:00:41,780
child born in a stable changed the world
forever
2688
01:00:41,780 --> 01:00:41,790
forever
2689
01:00:41,790 --> 01:00:43,370
forever
[Music]
2690
01:00:43,370 --> 01:00:43,380
[Music]
2691
01:00:43,380 --> 01:00:46,789
[Music]
even though many loved Jesus some viewed
2692
01:00:46,789 --> 01:00:46,799
even though many loved Jesus some viewed
2693
01:00:46,799 --> 01:00:49,430
even though many loved Jesus some viewed
him as a threat Emperor Tiberius
2694
01:00:49,430 --> 01:00:49,440
him as a threat Emperor Tiberius
2695
01:00:49,440 --> 01:00:51,950
him as a threat Emperor Tiberius
succeeded Augustus and reigned from 14
2696
01:00:51,950 --> 01:00:51,960
succeeded Augustus and reigned from 14
2697
01:00:51,960 --> 01:00:56,450
succeeded Augustus and reigned from 14
A.D to 37 A.D Tiberius was Notorious for
2698
01:00:56,450 --> 01:00:56,460
A.D to 37 A.D Tiberius was Notorious for
2699
01:00:56,460 --> 01:00:59,270
A.D to 37 A.D Tiberius was Notorious for
his delators a network of informants
2700
01:00:59,270 --> 01:00:59,280
his delators a network of informants
2701
01:00:59,280 --> 01:01:01,609
his delators a network of informants
rewarded for spying and Reporting on
2702
01:01:01,609 --> 01:01:01,619
rewarded for spying and Reporting on
2703
01:01:01,619 --> 01:01:03,650
rewarded for spying and Reporting on
suspected traitors and criminals
2704
01:01:03,650 --> 01:01:03,660
suspected traitors and criminals
2705
01:01:03,660 --> 01:01:06,170
suspected traitors and criminals
criminals reported on by the deletors
2706
01:01:06,170 --> 01:01:06,180
criminals reported on by the deletors
2707
01:01:06,180 --> 01:01:09,109
criminals reported on by the deletors
had to face a treason trial often
2708
01:01:09,109 --> 01:01:09,119
had to face a treason trial often
2709
01:01:09,119 --> 01:01:11,750
had to face a treason trial often
resulting in executions or forced
2710
01:01:11,750 --> 01:01:11,760
resulting in executions or forced
2711
01:01:11,760 --> 01:01:14,809
resulting in executions or forced
suicides his prefect of Judea at the
2712
01:01:14,809 --> 01:01:14,819
suicides his prefect of Judea at the
2713
01:01:14,819 --> 01:01:17,809
suicides his prefect of Judea at the
time Pontius Pilate was no stranger to
2714
01:01:17,809 --> 01:01:17,819
time Pontius Pilate was no stranger to
2715
01:01:17,819 --> 01:01:20,390
time Pontius Pilate was no stranger to
the harsh punishment of traitors as
2716
01:01:20,390 --> 01:01:20,400
the harsh punishment of traitors as
2717
01:01:20,400 --> 01:01:22,490
the harsh punishment of traitors as
Jesus was influencing more and more
2718
01:01:22,490 --> 01:01:22,500
Jesus was influencing more and more
2719
01:01:22,500 --> 01:01:24,710
Jesus was influencing more and more
people he became more of a political
2720
01:01:24,710 --> 01:01:24,720
people he became more of a political
2721
01:01:24,720 --> 01:01:27,410
people he became more of a political
threat so following the guidelines of
2722
01:01:27,410 --> 01:01:27,420
threat so following the guidelines of
2723
01:01:27,420 --> 01:01:30,170
threat so following the guidelines of
Emperor Tiberius pilate was given no
2724
01:01:30,170 --> 01:01:30,180
Emperor Tiberius pilate was given no
2725
01:01:30,180 --> 01:01:32,930
Emperor Tiberius pilate was given no
practical political Choice other than to
2726
01:01:32,930 --> 01:01:32,940
practical political Choice other than to
2727
01:01:32,940 --> 01:01:36,650
practical political Choice other than to
execute Jesus on the cross Roman law was
2728
01:01:36,650 --> 01:01:36,660
execute Jesus on the cross Roman law was
2729
01:01:36,660 --> 01:01:38,870
execute Jesus on the cross Roman law was
evident then one must follow the
2730
01:01:38,870 --> 01:01:38,880
evident then one must follow the
2731
01:01:38,880 --> 01:01:41,210
evident then one must follow the
emperor's will or else they will perish
2732
01:01:41,210 --> 01:01:41,220
emperor's will or else they will perish
2733
01:01:41,220 --> 01:01:45,109
emperor's will or else they will perish
as Jesus was crucified on lacrosse a new
2734
01:01:45,109 --> 01:01:45,119
as Jesus was crucified on lacrosse a new
2735
01:01:45,119 --> 01:01:46,990
as Jesus was crucified on lacrosse a new
religion was born
2736
01:01:46,990 --> 01:01:47,000
religion was born
2737
01:01:47,000 --> 01:01:48,710
religion was born
Christianity
2738
01:01:48,710 --> 01:01:48,720
Christianity
2739
01:01:48,720 --> 01:01:51,289
Christianity
in the beginning Christianity was just a
2740
01:01:51,289 --> 01:01:51,299
in the beginning Christianity was just a
2741
01:01:51,299 --> 01:01:54,470
in the beginning Christianity was just a
small sect of Judaism nevertheless its
2742
01:01:54,470 --> 01:01:54,480
small sect of Judaism nevertheless its
2743
01:01:54,480 --> 01:01:58,609
small sect of Judaism nevertheless its
growth would be unparalleled
2744
01:01:58,609 --> 01:01:58,619
2745
01:01:58,619 --> 01:02:00,770
Paul of Taurus would take the word of
2746
01:02:00,770 --> 01:02:00,780
Paul of Taurus would take the word of
2747
01:02:00,780 --> 01:02:03,230
Paul of Taurus would take the word of
his chosen Lord across the known World
2748
01:02:03,230 --> 01:02:03,240
his chosen Lord across the known World
2749
01:02:03,240 --> 01:02:06,530
his chosen Lord across the known World
from Greece to Turkey to Syria the word
2750
01:02:06,530 --> 01:02:06,540
from Greece to Turkey to Syria the word
2751
01:02:06,540 --> 01:02:09,049
from Greece to Turkey to Syria the word
of Jesus Christ spread his missionary
2752
01:02:09,049 --> 01:02:09,059
of Jesus Christ spread his missionary
2753
01:02:09,059 --> 01:02:11,150
of Jesus Christ spread his missionary
Tales are now documented in the New
2754
01:02:11,150 --> 01:02:11,160
Tales are now documented in the New
2755
01:02:11,160 --> 01:02:13,730
Tales are now documented in the New
Testament as the book of Acts the more
2756
01:02:13,730 --> 01:02:13,740
Testament as the book of Acts the more
2757
01:02:13,740 --> 01:02:16,190
Testament as the book of Acts the more
Paul went to different places the more
2758
01:02:16,190 --> 01:02:16,200
Paul went to different places the more
2759
01:02:16,200 --> 01:02:19,069
Paul went to different places the more
followers he gained on the same token it
2760
01:02:19,069 --> 01:02:19,079
followers he gained on the same token it
2761
01:02:19,079 --> 01:02:21,589
followers he gained on the same token it
created more enemies The Divide between
2762
01:02:21,589 --> 01:02:21,599
created more enemies The Divide between
2763
01:02:21,599 --> 01:02:24,650
created more enemies The Divide between
monotheism and polytheism was on the
2764
01:02:24,650 --> 01:02:24,660
monotheism and polytheism was on the
2765
01:02:24,660 --> 01:02:27,049
monotheism and polytheism was on the
rise it was beginning to get a lot
2766
01:02:27,049 --> 01:02:27,059
rise it was beginning to get a lot
2767
01:02:27,059 --> 01:02:29,630
rise it was beginning to get a lot
tougher for Romans to accept a religious
2768
01:02:29,630 --> 01:02:29,640
tougher for Romans to accept a religious
2769
01:02:29,640 --> 01:02:32,030
tougher for Romans to accept a religious
population that didn't believe in Gods
2770
01:02:32,030 --> 01:02:32,040
population that didn't believe in Gods
2771
01:02:32,040 --> 01:02:34,789
population that didn't believe in Gods
like Mars and Jupiter so in the great
2772
01:02:34,789 --> 01:02:34,799
like Mars and Jupiter so in the great
2773
01:02:34,799 --> 01:02:38,650
like Mars and Jupiter so in the great
fire of Rome occurred in July of 64 A.D
2774
01:02:38,650 --> 01:02:38,660
fire of Rome occurred in July of 64 A.D
2775
01:02:38,660 --> 01:02:41,510
fire of Rome occurred in July of 64 A.D
emperor Nero quickly blamed it on the
2776
01:02:41,510 --> 01:02:41,520
emperor Nero quickly blamed it on the
2777
01:02:41,520 --> 01:02:43,910
emperor Nero quickly blamed it on the
Christians the great fire was an event
2778
01:02:43,910 --> 01:02:43,920
Christians the great fire was an event
2779
01:02:43,920 --> 01:02:46,789
Christians the great fire was an event
that destroyed two-thirds of the city of
2780
01:02:46,789 --> 01:02:46,799
that destroyed two-thirds of the city of
2781
01:02:46,799 --> 01:02:48,950
that destroyed two-thirds of the city of
Rome so in order to pay for these
2782
01:02:48,950 --> 01:02:48,960
Rome so in order to pay for these
2783
01:02:48,960 --> 01:02:51,829
Rome so in order to pay for these
massive repairs Nero instituted heavy
2784
01:02:51,829 --> 01:02:51,839
massive repairs Nero instituted heavy
2785
01:02:51,839 --> 01:02:54,410
massive repairs Nero instituted heavy
tributes across the Empire to meet at
2786
01:02:54,410 --> 01:02:54,420
tributes across the Empire to meet at
2787
01:02:54,420 --> 01:02:56,930
tributes across the Empire to meet at
least a proportion of the costs Nero
2788
01:02:56,930 --> 01:02:56,940
least a proportion of the costs Nero
2789
01:02:56,940 --> 01:02:58,549
least a proportion of the costs Nero
also started to print more Roman
2790
01:02:58,549 --> 01:02:58,559
also started to print more Roman
2791
01:02:58,559 --> 01:03:01,370
also started to print more Roman
currency creating an inflationary effect
2792
01:03:01,370 --> 01:03:01,380
currency creating an inflationary effect
2793
01:03:01,380 --> 01:03:03,890
currency creating an inflationary effect
for the first time in the Empire's
2794
01:03:03,890 --> 01:03:03,900
for the first time in the Empire's
2795
01:03:03,900 --> 01:03:06,410
for the first time in the Empire's
history however the individuals who
2796
01:03:06,410 --> 01:03:06,420
history however the individuals who
2797
01:03:06,420 --> 01:03:08,930
history however the individuals who
lived under Roman rule which wasn't in
2798
01:03:08,930 --> 01:03:08,940
lived under Roman rule which wasn't in
2799
01:03:08,940 --> 01:03:11,270
lived under Roman rule which wasn't in
Rome proper were upset by this new
2800
01:03:11,270 --> 01:03:11,280
Rome proper were upset by this new
2801
01:03:11,280 --> 01:03:14,329
Rome proper were upset by this new
policy so in the holy city of Jerusalem
2802
01:03:14,329 --> 01:03:14,339
policy so in the holy city of Jerusalem
2803
01:03:14,339 --> 01:03:19,309
policy so in the holy city of Jerusalem
in 66 A.D a Revolt was on at first the
2804
01:03:19,309 --> 01:03:19,319
in 66 A.D a Revolt was on at first the
2805
01:03:19,319 --> 01:03:21,589
in 66 A.D a Revolt was on at first the
first Jewish Revolt succeeded and the
2806
01:03:21,589 --> 01:03:21,599
first Jewish Revolt succeeded and the
2807
01:03:21,599 --> 01:03:23,809
first Jewish Revolt succeeded and the
Jewish forces quickly expelled the
2808
01:03:23,809 --> 01:03:23,819
Jewish forces quickly expelled the
2809
01:03:23,819 --> 01:03:26,450
Jewish forces quickly expelled the
unprepared Roman army then the rebels
2810
01:03:26,450 --> 01:03:26,460
unprepared Roman army then the rebels
2811
01:03:26,460 --> 01:03:28,250
unprepared Roman army then the rebels
gained some Traction in the neighboring
2812
01:03:28,250 --> 01:03:28,260
gained some Traction in the neighboring
2813
01:03:28,260 --> 01:03:31,370
gained some Traction in the neighboring
villages in Galilee in response the
2814
01:03:31,370 --> 01:03:31,380
villages in Galilee in response the
2815
01:03:31,380 --> 01:03:33,349
villages in Galilee in response the
Roman Emperor Nero sent the general
2816
01:03:33,349 --> 01:03:33,359
Roman Emperor Nero sent the general
2817
01:03:33,359 --> 01:03:36,890
Roman Emperor Nero sent the general
Vespasian to meet the Jewish forces an
2818
01:03:36,890 --> 01:03:36,900
Vespasian to meet the Jewish forces an
2819
01:03:36,900 --> 01:03:39,289
Vespasian to meet the Jewish forces an
Endeavor that pushed most Rebels into
2820
01:03:39,289 --> 01:03:39,299
Endeavor that pushed most Rebels into
2821
01:03:39,299 --> 01:03:41,990
Endeavor that pushed most Rebels into
Jerusalem proper by the time Vespasian
2822
01:03:41,990 --> 01:03:42,000
Jerusalem proper by the time Vespasian
2823
01:03:42,000 --> 01:03:46,069
Jerusalem proper by the time Vespasian
was proclaimed Emperor n69 CE then
2824
01:03:46,069 --> 01:03:46,079
was proclaimed Emperor n69 CE then
2825
01:03:46,079 --> 01:03:49,849
was proclaimed Emperor n69 CE then
around Passover and 70 A.D Vespasian and
2826
01:03:49,849 --> 01:03:49,859
around Passover and 70 A.D Vespasian and
2827
01:03:49,859 --> 01:03:52,609
around Passover and 70 A.D Vespasian and
his forces Siege the city depleting it
2828
01:03:52,609 --> 01:03:52,619
his forces Siege the city depleting it
2829
01:03:52,619 --> 01:03:54,890
his forces Siege the city depleting it
of food and water within the walls of
2830
01:03:54,890 --> 01:03:54,900
of food and water within the walls of
2831
01:03:54,900 --> 01:03:57,349
of food and water within the walls of
Jerusalem the Jews started to quarrel
2832
01:03:57,349 --> 01:03:57,359
Jerusalem the Jews started to quarrel
2833
01:03:57,359 --> 01:03:59,809
Jerusalem the Jews started to quarrel
within leaving them more vulnerable to
2834
01:03:59,809 --> 01:03:59,819
within leaving them more vulnerable to
2835
01:03:59,819 --> 01:04:02,990
within leaving them more vulnerable to
attack by August the Romans breached the
2836
01:04:02,990 --> 01:04:03,000
attack by August the Romans breached the
2837
01:04:03,000 --> 01:04:05,510
attack by August the Romans breached the
defenses killed much of the population
2838
01:04:05,510 --> 01:04:05,520
defenses killed much of the population
2839
01:04:05,520 --> 01:04:08,390
defenses killed much of the population
and destroyed many of their holy sites
2840
01:04:08,390 --> 01:04:08,400
and destroyed many of their holy sites
2841
01:04:08,400 --> 01:04:11,690
and destroyed many of their holy sites
with the Jews decimated the strength of
2842
01:04:11,690 --> 01:04:11,700
with the Jews decimated the strength of
2843
01:04:11,700 --> 01:04:15,410
with the Jews decimated the strength of
polytheism lived long
2844
01:04:15,410 --> 01:04:15,420
polytheism lived long
2845
01:04:15,420 --> 01:04:20,089
polytheism lived long
then in 98 to 117 A.D under Emperor
2846
01:04:20,089 --> 01:04:20,099
then in 98 to 117 A.D under Emperor
2847
01:04:20,099 --> 01:04:22,910
then in 98 to 117 A.D under Emperor
trajan the Roman Empire was able to
2848
01:04:22,910 --> 01:04:22,920
trajan the Roman Empire was able to
2849
01:04:22,920 --> 01:04:25,670
trajan the Roman Empire was able to
expand its greatest territorial extent
2850
01:04:25,670 --> 01:04:25,680
expand its greatest territorial extent
2851
01:04:25,680 --> 01:04:28,069
expand its greatest territorial extent
spanning all the way from Modern Day
2852
01:04:28,069 --> 01:04:28,079
spanning all the way from Modern Day
2853
01:04:28,079 --> 01:04:31,430
spanning all the way from Modern Day
Britain to the Persian Gulf Roman rule
2854
01:04:31,430 --> 01:04:31,440
Britain to the Persian Gulf Roman rule
2855
01:04:31,440 --> 01:04:33,890
Britain to the Persian Gulf Roman rule
was everywhere
2856
01:04:33,890 --> 01:04:33,900
was everywhere
2857
01:04:33,900 --> 01:04:36,470
was everywhere
well except for in the Americas because
2858
01:04:36,470 --> 01:04:36,480
well except for in the Americas because
2859
01:04:36,480 --> 01:04:38,990
well except for in the Americas because
the Romans didn't even know they existed
2860
01:04:38,990 --> 01:04:39,000
the Romans didn't even know they existed
2861
01:04:39,000 --> 01:04:41,750
the Romans didn't even know they existed
in the Americas we can see the growth of
2862
01:04:41,750 --> 01:04:41,760
in the Americas we can see the growth of
2863
01:04:41,760 --> 01:04:43,970
in the Americas we can see the growth of
various civilizations across the Andes
2864
01:04:43,970 --> 01:04:43,980
various civilizations across the Andes
2865
01:04:43,980 --> 01:04:47,030
various civilizations across the Andes
located in modern-day Peru in Chile the
2866
01:04:47,030 --> 01:04:47,040
located in modern-day Peru in Chile the
2867
01:04:47,040 --> 01:04:49,450
located in modern-day Peru in Chile the
Mochi civilization was able to build
2868
01:04:49,450 --> 01:04:49,460
Mochi civilization was able to build
2869
01:04:49,460 --> 01:04:52,849
Mochi civilization was able to build
Monumental structures like the Waka Del
2870
01:04:52,849 --> 01:04:52,859
Monumental structures like the Waka Del
2871
01:04:52,859 --> 01:04:55,849
Monumental structures like the Waka Del
Sol and Waka De La Luna impressive
2872
01:04:55,849 --> 01:04:55,859
Sol and Waka De La Luna impressive
2873
01:04:55,859 --> 01:04:58,069
Sol and Waka De La Luna impressive
pyramids that were the center of their
2874
01:04:58,069 --> 01:04:58,079
pyramids that were the center of their
2875
01:04:58,079 --> 01:05:00,650
pyramids that were the center of their
religions they also created Advanced
2876
01:05:00,650 --> 01:05:00,660
religions they also created Advanced
2877
01:05:00,660 --> 01:05:02,930
religions they also created Advanced
fertilization techniques that used bird
2878
01:05:02,930 --> 01:05:02,940
fertilization techniques that used bird
2879
01:05:02,940 --> 01:05:05,690
fertilization techniques that used bird
droppings as fertilizer they are highly
2880
01:05:05,690 --> 01:05:05,700
droppings as fertilizer they are highly
2881
01:05:05,700 --> 01:05:07,430
droppings as fertilizer they are highly
centralized government made everyone
2882
01:05:07,430 --> 01:05:07,440
centralized government made everyone
2883
01:05:07,440 --> 01:05:10,670
centralized government made everyone
know their place in society
2884
01:05:10,670 --> 01:05:10,680
know their place in society
2885
01:05:10,680 --> 01:05:13,430
know their place in society
while a little bit more south the Nazca
2886
01:05:13,430 --> 01:05:13,440
while a little bit more south the Nazca
2887
01:05:13,440 --> 01:05:16,250
while a little bit more south the Nazca
civilization is one enthralled in
2888
01:05:16,250 --> 01:05:16,260
civilization is one enthralled in
2889
01:05:16,260 --> 01:05:18,829
civilization is one enthralled in
mystery the people of Nazca created a
2890
01:05:18,829 --> 01:05:18,839
mystery the people of Nazca created a
2891
01:05:18,839 --> 01:05:20,990
mystery the people of Nazca created a
series of large-scale geoglyph
2892
01:05:20,990 --> 01:05:21,000
series of large-scale geoglyph
2893
01:05:21,000 --> 01:05:23,329
series of large-scale geoglyph
consisting of hundreds of individual
2894
01:05:23,329 --> 01:05:23,339
consisting of hundreds of individual
2895
01:05:23,339 --> 01:05:26,089
consisting of hundreds of individual
figures including geometric shapes
2896
01:05:26,089 --> 01:05:26,099
figures including geometric shapes
2897
01:05:26,099 --> 01:05:28,670
figures including geometric shapes
animals and human-like figures by
2898
01:05:28,670 --> 01:05:28,680
animals and human-like figures by
2899
01:05:28,680 --> 01:05:30,770
animals and human-like figures by
removing the dark reddish-brown iron
2900
01:05:30,770 --> 01:05:30,780
removing the dark reddish-brown iron
2901
01:05:30,780 --> 01:05:33,230
removing the dark reddish-brown iron
oxide coated Pebbles covering the
2902
01:05:33,230 --> 01:05:33,240
oxide coated Pebbles covering the
2903
01:05:33,240 --> 01:05:35,930
oxide coated Pebbles covering the
surface of the Nazca desert these lines
2904
01:05:35,930 --> 01:05:35,940
surface of the Nazca desert these lines
2905
01:05:35,940 --> 01:05:38,930
surface of the Nazca desert these lines
are now called Nazca Lines the purpose
2906
01:05:38,930 --> 01:05:38,940
are now called Nazca Lines the purpose
2907
01:05:38,940 --> 01:05:41,450
are now called Nazca Lines the purpose
of which is still unknown to this day
2908
01:05:41,450 --> 01:05:41,460
of which is still unknown to this day
2909
01:05:41,460 --> 01:05:45,589
of which is still unknown to this day
and subject to conspiracy theory today
2910
01:05:45,589 --> 01:05:45,599
and subject to conspiracy theory today
2911
01:05:45,599 --> 01:05:48,710
and subject to conspiracy theory today
around 100 A.D the Zap Attack started
2912
01:05:48,710 --> 01:05:48,720
around 100 A.D the Zap Attack started
2913
01:05:48,720 --> 01:05:50,990
around 100 A.D the Zap Attack started
establishing Monty Alban their Capital
2914
01:05:50,990 --> 01:05:51,000
establishing Monty Alban their Capital
2915
01:05:51,000 --> 01:05:53,690
establishing Monty Alban their Capital
it was one of the first examples of
2916
01:05:53,690 --> 01:05:53,700
it was one of the first examples of
2917
01:05:53,700 --> 01:05:56,450
it was one of the first examples of
urban planning in the Americas the city
2918
01:05:56,450 --> 01:05:56,460
urban planning in the Americas the city
2919
01:05:56,460 --> 01:05:58,849
urban planning in the Americas the city
was laid out in a grid pattern with main
2920
01:05:58,849 --> 01:05:58,859
was laid out in a grid pattern with main
2921
01:05:58,859 --> 01:06:01,010
was laid out in a grid pattern with main
roads and smaller side streets leading
2922
01:06:01,010 --> 01:06:01,020
roads and smaller side streets leading
2923
01:06:01,020 --> 01:06:03,589
roads and smaller side streets leading
to plazas and public buildings the city
2924
01:06:03,589 --> 01:06:03,599
to plazas and public buildings the city
2925
01:06:03,599 --> 01:06:05,210
to plazas and public buildings the city
was also divided into different
2926
01:06:05,210 --> 01:06:05,220
was also divided into different
2927
01:06:05,220 --> 01:06:07,490
was also divided into different
districts each with specialized
2928
01:06:07,490 --> 01:06:07,500
districts each with specialized
2929
01:06:07,500 --> 01:06:09,670
districts each with specialized
functions such as residential
2930
01:06:09,670 --> 01:06:09,680
functions such as residential
2931
01:06:09,680 --> 01:06:12,710
functions such as residential
administrative and religious leaving it
2932
01:06:12,710 --> 01:06:12,720
administrative and religious leaving it
2933
01:06:12,720 --> 01:06:15,530
administrative and religious leaving it
to be in use for a thousand years after
2934
01:06:15,530 --> 01:06:15,540
to be in use for a thousand years after
2935
01:06:15,540 --> 01:06:18,320
to be in use for a thousand years after
that
2936
01:06:18,320 --> 01:06:18,330
2937
01:06:18,330 --> 01:06:21,670
[Music]
2938
01:06:21,670 --> 01:06:21,680
[Music]
2939
01:06:21,680 --> 01:06:24,470
[Music]
while back in Rome after the end of
2940
01:06:24,470 --> 01:06:24,480
while back in Rome after the end of
2941
01:06:24,480 --> 01:06:28,190
while back in Rome after the end of
trajan's Reign in 117 A.D a new emperor
2942
01:06:28,190 --> 01:06:28,200
trajan's Reign in 117 A.D a new emperor
2943
01:06:28,200 --> 01:06:31,069
trajan's Reign in 117 A.D a new emperor
with a purpose was in hand Hadrian was a
2944
01:06:31,069 --> 01:06:31,079
with a purpose was in hand Hadrian was a
2945
01:06:31,079 --> 01:06:33,049
with a purpose was in hand Hadrian was a
man tasked with a near impossible
2946
01:06:33,049 --> 01:06:33,059
man tasked with a near impossible
2947
01:06:33,059 --> 01:06:35,990
man tasked with a near impossible
keeping the massive Roman empire under
2948
01:06:35,990 --> 01:06:36,000
keeping the massive Roman empire under
2949
01:06:36,000 --> 01:06:38,329
keeping the massive Roman empire under
one rule he first had to deal with a
2950
01:06:38,329 --> 01:06:38,339
one rule he first had to deal with a
2951
01:06:38,339 --> 01:06:40,849
one rule he first had to deal with a
crisis with the newly colonized Roman
2952
01:06:40,849 --> 01:06:40,859
crisis with the newly colonized Roman
2953
01:06:40,859 --> 01:06:43,250
crisis with the newly colonized Roman
Britain like their predecessors in Judea
2954
01:06:43,250 --> 01:06:43,260
Britain like their predecessors in Judea
2955
01:06:43,260 --> 01:06:46,190
Britain like their predecessors in Judea
the Roman Brits did not like being Roman
2956
01:06:46,190 --> 01:06:46,200
the Roman Brits did not like being Roman
2957
01:06:46,200 --> 01:06:48,890
the Roman Brits did not like being Roman
so they started to cause unrest and in
2958
01:06:48,890 --> 01:06:48,900
so they started to cause unrest and in
2959
01:06:48,900 --> 01:06:51,470
so they started to cause unrest and in
the eyes of Hadrian a real threat of
2960
01:06:51,470 --> 01:06:51,480
the eyes of Hadrian a real threat of
2961
01:06:51,480 --> 01:06:54,470
the eyes of Hadrian a real threat of
Revolution was on his mind so Hadrian
2962
01:06:54,470 --> 01:06:54,480
Revolution was on his mind so Hadrian
2963
01:06:54,480 --> 01:06:57,230
Revolution was on his mind so Hadrian
had ordered a massive wall aptly named
2964
01:06:57,230 --> 01:06:57,240
had ordered a massive wall aptly named
2965
01:06:57,240 --> 01:06:59,690
had ordered a massive wall aptly named
Hadrian's Wall which spanned almost
2966
01:06:59,690 --> 01:06:59,700
Hadrian's Wall which spanned almost
2967
01:06:59,700 --> 01:07:02,270
Hadrian's Wall which spanned almost
Coast to Coast keeping it sunk in the
2968
01:07:02,270 --> 01:07:02,280
Coast to Coast keeping it sunk in the
2969
01:07:02,280 --> 01:07:04,309
Coast to Coast keeping it sunk in the
conquered people's minds that the Romans
2970
01:07:04,309 --> 01:07:04,319
conquered people's minds that the Romans
2971
01:07:04,319 --> 01:07:07,250
conquered people's minds that the Romans
were here staving off revolution in one
2972
01:07:07,250 --> 01:07:07,260
were here staving off revolution in one
2973
01:07:07,260 --> 01:07:10,309
were here staving off revolution in one
region however in Galilee things weren't
2974
01:07:10,309 --> 01:07:10,319
region however in Galilee things weren't
2975
01:07:10,319 --> 01:07:13,430
region however in Galilee things weren't
as peaceful Simon Barr kokba led a
2976
01:07:13,430 --> 01:07:13,440
as peaceful Simon Barr kokba led a
2977
01:07:13,440 --> 01:07:15,650
as peaceful Simon Barr kokba led a
rebellion of the Jewish people to free
2978
01:07:15,650 --> 01:07:15,660
rebellion of the Jewish people to free
2979
01:07:15,660 --> 01:07:18,470
rebellion of the Jewish people to free
themselves from Roman rule as you see
2980
01:07:18,470 --> 01:07:18,480
themselves from Roman rule as you see
2981
01:07:18,480 --> 01:07:21,109
themselves from Roman rule as you see
Rome was developing a new city called
2982
01:07:21,109 --> 01:07:21,119
Rome was developing a new city called
2983
01:07:21,119 --> 01:07:23,809
Rome was developing a new city called
Alia capitalina over the ruins of
2984
01:07:23,809 --> 01:07:23,819
Alia capitalina over the ruins of
2985
01:07:23,819 --> 01:07:25,910
Alia capitalina over the ruins of
Jerusalem from the last Revolt with
2986
01:07:25,910 --> 01:07:25,920
Jerusalem from the last Revolt with
2987
01:07:25,920 --> 01:07:28,609
Jerusalem from the last Revolt with
temples dedicated to polytheistic Gods
2988
01:07:28,609 --> 01:07:28,619
temples dedicated to polytheistic Gods
2989
01:07:28,619 --> 01:07:32,329
temples dedicated to polytheistic Gods
like Jupiter by 132 barcopa took the
2990
01:07:32,329 --> 01:07:32,339
like Jupiter by 132 barcopa took the
2991
01:07:32,339 --> 01:07:35,569
like Jupiter by 132 barcopa took the
bottle of Nasi head of state many Jews
2992
01:07:35,569 --> 01:07:35,579
bottle of Nasi head of state many Jews
2993
01:07:35,579 --> 01:07:37,670
bottle of Nasi head of state many Jews
regarded him as the Messiah who would
2994
01:07:37,670 --> 01:07:37,680
regarded him as the Messiah who would
2995
01:07:37,680 --> 01:07:39,770
regarded him as the Messiah who would
save the Jewish people and restore their
2996
01:07:39,770 --> 01:07:39,780
save the Jewish people and restore their
2997
01:07:39,780 --> 01:07:42,470
save the Jewish people and restore their
independence kogba's troops would storm
2998
01:07:42,470 --> 01:07:42,480
independence kogba's troops would storm
2999
01:07:42,480 --> 01:07:45,170
independence kogba's troops would storm
Ilia capitalina almost knocking out
3000
01:07:45,170 --> 01:07:45,180
Ilia capitalina almost knocking out
3001
01:07:45,180 --> 01:07:47,690
Ilia capitalina almost knocking out
entirely the Roman Garrison controlling
3002
01:07:47,690 --> 01:07:47,700
entirely the Roman Garrison controlling
3003
01:07:47,700 --> 01:07:50,510
entirely the Roman Garrison controlling
the city Hadrian though would not have
3004
01:07:50,510 --> 01:07:50,520
the city Hadrian though would not have
3005
01:07:50,520 --> 01:07:53,270
the city Hadrian though would not have
it so he sent a force of a hundred
3006
01:07:53,270 --> 01:07:53,280
it so he sent a force of a hundred
3007
01:07:53,280 --> 01:07:55,430
it so he sent a force of a hundred
twenty thousand men to the lands of
3008
01:07:55,430 --> 01:07:55,440
twenty thousand men to the lands of
3009
01:07:55,440 --> 01:07:58,190
twenty thousand men to the lands of
Judea to conquer and force the Jewish
3010
01:07:58,190 --> 01:07:58,200
Judea to conquer and force the Jewish
3011
01:07:58,200 --> 01:08:01,069
Judea to conquer and force the Jewish
people into submission as Cassius Dio
3012
01:08:01,069 --> 01:08:01,079
people into submission as Cassius Dio
3013
01:08:01,079 --> 01:08:03,950
people into submission as Cassius Dio
says in the history of Rome 50 of their
3014
01:08:03,950 --> 01:08:03,960
says in the history of Rome 50 of their
3015
01:08:03,960 --> 01:08:07,730
says in the history of Rome 50 of their
most important outposts and 985 of their
3016
01:08:07,730 --> 01:08:07,740
most important outposts and 985 of their
3017
01:08:07,740 --> 01:08:12,049
most important outposts and 985 of their
most famous villages were raised 580
3018
01:08:12,049 --> 01:08:12,059
most famous villages were raised 580
3019
01:08:12,059 --> 01:08:14,930
most famous villages were raised 580
000 men were slain in the various raids
3020
01:08:14,930 --> 01:08:14,940
000 men were slain in the various raids
3021
01:08:14,940 --> 01:08:17,209
000 men were slain in the various raids
and battles and the number of those that
3022
01:08:17,209 --> 01:08:17,219
and battles and the number of those that
3023
01:08:17,219 --> 01:08:19,970
and battles and the number of those that
pair perished by famine disease and fire
3024
01:08:19,970 --> 01:08:19,980
pair perished by famine disease and fire
3025
01:08:19,980 --> 01:08:23,329
pair perished by famine disease and fire
was past finding out thus nearly the
3026
01:08:23,329 --> 01:08:23,339
was past finding out thus nearly the
3027
01:08:23,339 --> 01:08:26,269
was past finding out thus nearly the
whole of Judea was made desolate History
3028
01:08:26,269 --> 01:08:26,279
whole of Judea was made desolate History
3029
01:08:26,279 --> 01:08:27,610
whole of Judea was made desolate History
of Rome
3030
01:08:27,610 --> 01:08:27,620
of Rome
3031
01:08:27,620 --> 01:08:32,150
of Rome
69.14 1-2 Rome made it clear that it was
3032
01:08:32,150 --> 01:08:32,160
69.14 1-2 Rome made it clear that it was
3033
01:08:32,160 --> 01:08:35,590
69.14 1-2 Rome made it clear that it was
not to be taken lightly
3034
01:08:35,590 --> 01:08:35,600
not to be taken lightly
3035
01:08:35,600 --> 01:08:38,689
not to be taken lightly
while in China the message was quite
3036
01:08:38,689 --> 01:08:38,699
while in China the message was quite
3037
01:08:38,699 --> 01:08:41,030
while in China the message was quite
different the ideas of Buddhism were
3038
01:08:41,030 --> 01:08:41,040
different the ideas of Buddhism were
3039
01:08:41,040 --> 01:08:42,769
different the ideas of Buddhism were
spreading along with the Chinese
3040
01:08:42,769 --> 01:08:42,779
spreading along with the Chinese
3041
01:08:42,779 --> 01:08:45,410
spreading along with the Chinese
philosophies of Confucianism and taoism
3042
01:08:45,410 --> 01:08:45,420
philosophies of Confucianism and taoism
3043
01:08:45,420 --> 01:08:47,930
philosophies of Confucianism and taoism
and built a dynasty these three
3044
01:08:47,930 --> 01:08:47,940
and built a dynasty these three
3045
01:08:47,940 --> 01:08:49,910
and built a dynasty these three
philosophies work together to make the
3046
01:08:49,910 --> 01:08:49,920
philosophies work together to make the
3047
01:08:49,920 --> 01:08:52,430
philosophies work together to make the
Han Dynasty stronger and more united in
3048
01:08:52,430 --> 01:08:52,440
Han Dynasty stronger and more united in
3049
01:08:52,440 --> 01:08:54,530
Han Dynasty stronger and more united in
many ways
3050
01:08:54,530 --> 01:08:54,540
many ways
3051
01:08:54,540 --> 01:08:57,169
many ways
while in America the Mayan Architects
3052
01:08:57,169 --> 01:08:57,179
while in America the Mayan Architects
3053
01:08:57,179 --> 01:08:59,749
while in America the Mayan Architects
went across Northern patent and designed
3054
01:08:59,749 --> 01:08:59,759
went across Northern patent and designed
3055
01:08:59,759 --> 01:09:02,150
went across Northern patent and designed
a series of short broad temples with
3056
01:09:02,150 --> 01:09:02,160
a series of short broad temples with
3057
01:09:02,160 --> 01:09:04,550
a series of short broad temples with
wide staircases flanked by enormous
3058
01:09:04,550 --> 01:09:04,560
wide staircases flanked by enormous
3059
01:09:04,560 --> 01:09:07,729
wide staircases flanked by enormous
stucco masks these stucco masks were
3060
01:09:07,729 --> 01:09:07,739
stucco masks these stucco masks were
3061
01:09:07,739 --> 01:09:10,070
stucco masks these stucco masks were
made of plaster and some burned in
3062
01:09:10,070 --> 01:09:10,080
made of plaster and some burned in
3063
01:09:10,080 --> 01:09:12,590
made of plaster and some burned in
powdered Limestone the Mayans built
3064
01:09:12,590 --> 01:09:12,600
powdered Limestone the Mayans built
3065
01:09:12,600 --> 01:09:14,809
powdered Limestone the Mayans built
these Stone armatures into elaborate
3066
01:09:14,809 --> 01:09:14,819
these Stone armatures into elaborate
3067
01:09:14,819 --> 01:09:18,289
these Stone armatures into elaborate
deity faces to capture the soul of the
3068
01:09:18,289 --> 01:09:18,299
deity faces to capture the soul of the
3069
01:09:18,299 --> 01:09:21,289
deity faces to capture the soul of the
Gods and bring it to the people a temple
3070
01:09:21,289 --> 01:09:21,299
Gods and bring it to the people a temple
3071
01:09:21,299 --> 01:09:24,829
Gods and bring it to the people a temple
like the E7 sub yes historians named
3072
01:09:24,829 --> 01:09:24,839
like the E7 sub yes historians named
3073
01:09:24,839 --> 01:09:27,229
like the E7 sub yes historians named
Mayan temples like military submarines
3074
01:09:27,229 --> 01:09:27,239
Mayan temples like military submarines
3075
01:09:27,239 --> 01:09:31,550
Mayan temples like military submarines
is a pyramid with 16 stucco masks each
3076
01:09:31,550 --> 01:09:31,560
is a pyramid with 16 stucco masks each
3077
01:09:31,560 --> 01:09:33,890
is a pyramid with 16 stucco masks each
allows us to go deeper into the souls of
3078
01:09:33,890 --> 01:09:33,900
allows us to go deeper into the souls of
3079
01:09:33,900 --> 01:09:36,769
allows us to go deeper into the souls of
these deities of the past
3080
01:09:36,769 --> 01:09:36,779
these deities of the past
3081
01:09:36,779 --> 01:09:39,229
these deities of the past
in the Middle East a new Empire was
3082
01:09:39,229 --> 01:09:39,239
in the Middle East a new Empire was
3083
01:09:39,239 --> 01:09:41,749
in the Middle East a new Empire was
emerging with roots in the past a man
3084
01:09:41,749 --> 01:09:41,759
emerging with roots in the past a man
3085
01:09:41,759 --> 01:09:43,849
emerging with roots in the past a man
named ardish year claimed to have Royal
3086
01:09:43,849 --> 01:09:43,859
named ardish year claimed to have Royal
3087
01:09:43,859 --> 01:09:45,950
named ardish year claimed to have Royal
Blood that traced all the way back to
3088
01:09:45,950 --> 01:09:45,960
Blood that traced all the way back to
3089
01:09:45,960 --> 01:09:48,470
Blood that traced all the way back to
Cyrus the Great ardishere claimed that
3090
01:09:48,470 --> 01:09:48,480
Cyrus the Great ardishere claimed that
3091
01:09:48,480 --> 01:09:50,450
Cyrus the Great ardishere claimed that
he should be the true ruler of the
3092
01:09:50,450 --> 01:09:50,460
he should be the true ruler of the
3093
01:09:50,460 --> 01:09:53,150
he should be the true ruler of the
Persian Empire not those frauds of the
3094
01:09:53,150 --> 01:09:53,160
Persian Empire not those frauds of the
3095
01:09:53,160 --> 01:09:55,729
Persian Empire not those frauds of the
parthians ardish year was able to unite
3096
01:09:55,729 --> 01:09:55,739
parthians ardish year was able to unite
3097
01:09:55,739 --> 01:09:59,630
parthians ardish year was able to unite
the various tribes of Persia in 224 A.D
3098
01:09:59,630 --> 01:09:59,640
the various tribes of Persia in 224 A.D
3099
01:09:59,640 --> 01:10:01,910
the various tribes of Persia in 224 A.D
artisier the first led his forces
3100
01:10:01,910 --> 01:10:01,920
artisier the first led his forces
3101
01:10:01,920 --> 01:10:04,610
artisier the first led his forces
against the party and King artavenous V
3102
01:10:04,610 --> 01:10:04,620
against the party and King artavenous V
3103
01:10:04,620 --> 01:10:08,030
against the party and King artavenous V
in a significant battle at hermasgun the
3104
01:10:08,030 --> 01:10:08,040
in a significant battle at hermasgun the
3105
01:10:08,040 --> 01:10:10,729
in a significant battle at hermasgun the
sasanian forces known for their Cavalry
3106
01:10:10,729 --> 01:10:10,739
sasanian forces known for their Cavalry
3107
01:10:10,739 --> 01:10:13,070
sasanian forces known for their Cavalry
defeated the parthians and captured
3108
01:10:13,070 --> 01:10:13,080
defeated the parthians and captured
3109
01:10:13,080 --> 01:10:16,430
defeated the parthians and captured
artavenus V with this Victory ardish
3110
01:10:16,430 --> 01:10:16,440
artavenus V with this Victory ardish
3111
01:10:16,440 --> 01:10:19,430
artavenus V with this Victory ardish
here the first declared himself King and
3112
01:10:19,430 --> 01:10:19,440
here the first declared himself King and
3113
01:10:19,440 --> 01:10:22,070
here the first declared himself King and
established the sasanian Empire ardish
3114
01:10:22,070 --> 01:10:22,080
established the sasanian Empire ardish
3115
01:10:22,080 --> 01:10:24,229
established the sasanian Empire ardish
year the first quickly established a
3116
01:10:24,229 --> 01:10:24,239
year the first quickly established a
3117
01:10:24,239 --> 01:10:26,570
year the first quickly established a
centralized government and built a new
3118
01:10:26,570 --> 01:10:26,580
centralized government and built a new
3119
01:10:26,580 --> 01:10:29,270
centralized government and built a new
capital at tejafon on the Tigris River
3120
01:10:29,270 --> 01:10:29,280
capital at tejafon on the Tigris River
3121
01:10:29,280 --> 01:10:31,850
capital at tejafon on the Tigris River
he re-established the zoroastrian
3122
01:10:31,850 --> 01:10:31,860
he re-established the zoroastrian
3123
01:10:31,860 --> 01:10:33,830
he re-established the zoroastrian
religion which had been suppressed by
3124
01:10:33,830 --> 01:10:33,840
religion which had been suppressed by
3125
01:10:33,840 --> 01:10:36,350
religion which had been suppressed by
the parthians as the Empire's official
3126
01:10:36,350 --> 01:10:36,360
the parthians as the Empire's official
3127
01:10:36,360 --> 01:10:38,990
the parthians as the Empire's official
religion he also built a powerful
3128
01:10:38,990 --> 01:10:39,000
religion he also built a powerful
3129
01:10:39,000 --> 01:10:41,750
religion he also built a powerful
military machine with skilled Cavalry
3130
01:10:41,750 --> 01:10:41,760
military machine with skilled Cavalry
3131
01:10:41,760 --> 01:10:44,630
military machine with skilled Cavalry
and archers he began to expand his
3132
01:10:44,630 --> 01:10:44,640
and archers he began to expand his
3133
01:10:44,640 --> 01:10:46,790
and archers he began to expand his
territory by conquering neighboring
3134
01:10:46,790 --> 01:10:46,800
territory by conquering neighboring
3135
01:10:46,800 --> 01:10:49,669
territory by conquering neighboring
regions
3136
01:10:49,669 --> 01:10:49,679
3137
01:10:49,679 --> 01:10:52,189
as the parthians were on their way out
3138
01:10:52,189 --> 01:10:52,199
as the parthians were on their way out
3139
01:10:52,199 --> 01:10:55,010
as the parthians were on their way out
so were the Han the Han Dynasty's
3140
01:10:55,010 --> 01:10:55,020
so were the Han the Han Dynasty's
3141
01:10:55,020 --> 01:10:57,169
so were the Han the Han Dynasty's
downfall was marked by political
3142
01:10:57,169 --> 01:10:57,179
downfall was marked by political
3143
01:10:57,179 --> 01:11:00,290
downfall was marked by political
instability economic problems external
3144
01:11:00,290 --> 01:11:00,300
instability economic problems external
3145
01:11:00,300 --> 01:11:03,290
instability economic problems external
threats internal rebellions and power
3146
01:11:03,290 --> 01:11:03,300
threats internal rebellions and power
3147
01:11:03,300 --> 01:11:05,510
threats internal rebellions and power
struggles the weakening of central
3148
01:11:05,510 --> 01:11:05,520
struggles the weakening of central
3149
01:11:05,520 --> 01:11:08,270
struggles the weakening of central
Authority allowed Regional Warlords to
3150
01:11:08,270 --> 01:11:08,280
Authority allowed Regional Warlords to
3151
01:11:08,280 --> 01:11:10,189
Authority allowed Regional Warlords to
seize power and the government's
3152
01:11:10,189 --> 01:11:10,199
seize power and the government's
3153
01:11:10,199 --> 01:11:12,649
seize power and the government's
attempts to address economic issues were
3154
01:11:12,649 --> 01:11:12,659
attempts to address economic issues were
3155
01:11:12,659 --> 01:11:14,990
attempts to address economic issues were
unsuccessful external threats and
3156
01:11:14,990 --> 01:11:15,000
unsuccessful external threats and
3157
01:11:15,000 --> 01:11:17,570
unsuccessful external threats and
rebellions weakened the dynasty even
3158
01:11:17,570 --> 01:11:17,580
rebellions weakened the dynasty even
3159
01:11:17,580 --> 01:11:20,870
rebellions weakened the dynasty even
further a warlord named Sao P declared
3160
01:11:20,870 --> 01:11:20,880
further a warlord named Sao P declared
3161
01:11:20,880 --> 01:11:23,390
further a warlord named Sao P declared
himself Emperor and established the Wei
3162
01:11:23,390 --> 01:11:23,400
himself Emperor and established the Wei
3163
01:11:23,400 --> 01:11:26,270
himself Emperor and established the Wei
Dynasty officially ending the Han
3164
01:11:26,270 --> 01:11:26,280
Dynasty officially ending the Han
3165
01:11:26,280 --> 01:11:31,510
Dynasty officially ending the Han
Dynasty
3166
01:11:31,510 --> 01:11:31,520
3167
01:11:31,520 --> 01:11:35,709
while back in Rome emperor Diocletian
3168
01:11:35,709 --> 01:11:35,719
while back in Rome emperor Diocletian
3169
01:11:35,719 --> 01:11:39,229
while back in Rome emperor Diocletian
284-305 faced a problem Rome was
3170
01:11:39,229 --> 01:11:39,239
284-305 faced a problem Rome was
3171
01:11:39,239 --> 01:11:41,870
284-305 faced a problem Rome was
becoming too large and impossible to
3172
01:11:41,870 --> 01:11:41,880
becoming too large and impossible to
3173
01:11:41,880 --> 01:11:44,630
becoming too large and impossible to
manage so Diocletian created the Tetra
3174
01:11:44,630 --> 01:11:44,640
manage so Diocletian created the Tetra
3175
01:11:44,640 --> 01:11:46,669
manage so Diocletian created the Tetra
key and divided the region into four
3176
01:11:46,669 --> 01:11:46,679
key and divided the region into four
3177
01:11:46,679 --> 01:11:48,830
key and divided the region into four
where each region was governed by a
3178
01:11:48,830 --> 01:11:48,840
where each region was governed by a
3179
01:11:48,840 --> 01:11:51,169
where each region was governed by a
separate Emperor within the Tetra key
3180
01:11:51,169 --> 01:11:51,179
separate Emperor within the Tetra key
3181
01:11:51,179 --> 01:11:52,930
separate Emperor within the Tetra key
there were two types of Emperors
3182
01:11:52,930 --> 01:11:52,940
there were two types of Emperors
3183
01:11:52,940 --> 01:11:56,810
there were two types of Emperors
Augustus and Caesars Diocletian chose
3184
01:11:56,810 --> 01:11:56,820
Augustus and Caesars Diocletian chose
3185
01:11:56,820 --> 01:12:00,530
Augustus and Caesars Diocletian chose
maximian to be his equal to Augustus in
3186
01:12:00,530 --> 01:12:00,540
maximian to be his equal to Augustus in
3187
01:12:00,540 --> 01:12:03,169
maximian to be his equal to Augustus in
contrast galaris and constantius were
3188
01:12:03,169 --> 01:12:03,179
contrast galaris and constantius were
3189
01:12:03,179 --> 01:12:06,290
contrast galaris and constantius were
appointed to be Caesars however this
3190
01:12:06,290 --> 01:12:06,300
appointed to be Caesars however this
3191
01:12:06,300 --> 01:12:09,290
appointed to be Caesars however this
system created uncontrolled chaos and
3192
01:12:09,290 --> 01:12:09,300
system created uncontrolled chaos and
3193
01:12:09,300 --> 01:12:12,050
system created uncontrolled chaos and
Anarchy each Emperor had desires for
3194
01:12:12,050 --> 01:12:12,060
Anarchy each Emperor had desires for
3195
01:12:12,060 --> 01:12:14,689
Anarchy each Emperor had desires for
power and ambition and it all came to a
3196
01:12:14,689 --> 01:12:14,699
power and ambition and it all came to a
3197
01:12:14,699 --> 01:12:17,990
power and ambition and it all came to a
head in 305 when power shifted both
3198
01:12:17,990 --> 01:12:18,000
head in 305 when power shifted both
3199
01:12:18,000 --> 01:12:21,110
head in 305 when power shifted both
Diocletian and maximian retired and in
3200
01:12:21,110 --> 01:12:21,120
Diocletian and maximian retired and in
3201
01:12:21,120 --> 01:12:25,130
Diocletian and maximian retired and in
306 constantius died three out of the
3202
01:12:25,130 --> 01:12:25,140
306 constantius died three out of the
3203
01:12:25,140 --> 01:12:27,890
306 constantius died three out of the
four original leaders were left out of
3204
01:12:27,890 --> 01:12:27,900
four original leaders were left out of
3205
01:12:27,900 --> 01:12:30,770
four original leaders were left out of
the system leading to a power vacuum to
3206
01:12:30,770 --> 01:12:30,780
the system leading to a power vacuum to
3207
01:12:30,780 --> 01:12:33,229
the system leading to a power vacuum to
come emperor Constantine the Great was
3208
01:12:33,229 --> 01:12:33,239
come emperor Constantine the Great was
3209
01:12:33,239 --> 01:12:34,970
come emperor Constantine the Great was
appointed by his father's Army
3210
01:12:34,970 --> 01:12:34,980
appointed by his father's Army
3211
01:12:34,980 --> 01:12:38,570
appointed by his father's Army
unilaterally as an Augustus and a Caesar
3212
01:12:38,570 --> 01:12:38,580
unilaterally as an Augustus and a Caesar
3213
01:12:38,580 --> 01:12:40,850
unilaterally as an Augustus and a Caesar
at the same time to replace his father
3214
01:12:40,850 --> 01:12:40,860
at the same time to replace his father
3215
01:12:40,860 --> 01:12:43,850
at the same time to replace his father
at the same time maximum's son maxentius
3216
01:12:43,850 --> 01:12:43,860
at the same time maximum's son maxentius
3217
01:12:43,860 --> 01:12:45,709
at the same time maximum's son maxentius
felt as though he should have been
3218
01:12:45,709 --> 01:12:45,719
felt as though he should have been
3219
01:12:45,719 --> 01:12:48,169
felt as though he should have been
appointed Caesar instead of Valeria
3220
01:12:48,169 --> 01:12:48,179
appointed Caesar instead of Valeria
3221
01:12:48,179 --> 01:12:52,970
appointed Caesar instead of Valeria
Severus so in 307 maxentia sent his army
3222
01:12:52,970 --> 01:12:52,980
Severus so in 307 maxentia sent his army
3223
01:12:52,980 --> 01:12:55,910
Severus so in 307 maxentia sent his army
and forced Valerius Severus to surrender
3224
01:12:55,910 --> 01:12:55,920
and forced Valerius Severus to surrender
3225
01:12:55,920 --> 01:12:59,870
and forced Valerius Severus to surrender
come 308 galleris appointed lucinius to
3226
01:12:59,870 --> 01:12:59,880
come 308 galleris appointed lucinius to
3227
01:12:59,880 --> 01:13:02,689
come 308 galleris appointed lucinius to
replace him so on the west side of Rome
3228
01:13:02,689 --> 01:13:02,699
replace him so on the west side of Rome
3229
01:13:02,699 --> 01:13:05,689
replace him so on the west side of Rome
two Emperors wanted to rule Constantine
3230
01:13:05,689 --> 01:13:05,699
two Emperors wanted to rule Constantine
3231
01:13:05,699 --> 01:13:08,570
two Emperors wanted to rule Constantine
ruled over Gaul in Britain and maxentius
3232
01:13:08,570 --> 01:13:08,580
ruled over Gaul in Britain and maxentius
3233
01:13:08,580 --> 01:13:11,750
ruled over Gaul in Britain and maxentius
ruled Italy and North Africa mcsentius
3234
01:13:11,750 --> 01:13:11,760
ruled Italy and North Africa mcsentius
3235
01:13:11,760 --> 01:13:14,450
ruled Italy and North Africa mcsentius
had a difficult time consolidating his
3236
01:13:14,450 --> 01:13:14,460
had a difficult time consolidating his
3237
01:13:14,460 --> 01:13:17,030
had a difficult time consolidating his
power and he faced increasing resistance
3238
01:13:17,030 --> 01:13:17,040
power and he faced increasing resistance
3239
01:13:17,040 --> 01:13:19,370
power and he faced increasing resistance
from the people of Rome to try and
3240
01:13:19,370 --> 01:13:19,380
from the people of Rome to try and
3241
01:13:19,380 --> 01:13:21,950
from the people of Rome to try and
secure his hold on power maxentius
3242
01:13:21,950 --> 01:13:21,960
secure his hold on power maxentius
3243
01:13:21,960 --> 01:13:24,229
secure his hold on power maxentius
ordered the construction of a new bridge
3244
01:13:24,229 --> 01:13:24,239
ordered the construction of a new bridge
3245
01:13:24,239 --> 01:13:27,590
ordered the construction of a new bridge
across the Tiber River near Rome known
3246
01:13:27,590 --> 01:13:27,600
across the Tiber River near Rome known
3247
01:13:27,600 --> 01:13:30,709
across the Tiber River near Rome known
as the milvian Bridge Constantine saw
3248
01:13:30,709 --> 01:13:30,719
as the milvian Bridge Constantine saw
3249
01:13:30,719 --> 01:13:33,709
as the milvian Bridge Constantine saw
maxentius as a threat to his power so he
3250
01:13:33,709 --> 01:13:33,719
maxentius as a threat to his power so he
3251
01:13:33,719 --> 01:13:36,169
maxentius as a threat to his power so he
decided to march on Rome to confront him
3252
01:13:36,169 --> 01:13:36,179
decided to march on Rome to confront him
3253
01:13:36,179 --> 01:13:38,330
decided to march on Rome to confront him
as the two armies approached each other
3254
01:13:38,330 --> 01:13:38,340
as the two armies approached each other
3255
01:13:38,340 --> 01:13:41,090
as the two armies approached each other
near the milvian bridge Constantine had
3256
01:13:41,090 --> 01:13:41,100
near the milvian bridge Constantine had
3257
01:13:41,100 --> 01:13:43,669
near the milvian bridge Constantine had
a vision of a cross in the sky with the
3258
01:13:43,669 --> 01:13:43,679
a vision of a cross in the sky with the
3259
01:13:43,679 --> 01:13:47,330
a vision of a cross in the sky with the
words in this sign conquer some accounts
3260
01:13:47,330 --> 01:13:47,340
words in this sign conquer some accounts
3261
01:13:47,340 --> 01:13:49,130
words in this sign conquer some accounts
suggest that this Vision may have been a
3262
01:13:49,130 --> 01:13:49,140
suggest that this Vision may have been a
3263
01:13:49,140 --> 01:13:51,590
suggest that this Vision may have been a
dream or a hallucination While others
3264
01:13:51,590 --> 01:13:51,600
dream or a hallucination While others
3265
01:13:51,600 --> 01:13:53,149
dream or a hallucination While others
suggest that it may have been a sign
3266
01:13:53,149 --> 01:13:53,159
suggest that it may have been a sign
3267
01:13:53,159 --> 01:13:55,729
suggest that it may have been a sign
from God regardless of the nature of the
3268
01:13:55,729 --> 01:13:55,739
from God regardless of the nature of the
3269
01:13:55,739 --> 01:13:57,890
from God regardless of the nature of the
vision Constantine took it as a sign
3270
01:13:57,890 --> 01:13:57,900
vision Constantine took it as a sign
3271
01:13:57,900 --> 01:14:00,050
vision Constantine took it as a sign
that he would be victorious in battle if
3272
01:14:00,050 --> 01:14:00,060
that he would be victorious in battle if
3273
01:14:00,060 --> 01:14:01,669
that he would be victorious in battle if
he fought under the sign of the
3274
01:14:01,669 --> 01:14:01,679
he fought under the sign of the
3275
01:14:01,679 --> 01:14:03,890
he fought under the sign of the
Christian cross he had his soldiers
3276
01:14:03,890 --> 01:14:03,900
Christian cross he had his soldiers
3277
01:14:03,900 --> 01:14:05,689
Christian cross he had his soldiers
paint this symbol on their Shields and
3278
01:14:05,689 --> 01:14:05,699
paint this symbol on their Shields and
3279
01:14:05,699 --> 01:14:07,669
paint this symbol on their Shields and
Banners and he went into battle with
3280
01:14:07,669 --> 01:14:07,679
Banners and he went into battle with
3281
01:14:07,679 --> 01:14:10,250
Banners and he went into battle with
renewed Vigor and confidence the battle
3282
01:14:10,250 --> 01:14:10,260
renewed Vigor and confidence the battle
3283
01:14:10,260 --> 01:14:12,950
renewed Vigor and confidence the battle
was fierce and brutal with both sides
3284
01:14:12,950 --> 01:14:12,960
was fierce and brutal with both sides
3285
01:14:12,960 --> 01:14:16,130
was fierce and brutal with both sides
suffering heavy losses maxentius had a
3286
01:14:16,130 --> 01:14:16,140
suffering heavy losses maxentius had a
3287
01:14:16,140 --> 01:14:18,229
suffering heavy losses maxentius had a
larger Army but his troops were spread
3288
01:14:18,229 --> 01:14:18,239
larger Army but his troops were spread
3289
01:14:18,239 --> 01:14:20,689
larger Army but his troops were spread
out and disorganized Constantine was
3290
01:14:20,689 --> 01:14:20,699
out and disorganized Constantine was
3291
01:14:20,699 --> 01:14:22,550
out and disorganized Constantine was
able to take advantage of this and he
3292
01:14:22,550 --> 01:14:22,560
able to take advantage of this and he
3293
01:14:22,560 --> 01:14:25,189
able to take advantage of this and he
was able to push maxentius's forces back
3294
01:14:25,189 --> 01:14:25,199
was able to push maxentius's forces back
3295
01:14:25,199 --> 01:14:27,890
was able to push maxentius's forces back
towards the Tiber River in the chaos of
3296
01:14:27,890 --> 01:14:27,900
towards the Tiber River in the chaos of
3297
01:14:27,900 --> 01:14:30,649
towards the Tiber River in the chaos of
the retreat accentius was forced off the
3298
01:14:30,649 --> 01:14:30,659
the retreat accentius was forced off the
3299
01:14:30,659 --> 01:14:32,930
the retreat accentius was forced off the
milvian bridge and into the water where
3300
01:14:32,930 --> 01:14:32,940
milvian bridge and into the water where
3301
01:14:32,940 --> 01:14:35,270
milvian bridge and into the water where
he drowned shortly after his victory
3302
01:14:35,270 --> 01:14:35,280
he drowned shortly after his victory
3303
01:14:35,280 --> 01:14:38,209
he drowned shortly after his victory
Constantine met licinia said mediolanum
3304
01:14:38,209 --> 01:14:38,219
Constantine met licinia said mediolanum
3305
01:14:38,219 --> 01:14:40,669
Constantine met licinia said mediolanum
modern Milan to confirm several
3306
01:14:40,669 --> 01:14:40,679
modern Milan to confirm several
3307
01:14:40,679 --> 01:14:43,130
modern Milan to confirm several
political and dynastic arrangements to
3308
01:14:43,130 --> 01:14:43,140
political and dynastic arrangements to
3309
01:14:43,140 --> 01:14:45,830
political and dynastic arrangements to
produce the Edict of Milan this edict
3310
01:14:45,830 --> 01:14:45,840
produce the Edict of Milan this edict
3311
01:14:45,840 --> 01:14:48,229
produce the Edict of Milan this edict
gave power for Eastern Rome to the
3312
01:14:48,229 --> 01:14:48,239
gave power for Eastern Rome to the
3313
01:14:48,239 --> 01:14:51,229
gave power for Eastern Rome to the
sinius and Constantine's Soul power of
3314
01:14:51,229 --> 01:14:51,239
sinius and Constantine's Soul power of
3315
01:14:51,239 --> 01:14:53,689
sinius and Constantine's Soul power of
the West more importantly though this
3316
01:14:53,689 --> 01:14:53,699
the West more importantly though this
3317
01:14:53,699 --> 01:14:55,790
the West more importantly though this
document extended religious tolerance
3318
01:14:55,790 --> 01:14:55,800
document extended religious tolerance
3319
01:14:55,800 --> 01:14:58,070
document extended religious tolerance
for Christians and restored any
3320
01:14:58,070 --> 01:14:58,080
for Christians and restored any
3321
01:14:58,080 --> 01:15:00,590
for Christians and restored any
properties confiscated from them during
3322
01:15:00,590 --> 01:15:00,600
properties confiscated from them during
3323
01:15:00,600 --> 01:15:03,290
properties confiscated from them during
the persecution however the peaceful
3324
01:15:03,290 --> 01:15:03,300
the persecution however the peaceful
3325
01:15:03,300 --> 01:15:05,570
the persecution however the peaceful
coexistence of both rulers was
3326
01:15:05,570 --> 01:15:05,580
coexistence of both rulers was
3327
01:15:05,580 --> 01:15:08,149
coexistence of both rulers was
short-lived though the edict allowed for
3328
01:15:08,149 --> 01:15:08,159
short-lived though the edict allowed for
3329
01:15:08,159 --> 01:15:10,850
short-lived though the edict allowed for
the safety of Christians the sinius was
3330
01:15:10,850 --> 01:15:10,860
the safety of Christians the sinius was
3331
01:15:10,860 --> 01:15:13,310
the safety of Christians the sinius was
still very much a paganist their
3332
01:15:13,310 --> 01:15:13,320
still very much a paganist their
3333
01:15:13,320 --> 01:15:15,709
still very much a paganist their
differences started to grow all came
3334
01:15:15,709 --> 01:15:15,719
differences started to grow all came
3335
01:15:15,719 --> 01:15:19,490
differences started to grow all came
near the city of chrysopolis in 324 A.D
3336
01:15:19,490 --> 01:15:19,500
near the city of chrysopolis in 324 A.D
3337
01:15:19,500 --> 01:15:21,669
near the city of chrysopolis in 324 A.D
where both armies went and fought
3338
01:15:21,669 --> 01:15:21,679
where both armies went and fought
3339
01:15:21,679 --> 01:15:24,169
where both armies went and fought
Constantine's military might was on
3340
01:15:24,169 --> 01:15:24,179
Constantine's military might was on
3341
01:15:24,179 --> 01:15:26,870
Constantine's military might was on
display he was able to force the Eastern
3342
01:15:26,870 --> 01:15:26,880
display he was able to force the Eastern
3343
01:15:26,880 --> 01:15:29,570
display he was able to force the Eastern
Roman army towards the sea leaving many
3344
01:15:29,570 --> 01:15:29,580
Roman army towards the sea leaving many
3345
01:15:29,580 --> 01:15:32,450
Roman army towards the sea leaving many
to be killed or captured Constantine was
3346
01:15:32,450 --> 01:15:32,460
to be killed or captured Constantine was
3347
01:15:32,460 --> 01:15:35,149
to be killed or captured Constantine was
declared the sole leader of Rome and
3348
01:15:35,149 --> 01:15:35,159
declared the sole leader of Rome and
3349
01:15:35,159 --> 01:15:37,790
declared the sole leader of Rome and
lassinius was declared dead by hanging
3350
01:15:37,790 --> 01:15:37,800
lassinius was declared dead by hanging
3351
01:15:37,800 --> 01:15:39,830
lassinius was declared dead by hanging
he renamed the Eastern Roman capital
3352
01:15:39,830 --> 01:15:39,840
he renamed the Eastern Roman capital
3353
01:15:39,840 --> 01:15:43,130
he renamed the Eastern Roman capital
from Byzantium to Constantinople to
3354
01:15:43,130 --> 01:15:43,140
from Byzantium to Constantinople to
3355
01:15:43,140 --> 01:15:46,450
from Byzantium to Constantinople to
celebrate his victory then in 325 A.D
3356
01:15:46,450 --> 01:15:46,460
celebrate his victory then in 325 A.D
3357
01:15:46,460 --> 01:15:48,590
celebrate his victory then in 325 A.D
Constantine presided over the First
3358
01:15:48,590 --> 01:15:48,600
Constantine presided over the First
3359
01:15:48,600 --> 01:15:51,649
Constantine presided over the First
Council of nicia when the 300 Bishops
3360
01:15:51,649 --> 01:15:51,659
Council of nicia when the 300 Bishops
3361
01:15:51,659 --> 01:15:54,290
Council of nicia when the 300 Bishops
established the now famous Nicene Creed
3362
01:15:54,290 --> 01:15:54,300
established the now famous Nicene Creed
3363
01:15:54,300 --> 01:15:56,510
established the now famous Nicene Creed
which declared that Jesus Christ was
3364
01:15:56,510 --> 01:15:56,520
which declared that Jesus Christ was
3365
01:15:56,520 --> 01:16:00,229
which declared that Jesus Christ was
begotten not made and of one substance
3366
01:16:00,229 --> 01:16:00,239
begotten not made and of one substance
3367
01:16:00,239 --> 01:16:02,990
begotten not made and of one substance
with the father Constantine was finally
3368
01:16:02,990 --> 01:16:03,000
with the father Constantine was finally
3369
01:16:03,000 --> 01:16:06,110
with the father Constantine was finally
baptized as a Christian on his deathbed
3370
01:16:06,110 --> 01:16:06,120
baptized as a Christian on his deathbed
3371
01:16:06,120 --> 01:16:10,669
baptized as a Christian on his deathbed
in 337 A.D
3372
01:16:10,669 --> 01:16:10,679
3373
01:16:10,679 --> 01:16:14,510
foreign
3374
01:16:14,510 --> 01:16:14,520
3375
01:16:14,520 --> 01:16:18,350
come 370 A.D a new player was on the
3376
01:16:18,350 --> 01:16:18,360
come 370 A.D a new player was on the
3377
01:16:18,360 --> 01:16:21,890
come 370 A.D a new player was on the
scenes the Huns were a barbaric nomadic
3378
01:16:21,890 --> 01:16:21,900
scenes the Huns were a barbaric nomadic
3379
01:16:21,900 --> 01:16:25,189
scenes the Huns were a barbaric nomadic
civilization who were masters of warfare
3380
01:16:25,189 --> 01:16:25,199
civilization who were masters of warfare
3381
01:16:25,199 --> 01:16:27,350
civilization who were masters of warfare
according to Legends they were taught
3382
01:16:27,350 --> 01:16:27,360
according to Legends they were taught
3383
01:16:27,360 --> 01:16:29,630
according to Legends they were taught
horsemanship as early as the age of
3384
01:16:29,630 --> 01:16:29,640
horsemanship as early as the age of
3385
01:16:29,640 --> 01:16:31,910
horsemanship as early as the age of
three also they would attack their own
3386
01:16:31,910 --> 01:16:31,920
three also they would attack their own
3387
01:16:31,920 --> 01:16:34,010
three also they would attack their own
with a sword to teach them how to endure
3388
01:16:34,010 --> 01:16:34,020
with a sword to teach them how to endure
3389
01:16:34,020 --> 01:16:36,410
with a sword to teach them how to endure
pain these people weren't to be messed
3390
01:16:36,410 --> 01:16:36,420
pain these people weren't to be messed
3391
01:16:36,420 --> 01:16:38,810
pain these people weren't to be messed
lightly with when they crossed the Volga
3392
01:16:38,810 --> 01:16:38,820
lightly with when they crossed the Volga
3393
01:16:38,820 --> 01:16:41,930
lightly with when they crossed the Volga
River in 370 on their horses and lusted
3394
01:16:41,930 --> 01:16:41,940
River in 370 on their horses and lusted
3395
01:16:41,940 --> 01:16:44,810
River in 370 on their horses and lusted
for blood the Allen civilization didn't
3396
01:16:44,810 --> 01:16:44,820
for blood the Allen civilization didn't
3397
01:16:44,820 --> 01:16:47,689
for blood the Allen civilization didn't
stand much chance two years later they
3398
01:16:47,689 --> 01:16:47,699
stand much chance two years later they
3399
01:16:47,699 --> 01:16:50,270
stand much chance two years later they
attacked the ostrogoths an Eastern tribe
3400
01:16:50,270 --> 01:16:50,280
attacked the ostrogoths an Eastern tribe
3401
01:16:50,280 --> 01:16:52,669
attacked the ostrogoths an Eastern tribe
of Germanic Goths who harassed the Roman
3402
01:16:52,669 --> 01:16:52,679
of Germanic Goths who harassed the Roman
3403
01:16:52,679 --> 01:16:54,830
of Germanic Goths who harassed the Roman
Empire by frequently attacking their
3404
01:16:54,830 --> 01:16:54,840
Empire by frequently attacking their
3405
01:16:54,840 --> 01:16:58,669
Empire by frequently attacking their
territories by 376 the Huns had attacked
3406
01:16:58,669 --> 01:16:58,679
territories by 376 the Huns had attacked
3407
01:16:58,679 --> 01:17:01,550
territories by 376 the Huns had attacked
the Visigoths the Western tribe of Goths
3408
01:17:01,550 --> 01:17:01,560
the Visigoths the Western tribe of Goths
3409
01:17:01,560 --> 01:17:04,370
the Visigoths the Western tribe of Goths
and forced them to seek Sanctuary within
3410
01:17:04,370 --> 01:17:04,380
and forced them to seek Sanctuary within
3411
01:17:04,380 --> 01:17:07,189
and forced them to seek Sanctuary within
the Roman Empire as the Huns dominated
3412
01:17:07,189 --> 01:17:07,199
the Roman Empire as the Huns dominated
3413
01:17:07,199 --> 01:17:09,950
the Roman Empire as the Huns dominated
goth and visigoth lands they earned a
3414
01:17:09,950 --> 01:17:09,960
goth and visigoth lands they earned a
3415
01:17:09,960 --> 01:17:12,709
goth and visigoth lands they earned a
new reputation as the new Barbarians in
3416
01:17:12,709 --> 01:17:12,719
new reputation as the new Barbarians in
3417
01:17:12,719 --> 01:17:17,390
new reputation as the new Barbarians in
town and seemed adoptable by 395 A.D
3418
01:17:17,390 --> 01:17:17,400
town and seemed adoptable by 395 A.D
3419
01:17:17,400 --> 01:17:20,689
town and seemed adoptable by 395 A.D
they began invading Roman domains and
3420
01:17:20,689 --> 01:17:20,699
they began invading Roman domains and
3421
01:17:20,699 --> 01:17:22,850
they began invading Roman domains and
some Roman Christians believed they were
3422
01:17:22,850 --> 01:17:22,860
some Roman Christians believed they were
3423
01:17:22,860 --> 01:17:26,930
some Roman Christians believed they were
devils who arrived Straight From Hell
3424
01:17:26,930 --> 01:17:26,940
devils who arrived Straight From Hell
3425
01:17:26,940 --> 01:17:29,209
devils who arrived Straight From Hell
the reason they started invading Rome
3426
01:17:29,209 --> 01:17:29,219
the reason they started invading Rome
3427
01:17:29,219 --> 01:17:31,370
the reason they started invading Rome
was because of the death of theodosius
3428
01:17:31,370 --> 01:17:31,380
was because of the death of theodosius
3429
01:17:31,380 --> 01:17:33,830
was because of the death of theodosius
the great his shining achievement as
3430
01:17:33,830 --> 01:17:33,840
the great his shining achievement as
3431
01:17:33,840 --> 01:17:36,050
the great his shining achievement as
Emperor was keeping the Goths and the
3432
01:17:36,050 --> 01:17:36,060
Emperor was keeping the Goths and the
3433
01:17:36,060 --> 01:17:39,110
Emperor was keeping the Goths and the
Huns at Bay but on death he decided to
3434
01:17:39,110 --> 01:17:39,120
Huns at Bay but on death he decided to
3435
01:17:39,120 --> 01:17:41,930
Huns at Bay but on death he decided to
follow the ideas of Diocletian and split
3436
01:17:41,930 --> 01:17:41,940
follow the ideas of Diocletian and split
3437
01:17:41,940 --> 01:17:44,630
follow the ideas of Diocletian and split
the Empire up again splitting up control
3438
01:17:44,630 --> 01:17:44,640
the Empire up again splitting up control
3439
01:17:44,640 --> 01:17:47,630
the Empire up again splitting up control
between his two sons arcadius in the
3440
01:17:47,630 --> 01:17:47,640
between his two sons arcadius in the
3441
01:17:47,640 --> 01:17:50,450
between his two sons arcadius in the
East and honorius in the west making
3442
01:17:50,450 --> 01:17:50,460
East and honorius in the west making
3443
01:17:50,460 --> 01:17:53,570
East and honorius in the west making
theodosius the last leader of a United
3444
01:17:53,570 --> 01:17:53,580
theodosius the last leader of a United
3445
01:17:53,580 --> 01:17:55,850
theodosius the last leader of a United
Rome
3446
01:17:55,850 --> 01:17:55,860
Rome
3447
01:17:55,860 --> 01:17:58,669
Rome
with honorius in charge the incapable
3448
01:17:58,669 --> 01:17:58,679
with honorius in charge the incapable
3449
01:17:58,679 --> 01:18:01,310
with honorius in charge the incapable
general made Western Rome an easy target
3450
01:18:01,310 --> 01:18:01,320
general made Western Rome an easy target
3451
01:18:01,320 --> 01:18:03,890
general made Western Rome an easy target
to be bullied the Visigoths looking for
3452
01:18:03,890 --> 01:18:03,900
to be bullied the Visigoths looking for
3453
01:18:03,900 --> 01:18:06,229
to be bullied the Visigoths looking for
a new place to live had their eyes set
3454
01:18:06,229 --> 01:18:06,239
a new place to live had their eyes set
3455
01:18:06,239 --> 01:18:09,709
a new place to live had their eyes set
on Rome so throughout the early 410s the
3456
01:18:09,709 --> 01:18:09,719
on Rome so throughout the early 410s the
3457
01:18:09,719 --> 01:18:12,709
on Rome so throughout the early 410s the
Visigoths ransacked various Roman cities
3458
01:18:12,709 --> 01:18:12,719
Visigoths ransacked various Roman cities
3459
01:18:12,719 --> 01:18:17,149
Visigoths ransacked various Roman cities
then on August 24th 410 the visigoth
3460
01:18:17,149 --> 01:18:17,159
then on August 24th 410 the visigoth
3461
01:18:17,159 --> 01:18:19,850
then on August 24th 410 the visigoth
sacked Rome taking control of this
3462
01:18:19,850 --> 01:18:19,860
sacked Rome taking control of this
3463
01:18:19,860 --> 01:18:22,729
sacked Rome taking control of this
historic City it was the first time in
3464
01:18:22,729 --> 01:18:22,739
historic City it was the first time in
3465
01:18:22,739 --> 01:18:25,729
historic City it was the first time in
nearly 800 years that a foreign army
3466
01:18:25,729 --> 01:18:25,739
nearly 800 years that a foreign army
3467
01:18:25,739 --> 01:18:28,310
nearly 800 years that a foreign army
occupied the city of Rome however the
3468
01:18:28,310 --> 01:18:28,320
occupied the city of Rome however the
3469
01:18:28,320 --> 01:18:30,709
occupied the city of Rome however the
Visigoths couldn't maintain control of
3470
01:18:30,709 --> 01:18:30,719
Visigoths couldn't maintain control of
3471
01:18:30,719 --> 01:18:33,590
Visigoths couldn't maintain control of
Rome instead they continued to ransack
3472
01:18:33,590 --> 01:18:33,600
Rome instead they continued to ransack
3473
01:18:33,600 --> 01:18:36,229
Rome instead they continued to ransack
Roman territories until they established
3474
01:18:36,229 --> 01:18:36,239
Roman territories until they established
3475
01:18:36,239 --> 01:18:41,330
Roman territories until they established
their Kingdom in 418 in modern day Spain
3476
01:18:41,330 --> 01:18:41,340
their Kingdom in 418 in modern day Spain
3477
01:18:41,340 --> 01:18:44,030
their Kingdom in 418 in modern day Spain
while the prospects of existence weren't
3478
01:18:44,030 --> 01:18:44,040
while the prospects of existence weren't
3479
01:18:44,040 --> 01:18:46,430
while the prospects of existence weren't
so much better in eastern Rome the
3480
01:18:46,430 --> 01:18:46,440
so much better in eastern Rome the
3481
01:18:46,440 --> 01:18:48,470
so much better in eastern Rome the
notorious Attila the Hun was gaining
3482
01:18:48,470 --> 01:18:48,480
notorious Attila the Hun was gaining
3483
01:18:48,480 --> 01:18:50,750
notorious Attila the Hun was gaining
power and his brutal tactics called him
3484
01:18:50,750 --> 01:18:50,760
power and his brutal tactics called him
3485
01:18:50,760 --> 01:18:53,689
power and his brutal tactics called him
the scourge of God after a failed peace
3486
01:18:53,689 --> 01:18:53,699
the scourge of God after a failed peace
3487
01:18:53,699 --> 01:18:56,750
the scourge of God after a failed peace
attempt in 441 Attila and his army
3488
01:18:56,750 --> 01:18:56,760
attempt in 441 Attila and his army
3489
01:18:56,760 --> 01:18:58,669
attempt in 441 Attila and his army
stormed through the Balkans and the
3490
01:18:58,669 --> 01:18:58,679
stormed through the Balkans and the
3491
01:18:58,679 --> 01:19:01,250
stormed through the Balkans and the
danuban frontier another peace treaty
3492
01:19:01,250 --> 01:19:01,260
danuban frontier another peace treaty
3493
01:19:01,260 --> 01:19:04,790
danuban frontier another peace treaty
was forged in 442 but Attila attacked
3494
01:19:04,790 --> 01:19:04,800
was forged in 442 but Attila attacked
3495
01:19:04,800 --> 01:19:08,870
was forged in 442 but Attila attacked
again in 443 killing ransacking and
3496
01:19:08,870 --> 01:19:08,880
again in 443 killing ransacking and
3497
01:19:08,880 --> 01:19:11,149
again in 443 killing ransacking and
pillaging his way to the well-fortified
3498
01:19:11,149 --> 01:19:11,159
pillaging his way to the well-fortified
3499
01:19:11,159 --> 01:19:14,350
pillaging his way to the well-fortified
city of Constantinople however due to
3500
01:19:14,350 --> 01:19:14,360
city of Constantinople however due to
3501
01:19:14,360 --> 01:19:16,790
city of Constantinople however due to
constantinople's high walls Attila
3502
01:19:16,790 --> 01:19:16,800
constantinople's high walls Attila
3503
01:19:16,800 --> 01:19:19,550
constantinople's high walls Attila
couldn't conquer it instead Attila was
3504
01:19:19,550 --> 01:19:19,560
couldn't conquer it instead Attila was
3505
01:19:19,560 --> 01:19:21,770
couldn't conquer it instead Attila was
able to muster another peace agreement
3506
01:19:21,770 --> 01:19:21,780
able to muster another peace agreement
3507
01:19:21,780 --> 01:19:24,470
able to muster another peace agreement
he would leave Constantinople alone in
3508
01:19:24,470 --> 01:19:24,480
he would leave Constantinople alone in
3509
01:19:24,480 --> 01:19:27,890
he would leave Constantinople alone in
exchange for an annual tribute of 2100
3510
01:19:27,890 --> 01:19:27,900
exchange for an annual tribute of 2100
3511
01:19:27,900 --> 01:19:31,970
exchange for an annual tribute of 2100
pounds of gold a staggering sum then in
3512
01:19:31,970 --> 01:19:31,980
pounds of gold a staggering sum then in
3513
01:19:31,980 --> 01:19:35,570
pounds of gold a staggering sum then in
451 the Huns invaded the Gauls allowing
3514
01:19:35,570 --> 01:19:35,580
451 the Huns invaded the Gauls allowing
3515
01:19:35,580 --> 01:19:38,030
451 the Huns invaded the Gauls allowing
the once enemies of the Visigoths and
3516
01:19:38,030 --> 01:19:38,040
the once enemies of the Visigoths and
3517
01:19:38,040 --> 01:19:40,189
the once enemies of the Visigoths and
the Romans to wise up and work together
3518
01:19:40,189 --> 01:19:40,199
the Romans to wise up and work together
3519
01:19:40,199 --> 01:19:41,750
the Romans to wise up and work together
to fight the Hun
3520
01:19:41,750 --> 01:19:41,760
to fight the Hun
3521
01:19:41,760 --> 01:19:44,209
to fight the Hun
according to Legend the night before the
3522
01:19:44,209 --> 01:19:44,219
according to Legend the night before the
3523
01:19:44,219 --> 01:19:46,310
according to Legend the night before the
imminent battle Attila consulted
3524
01:19:46,310 --> 01:19:46,320
imminent battle Attila consulted
3525
01:19:46,320 --> 01:19:49,370
imminent battle Attila consulted
sacrificed bones and saw that thousands
3526
01:19:49,370 --> 01:19:49,380
sacrificed bones and saw that thousands
3527
01:19:49,380 --> 01:19:52,070
sacrificed bones and saw that thousands
of his army would fall in the fight the
3528
01:19:52,070 --> 01:19:52,080
of his army would fall in the fight the
3529
01:19:52,080 --> 01:19:55,130
of his army would fall in the fight the
next day his premonition came true in
3530
01:19:55,130 --> 01:19:55,140
next day his premonition came true in
3531
01:19:55,140 --> 01:19:56,930
next day his premonition came true in
the battle of the catalonian Plains
3532
01:19:56,930 --> 01:19:56,940
the battle of the catalonian Plains
3533
01:19:56,940 --> 01:20:00,169
the battle of the catalonian Plains
after hours of ferocious fighting tens
3534
01:20:00,169 --> 01:20:00,179
after hours of ferocious fighting tens
3535
01:20:00,179 --> 01:20:02,930
after hours of ferocious fighting tens
of thousands of soldiers lay dead giving
3536
01:20:02,930 --> 01:20:02,940
of thousands of soldiers lay dead giving
3537
01:20:02,940 --> 01:20:05,689
of thousands of soldiers lay dead giving
Attila his first and only military
3538
01:20:05,689 --> 01:20:05,699
Attila his first and only military
3539
01:20:05,699 --> 01:20:08,990
Attila his first and only military
defeat in history however even after the
3540
01:20:08,990 --> 01:20:09,000
defeat in history however even after the
3541
01:20:09,000 --> 01:20:11,870
defeat in history however even after the
loss Attila and his army marched on and
3542
01:20:11,870 --> 01:20:11,880
loss Attila and his army marched on and
3543
01:20:11,880 --> 01:20:14,750
loss Attila and his army marched on and
returned to Italy continuously ravaging
3544
01:20:14,750 --> 01:20:14,760
returned to Italy continuously ravaging
3545
01:20:14,760 --> 01:20:18,590
returned to Italy continuously ravaging
the cities in 452 with Roman's sight he
3546
01:20:18,590 --> 01:20:18,600
the cities in 452 with Roman's sight he
3547
01:20:18,600 --> 01:20:21,470
the cities in 452 with Roman's sight he
met Pope Leo the first who acted as an
3548
01:20:21,470 --> 01:20:21,480
met Pope Leo the first who acted as an
3549
01:20:21,480 --> 01:20:24,350
met Pope Leo the first who acted as an
emissary between Attila and Rome there's
3550
01:20:24,350 --> 01:20:24,360
emissary between Attila and Rome there's
3551
01:20:24,360 --> 01:20:27,050
emissary between Attila and Rome there's
no record of what they discussed still
3552
01:20:27,050 --> 01:20:27,060
no record of what they discussed still
3553
01:20:27,060 --> 01:20:29,390
no record of what they discussed still
according to Legend the apparitions of
3554
01:20:29,390 --> 01:20:29,400
according to Legend the apparitions of
3555
01:20:29,400 --> 01:20:31,550
according to Legend the apparitions of
Saint Paul and Saint Peter appeared to
3556
01:20:31,550 --> 01:20:31,560
Saint Paul and Saint Peter appeared to
3557
01:20:31,560 --> 01:20:34,130
Saint Paul and Saint Peter appeared to
Attila they threatened to kill him if he
3558
01:20:34,130 --> 01:20:34,140
Attila they threatened to kill him if he
3559
01:20:34,140 --> 01:20:36,490
Attila they threatened to kill him if he
didn't negotiate with Pope Leo the first
3560
01:20:36,490 --> 01:20:36,500
didn't negotiate with Pope Leo the first
3561
01:20:36,500 --> 01:20:39,290
didn't negotiate with Pope Leo the first
Attila decided to pull out of Italy in
3562
01:20:39,290 --> 01:20:39,300
Attila decided to pull out of Italy in
3563
01:20:39,300 --> 01:20:41,750
Attila decided to pull out of Italy in
return to the great Hungarian plane
3564
01:20:41,750 --> 01:20:41,760
return to the great Hungarian plane
3565
01:20:41,760 --> 01:20:43,910
return to the great Hungarian plane
whether because of his fear of the Pope
3566
01:20:43,910 --> 01:20:43,920
whether because of his fear of the Pope
3567
01:20:43,920 --> 01:20:46,790
whether because of his fear of the Pope
and his saintly allies or because of his
3568
01:20:46,790 --> 01:20:46,800
and his saintly allies or because of his
3569
01:20:46,800 --> 01:20:48,890
and his saintly allies or because of his
troops were stretched too thin and
3570
01:20:48,890 --> 01:20:48,900
troops were stretched too thin and
3571
01:20:48,900 --> 01:20:52,010
troops were stretched too thin and
weakened by malaria
3572
01:20:52,010 --> 01:20:52,020
weakened by malaria
3573
01:20:52,020 --> 01:20:54,530
weakened by malaria
however the struggle for Western Rome
3574
01:20:54,530 --> 01:20:54,540
however the struggle for Western Rome
3575
01:20:54,540 --> 01:20:59,030
however the struggle for Western Rome
wasn't over in 476 A.D the young Emperor
3576
01:20:59,030 --> 01:20:59,040
wasn't over in 476 A.D the young Emperor
3577
01:20:59,040 --> 01:21:01,610
wasn't over in 476 A.D the young Emperor
Romulus Augustus had trouble keeping
3578
01:21:01,610 --> 01:21:01,620
Romulus Augustus had trouble keeping
3579
01:21:01,620 --> 01:21:04,370
Romulus Augustus had trouble keeping
power for himself as many Romans felt he
3580
01:21:04,370 --> 01:21:04,380
power for himself as many Romans felt he
3581
01:21:04,380 --> 01:21:06,709
power for himself as many Romans felt he
was illegitimate so the Eastern Roman
3582
01:21:06,709 --> 01:21:06,719
was illegitimate so the Eastern Roman
3583
01:21:06,719 --> 01:21:09,590
was illegitimate so the Eastern Roman
Empire sent the Germanic General odesser
3584
01:21:09,590 --> 01:21:09,600
Empire sent the Germanic General odesser
3585
01:21:09,600 --> 01:21:12,350
Empire sent the Germanic General odesser
and his mercenaries to suppress a Revolt
3586
01:21:12,350 --> 01:21:12,360
and his mercenaries to suppress a Revolt
3587
01:21:12,360 --> 01:21:14,990
and his mercenaries to suppress a Revolt
by the Roman army in the region however
3588
01:21:14,990 --> 01:21:15,000
by the Roman army in the region however
3589
01:21:15,000 --> 01:21:17,450
by the Roman army in the region however
instead of supporting the Eastern Roman
3590
01:21:17,450 --> 01:21:17,460
instead of supporting the Eastern Roman
3591
01:21:17,460 --> 01:21:20,390
instead of supporting the Eastern Roman
Empire odaiser saw an opportunity to
3592
01:21:20,390 --> 01:21:20,400
Empire odaiser saw an opportunity to
3593
01:21:20,400 --> 01:21:23,090
Empire odaiser saw an opportunity to
seize power for himself he turned
3594
01:21:23,090 --> 01:21:23,100
seize power for himself he turned
3595
01:21:23,100 --> 01:21:25,430
seize power for himself he turned
against the Roman government and opposed
3596
01:21:25,430 --> 01:21:25,440
against the Roman government and opposed
3597
01:21:25,440 --> 01:21:28,250
against the Roman government and opposed
the last Western Roman Emperor Romulus
3598
01:21:28,250 --> 01:21:28,260
the last Western Roman Emperor Romulus
3599
01:21:28,260 --> 01:21:31,729
the last Western Roman Emperor Romulus
Augustus effectively marking the end of
3600
01:21:31,729 --> 01:21:31,739
Augustus effectively marking the end of
3601
01:21:31,739 --> 01:21:34,610
Augustus effectively marking the end of
the Western Roman Empire as the steps of
3602
01:21:34,610 --> 01:21:34,620
the Western Roman Empire as the steps of
3603
01:21:34,620 --> 01:21:37,189
the Western Roman Empire as the steps of
his victory odaiser was declared the
3604
01:21:37,189 --> 01:21:37,199
his victory odaiser was declared the
3605
01:21:37,199 --> 01:21:40,430
his victory odaiser was declared the
king of Italy however odaiser's victory
3606
01:21:40,430 --> 01:21:40,440
king of Italy however odaiser's victory
3607
01:21:40,440 --> 01:21:44,090
king of Italy however odaiser's victory
was short-lived because in 493 theodoric
3608
01:21:44,090 --> 01:21:44,100
was short-lived because in 493 theodoric
3609
01:21:44,100 --> 01:21:46,310
was short-lived because in 493 theodoric
the great of the ostrogoths with the
3610
01:21:46,310 --> 01:21:46,320
the great of the ostrogoths with the
3611
01:21:46,320 --> 01:21:48,530
the great of the ostrogoths with the
support of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno
3612
01:21:48,530 --> 01:21:48,540
support of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno
3613
01:21:48,540 --> 01:21:51,229
support of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno
came in and created the ostrogothic
3614
01:21:51,229 --> 01:21:51,239
came in and created the ostrogothic
3615
01:21:51,239 --> 01:21:54,830
came in and created the ostrogothic
kingdom of Italy sending odiasur to meet
3616
01:21:54,830 --> 01:21:54,840
kingdom of Italy sending odiasur to meet
3617
01:21:54,840 --> 01:21:58,390
kingdom of Italy sending odiasur to meet
his fate
3618
01:21:58,390 --> 01:21:58,400
3619
01:21:58,400 --> 01:22:01,070
while Europe was in the Crux of a Dark
3620
01:22:01,070 --> 01:22:01,080
while Europe was in the Crux of a Dark
3621
01:22:01,080 --> 01:22:04,550
while Europe was in the Crux of a Dark
Age India under the Gupta Empire was in
3622
01:22:04,550 --> 01:22:04,560
Age India under the Gupta Empire was in
3623
01:22:04,560 --> 01:22:07,430
Age India under the Gupta Empire was in
a mathematical Golden Age great
3624
01:22:07,430 --> 01:22:07,440
a mathematical Golden Age great
3625
01:22:07,440 --> 01:22:09,890
a mathematical Golden Age great
mathematicians like Brahma Gupta started
3626
01:22:09,890 --> 01:22:09,900
mathematicians like Brahma Gupta started
3627
01:22:09,900 --> 01:22:12,649
mathematicians like Brahma Gupta started
using zero as a placeholder and as
3628
01:22:12,649 --> 01:22:12,659
using zero as a placeholder and as
3629
01:22:12,659 --> 01:22:14,570
using zero as a placeholder and as
various solutions for mathematical
3630
01:22:14,570 --> 01:22:14,580
various solutions for mathematical
3631
01:22:14,580 --> 01:22:17,630
various solutions for mathematical
equations the astronomer arabata was
3632
01:22:17,630 --> 01:22:17,640
equations the astronomer arabata was
3633
01:22:17,640 --> 01:22:19,850
equations the astronomer arabata was
able to calculate the circumference of
3634
01:22:19,850 --> 01:22:19,860
able to calculate the circumference of
3635
01:22:19,860 --> 01:22:22,070
able to calculate the circumference of
the earth he proved the world was round
3636
01:22:22,070 --> 01:22:22,080
the earth he proved the world was round
3637
01:22:22,080 --> 01:22:24,970
the earth he proved the world was round
long before it was globally accepted
3638
01:22:24,970 --> 01:22:24,980
long before it was globally accepted
3639
01:22:24,980 --> 01:22:27,830
long before it was globally accepted
arabata was also able to develop methods
3640
01:22:27,830 --> 01:22:27,840
arabata was also able to develop methods
3641
01:22:27,840 --> 01:22:30,169
arabata was also able to develop methods
for calculating pi and square roots
3642
01:22:30,169 --> 01:22:30,179
for calculating pi and square roots
3643
01:22:30,179 --> 01:22:32,870
for calculating pi and square roots
however his crowning achievement was
3644
01:22:32,870 --> 01:22:32,880
however his crowning achievement was
3645
01:22:32,880 --> 01:22:35,330
however his crowning achievement was
creating the concept of an asymptote
3646
01:22:35,330 --> 01:22:35,340
creating the concept of an asymptote
3647
01:22:35,340 --> 01:22:37,970
creating the concept of an asymptote
which is a line that approaches the
3648
01:22:37,970 --> 01:22:37,980
which is a line that approaches the
3649
01:22:37,980 --> 01:22:41,750
which is a line that approaches the
curve but never touches it
3650
01:22:41,750 --> 01:22:41,760
curve but never touches it
3651
01:22:41,760 --> 01:22:44,390
curve but never touches it
the Franks under Clovis the first had
3652
01:22:44,390 --> 01:22:44,400
the Franks under Clovis the first had
3653
01:22:44,400 --> 01:22:46,850
the Franks under Clovis the first had
been engaged with the alimony another
3654
01:22:46,850 --> 01:22:46,860
been engaged with the alimony another
3655
01:22:46,860 --> 01:22:49,729
been engaged with the alimony another
Germanic tribe and tensions between the
3656
01:22:49,729 --> 01:22:49,739
Germanic tribe and tensions between the
3657
01:22:49,739 --> 01:22:53,090
Germanic tribe and tensions between the
two groups were running high in 496 A.D
3658
01:22:53,090 --> 01:22:53,100
two groups were running high in 496 A.D
3659
01:22:53,100 --> 01:22:55,610
two groups were running high in 496 A.D
in the Battle of tolbeck Clovis the
3660
01:22:55,610 --> 01:22:55,620
in the Battle of tolbeck Clovis the
3661
01:22:55,620 --> 01:22:57,590
in the Battle of tolbeck Clovis the
first led his forces into battle against
3662
01:22:57,590 --> 01:22:57,600
first led his forces into battle against
3663
01:22:57,600 --> 01:23:01,070
first led his forces into battle against
the alimony with both sides eager to
3664
01:23:01,070 --> 01:23:01,080
the alimony with both sides eager to
3665
01:23:01,080 --> 01:23:02,870
the alimony with both sides eager to
gain the upper hand and the ongoing
3666
01:23:02,870 --> 01:23:02,880
gain the upper hand and the ongoing
3667
01:23:02,880 --> 01:23:05,990
gain the upper hand and the ongoing
struggle for power and territory as the
3668
01:23:05,990 --> 01:23:06,000
struggle for power and territory as the
3669
01:23:06,000 --> 01:23:08,270
struggle for power and territory as the
al-amani began to push the Franks to
3670
01:23:08,270 --> 01:23:08,280
al-amani began to push the Franks to
3671
01:23:08,280 --> 01:23:10,310
al-amani began to push the Franks to
defeat and a moment of desperation
3672
01:23:10,310 --> 01:23:10,320
defeat and a moment of desperation
3673
01:23:10,320 --> 01:23:13,070
defeat and a moment of desperation
Clovis called out to the Christian God
3674
01:23:13,070 --> 01:23:13,080
Clovis called out to the Christian God
3675
01:23:13,080 --> 01:23:15,890
Clovis called out to the Christian God
for assistance promising to convert to
3676
01:23:15,890 --> 01:23:15,900
for assistance promising to convert to
3677
01:23:15,900 --> 01:23:18,189
for assistance promising to convert to
Christianity if he emerged Victorious
3678
01:23:18,189 --> 01:23:18,199
Christianity if he emerged Victorious
3679
01:23:18,199 --> 01:23:20,810
Christianity if he emerged Victorious
according to Legend a sudden
3680
01:23:20,810 --> 01:23:20,820
according to Legend a sudden
3681
01:23:20,820 --> 01:23:23,330
according to Legend a sudden
thunderstorm appeared and the Franks
3682
01:23:23,330 --> 01:23:23,340
thunderstorm appeared and the Franks
3683
01:23:23,340 --> 01:23:25,310
thunderstorm appeared and the Franks
could regroup and launch a successful
3684
01:23:25,310 --> 01:23:25,320
could regroup and launch a successful
3685
01:23:25,320 --> 01:23:28,189
could regroup and launch a successful
counter-attack against the alimony the
3686
01:23:28,189 --> 01:23:28,199
counter-attack against the alimony the
3687
01:23:28,199 --> 01:23:30,530
counter-attack against the alimony the
battle ended in a decisive victory for
3688
01:23:30,530 --> 01:23:30,540
battle ended in a decisive victory for
3689
01:23:30,540 --> 01:23:33,050
battle ended in a decisive victory for
the Franks and Clovis kept his promise
3690
01:23:33,050 --> 01:23:33,060
the Franks and Clovis kept his promise
3691
01:23:33,060 --> 01:23:35,930
the Franks and Clovis kept his promise
and converted to Christianity officially
3692
01:23:35,930 --> 01:23:35,940
and converted to Christianity officially
3693
01:23:35,940 --> 01:23:38,510
and converted to Christianity officially
cementing Christianity to the Forefront
3694
01:23:38,510 --> 01:23:38,520
cementing Christianity to the Forefront
3695
01:23:38,520 --> 01:23:42,770
cementing Christianity to the Forefront
and birthing the Frankish Kingdom
3696
01:23:42,770 --> 01:23:42,780
and birthing the Frankish Kingdom
3697
01:23:42,780 --> 01:23:45,050
and birthing the Frankish Kingdom
while the Western Roman Empire might
3698
01:23:45,050 --> 01:23:45,060
while the Western Roman Empire might
3699
01:23:45,060 --> 01:23:47,390
while the Western Roman Empire might
have fallen in the East the Roman Empire
3700
01:23:47,390 --> 01:23:47,400
have fallen in the East the Roman Empire
3701
01:23:47,400 --> 01:23:50,510
have fallen in the East the Roman Empire
was changing many historians argue that
3702
01:23:50,510 --> 01:23:50,520
was changing many historians argue that
3703
01:23:50,520 --> 01:23:52,610
was changing many historians argue that
the Eastern Roman Empire based out of
3704
01:23:52,610 --> 01:23:52,620
the Eastern Roman Empire based out of
3705
01:23:52,620 --> 01:23:54,950
the Eastern Roman Empire based out of
Constantinople should be considered a
3706
01:23:54,950 --> 01:23:54,960
Constantinople should be considered a
3707
01:23:54,960 --> 01:23:57,770
Constantinople should be considered a
part of Rome however it is undeniable
3708
01:23:57,770 --> 01:23:57,780
part of Rome however it is undeniable
3709
01:23:57,780 --> 01:24:00,410
part of Rome however it is undeniable
that under Justinian the first would
3710
01:24:00,410 --> 01:24:00,420
that under Justinian the first would
3711
01:24:00,420 --> 01:24:02,750
that under Justinian the first would
lead the eastern half into its next
3712
01:24:02,750 --> 01:24:02,760
lead the eastern half into its next
3713
01:24:02,760 --> 01:24:05,810
lead the eastern half into its next
chapter in life the Byzantine Empire
3714
01:24:05,810 --> 01:24:05,820
chapter in life the Byzantine Empire
3715
01:24:05,820 --> 01:24:08,450
chapter in life the Byzantine Empire
whether it's a continuation of the Roman
3716
01:24:08,450 --> 01:24:08,460
whether it's a continuation of the Roman
3717
01:24:08,460 --> 01:24:11,030
whether it's a continuation of the Roman
Empire before is a debate for another
3718
01:24:11,030 --> 01:24:11,040
Empire before is a debate for another
3719
01:24:11,040 --> 01:24:13,490
Empire before is a debate for another
under under the leadership of Justinian
3720
01:24:13,490 --> 01:24:13,500
under under the leadership of Justinian
3721
01:24:13,500 --> 01:24:15,890
under under the leadership of Justinian
the first like many Roman emperors
3722
01:24:15,890 --> 01:24:15,900
the first like many Roman emperors
3723
01:24:15,900 --> 01:24:18,590
the first like many Roman emperors
before him he would expand the Byzantine
3724
01:24:18,590 --> 01:24:18,600
before him he would expand the Byzantine
3725
01:24:18,600 --> 01:24:21,169
before him he would expand the Byzantine
Empire to reach places such as Italy
3726
01:24:21,169 --> 01:24:21,179
Empire to reach places such as Italy
3727
01:24:21,179 --> 01:24:24,470
Empire to reach places such as Italy
North Africa and even Spain he also
3728
01:24:24,470 --> 01:24:24,480
North Africa and even Spain he also
3729
01:24:24,480 --> 01:24:26,990
North Africa and even Spain he also
commissioned a team of legal Scholars to
3730
01:24:26,990 --> 01:24:27,000
commissioned a team of legal Scholars to
3731
01:24:27,000 --> 01:24:29,510
commissioned a team of legal Scholars to
codify all the laws of the Roman Empire
3732
01:24:29,510 --> 01:24:29,520
codify all the laws of the Roman Empire
3733
01:24:29,520 --> 01:24:33,169
codify all the laws of the Roman Empire
known as the Corpus Juris civilis which
3734
01:24:33,169 --> 01:24:33,179
known as the Corpus Juris civilis which
3735
01:24:33,179 --> 01:24:36,470
known as the Corpus Juris civilis which
became the basis of the European laws we
3736
01:24:36,470 --> 01:24:36,480
became the basis of the European laws we
3737
01:24:36,480 --> 01:24:39,050
became the basis of the European laws we
know today he also commissioned the
3738
01:24:39,050 --> 01:24:39,060
know today he also commissioned the
3739
01:24:39,060 --> 01:24:41,330
know today he also commissioned the
world-renowned Hagia Sophia and
3740
01:24:41,330 --> 01:24:41,340
world-renowned Hagia Sophia and
3741
01:24:41,340 --> 01:24:43,550
world-renowned Hagia Sophia and
Constantinople where this beautiful
3742
01:24:43,550 --> 01:24:43,560
Constantinople where this beautiful
3743
01:24:43,560 --> 01:24:47,030
Constantinople where this beautiful
cathedral adorned with intricate mosaics
3744
01:24:47,030 --> 01:24:47,040
cathedral adorned with intricate mosaics
3745
01:24:47,040 --> 01:24:49,610
cathedral adorned with intricate mosaics
and marble decorations became the head
3746
01:24:49,610 --> 01:24:49,620
and marble decorations became the head
3747
01:24:49,620 --> 01:24:55,540
and marble decorations became the head
of the Eastern Orthodox Church
3748
01:24:55,540 --> 01:24:55,550
3749
01:24:55,550 --> 01:24:58,330
[Music]
3750
01:24:58,330 --> 01:24:58,340
[Music]
3751
01:24:58,340 --> 01:25:01,550
[Music]
however Jesus wasn't the only Prophet at
3752
01:25:01,550 --> 01:25:01,560
however Jesus wasn't the only Prophet at
3753
01:25:01,560 --> 01:25:04,130
however Jesus wasn't the only Prophet at
the time in the small town of Mecca a
3754
01:25:04,130 --> 01:25:04,140
the time in the small town of Mecca a
3755
01:25:04,140 --> 01:25:06,350
the time in the small town of Mecca a
nomadic tribe called the quraish gave
3756
01:25:06,350 --> 01:25:06,360
nomadic tribe called the quraish gave
3757
01:25:06,360 --> 01:25:08,630
nomadic tribe called the quraish gave
birth to a man who would change the
3758
01:25:08,630 --> 01:25:08,640
birth to a man who would change the
3759
01:25:08,640 --> 01:25:11,270
birth to a man who would change the
religious world yet again Muhammad
3760
01:25:11,270 --> 01:25:11,280
religious world yet again Muhammad
3761
01:25:11,280 --> 01:25:13,970
religious world yet again Muhammad
Muhammad was orphaned at an early age
3762
01:25:13,970 --> 01:25:13,980
Muhammad was orphaned at an early age
3763
01:25:13,980 --> 01:25:16,610
Muhammad was orphaned at an early age
and was raised by his grandfather and
3764
01:25:16,610 --> 01:25:16,620
and was raised by his grandfather and
3765
01:25:16,620 --> 01:25:19,490
and was raised by his grandfather and
later his uncle as he grew up he worked
3766
01:25:19,490 --> 01:25:19,500
later his uncle as he grew up he worked
3767
01:25:19,500 --> 01:25:21,290
later his uncle as he grew up he worked
as a merchant which earned him the
3768
01:25:21,290 --> 01:25:21,300
as a merchant which earned him the
3769
01:25:21,300 --> 01:25:24,290
as a merchant which earned him the
nickname al-ameen meaning the
3770
01:25:24,290 --> 01:25:24,300
nickname al-ameen meaning the
3771
01:25:24,300 --> 01:25:27,169
nickname al-ameen meaning the
trustworthy on one of his pilgrimages in
3772
01:25:27,169 --> 01:25:27,179
trustworthy on one of his pilgrimages in
3773
01:25:27,179 --> 01:25:30,410
trustworthy on one of his pilgrimages in
610 Muhammad meditated in a cave on
3774
01:25:30,410 --> 01:25:30,420
610 Muhammad meditated in a cave on
3775
01:25:30,420 --> 01:25:33,229
610 Muhammad meditated in a cave on
Mount jabalai nor the angel Gabriel
3776
01:25:33,229 --> 01:25:33,239
Mount jabalai nor the angel Gabriel
3777
01:25:33,239 --> 01:25:35,390
Mount jabalai nor the angel Gabriel
appeared and relayed the word of God
3778
01:25:35,390 --> 01:25:35,400
appeared and relayed the word of God
3779
01:25:35,400 --> 01:25:37,910
appeared and relayed the word of God
recite in the name of your lord who
3780
01:25:37,910 --> 01:25:37,920
recite in the name of your lord who
3781
01:25:37,920 --> 01:25:41,209
recite in the name of your lord who
creates creates a man from a clot recite
3782
01:25:41,209 --> 01:25:41,219
creates creates a man from a clot recite
3783
01:25:41,219 --> 01:25:43,729
creates creates a man from a clot recite
for your lord is most generous became
3784
01:25:43,729 --> 01:25:43,739
for your lord is most generous became
3785
01:25:43,739 --> 01:25:47,209
for your lord is most generous became
the opening verses of Surah chapter 96
3786
01:25:47,209 --> 01:25:47,219
the opening verses of Surah chapter 96
3787
01:25:47,219 --> 01:25:50,209
the opening verses of Surah chapter 96
of the Quran at first Muhammad was
3788
01:25:50,209 --> 01:25:50,219
of the Quran at first Muhammad was
3789
01:25:50,219 --> 01:25:52,669
of the Quran at first Muhammad was
reluctant not knowing how to disclose
3790
01:25:52,669 --> 01:25:52,679
reluctant not knowing how to disclose
3791
01:25:52,679 --> 01:25:55,189
reluctant not knowing how to disclose
this information however soon enough
3792
01:25:55,189 --> 01:25:55,199
this information however soon enough
3793
01:25:55,199 --> 01:25:57,649
this information however soon enough
Muhammad began to gather a small
3794
01:25:57,649 --> 01:25:57,659
Muhammad began to gather a small
3795
01:25:57,659 --> 01:26:00,229
Muhammad began to gather a small
following which was mocked by the pagans
3796
01:26:00,229 --> 01:26:00,239
following which was mocked by the pagans
3797
01:26:00,239 --> 01:26:03,050
following which was mocked by the pagans
of Mecca however when Muhammad denounced
3798
01:26:03,050 --> 01:26:03,060
of Mecca however when Muhammad denounced
3799
01:26:03,060 --> 01:26:05,689
of Mecca however when Muhammad denounced
idol worship the leader of Mecca knew
3800
01:26:05,689 --> 01:26:05,699
idol worship the leader of Mecca knew
3801
01:26:05,699 --> 01:26:07,729
idol worship the leader of Mecca knew
that he was through so through the
3802
01:26:07,729 --> 01:26:07,739
that he was through so through the
3803
01:26:07,739 --> 01:26:10,070
that he was through so through the
resistance from Mecca Muhammad and his
3804
01:26:10,070 --> 01:26:10,080
resistance from Mecca Muhammad and his
3805
01:26:10,080 --> 01:26:12,050
resistance from Mecca Muhammad and his
followers were eventually forced to
3806
01:26:12,050 --> 01:26:12,060
followers were eventually forced to
3807
01:26:12,060 --> 01:26:16,129
followers were eventually forced to
emigrate to Medina a city 260 miles away
3808
01:26:16,129 --> 01:26:16,139
emigrate to Medina a city 260 miles away
3809
01:26:16,139 --> 01:26:19,070
emigrate to Medina a city 260 miles away
there Muhammad was instrumental in
3810
01:26:19,070 --> 01:26:19,080
there Muhammad was instrumental in
3811
01:26:19,080 --> 01:26:22,370
there Muhammad was instrumental in
ending various Civil Wars creating a
3812
01:26:22,370 --> 01:26:22,380
ending various Civil Wars creating a
3813
01:26:22,380 --> 01:26:25,370
ending various Civil Wars creating a
prosperous Muslim Community nevertheless
3814
01:26:25,370 --> 01:26:25,380
prosperous Muslim Community nevertheless
3815
01:26:25,380 --> 01:26:27,950
prosperous Muslim Community nevertheless
this Prosperity would be challenged by
3816
01:26:27,950 --> 01:26:27,960
this Prosperity would be challenged by
3817
01:26:27,960 --> 01:26:30,709
this Prosperity would be challenged by
the members of Muhammad's old tribe the
3818
01:26:30,709 --> 01:26:30,719
the members of Muhammad's old tribe the
3819
01:26:30,719 --> 01:26:33,410
the members of Muhammad's old tribe the
quraish and their allies who marched up
3820
01:26:33,410 --> 01:26:33,420
quraish and their allies who marched up
3821
01:26:33,420 --> 01:26:35,629
quraish and their allies who marched up
to Medina with a large army to attack
3822
01:26:35,629 --> 01:26:35,639
to Medina with a large army to attack
3823
01:26:35,639 --> 01:26:38,450
to Medina with a large army to attack
the Muslims Muhammad devised a plan that
3824
01:26:38,450 --> 01:26:38,460
the Muslims Muhammad devised a plan that
3825
01:26:38,460 --> 01:26:40,669
the Muslims Muhammad devised a plan that
they could defend the city if they dug a
3826
01:26:40,669 --> 01:26:40,679
they could defend the city if they dug a
3827
01:26:40,679 --> 01:26:43,070
they could defend the city if they dug a
trench around its perimeter making it
3828
01:26:43,070 --> 01:26:43,080
trench around its perimeter making it
3829
01:26:43,080 --> 01:26:45,709
trench around its perimeter making it
near impossible for enemy forces to
3830
01:26:45,709 --> 01:26:45,719
near impossible for enemy forces to
3831
01:26:45,719 --> 01:26:48,229
near impossible for enemy forces to
penetrate for several weeks the quraish
3832
01:26:48,229 --> 01:26:48,239
penetrate for several weeks the quraish
3833
01:26:48,239 --> 01:26:50,629
penetrate for several weeks the quraish
tried to break through the trench trying
3834
01:26:50,629 --> 01:26:50,639
tried to break through the trench trying
3835
01:26:50,639 --> 01:26:53,750
tried to break through the trench trying
and trying yet again eventually strong
3836
01:26:53,750 --> 01:26:53,760
and trying yet again eventually strong
3837
01:26:53,760 --> 01:26:55,729
and trying yet again eventually strong
wind and heavy reigned caused the
3838
01:26:55,729 --> 01:26:55,739
wind and heavy reigned caused the
3839
01:26:55,739 --> 01:26:58,129
wind and heavy reigned caused the
quraish forces to abandon The Siege
3840
01:26:58,129 --> 01:26:58,139
quraish forces to abandon The Siege
3841
01:26:58,139 --> 01:27:02,209
quraish forces to abandon The Siege
marking the Muslims as victorious in 630
3842
01:27:02,209 --> 01:27:02,219
marking the Muslims as victorious in 630
3843
01:27:02,219 --> 01:27:04,610
marking the Muslims as victorious in 630
the Muslim Army marched into Mecca
3844
01:27:04,610 --> 01:27:04,620
the Muslim Army marched into Mecca
3845
01:27:04,620 --> 01:27:07,010
the Muslim Army marched into Mecca
taking the city with minimum casualties
3846
01:27:07,010 --> 01:27:07,020
taking the city with minimum casualties
3847
01:27:07,020 --> 01:27:09,770
taking the city with minimum casualties
Muhammad gave amnesty to the enemy
3848
01:27:09,770 --> 01:27:09,780
Muhammad gave amnesty to the enemy
3849
01:27:09,780 --> 01:27:12,169
Muhammad gave amnesty to the enemy
leaders who once opposed him converting
3850
01:27:12,169 --> 01:27:12,179
leaders who once opposed him converting
3851
01:27:12,179 --> 01:27:16,910
leaders who once opposed him converting
most of the meccan population to Islam
3852
01:27:16,910 --> 01:27:16,920
most of the meccan population to Islam
3853
01:27:16,920 --> 01:27:19,490
most of the meccan population to Islam
at the time of Muhammad's death the
3854
01:27:19,490 --> 01:27:19,500
at the time of Muhammad's death the
3855
01:27:19,500 --> 01:27:21,590
at the time of Muhammad's death the
Muslims had successfully United the
3856
01:27:21,590 --> 01:27:21,600
Muslims had successfully United the
3857
01:27:21,600 --> 01:27:23,990
Muslims had successfully United the
Arabian Peninsula under the banner of
3858
01:27:23,990 --> 01:27:24,000
Arabian Peninsula under the banner of
3859
01:27:24,000 --> 01:27:26,930
Arabian Peninsula under the banner of
Islam after Muhammad's death a series of
3860
01:27:26,930 --> 01:27:26,940
Islam after Muhammad's death a series of
3861
01:27:26,940 --> 01:27:29,330
Islam after Muhammad's death a series of
caliphs or leaders took over the
3862
01:27:29,330 --> 01:27:29,340
caliphs or leaders took over the
3863
01:27:29,340 --> 01:27:30,830
caliphs or leaders took over the
leadership of the Muslim Community
3864
01:27:30,830 --> 01:27:30,840
leadership of the Muslim Community
3865
01:27:30,840 --> 01:27:33,890
leadership of the Muslim Community
beginning with Abu Bakr a close
3866
01:27:33,890 --> 01:27:33,900
beginning with Abu Bakr a close
3867
01:27:33,900 --> 01:27:35,990
beginning with Abu Bakr a close
companion of the Prophet under the
3868
01:27:35,990 --> 01:27:36,000
companion of the Prophet under the
3869
01:27:36,000 --> 01:27:38,030
companion of the Prophet under the
leadership of the caliphs the Muslim
3870
01:27:38,030 --> 01:27:38,040
leadership of the caliphs the Muslim
3871
01:27:38,040 --> 01:27:40,189
leadership of the caliphs the Muslim
Community continued to expand its
3872
01:27:40,189 --> 01:27:40,199
Community continued to expand its
3873
01:27:40,199 --> 01:27:42,590
Community continued to expand its
territory conquering new lands and
3874
01:27:42,590 --> 01:27:42,600
territory conquering new lands and
3875
01:27:42,600 --> 01:27:45,310
territory conquering new lands and
spreading The Message of Islam at first
3876
01:27:45,310 --> 01:27:45,320
spreading The Message of Islam at first
3877
01:27:45,320 --> 01:27:47,390
spreading The Message of Islam at first
akubakar had his eyes set on the
3878
01:27:47,390 --> 01:27:47,400
akubakar had his eyes set on the
3879
01:27:47,400 --> 01:27:50,270
akubakar had his eyes set on the
Byzantine Empire's provinces of Syria
3880
01:27:50,270 --> 01:27:50,280
Byzantine Empire's provinces of Syria
3881
01:27:50,280 --> 01:27:52,790
Byzantine Empire's provinces of Syria
taking over The crucial cities of
3882
01:27:52,790 --> 01:27:52,800
taking over The crucial cities of
3883
01:27:52,800 --> 01:27:56,810
taking over The crucial cities of
Damascus and Jerusalem then in 636 the
3884
01:27:56,810 --> 01:27:56,820
Damascus and Jerusalem then in 636 the
3885
01:27:56,820 --> 01:27:58,910
Damascus and Jerusalem then in 636 the
Arab forces invaded the assassinid
3886
01:27:58,910 --> 01:27:58,920
Arab forces invaded the assassinid
3887
01:27:58,920 --> 01:28:01,910
Arab forces invaded the assassinid
Empire taking over their capital city in
3888
01:28:01,910 --> 01:28:01,920
Empire taking over their capital city in
3889
01:28:01,920 --> 01:28:04,970
Empire taking over their capital city in
637 marking the end of the sassanid
3890
01:28:04,970 --> 01:28:04,980
637 marking the end of the sassanid
3891
01:28:04,980 --> 01:28:08,030
637 marking the end of the sassanid
Empire onward to Egypt they went where
3892
01:28:08,030 --> 01:28:08,040
Empire onward to Egypt they went where
3893
01:28:08,040 --> 01:28:10,189
Empire onward to Egypt they went where
after years of fighting they
3894
01:28:10,189 --> 01:28:10,199
after years of fighting they
3895
01:28:10,199 --> 01:28:12,590
after years of fighting they
successfully defeated the Byzantine to
3896
01:28:12,590 --> 01:28:12,600
successfully defeated the Byzantine to
3897
01:28:12,600 --> 01:28:15,830
successfully defeated the Byzantine to
take over the city of Alexandria in 642
3898
01:28:15,830 --> 01:28:15,840
take over the city of Alexandria in 642
3899
01:28:15,840 --> 01:28:19,189
take over the city of Alexandria in 642
A.D economically crippling the
3900
01:28:19,189 --> 01:28:19,199
A.D economically crippling the
3901
01:28:19,199 --> 01:28:23,209
A.D economically crippling the
byzantines by 716 the Arab forces had
3902
01:28:23,209 --> 01:28:23,219
byzantines by 716 the Arab forces had
3903
01:28:23,219 --> 01:28:25,910
byzantines by 716 the Arab forces had
conquered much of North Africa Carthage
3904
01:28:25,910 --> 01:28:25,920
conquered much of North Africa Carthage
3905
01:28:25,920 --> 01:28:30,050
conquered much of North Africa Carthage
and Spain so that by 716 the Arabs had
3906
01:28:30,050 --> 01:28:30,060
and Spain so that by 716 the Arabs had
3907
01:28:30,060 --> 01:28:35,090
and Spain so that by 716 the Arabs had
an extensive Empire from Lisbon to China
3908
01:28:35,090 --> 01:28:35,100
an extensive Empire from Lisbon to China
3909
01:28:35,100 --> 01:28:37,610
an extensive Empire from Lisbon to China
after consolidating their hold on the
3910
01:28:37,610 --> 01:28:37,620
after consolidating their hold on the
3911
01:28:37,620 --> 01:28:40,129
after consolidating their hold on the
Iberian Peninsula the Arabs launched
3912
01:28:40,129 --> 01:28:40,139
Iberian Peninsula the Arabs launched
3913
01:28:40,139 --> 01:28:41,870
Iberian Peninsula the Arabs launched
raids into neighboring Francia
3914
01:28:41,870 --> 01:28:41,880
raids into neighboring Francia
3915
01:28:41,880 --> 01:28:45,709
raids into neighboring Francia
modern-day France in 732 A.D they
3916
01:28:45,709 --> 01:28:45,719
modern-day France in 732 A.D they
3917
01:28:45,719 --> 01:28:47,750
modern-day France in 732 A.D they
launched a significant Invasion to
3918
01:28:47,750 --> 01:28:47,760
launched a significant Invasion to
3919
01:28:47,760 --> 01:28:49,910
launched a significant Invasion to
expand their territory northward the
3920
01:28:49,910 --> 01:28:49,920
expand their territory northward the
3921
01:28:49,920 --> 01:28:52,970
expand their territory northward the
Arabs forces led by Amir Abdul Rahman
3922
01:28:52,970 --> 01:28:52,980
Arabs forces led by Amir Abdul Rahman
3923
01:28:52,980 --> 01:28:55,729
Arabs forces led by Amir Abdul Rahman
al-gafiki quickly conquered several
3924
01:28:55,729 --> 01:28:55,739
al-gafiki quickly conquered several
3925
01:28:55,739 --> 01:28:58,189
al-gafiki quickly conquered several
cities in the region including Bordeaux
3926
01:28:58,189 --> 01:28:58,199
cities in the region including Bordeaux
3927
01:28:58,199 --> 01:29:01,189
cities in the region including Bordeaux
and tours however Charles Martel the
3928
01:29:01,189 --> 01:29:01,199
and tours however Charles Martel the
3929
01:29:01,199 --> 01:29:03,470
and tours however Charles Martel the
military leader of the Franks assembled
3930
01:29:03,470 --> 01:29:03,480
military leader of the Franks assembled
3931
01:29:03,480 --> 01:29:05,689
military leader of the Franks assembled
a large army to meet the Arabs in battle
3932
01:29:05,689 --> 01:29:05,699
a large army to meet the Arabs in battle
3933
01:29:05,699 --> 01:29:09,169
a large army to meet the Arabs in battle
the battle of Christianity versus Islam
3934
01:29:09,169 --> 01:29:09,179
the battle of Christianity versus Islam
3935
01:29:09,179 --> 01:29:11,510
the battle of Christianity versus Islam
both Empires wanted to keep their own
3936
01:29:11,510 --> 01:29:11,520
both Empires wanted to keep their own
3937
01:29:11,520 --> 01:29:14,209
both Empires wanted to keep their own
faith the Arabs wanted to impose their
3938
01:29:14,209 --> 01:29:14,219
faith the Arabs wanted to impose their
3939
01:29:14,219 --> 01:29:16,970
faith the Arabs wanted to impose their
religion onto the Franks the two forces
3940
01:29:16,970 --> 01:29:16,980
religion onto the Franks the two forces
3941
01:29:16,980 --> 01:29:20,810
religion onto the Franks the two forces
clashed near tours on October 10th 732
3942
01:29:20,810 --> 01:29:20,820
clashed near tours on October 10th 732
3943
01:29:20,820 --> 01:29:23,870
clashed near tours on October 10th 732
A.D the battle was fierce and lasted
3944
01:29:23,870 --> 01:29:23,880
A.D the battle was fierce and lasted
3945
01:29:23,880 --> 01:29:26,209
A.D the battle was fierce and lasted
several days with both sides suffering
3946
01:29:26,209 --> 01:29:26,219
several days with both sides suffering
3947
01:29:26,219 --> 01:29:28,550
several days with both sides suffering
heavy casualties in the end though
3948
01:29:28,550 --> 01:29:28,560
heavy casualties in the end though
3949
01:29:28,560 --> 01:29:31,189
heavy casualties in the end though
Charles Martel and the Franks emerged
3950
01:29:31,189 --> 01:29:31,199
Charles Martel and the Franks emerged
3951
01:29:31,199 --> 01:29:33,649
Charles Martel and the Franks emerged
Victorious and the Arab forces were
3952
01:29:33,649 --> 01:29:33,659
Victorious and the Arab forces were
3953
01:29:33,659 --> 01:29:36,709
Victorious and the Arab forces were
forced to retreat back to Spain ending
3954
01:29:36,709 --> 01:29:36,719
forced to retreat back to Spain ending
3955
01:29:36,719 --> 01:29:39,470
forced to retreat back to Spain ending
the massive expansion of the Arabic
3956
01:29:39,470 --> 01:29:39,480
the massive expansion of the Arabic
3957
01:29:39,480 --> 01:29:42,290
the massive expansion of the Arabic
Empire
3958
01:29:42,290 --> 01:29:42,300
3959
01:29:42,300 --> 01:29:45,220
foreign
3960
01:29:45,220 --> 01:29:45,230
foreign
3961
01:29:45,230 --> 01:29:46,970
foreign
[Music]
3962
01:29:46,970 --> 01:29:46,980
[Music]
3963
01:29:46,980 --> 01:29:49,430
[Music]
while in the west the definition of God
3964
01:29:49,430 --> 01:29:49,440
while in the west the definition of God
3965
01:29:49,440 --> 01:29:52,129
while in the west the definition of God
was War in China during the rule of the
3966
01:29:52,129 --> 01:29:52,139
was War in China during the rule of the
3967
01:29:52,139 --> 01:29:55,010
was War in China during the rule of the
Tang religions like Buddhism taoism and
3968
01:29:55,010 --> 01:29:55,020
Tang religions like Buddhism taoism and
3969
01:29:55,020 --> 01:29:58,490
Tang religions like Buddhism taoism and
Confucianism all coexisted peacefully a
3970
01:29:58,490 --> 01:29:58,500
Confucianism all coexisted peacefully a
3971
01:29:58,500 --> 01:30:00,530
Confucianism all coexisted peacefully a
citizen was able to believe what they
3972
01:30:00,530 --> 01:30:00,540
citizen was able to believe what they
3973
01:30:00,540 --> 01:30:02,510
citizen was able to believe what they
wanted to believe leaving for many
3974
01:30:02,510 --> 01:30:02,520
wanted to believe leaving for many
3975
01:30:02,520 --> 01:30:05,090
wanted to believe leaving for many
temples and pagodas to be built across
3976
01:30:05,090 --> 01:30:05,100
temples and pagodas to be built across
3977
01:30:05,100 --> 01:30:07,790
temples and pagodas to be built across
the Empire also during the Tang the
3978
01:30:07,790 --> 01:30:07,800
the Empire also during the Tang the
3979
01:30:07,800 --> 01:30:10,310
the Empire also during the Tang the
height of Chinese poetry was Upon Us
3980
01:30:10,310 --> 01:30:10,320
height of Chinese poetry was Upon Us
3981
01:30:10,320 --> 01:30:13,910
height of Chinese poetry was Upon Us
poets like lipo and dufu created poems
3982
01:30:13,910 --> 01:30:13,920
poets like lipo and dufu created poems
3983
01:30:13,920 --> 01:30:16,250
poets like lipo and dufu created poems
that later became the foundations of
3984
01:30:16,250 --> 01:30:16,260
that later became the foundations of
3985
01:30:16,260 --> 01:30:19,310
that later became the foundations of
Chinese literature lipo wrote a poignant
3986
01:30:19,310 --> 01:30:19,320
Chinese literature lipo wrote a poignant
3987
01:30:19,320 --> 01:30:21,950
Chinese literature lipo wrote a poignant
poem called zanzan on the Qing thing
3988
01:30:21,950 --> 01:30:21,960
poem called zanzan on the Qing thing
3989
01:30:21,960 --> 01:30:25,129
poem called zanzan on the Qing thing
Mountain translated by Sam Hamill the
3990
01:30:25,129 --> 01:30:25,139
Mountain translated by Sam Hamill the
3991
01:30:25,139 --> 01:30:27,770
Mountain translated by Sam Hamill the
birds have vanished down the sky now the
3992
01:30:27,770 --> 01:30:27,780
birds have vanished down the sky now the
3993
01:30:27,780 --> 01:30:30,229
birds have vanished down the sky now the
last Cloud drains away we sit together
3994
01:30:30,229 --> 01:30:30,239
last Cloud drains away we sit together
3995
01:30:30,239 --> 01:30:33,110
last Cloud drains away we sit together
the mountain in me until only the
3996
01:30:33,110 --> 01:30:33,120
the mountain in me until only the
3997
01:30:33,120 --> 01:30:36,250
the mountain in me until only the
mountain remains
3998
01:30:36,250 --> 01:30:36,260
3999
01:30:36,260 --> 01:30:39,169
Charlemagne also known as Charles the
4000
01:30:39,169 --> 01:30:39,179
Charlemagne also known as Charles the
4001
01:30:39,179 --> 01:30:41,770
Charlemagne also known as Charles the
great became the king of the Franks in
4002
01:30:41,770 --> 01:30:41,780
great became the king of the Franks in
4003
01:30:41,780 --> 01:30:44,990
great became the king of the Franks in
768. Charlemagne was a skilled military
4004
01:30:44,990 --> 01:30:45,000
768. Charlemagne was a skilled military
4005
01:30:45,000 --> 01:30:47,270
768. Charlemagne was a skilled military
leader who expanded the Frankish Empire
4006
01:30:47,270 --> 01:30:47,280
leader who expanded the Frankish Empire
4007
01:30:47,280 --> 01:30:49,910
leader who expanded the Frankish Empire
through successful campaigns he
4008
01:30:49,910 --> 01:30:49,920
through successful campaigns he
4009
01:30:49,920 --> 01:30:51,530
through successful campaigns he
conquered much of Western Europe
4010
01:30:51,530 --> 01:30:51,540
conquered much of Western Europe
4011
01:30:51,540 --> 01:30:54,229
conquered much of Western Europe
including modern-day France Germany
4012
01:30:54,229 --> 01:30:54,239
including modern-day France Germany
4013
01:30:54,239 --> 01:30:57,590
including modern-day France Germany
Italy and Spain Charlemagne was also a
4014
01:30:57,590 --> 01:30:57,600
Italy and Spain Charlemagne was also a
4015
01:30:57,600 --> 01:30:59,870
Italy and Spain Charlemagne was also a
devout Christian and worked to spread
4016
01:30:59,870 --> 01:30:59,880
devout Christian and worked to spread
4017
01:30:59,880 --> 01:31:03,649
devout Christian and worked to spread
Christianity throughout his Empire
4018
01:31:03,649 --> 01:31:03,659
4019
01:31:03,659 --> 01:31:07,910
in 785 Heron was declared caliph instead
4020
01:31:07,910 --> 01:31:07,920
in 785 Heron was declared caliph instead
4021
01:31:07,920 --> 01:31:09,770
in 785 Heron was declared caliph instead
of focusing on conquering like his
4022
01:31:09,770 --> 01:31:09,780
of focusing on conquering like his
4023
01:31:09,780 --> 01:31:12,110
of focusing on conquering like his
Brethren he instead focused on the
4024
01:31:12,110 --> 01:31:12,120
Brethren he instead focused on the
4025
01:31:12,120 --> 01:31:13,970
Brethren he instead focused on the
scientific growth in the new capital
4026
01:31:13,970 --> 01:31:13,980
scientific growth in the new capital
4027
01:31:13,980 --> 01:31:17,810
scientific growth in the new capital
city of Baghdad Heron all Rasheed wanted
4028
01:31:17,810 --> 01:31:17,820
city of Baghdad Heron all Rasheed wanted
4029
01:31:17,820 --> 01:31:20,450
city of Baghdad Heron all Rasheed wanted
to create the House of Wisdom a library
4030
01:31:20,450 --> 01:31:20,460
to create the House of Wisdom a library
4031
01:31:20,460 --> 01:31:22,430
to create the House of Wisdom a library
and Research Center that attracted
4032
01:31:22,430 --> 01:31:22,440
and Research Center that attracted
4033
01:31:22,440 --> 01:31:24,709
and Research Center that attracted
Scholars from around the world these
4034
01:31:24,709 --> 01:31:24,719
Scholars from around the world these
4035
01:31:24,719 --> 01:31:26,209
Scholars from around the world these
Scholars would come to the house of
4036
01:31:26,209 --> 01:31:26,219
Scholars would come to the house of
4037
01:31:26,219 --> 01:31:28,850
Scholars would come to the house of
wisdom with the desire to learn they've
4038
01:31:28,850 --> 01:31:28,860
wisdom with the desire to learn they've
4039
01:31:28,860 --> 01:31:31,129
wisdom with the desire to learn they've
translated The Works of the past as well
4040
01:31:31,129 --> 01:31:31,139
translated The Works of the past as well
4041
01:31:31,139 --> 01:31:33,290
translated The Works of the past as well
as developing the science of algebra
4042
01:31:33,290 --> 01:31:33,300
as developing the science of algebra
4043
01:31:33,300 --> 01:31:37,189
as developing the science of algebra
chemistry sociology and the concept of
4044
01:31:37,189 --> 01:31:37,199
chemistry sociology and the concept of
4045
01:31:37,199 --> 01:31:39,290
chemistry sociology and the concept of
infinity
4046
01:31:39,290 --> 01:31:39,300
infinity
4047
01:31:39,300 --> 01:31:42,350
infinity
while the Vikings had a different idea
4048
01:31:42,350 --> 01:31:42,360
while the Vikings had a different idea
4049
01:31:42,360 --> 01:31:44,990
while the Vikings had a different idea
of progress the Vikings were a group of
4050
01:31:44,990 --> 01:31:45,000
of progress the Vikings were a group of
4051
01:31:45,000 --> 01:31:47,270
of progress the Vikings were a group of
uncivilized pagans from Modern Day
4052
01:31:47,270 --> 01:31:47,280
uncivilized pagans from Modern Day
4053
01:31:47,280 --> 01:31:49,790
uncivilized pagans from Modern Day
Scandinavia who wanted to gain material
4054
01:31:49,790 --> 01:31:49,800
Scandinavia who wanted to gain material
4055
01:31:49,800 --> 01:31:53,629
Scandinavia who wanted to gain material
wealth so June 8 793 A.D marked the
4056
01:31:53,629 --> 01:31:53,639
wealth so June 8 793 A.D marked the
4057
01:31:53,639 --> 01:31:56,410
wealth so June 8 793 A.D marked the
beginning of the Viking age in Europe
4058
01:31:56,410 --> 01:31:56,420
beginning of the Viking age in Europe
4059
01:31:56,420 --> 01:31:59,030
beginning of the Viking age in Europe
lindisfarne was a small isolated island
4060
01:31:59,030 --> 01:31:59,040
lindisfarne was a small isolated island
4061
01:31:59,040 --> 01:32:01,250
lindisfarne was a small isolated island
off the Northeast Coast of England that
4062
01:32:01,250 --> 01:32:01,260
off the Northeast Coast of England that
4063
01:32:01,260 --> 01:32:03,890
off the Northeast Coast of England that
was home to a famous monastery and
4064
01:32:03,890 --> 01:32:03,900
was home to a famous monastery and
4065
01:32:03,900 --> 01:32:05,330
was home to a famous monastery and
considered one of Europe's most
4066
01:32:05,330 --> 01:32:05,340
considered one of Europe's most
4067
01:32:05,340 --> 01:32:07,669
considered one of Europe's most
important centers of learning on the day
4068
01:32:07,669 --> 01:32:07,679
important centers of learning on the day
4069
01:32:07,679 --> 01:32:09,950
important centers of learning on the day
of the raid a group of Viking warriors
4070
01:32:09,950 --> 01:32:09,960
of the raid a group of Viking warriors
4071
01:32:09,960 --> 01:32:13,310
of the raid a group of Viking warriors
likely from Norway or Denmark landed on
4072
01:32:13,310 --> 01:32:13,320
likely from Norway or Denmark landed on
4073
01:32:13,320 --> 01:32:15,590
likely from Norway or Denmark landed on
the island and attacked the monastery
4074
01:32:15,590 --> 01:32:15,600
the island and attacked the monastery
4075
01:32:15,600 --> 01:32:18,050
the island and attacked the monastery
the Vikings pillaged the monastery
4076
01:32:18,050 --> 01:32:18,060
the Vikings pillaged the monastery
4077
01:32:18,060 --> 01:32:20,510
the Vikings pillaged the monastery
killing many monks and taking others as
4078
01:32:20,510 --> 01:32:20,520
killing many monks and taking others as
4079
01:32:20,520 --> 01:32:23,810
killing many monks and taking others as
slaves The Raid was a brutal and
4080
01:32:23,810 --> 01:32:23,820
slaves The Raid was a brutal and
4081
01:32:23,820 --> 01:32:25,910
slaves The Raid was a brutal and
unexpected attack on a place of great
4082
01:32:25,910 --> 01:32:25,920
unexpected attack on a place of great
4083
01:32:25,920 --> 01:32:28,669
unexpected attack on a place of great
religious and cultural significance and
4084
01:32:28,669 --> 01:32:28,679
religious and cultural significance and
4085
01:32:28,679 --> 01:32:36,610
religious and cultural significance and
it sent shock waves throughout Europe
4086
01:32:36,610 --> 01:32:36,620
4087
01:32:36,620 --> 01:32:41,390
in 799 in Rome Pope Leo III was attacked
4088
01:32:41,390 --> 01:32:41,400
in 799 in Rome Pope Leo III was attacked
4089
01:32:41,400 --> 01:32:43,550
in 799 in Rome Pope Leo III was attacked
by a faction of Rome who believed that
4090
01:32:43,550 --> 01:32:43,560
by a faction of Rome who believed that
4091
01:32:43,560 --> 01:32:45,770
by a faction of Rome who believed that
the pope was guilty of tyranny and
4092
01:32:45,770 --> 01:32:45,780
the pope was guilty of tyranny and
4093
01:32:45,780 --> 01:32:48,890
the pope was guilty of tyranny and
serious personal misconduct so Pope Leo
4094
01:32:48,890 --> 01:32:48,900
serious personal misconduct so Pope Leo
4095
01:32:48,900 --> 01:32:51,290
serious personal misconduct so Pope Leo
III ran away to the Frankish Kingdom
4096
01:32:51,290 --> 01:32:51,300
III ran away to the Frankish Kingdom
4097
01:32:51,300 --> 01:32:53,870
III ran away to the Frankish Kingdom
after this Charlemagne and his Frank
4098
01:32:53,870 --> 01:32:53,880
after this Charlemagne and his Frank
4099
01:32:53,880 --> 01:32:56,930
after this Charlemagne and his Frank
Army provided an escort for the pope and
4100
01:32:56,930 --> 01:32:56,940
Army provided an escort for the pope and
4101
01:32:56,940 --> 01:32:59,689
Army provided an escort for the pope and
restored him to the papal office but yet
4102
01:32:59,689 --> 01:32:59,699
restored him to the papal office but yet
4103
01:32:59,699 --> 01:33:01,790
restored him to the papal office but yet
the power of the papacy was being
4104
01:33:01,790 --> 01:33:01,800
the power of the papacy was being
4105
01:33:01,800 --> 01:33:04,370
the power of the papacy was being
questioned with many people wanting it
4106
01:33:04,370 --> 01:33:04,380
questioned with many people wanting it
4107
01:33:04,380 --> 01:33:06,830
questioned with many people wanting it
to go away which caused Charlemagne to
4108
01:33:06,830 --> 01:33:06,840
to go away which caused Charlemagne to
4109
01:33:06,840 --> 01:33:09,649
to go away which caused Charlemagne to
go to Rome in late 800 to fight for his
4110
01:33:09,649 --> 01:33:09,659
go to Rome in late 800 to fight for his
4111
01:33:09,659 --> 01:33:12,890
go to Rome in late 800 to fight for his
Pope for his loyalty on Christmas day in
4112
01:33:12,890 --> 01:33:12,900
Pope for his loyalty on Christmas day in
4113
01:33:12,900 --> 01:33:16,010
Pope for his loyalty on Christmas day in
the Basilica of Saint Peter Pope Leo III
4114
01:33:16,010 --> 01:33:16,020
the Basilica of Saint Peter Pope Leo III
4115
01:33:16,020 --> 01:33:18,310
the Basilica of Saint Peter Pope Leo III
placed a crown on Charlemagne's head
4116
01:33:18,310 --> 01:33:18,320
placed a crown on Charlemagne's head
4117
01:33:18,320 --> 01:33:21,950
placed a crown on Charlemagne's head
declaring him the new Holy Roman Emperor
4118
01:33:21,950 --> 01:33:21,960
declaring him the new Holy Roman Emperor
4119
01:33:21,960 --> 01:33:25,610
declaring him the new Holy Roman Emperor
creating a new Roman Empire the Holy
4120
01:33:25,610 --> 01:33:25,620
creating a new Roman Empire the Holy
4121
01:33:25,620 --> 01:33:28,669
creating a new Roman Empire the Holy
Roman Empire or at least the first
4122
01:33:28,669 --> 01:33:28,679
Roman Empire or at least the first
4123
01:33:28,679 --> 01:33:31,430
Roman Empire or at least the first
rendition of it under Charlemagne the
4124
01:33:31,430 --> 01:33:31,440
rendition of it under Charlemagne the
4125
01:33:31,440 --> 01:33:34,250
rendition of it under Charlemagne the
foundations of a genuinely great empire
4126
01:33:34,250 --> 01:33:34,260
foundations of a genuinely great empire
4127
01:33:34,260 --> 01:33:37,129
foundations of a genuinely great empire
were forming but once Charlemagne died
4128
01:33:37,129 --> 01:33:37,139
were forming but once Charlemagne died
4129
01:33:37,139 --> 01:33:40,790
were forming but once Charlemagne died
in 814 the new Empire was bludgeoning
4130
01:33:40,790 --> 01:33:40,800
in 814 the new Empire was bludgeoning
4131
01:33:40,800 --> 01:33:42,229
in 814 the new Empire was bludgeoning
with problems
4132
01:33:42,229 --> 01:33:42,239
with problems
4133
01:33:42,239 --> 01:33:44,050
with problems
foreign
4134
01:33:44,050 --> 01:33:44,060
foreign
4135
01:33:44,060 --> 01:33:46,510
foreign
Louis the Pius
4136
01:33:46,510 --> 01:33:46,520
Louis the Pius
4137
01:33:46,520 --> 01:33:50,030
Louis the Pius
788-840 inherited an Empire filled with
4138
01:33:50,030 --> 01:33:50,040
788-840 inherited an Empire filled with
4139
01:33:50,040 --> 01:33:52,729
788-840 inherited an Empire filled with
problems many of his own citizens viewed
4140
01:33:52,729 --> 01:33:52,739
problems many of his own citizens viewed
4141
01:33:52,739 --> 01:33:55,010
problems many of his own citizens viewed
him as a strong Catholic who was well
4142
01:33:55,010 --> 01:33:55,020
him as a strong Catholic who was well
4143
01:33:55,020 --> 01:33:57,770
him as a strong Catholic who was well
intentioned but was incredibly weak and
4144
01:33:57,770 --> 01:33:57,780
intentioned but was incredibly weak and
4145
01:33:57,780 --> 01:34:00,410
intentioned but was incredibly weak and
unable to do anything as the Vikings
4146
01:34:00,410 --> 01:34:00,420
unable to do anything as the Vikings
4147
01:34:00,420 --> 01:34:02,330
unable to do anything as the Vikings
continued their raids along the Rhine
4148
01:34:02,330 --> 01:34:02,340
continued their raids along the Rhine
4149
01:34:02,340 --> 01:34:05,030
continued their raids along the Rhine
River attacking Holy Roman Empire cities
4150
01:34:05,030 --> 01:34:05,040
River attacking Holy Roman Empire cities
4151
01:34:05,040 --> 01:34:08,689
River attacking Holy Roman Empire cities
such as cologne Trier and Mains reading
4152
01:34:08,689 --> 01:34:08,699
such as cologne Trier and Mains reading
4153
01:34:08,699 --> 01:34:10,970
such as cologne Trier and Mains reading
various Catholic monasteries and
4154
01:34:10,970 --> 01:34:10,980
various Catholic monasteries and
4155
01:34:10,980 --> 01:34:13,370
various Catholic monasteries and
destroying religious artifacts caused
4156
01:34:13,370 --> 01:34:13,380
destroying religious artifacts caused
4157
01:34:13,380 --> 01:34:16,490
destroying religious artifacts caused
fear and hatred among his citizens why
4158
01:34:16,490 --> 01:34:16,500
fear and hatred among his citizens why
4159
01:34:16,500 --> 01:34:18,290
fear and hatred among his citizens why
would anyone trust a leader if they
4160
01:34:18,290 --> 01:34:18,300
would anyone trust a leader if they
4161
01:34:18,300 --> 01:34:21,770
would anyone trust a leader if they
can't stop barbaric pagans so various
4162
01:34:21,770 --> 01:34:21,780
can't stop barbaric pagans so various
4163
01:34:21,780 --> 01:34:23,570
can't stop barbaric pagans so various
local leaders started to focus on
4164
01:34:23,570 --> 01:34:23,580
local leaders started to focus on
4165
01:34:23,580 --> 01:34:25,970
local leaders started to focus on
defending their land rather than relying
4166
01:34:25,970 --> 01:34:25,980
defending their land rather than relying
4167
01:34:25,980 --> 01:34:27,709
defending their land rather than relying
on the central government for defense
4168
01:34:27,709 --> 01:34:27,719
on the central government for defense
4169
01:34:27,719 --> 01:34:30,050
on the central government for defense
hence beginning the process of
4170
01:34:30,050 --> 01:34:30,060
hence beginning the process of
4171
01:34:30,060 --> 01:34:32,330
hence beginning the process of
independently recreating the Chinese
4172
01:34:32,330 --> 01:34:32,340
independently recreating the Chinese
4173
01:34:32,340 --> 01:34:35,689
independently recreating the Chinese
system of feudalism at this time people
4174
01:34:35,689 --> 01:34:35,699
system of feudalism at this time people
4175
01:34:35,699 --> 01:34:38,090
system of feudalism at this time people
would willingly Farm on lands giving up
4176
01:34:38,090 --> 01:34:38,100
would willingly Farm on lands giving up
4177
01:34:38,100 --> 01:34:40,490
would willingly Farm on lands giving up
their freedom to these local leaders to
4178
01:34:40,490 --> 01:34:40,500
their freedom to these local leaders to
4179
01:34:40,500 --> 01:34:42,770
their freedom to these local leaders to
protect them from the Vikings creating
4180
01:34:42,770 --> 01:34:42,780
protect them from the Vikings creating
4181
01:34:42,780 --> 01:34:46,430
protect them from the Vikings creating
the basis of a new system of feudalism
4182
01:34:46,430 --> 01:34:46,440
the basis of a new system of feudalism
4183
01:34:46,440 --> 01:34:48,590
the basis of a new system of feudalism
while the Holy Roman Empire might have
4184
01:34:48,590 --> 01:34:48,600
while the Holy Roman Empire might have
4185
01:34:48,600 --> 01:34:50,330
while the Holy Roman Empire might have
been fighting with the Vikings and the
4186
01:34:50,330 --> 01:34:50,340
been fighting with the Vikings and the
4187
01:34:50,340 --> 01:34:52,250
been fighting with the Vikings and the
byzantines were fighting with the Arabs
4188
01:34:52,250 --> 01:34:52,260
byzantines were fighting with the Arabs
4189
01:34:52,260 --> 01:34:55,910
byzantines were fighting with the Arabs
in 820 a group of Arab Raiders landed on
4190
01:34:55,910 --> 01:34:55,920
in 820 a group of Arab Raiders landed on
4191
01:34:55,920 --> 01:34:58,010
in 820 a group of Arab Raiders landed on
the island of Crete over the next
4192
01:34:58,010 --> 01:34:58,020
the island of Crete over the next
4193
01:34:58,020 --> 01:35:00,470
the island of Crete over the next
several years Arab forces gradually
4194
01:35:00,470 --> 01:35:00,480
several years Arab forces gradually
4195
01:35:00,480 --> 01:35:03,169
several years Arab forces gradually
gained control of the island overcoming
4196
01:35:03,169 --> 01:35:03,179
gained control of the island overcoming
4197
01:35:03,179 --> 01:35:04,790
gained control of the island overcoming
the resistance of the Byzantine
4198
01:35:04,790 --> 01:35:04,800
the resistance of the Byzantine
4199
01:35:04,800 --> 01:35:07,669
the resistance of the Byzantine
Defenders the conquest was completed in
4200
01:35:07,669 --> 01:35:07,679
Defenders the conquest was completed in
4201
01:35:07,679 --> 01:35:10,970
Defenders the conquest was completed in
827 and Crete became part of the Arab
4202
01:35:10,970 --> 01:35:10,980
827 and Crete became part of the Arab
4203
01:35:10,980 --> 01:35:13,490
827 and Crete became part of the Arab
Empire the conquest of Sicily and
4204
01:35:13,490 --> 01:35:13,500
Empire the conquest of Sicily and
4205
01:35:13,500 --> 01:35:16,129
Empire the conquest of Sicily and
Sardinia followed a similar pattern in
4206
01:35:16,129 --> 01:35:16,139
Sardinia followed a similar pattern in
4207
01:35:16,139 --> 01:35:19,669
Sardinia followed a similar pattern in
827 a large Arab Fleet landed on Sicily
4208
01:35:19,669 --> 01:35:19,679
827 a large Arab Fleet landed on Sicily
4209
01:35:19,679 --> 01:35:22,550
827 a large Arab Fleet landed on Sicily
an Arab forces quickly gained control of
4210
01:35:22,550 --> 01:35:22,560
an Arab forces quickly gained control of
4211
01:35:22,560 --> 01:35:24,890
an Arab forces quickly gained control of
much of the island they then moved on to
4212
01:35:24,890 --> 01:35:24,900
much of the island they then moved on to
4213
01:35:24,900 --> 01:35:27,530
much of the island they then moved on to
Sardinia which fell to the Arab Invaders
4214
01:35:27,530 --> 01:35:27,540
Sardinia which fell to the Arab Invaders
4215
01:35:27,540 --> 01:35:29,149
Sardinia which fell to the Arab Invaders
In 828
4216
01:35:29,149 --> 01:35:29,159
In 828
4217
01:35:29,159 --> 01:35:32,330
In 828
in the Holy Roman Empire once Louis the
4218
01:35:32,330 --> 01:35:32,340
in the Holy Roman Empire once Louis the
4219
01:35:32,340 --> 01:35:35,629
in the Holy Roman Empire once Louis the
pious died in 840 A.D so did the
4220
01:35:35,629 --> 01:35:35,639
pious died in 840 A.D so did the
4221
01:35:35,639 --> 01:35:38,090
pious died in 840 A.D so did the
Charlemagne Empire the infighting
4222
01:35:38,090 --> 01:35:38,100
Charlemagne Empire the infighting
4223
01:35:38,100 --> 01:35:40,490
Charlemagne Empire the infighting
between family members grew leading to
4224
01:35:40,490 --> 01:35:40,500
between family members grew leading to
4225
01:35:40,500 --> 01:35:42,649
between family members grew leading to
the Holy Roman Empire being divided
4226
01:35:42,649 --> 01:35:42,659
the Holy Roman Empire being divided
4227
01:35:42,659 --> 01:35:45,169
the Holy Roman Empire being divided
between three family members in the
4228
01:35:45,169 --> 01:35:45,179
between three family members in the
4229
01:35:45,179 --> 01:35:48,229
between three family members in the
famous Treaty of Verdun in the west the
4230
01:35:48,229 --> 01:35:48,239
famous Treaty of Verdun in the west the
4231
01:35:48,239 --> 01:35:50,270
famous Treaty of Verdun in the west the
formation of the West Frankish kingdom
4232
01:35:50,270 --> 01:35:50,280
formation of the West Frankish kingdom
4233
01:35:50,280 --> 01:35:52,189
formation of the West Frankish kingdom
was given to Charlemagne's grandson
4234
01:35:52,189 --> 01:35:52,199
was given to Charlemagne's grandson
4235
01:35:52,199 --> 01:35:55,970
was given to Charlemagne's grandson
Charles the bald in modern day France in
4236
01:35:55,970 --> 01:35:55,980
Charles the bald in modern day France in
4237
01:35:55,980 --> 01:35:58,550
Charles the bald in modern day France in
the East the East Frankish kingdom was
4238
01:35:58,550 --> 01:35:58,560
the East the East Frankish kingdom was
4239
01:35:58,560 --> 01:36:01,070
the East the East Frankish kingdom was
given to another grandson Lewis the
4240
01:36:01,070 --> 01:36:01,080
given to another grandson Lewis the
4241
01:36:01,080 --> 01:36:03,830
given to another grandson Lewis the
German which was obviously settled in
4242
01:36:03,830 --> 01:36:03,840
German which was obviously settled in
4243
01:36:03,840 --> 01:36:06,169
German which was obviously settled in
modern day Germany while the Middle
4244
01:36:06,169 --> 01:36:06,179
modern day Germany while the Middle
4245
01:36:06,179 --> 01:36:08,030
modern day Germany while the Middle
Kingdom was given to Charlemagne's
4246
01:36:08,030 --> 01:36:08,040
Kingdom was given to Charlemagne's
4247
01:36:08,040 --> 01:36:10,850
Kingdom was given to Charlemagne's
eldest son lothaire however being
4248
01:36:10,850 --> 01:36:10,860
eldest son lothaire however being
4249
01:36:10,860 --> 01:36:13,189
eldest son lothaire however being
squeezed in between the West and East
4250
01:36:13,189 --> 01:36:13,199
squeezed in between the West and East
4251
01:36:13,199 --> 01:36:15,050
squeezed in between the West and East
Frankish kingdoms gave the Middle
4252
01:36:15,050 --> 01:36:15,060
Frankish kingdoms gave the Middle
4253
01:36:15,060 --> 01:36:18,050
Frankish kingdoms gave the Middle
Kingdom a short life span and was
4254
01:36:18,050 --> 01:36:18,060
Kingdom a short life span and was
4255
01:36:18,060 --> 01:36:20,750
Kingdom a short life span and was
practically irrelevant
4256
01:36:20,750 --> 01:36:20,760
practically irrelevant
4257
01:36:20,760 --> 01:36:23,209
practically irrelevant
the Vikings weren't just a problem for
4258
01:36:23,209 --> 01:36:23,219
the Vikings weren't just a problem for
4259
01:36:23,219 --> 01:36:25,189
the Vikings weren't just a problem for
Mainland Europe they were pillaging
4260
01:36:25,189 --> 01:36:25,199
Mainland Europe they were pillaging
4261
01:36:25,199 --> 01:36:28,729
Mainland Europe they were pillaging
everything in Mainland England so in 871
4262
01:36:28,729 --> 01:36:28,739
everything in Mainland England so in 871
4263
01:36:28,739 --> 01:36:31,070
everything in Mainland England so in 871
the new king of Wessex Alfred the Great
4264
01:36:31,070 --> 01:36:31,080
the new king of Wessex Alfred the Great
4265
01:36:31,080 --> 01:36:33,770
the new king of Wessex Alfred the Great
Rose to power with one thing in mind
4266
01:36:33,770 --> 01:36:33,780
Rose to power with one thing in mind
4267
01:36:33,780 --> 01:36:37,129
Rose to power with one thing in mind
keeping everyone safe Alfred built a
4268
01:36:37,129 --> 01:36:37,139
keeping everyone safe Alfred built a
4269
01:36:37,139 --> 01:36:39,530
keeping everyone safe Alfred built a
network of fortifications known as Burrs
4270
01:36:39,530 --> 01:36:39,540
network of fortifications known as Burrs
4271
01:36:39,540 --> 01:36:41,629
network of fortifications known as Burrs
designed to protect his people from
4272
01:36:41,629 --> 01:36:41,639
designed to protect his people from
4273
01:36:41,639 --> 01:36:44,270
designed to protect his people from
Viking attacks he also developed new
4274
01:36:44,270 --> 01:36:44,280
Viking attacks he also developed new
4275
01:36:44,280 --> 01:36:46,729
Viking attacks he also developed new
military tactics and strategies and
4276
01:36:46,729 --> 01:36:46,739
military tactics and strategies and
4277
01:36:46,739 --> 01:36:48,790
military tactics and strategies and
fostered alliances with other
4278
01:36:48,790 --> 01:36:48,800
fostered alliances with other
4279
01:36:48,800 --> 01:36:51,290
fostered alliances with other
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
4280
01:36:51,290 --> 01:36:51,300
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
4281
01:36:51,300 --> 01:36:53,750
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
unlike in Great Britain though the
4282
01:36:53,750 --> 01:36:53,760
unlike in Great Britain though the
4283
01:36:53,760 --> 01:36:56,390
unlike in Great Britain though the
Vikings were actually invited to Russia
4284
01:36:56,390 --> 01:36:56,400
Vikings were actually invited to Russia
4285
01:36:56,400 --> 01:36:58,970
Vikings were actually invited to Russia
according to Russian Legend the tribes
4286
01:36:58,970 --> 01:36:58,980
according to Russian Legend the tribes
4287
01:36:58,980 --> 01:37:00,709
according to Russian Legend the tribes
in Russia were tired of dealing with
4288
01:37:00,709 --> 01:37:00,719
in Russia were tired of dealing with
4289
01:37:00,719 --> 01:37:03,050
in Russia were tired of dealing with
political Strife so they invited the
4290
01:37:03,050 --> 01:37:03,060
political Strife so they invited the
4291
01:37:03,060 --> 01:37:05,629
political Strife so they invited the
varangians a sect of Vikings to
4292
01:37:05,629 --> 01:37:05,639
varangians a sect of Vikings to
4293
01:37:05,639 --> 01:37:07,729
varangians a sect of Vikings to
establish order and a government over
4294
01:37:07,729 --> 01:37:07,739
establish order and a government over
4295
01:37:07,739 --> 01:37:10,189
establish order and a government over
there hence rurik came with his two
4296
01:37:10,189 --> 01:37:10,199
there hence rurik came with his two
4297
01:37:10,199 --> 01:37:12,770
there hence rurik came with his two
brothers to the city of navgarad and
4298
01:37:12,770 --> 01:37:12,780
brothers to the city of navgarad and
4299
01:37:12,780 --> 01:37:15,530
brothers to the city of navgarad and
using the Vikings famous Force they were
4300
01:37:15,530 --> 01:37:15,540
using the Vikings famous Force they were
4301
01:37:15,540 --> 01:37:17,689
using the Vikings famous Force they were
able to establish order in the city
4302
01:37:17,689 --> 01:37:17,699
able to establish order in the city
4303
01:37:17,699 --> 01:37:19,970
able to establish order in the city
declaring rurik as their new king
4304
01:37:19,970 --> 01:37:19,980
declaring rurik as their new king
4305
01:37:19,980 --> 01:37:23,090
declaring rurik as their new king
creating the Kevin Roos Dynasty under
4306
01:37:23,090 --> 01:37:23,100
creating the Kevin Roos Dynasty under
4307
01:37:23,100 --> 01:37:25,490
creating the Kevin Roos Dynasty under
the military leadership of Oleg one of
4308
01:37:25,490 --> 01:37:25,500
the military leadership of Oleg one of
4309
01:37:25,500 --> 01:37:27,950
the military leadership of Oleg one of
The rura Kingsmen the Kevin ruse started
4310
01:37:27,950 --> 01:37:27,960
The rura Kingsmen the Kevin ruse started
4311
01:37:27,960 --> 01:37:30,530
The rura Kingsmen the Kevin ruse started
establishing small lensk and Kiev in
4312
01:37:30,530 --> 01:37:30,540
establishing small lensk and Kiev in
4313
01:37:30,540 --> 01:37:32,689
establishing small lensk and Kiev in
modern-day Ukraine creating the
4314
01:37:32,689 --> 01:37:32,699
modern-day Ukraine creating the
4315
01:37:32,699 --> 01:37:36,470
modern-day Ukraine creating the
Forefront of Russia Today
4316
01:37:36,470 --> 01:37:36,480
4317
01:37:36,480 --> 01:37:39,350
while back in England expanding upon his
4318
01:37:39,350 --> 01:37:39,360
while back in England expanding upon his
4319
01:37:39,360 --> 01:37:41,510
while back in England expanding upon his
grandfather Alfred the Great's Alliance
4320
01:37:41,510 --> 01:37:41,520
grandfather Alfred the Great's Alliance
4321
01:37:41,520 --> 01:37:44,689
grandfather Alfred the Great's Alliance
network athelstan was declared king of
4322
01:37:44,689 --> 01:37:44,699
network athelstan was declared king of
4323
01:37:44,699 --> 01:37:47,510
network athelstan was declared king of
Essex athelstan was able to get all the
4324
01:37:47,510 --> 01:37:47,520
Essex athelstan was able to get all the
4325
01:37:47,520 --> 01:37:50,209
Essex athelstan was able to get all the
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to work together to
4326
01:37:50,209 --> 01:37:50,219
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to work together to
4327
01:37:50,219 --> 01:37:51,950
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to work together to
fend off the Vikings of the British
4328
01:37:51,950 --> 01:37:51,960
fend off the Vikings of the British
4329
01:37:51,960 --> 01:37:54,590
fend off the Vikings of the British
Isles he was declared to be the first
4330
01:37:54,590 --> 01:37:54,600
Isles he was declared to be the first
4331
01:37:54,600 --> 01:37:56,990
Isles he was declared to be the first
king of England due to his ability to
4332
01:37:56,990 --> 01:37:57,000
king of England due to his ability to
4333
01:37:57,000 --> 01:37:59,510
king of England due to his ability to
navigate alliances and keep everyone
4334
01:37:59,510 --> 01:37:59,520
navigate alliances and keep everyone
4335
01:37:59,520 --> 01:38:02,090
navigate alliances and keep everyone
safe beginning one of the longest
4336
01:38:02,090 --> 01:38:02,100
safe beginning one of the longest
4337
01:38:02,100 --> 01:38:05,330
safe beginning one of the longest
monarchies in human history
4338
01:38:05,330 --> 01:38:05,340
monarchies in human history
4339
01:38:05,340 --> 01:38:07,550
monarchies in human history
while the East Frankish kingdom was
4340
01:38:07,550 --> 01:38:07,560
while the East Frankish kingdom was
4341
01:38:07,560 --> 01:38:09,890
while the East Frankish kingdom was
facing a similar problem the Pagan
4342
01:38:09,890 --> 01:38:09,900
facing a similar problem the Pagan
4343
01:38:09,900 --> 01:38:12,649
facing a similar problem the Pagan
magyars were attacking everyone across
4344
01:38:12,649 --> 01:38:12,659
magyars were attacking everyone across
4345
01:38:12,659 --> 01:38:14,870
magyars were attacking everyone across
the kingdom leaving the kingdom to live
4346
01:38:14,870 --> 01:38:14,880
the kingdom leaving the kingdom to live
4347
01:38:14,880 --> 01:38:17,870
the kingdom leaving the kingdom to live
in fear however King Otto of the East
4348
01:38:17,870 --> 01:38:17,880
in fear however King Otto of the East
4349
01:38:17,880 --> 01:38:20,810
in fear however King Otto of the East
Frankish Empire was able to defeat the
4350
01:38:20,810 --> 01:38:20,820
Frankish Empire was able to defeat the
4351
01:38:20,820 --> 01:38:23,209
Frankish Empire was able to defeat the
pesky magyars at the Battle of lechfield
4352
01:38:23,209 --> 01:38:23,219
pesky magyars at the Battle of lechfield
4353
01:38:23,219 --> 01:38:28,070
pesky magyars at the Battle of lechfield
in 955. then in 961 he could fully
4354
01:38:28,070 --> 01:38:28,080
in 955. then in 961 he could fully
4355
01:38:28,080 --> 01:38:30,649
in 955. then in 961 he could fully
conquer all of the kingdoms of Italy
4356
01:38:30,649 --> 01:38:30,659
conquer all of the kingdoms of Italy
4357
01:38:30,659 --> 01:38:33,530
conquer all of the kingdoms of Italy
restoring Christendom to all the former
4358
01:38:33,530 --> 01:38:33,540
restoring Christendom to all the former
4359
01:38:33,540 --> 01:38:36,649
restoring Christendom to all the former
pagans so in 962
4360
01:38:36,649 --> 01:38:36,659
pagans so in 962
4361
01:38:36,659 --> 01:38:38,750
pagans so in 962
Otto the first was coronated to Pope
4362
01:38:38,750 --> 01:38:38,760
Otto the first was coronated to Pope
4363
01:38:38,760 --> 01:38:41,870
Otto the first was coronated to Pope
John XII in Rome to be the new Holy
4364
01:38:41,870 --> 01:38:41,880
John XII in Rome to be the new Holy
4365
01:38:41,880 --> 01:38:43,790
John XII in Rome to be the new Holy
Roman Emperor
4366
01:38:43,790 --> 01:38:43,800
Roman Emperor
4367
01:38:43,800 --> 01:38:46,250
Roman Emperor
in France though the West Frankish
4368
01:38:46,250 --> 01:38:46,260
in France though the West Frankish
4369
01:38:46,260 --> 01:38:49,010
in France though the West Frankish
kingdom was struggling because in 1987
4370
01:38:49,010 --> 01:38:49,020
kingdom was struggling because in 1987
4371
01:38:49,020 --> 01:38:52,070
kingdom was struggling because in 1987
King Louis V a direct descendant of
4372
01:38:52,070 --> 01:38:52,080
King Louis V a direct descendant of
4373
01:38:52,080 --> 01:38:54,770
King Louis V a direct descendant of
Charlemagne died at age 20 without
4374
01:38:54,770 --> 01:38:54,780
Charlemagne died at age 20 without
4375
01:38:54,780 --> 01:38:56,689
Charlemagne died at age 20 without
leaving an heir to take over their
4376
01:38:56,689 --> 01:38:56,699
leaving an heir to take over their
4377
01:38:56,699 --> 01:38:59,330
leaving an heir to take over their
Dynasty leaving the French monarchy in
4378
01:38:59,330 --> 01:38:59,340
Dynasty leaving the French monarchy in
4379
01:38:59,340 --> 01:39:02,510
Dynasty leaving the French monarchy in
Peril so the French aristocracy had an
4380
01:39:02,510 --> 01:39:02,520
Peril so the French aristocracy had an
4381
01:39:02,520 --> 01:39:05,149
Peril so the French aristocracy had an
election between Hugh capit a noble with
4382
01:39:05,149 --> 01:39:05,159
election between Hugh capit a noble with
4383
01:39:05,159 --> 01:39:07,310
election between Hugh capit a noble with
extensive lands in the region of Isle de
4384
01:39:07,310 --> 01:39:07,320
extensive lands in the region of Isle de
4385
01:39:07,320 --> 01:39:09,530
extensive lands in the region of Isle de
France and Charles Duke of lower
4386
01:39:09,530 --> 01:39:09,540
France and Charles Duke of lower
4387
01:39:09,540 --> 01:39:11,870
France and Charles Duke of lower
Lorraine with the support of Attleboro
4388
01:39:11,870 --> 01:39:11,880
Lorraine with the support of Attleboro
4389
01:39:11,880 --> 01:39:15,169
Lorraine with the support of Attleboro
the Archbishop of ROMs Hugh capit became
4390
01:39:15,169 --> 01:39:15,179
the Archbishop of ROMs Hugh capit became
4391
01:39:15,179 --> 01:39:18,649
the Archbishop of ROMs Hugh capit became
the first king of France starting the
4392
01:39:18,649 --> 01:39:18,659
the first king of France starting the
4393
01:39:18,659 --> 01:39:20,490
the first king of France starting the
capetian dynasty
4394
01:39:20,490 --> 01:39:20,500
capetian dynasty
4395
01:39:20,500 --> 01:39:22,250
capetian dynasty
[Music]
4396
01:39:22,250 --> 01:39:22,260
[Music]
4397
01:39:22,260 --> 01:39:24,290
[Music]
foreign
4398
01:39:24,290 --> 01:39:24,300
foreign
4399
01:39:24,300 --> 01:39:27,169
foreign
however at this time the typical person
4400
01:39:27,169 --> 01:39:27,179
however at this time the typical person
4401
01:39:27,179 --> 01:39:29,689
however at this time the typical person
in Europe was always living in fear
4402
01:39:29,689 --> 01:39:29,699
in Europe was always living in fear
4403
01:39:29,699 --> 01:39:32,149
in Europe was always living in fear
every civilization was on the verge of
4404
01:39:32,149 --> 01:39:32,159
every civilization was on the verge of
4405
01:39:32,159 --> 01:39:34,189
every civilization was on the verge of
conquering they've all become land
4406
01:39:34,189 --> 01:39:34,199
conquering they've all become land
4407
01:39:34,199 --> 01:39:36,350
conquering they've all become land
hungry and were willing to fight for it
4408
01:39:36,350 --> 01:39:36,360
hungry and were willing to fight for it
4409
01:39:36,360 --> 01:39:39,229
hungry and were willing to fight for it
so across Europe at this time every
4410
01:39:39,229 --> 01:39:39,239
so across Europe at this time every
4411
01:39:39,239 --> 01:39:41,750
so across Europe at this time every
civilization started to entrench their
4412
01:39:41,750 --> 01:39:41,760
civilization started to entrench their
4413
01:39:41,760 --> 01:39:44,330
civilization started to entrench their
society in the ideas of feudalism
4414
01:39:44,330 --> 01:39:44,340
society in the ideas of feudalism
4415
01:39:44,340 --> 01:39:47,570
society in the ideas of feudalism
leading to another social pyramid at the
4416
01:39:47,570 --> 01:39:47,580
leading to another social pyramid at the
4417
01:39:47,580 --> 01:39:50,030
leading to another social pyramid at the
bottom lay the serfs their job was to
4418
01:39:50,030 --> 01:39:50,040
bottom lay the serfs their job was to
4419
01:39:50,040 --> 01:39:51,890
bottom lay the serfs their job was to
farm the land and ensure everyone was
4420
01:39:51,890 --> 01:39:51,900
farm the land and ensure everyone was
4421
01:39:51,900 --> 01:39:54,410
farm the land and ensure everyone was
fed then came the Knight Who provided
4422
01:39:54,410 --> 01:39:54,420
fed then came the Knight Who provided
4423
01:39:54,420 --> 01:39:56,990
fed then came the Knight Who provided
protection for the people then came the
4424
01:39:56,990 --> 01:39:57,000
protection for the people then came the
4425
01:39:57,000 --> 01:39:59,149
protection for the people then came the
Nobles who ruled over a specific
4426
01:39:59,149 --> 01:39:59,159
Nobles who ruled over a specific
4427
01:39:59,159 --> 01:40:02,209
Nobles who ruled over a specific
territory owning the land then came the
4428
01:40:02,209 --> 01:40:02,219
territory owning the land then came the
4429
01:40:02,219 --> 01:40:04,610
territory owning the land then came the
Kings as previously mentioned who gave
4430
01:40:04,610 --> 01:40:04,620
Kings as previously mentioned who gave
4431
01:40:04,620 --> 01:40:07,490
Kings as previously mentioned who gave
lands to the Nobles but all the way at
4432
01:40:07,490 --> 01:40:07,500
lands to the Nobles but all the way at
4433
01:40:07,500 --> 01:40:09,890
lands to the Nobles but all the way at
the top was the pope because the pope
4434
01:40:09,890 --> 01:40:09,900
the top was the pope because the pope
4435
01:40:09,900 --> 01:40:12,770
the top was the pope because the pope
could speak directly to God and had God
4436
01:40:12,770 --> 01:40:12,780
could speak directly to God and had God
4437
01:40:12,780 --> 01:40:16,729
could speak directly to God and had God
given ownership of all the lands
4438
01:40:16,729 --> 01:40:16,739
given ownership of all the lands
4439
01:40:16,739 --> 01:40:19,850
given ownership of all the lands
in the early 11th century Leith Erickson
4440
01:40:19,850 --> 01:40:19,860
in the early 11th century Leith Erickson
4441
01:40:19,860 --> 01:40:22,310
in the early 11th century Leith Erickson
was sent on a voyage to discover lands
4442
01:40:22,310 --> 01:40:22,320
was sent on a voyage to discover lands
4443
01:40:22,320 --> 01:40:24,530
was sent on a voyage to discover lands
west of Greenland if you look at a map
4444
01:40:24,530 --> 01:40:24,540
west of Greenland if you look at a map
4445
01:40:24,540 --> 01:40:27,770
west of Greenland if you look at a map
West of Greenland is the Americas so
4446
01:40:27,770 --> 01:40:27,780
West of Greenland is the Americas so
4447
01:40:27,780 --> 01:40:30,290
West of Greenland is the Americas so
leaf and his crew ventured to this new
4448
01:40:30,290 --> 01:40:30,300
leaf and his crew ventured to this new
4449
01:40:30,300 --> 01:40:33,229
leaf and his crew ventured to this new
mystical land called Vinland in modern
4450
01:40:33,229 --> 01:40:33,239
mystical land called Vinland in modern
4451
01:40:33,239 --> 01:40:36,169
mystical land called Vinland in modern
day Newfoundland Canada leaf and his
4452
01:40:36,169 --> 01:40:36,179
day Newfoundland Canada leaf and his
4453
01:40:36,179 --> 01:40:37,910
day Newfoundland Canada leaf and his
crew spent the winter in Finland
4454
01:40:37,910 --> 01:40:37,920
crew spent the winter in Finland
4455
01:40:37,920 --> 01:40:40,129
crew spent the winter in Finland
establishing a small settlement and
4456
01:40:40,129 --> 01:40:40,139
establishing a small settlement and
4457
01:40:40,139 --> 01:40:41,990
establishing a small settlement and
trading with the local indigenous people
4458
01:40:41,990 --> 01:40:42,000
trading with the local indigenous people
4459
01:40:42,000 --> 01:40:44,450
trading with the local indigenous people
they also explored the surrounding area
4460
01:40:44,450 --> 01:40:44,460
they also explored the surrounding area
4461
01:40:44,460 --> 01:40:46,430
they also explored the surrounding area
which they found rich and natural
4462
01:40:46,430 --> 01:40:46,440
which they found rich and natural
4463
01:40:46,440 --> 01:40:49,910
which they found rich and natural
resources including Timber Fish and Game
4464
01:40:49,910 --> 01:40:49,920
resources including Timber Fish and Game
4465
01:40:49,920 --> 01:40:52,310
resources including Timber Fish and Game
Leath and his crew returned to Greenland
4466
01:40:52,310 --> 01:40:52,320
Leath and his crew returned to Greenland
4467
01:40:52,320 --> 01:40:54,470
Leath and his crew returned to Greenland
in the spring where they were greeted as
4468
01:40:54,470 --> 01:40:54,480
in the spring where they were greeted as
4469
01:40:54,480 --> 01:40:57,470
in the spring where they were greeted as
Heroes for discovering new lands little
4470
01:40:57,470 --> 01:40:57,480
Heroes for discovering new lands little
4471
01:40:57,480 --> 01:40:59,810
Heroes for discovering new lands little
did Leaf know that he discovered a new
4472
01:40:59,810 --> 01:40:59,820
did Leaf know that he discovered a new
4473
01:40:59,820 --> 01:41:03,270
did Leaf know that he discovered a new
continent for his European people
4474
01:41:03,270 --> 01:41:03,280
continent for his European people
4475
01:41:03,280 --> 01:41:06,189
continent for his European people
[Music]
4476
01:41:06,189 --> 01:41:06,199
[Music]
4477
01:41:06,199 --> 01:41:08,930
[Music]
those significantly less is known about
4478
01:41:08,930 --> 01:41:08,940
those significantly less is known about
4479
01:41:08,940 --> 01:41:11,270
those significantly less is known about
the Americas some historians believe
4480
01:41:11,270 --> 01:41:11,280
the Americas some historians believe
4481
01:41:11,280 --> 01:41:13,550
the Americas some historians believe
that at the time a similar type of
4482
01:41:13,550 --> 01:41:13,560
that at the time a similar type of
4483
01:41:13,560 --> 01:41:15,290
that at the time a similar type of
expansion happened in the American
4484
01:41:15,290 --> 01:41:15,300
expansion happened in the American
4485
01:41:15,300 --> 01:41:18,649
expansion happened in the American
continent like in Europe sadly we just
4486
01:41:18,649 --> 01:41:18,659
continent like in Europe sadly we just
4487
01:41:18,659 --> 01:41:21,110
continent like in Europe sadly we just
don't have the historical records from
4488
01:41:21,110 --> 01:41:21,120
don't have the historical records from
4489
01:41:21,120 --> 01:41:23,450
don't have the historical records from
this unique period we know that the
4490
01:41:23,450 --> 01:41:23,460
this unique period we know that the
4491
01:41:23,460 --> 01:41:25,490
this unique period we know that the
Mayans down in South America were
4492
01:41:25,490 --> 01:41:25,500
Mayans down in South America were
4493
01:41:25,500 --> 01:41:27,950
Mayans down in South America were
building the impressive cities of Tico
4494
01:41:27,950 --> 01:41:27,960
building the impressive cities of Tico
4495
01:41:27,960 --> 01:41:30,950
building the impressive cities of Tico
Palenque and Chichen Itza having a
4496
01:41:30,950 --> 01:41:30,960
Palenque and Chichen Itza having a
4497
01:41:30,960 --> 01:41:33,950
Palenque and Chichen Itza having a
population of anywhere between 2 and 10
4498
01:41:33,950 --> 01:41:33,960
population of anywhere between 2 and 10
4499
01:41:33,960 --> 01:41:36,410
population of anywhere between 2 and 10
million we also know that there were
4500
01:41:36,410 --> 01:41:36,420
million we also know that there were
4501
01:41:36,420 --> 01:41:38,090
million we also know that there were
various tribes across the north
4502
01:41:38,090 --> 01:41:38,100
various tribes across the north
4503
01:41:38,100 --> 01:41:41,090
various tribes across the north
including the Cherokee the Navajo and
4504
01:41:41,090 --> 01:41:41,100
including the Cherokee the Navajo and
4505
01:41:41,100 --> 01:41:44,270
including the Cherokee the Navajo and
the Inuits the Inuits are most likely to
4506
01:41:44,270 --> 01:41:44,280
the Inuits the Inuits are most likely to
4507
01:41:44,280 --> 01:41:47,390
the Inuits the Inuits are most likely to
have interacted with Leaf's Fleet
4508
01:41:47,390 --> 01:41:47,400
have interacted with Leaf's Fleet
4509
01:41:47,400 --> 01:41:50,209
have interacted with Leaf's Fleet
while back in Europe in the holy city of
4510
01:41:50,209 --> 01:41:50,219
while back in Europe in the holy city of
4511
01:41:50,219 --> 01:41:52,790
while back in Europe in the holy city of
Jerusalem laid the very famous Church
4512
01:41:52,790 --> 01:41:52,800
Jerusalem laid the very famous Church
4513
01:41:52,800 --> 01:41:55,250
Jerusalem laid the very famous Church
the Church of the Holy Sepulcher
4514
01:41:55,250 --> 01:41:55,260
the Church of the Holy Sepulcher
4515
01:41:55,260 --> 01:41:57,530
the Church of the Holy Sepulcher
according to Christian belief this
4516
01:41:57,530 --> 01:41:57,540
according to Christian belief this
4517
01:41:57,540 --> 01:41:59,689
according to Christian belief this
church was built on the day Jesus was
4518
01:41:59,689 --> 01:41:59,699
church was built on the day Jesus was
4519
01:41:59,699 --> 01:42:02,570
church was built on the day Jesus was
crucified and resurrected however in
4520
01:42:02,570 --> 01:42:02,580
crucified and resurrected however in
4521
01:42:02,580 --> 01:42:06,709
crucified and resurrected however in
1009 A.D Arab caliph al-hakim ordered
4522
01:42:06,709 --> 01:42:06,719
1009 A.D Arab caliph al-hakim ordered
4523
01:42:06,719 --> 01:42:08,990
1009 A.D Arab caliph al-hakim ordered
the destruction of this sacred holy site
4524
01:42:08,990 --> 01:42:09,000
the destruction of this sacred holy site
4525
01:42:09,000 --> 01:42:11,510
the destruction of this sacred holy site
all of the Sacred sites were destroyed
4526
01:42:11,510 --> 01:42:11,520
all of the Sacred sites were destroyed
4527
01:42:11,520 --> 01:42:14,689
all of the Sacred sites were destroyed
leaving them completely annihilated when
4528
01:42:14,689 --> 01:42:14,699
leaving them completely annihilated when
4529
01:42:14,699 --> 01:42:16,970
leaving them completely annihilated when
the news reached Europe Christians were
4530
01:42:16,970 --> 01:42:16,980
the news reached Europe Christians were
4531
01:42:16,980 --> 01:42:20,030
the news reached Europe Christians were
horrified Pope sergius IV sent a
4532
01:42:20,030 --> 01:42:20,040
horrified Pope sergius IV sent a
4533
01:42:20,040 --> 01:42:22,850
horrified Pope sergius IV sent a
circular letter to all churches calling
4534
01:42:22,850 --> 01:42:22,860
circular letter to all churches calling
4535
01:42:22,860 --> 01:42:25,189
circular letter to all churches calling
for a holy fight in the Middle East and
4536
01:42:25,189 --> 01:42:25,199
for a holy fight in the Middle East and
4537
01:42:25,199 --> 01:42:27,590
for a holy fight in the Middle East and
the expulsion of Muslims from the Holy
4538
01:42:27,590 --> 01:42:27,600
the expulsion of Muslims from the Holy
4539
01:42:27,600 --> 01:42:28,910
the expulsion of Muslims from the Holy
Land
4540
01:42:28,910 --> 01:42:28,920
Land
4541
01:42:28,920 --> 01:42:31,129
Land
but yet the Arabs of the abbaside
4542
01:42:31,129 --> 01:42:31,139
but yet the Arabs of the abbaside
4543
01:42:31,139 --> 01:42:33,530
but yet the Arabs of the abbaside
caliphate would actually be expelled by
4544
01:42:33,530 --> 01:42:33,540
caliphate would actually be expelled by
4545
01:42:33,540 --> 01:42:36,169
caliphate would actually be expelled by
another before Jerusalem the seljic
4546
01:42:36,169 --> 01:42:36,179
another before Jerusalem the seljic
4547
01:42:36,179 --> 01:42:38,750
another before Jerusalem the seljic
Turks a Central Asian turkic people of
4548
01:42:38,750 --> 01:42:38,760
Turks a Central Asian turkic people of
4549
01:42:38,760 --> 01:42:41,209
Turks a Central Asian turkic people of
the Muslim faith were beginning to grow
4550
01:42:41,209 --> 01:42:41,219
the Muslim faith were beginning to grow
4551
01:42:41,219 --> 01:42:44,689
the Muslim faith were beginning to grow
their empire in 1055 they took over the
4552
01:42:44,689 --> 01:42:44,699
their empire in 1055 they took over the
4553
01:42:44,699 --> 01:42:47,209
their empire in 1055 they took over the
abbaside caliphate capital city of
4554
01:42:47,209 --> 01:42:47,219
abbaside caliphate capital city of
4555
01:42:47,219 --> 01:42:49,609
abbaside caliphate capital city of
Baghdad the Celtic Turks initially
4556
01:42:49,609 --> 01:42:49,619
Baghdad the Celtic Turks initially
4557
01:42:49,619 --> 01:42:52,070
Baghdad the Celtic Turks initially
respected the caliph but the seljuks
4558
01:42:52,070 --> 01:42:52,080
respected the caliph but the seljuks
4559
01:42:52,080 --> 01:42:55,070
respected the caliph but the seljuks
took over the city over time in 1076
4560
01:42:55,070 --> 01:42:55,080
took over the city over time in 1076
4561
01:42:55,080 --> 01:42:57,410
took over the city over time in 1076
they captured Medina followed the next
4562
01:42:57,410 --> 01:42:57,420
they captured Medina followed the next
4563
01:42:57,420 --> 01:42:59,810
they captured Medina followed the next
year by the capturing of Mecca the
4564
01:42:59,810 --> 01:42:59,820
year by the capturing of Mecca the
4565
01:42:59,820 --> 01:43:04,540
year by the capturing of Mecca the
holiest city in Islam
4566
01:43:04,540 --> 01:43:04,550
4567
01:43:04,550 --> 01:43:06,970
[Music]
4568
01:43:06,970 --> 01:43:06,980
[Music]
4569
01:43:06,980 --> 01:43:09,950
[Music]
due to this the Muslim world wasn't
4570
01:43:09,950 --> 01:43:09,960
due to this the Muslim world wasn't
4571
01:43:09,960 --> 01:43:12,709
due to this the Muslim world wasn't
ready for Pope Urban II at the Council
4572
01:43:12,709 --> 01:43:12,719
ready for Pope Urban II at the Council
4573
01:43:12,719 --> 01:43:16,129
ready for Pope Urban II at the Council
of Claremont in 1095 to call upon all
4574
01:43:16,129 --> 01:43:16,139
of Claremont in 1095 to call upon all
4575
01:43:16,139 --> 01:43:18,470
of Claremont in 1095 to call upon all
Christians to take up arms and Liberate
4576
01:43:18,470 --> 01:43:18,480
Christians to take up arms and Liberate
4577
01:43:18,480 --> 01:43:21,410
Christians to take up arms and Liberate
the holy land from Muslim rule the pope
4578
01:43:21,410 --> 01:43:21,420
the holy land from Muslim rule the pope
4579
01:43:21,420 --> 01:43:23,870
the holy land from Muslim rule the pope
promised spiritual rewards and
4580
01:43:23,870 --> 01:43:23,880
promised spiritual rewards and
4581
01:43:23,880 --> 01:43:26,149
promised spiritual rewards and
forgiveness of sins to those who joined
4582
01:43:26,149 --> 01:43:26,159
forgiveness of sins to those who joined
4583
01:43:26,159 --> 01:43:29,149
forgiveness of sins to those who joined
the Crusade and many nights Nobles and
4584
01:43:29,149 --> 01:43:29,159
the Crusade and many nights Nobles and
4585
01:43:29,159 --> 01:43:31,430
the Crusade and many nights Nobles and
peasants were inspired to take up the
4586
01:43:31,430 --> 01:43:31,440
peasants were inspired to take up the
4587
01:43:31,440 --> 01:43:34,129
peasants were inspired to take up the
cause many European Nobles such as
4588
01:43:34,129 --> 01:43:34,139
cause many European Nobles such as
4589
01:43:34,139 --> 01:43:37,070
cause many European Nobles such as
Godfrey of bullion to lose Bohemian of
4590
01:43:37,070 --> 01:43:37,080
Godfrey of bullion to lose Bohemian of
4591
01:43:37,080 --> 01:43:39,830
Godfrey of bullion to lose Bohemian of
torrento and Robert of Flanders brought
4592
01:43:39,830 --> 01:43:39,840
torrento and Robert of Flanders brought
4593
01:43:39,840 --> 01:43:41,750
torrento and Robert of Flanders brought
their armies from Europe on their
4594
01:43:41,750 --> 01:43:41,760
their armies from Europe on their
4595
01:43:41,760 --> 01:43:43,850
their armies from Europe on their
journey to Jerusalem while the
4596
01:43:43,850 --> 01:43:43,860
journey to Jerusalem while the
4597
01:43:43,860 --> 01:43:46,189
journey to Jerusalem while the
Christians were United the Muslims were
4598
01:43:46,189 --> 01:43:46,199
Christians were United the Muslims were
4599
01:43:46,199 --> 01:43:48,530
Christians were United the Muslims were
divided and unable to put up a strong
4600
01:43:48,530 --> 01:43:48,540
divided and unable to put up a strong
4601
01:43:48,540 --> 01:43:51,709
divided and unable to put up a strong
defense against the Crusaders hence the
4602
01:43:51,709 --> 01:43:51,719
defense against the Crusaders hence the
4603
01:43:51,719 --> 01:43:53,270
defense against the Crusaders hence the
Christians took over the county of
4604
01:43:53,270 --> 01:43:53,280
Christians took over the county of
4605
01:43:53,280 --> 01:43:56,870
Christians took over the county of
Odessa in 1098 and finally the holy city
4606
01:43:56,870 --> 01:43:56,880
Odessa in 1098 and finally the holy city
4607
01:43:56,880 --> 01:44:01,129
Odessa in 1098 and finally the holy city
of Jerusalem in 1099.
4608
01:44:01,129 --> 01:44:01,139
of Jerusalem in 1099.
4609
01:44:01,139 --> 01:44:05,209
of Jerusalem in 1099.
however the Crusade wasn't done in 1144
4610
01:44:05,209 --> 01:44:05,219
however the Crusade wasn't done in 1144
4611
01:44:05,219 --> 01:44:08,090
however the Crusade wasn't done in 1144
the Muslim forces led by Turkish ruler
4612
01:44:08,090 --> 01:44:08,100
the Muslim forces led by Turkish ruler
4613
01:44:08,100 --> 01:44:11,030
the Muslim forces led by Turkish ruler
Ahmad ad denzingi launched a Siege
4614
01:44:11,030 --> 01:44:11,040
Ahmad ad denzingi launched a Siege
4615
01:44:11,040 --> 01:44:13,250
Ahmad ad denzingi launched a Siege
against Odessa the city was poorly
4616
01:44:13,250 --> 01:44:13,260
against Odessa the city was poorly
4617
01:44:13,260 --> 01:44:15,350
against Odessa the city was poorly
defended and the Crusaders could not
4618
01:44:15,350 --> 01:44:15,360
defended and the Crusaders could not
4619
01:44:15,360 --> 01:44:18,109
defended and the Crusaders could not
resist the Muslim forces for long after
4620
01:44:18,109 --> 01:44:18,119
resist the Muslim forces for long after
4621
01:44:18,119 --> 01:44:20,510
resist the Muslim forces for long after
a Siege of several weeks the city was
4622
01:44:20,510 --> 01:44:20,520
a Siege of several weeks the city was
4623
01:44:20,520 --> 01:44:23,030
a Siege of several weeks the city was
breached and the Muslim forces overran
4624
01:44:23,030 --> 01:44:23,040
breached and the Muslim forces overran
4625
01:44:23,040 --> 01:44:25,669
breached and the Muslim forces overran
the city killing or enslaving much of
4626
01:44:25,669 --> 01:44:25,679
the city killing or enslaving much of
4627
01:44:25,679 --> 01:44:27,770
the city killing or enslaving much of
the population but the Christians
4628
01:44:27,770 --> 01:44:27,780
the population but the Christians
4629
01:44:27,780 --> 01:44:31,370
the population but the Christians
weren't happy with that so in 1147 the
4630
01:44:31,370 --> 01:44:31,380
weren't happy with that so in 1147 the
4631
01:44:31,380 --> 01:44:33,649
weren't happy with that so in 1147 the
massive armies of Europe came back with
4632
01:44:33,649 --> 01:44:33,659
massive armies of Europe came back with
4633
01:44:33,659 --> 01:44:36,290
massive armies of Europe came back with
attempts to free Odessa the Crusaders
4634
01:44:36,290 --> 01:44:36,300
attempts to free Odessa the Crusaders
4635
01:44:36,300 --> 01:44:38,950
attempts to free Odessa the Crusaders
faced significant logistical challenges
4636
01:44:38,950 --> 01:44:38,960
faced significant logistical challenges
4637
01:44:38,960 --> 01:44:41,990
faced significant logistical challenges
including shortages of food and supplies
4638
01:44:41,990 --> 01:44:42,000
including shortages of food and supplies
4639
01:44:42,000 --> 01:44:44,810
including shortages of food and supplies
they were also plagued by infighting and
4640
01:44:44,810 --> 01:44:44,820
they were also plagued by infighting and
4641
01:44:44,820 --> 01:44:47,149
they were also plagued by infighting and
political rivalries which called The
4642
01:44:47,149 --> 01:44:47,159
political rivalries which called The
4643
01:44:47,159 --> 01:44:49,310
political rivalries which called The
Campaign to be in ruin after the
4644
01:44:49,310 --> 01:44:49,320
Campaign to be in ruin after the
4645
01:44:49,320 --> 01:44:51,890
Campaign to be in ruin after the
disastrous loss of the battle of a knob
4646
01:44:51,890 --> 01:44:51,900
disastrous loss of the battle of a knob
4647
01:44:51,900 --> 01:44:55,609
disastrous loss of the battle of a knob
in 1149 which resulted in the capture of
4648
01:44:55,609 --> 01:44:55,619
in 1149 which resulted in the capture of
4649
01:44:55,619 --> 01:44:59,090
in 1149 which resulted in the capture of
King Louis VII and the loss of much of
4650
01:44:59,090 --> 01:44:59,100
King Louis VII and the loss of much of
4651
01:44:59,100 --> 01:45:01,729
King Louis VII and the loss of much of
the Crusader Army
4652
01:45:01,729 --> 01:45:01,739
the Crusader Army
4653
01:45:01,739 --> 01:45:03,109
the Crusader Army
good
4654
01:45:03,109 --> 01:45:03,119
good
4655
01:45:03,119 --> 01:45:04,729
good
foreign
4656
01:45:04,729 --> 01:45:04,739
foreign
4657
01:45:04,739 --> 01:45:06,950
foreign
while the Christians and Muslims were
4658
01:45:06,950 --> 01:45:06,960
while the Christians and Muslims were
4659
01:45:06,960 --> 01:45:09,169
while the Christians and Muslims were
fighting the Hindus in the Khmer Empire
4660
01:45:09,169 --> 01:45:09,179
fighting the Hindus in the Khmer Empire
4661
01:45:09,179 --> 01:45:12,169
fighting the Hindus in the Khmer Empire
under King suryavarman II built a
4662
01:45:12,169 --> 01:45:12,179
under King suryavarman II built a
4663
01:45:12,179 --> 01:45:14,450
under King suryavarman II built a
fantastic Temple for the Hindu god
4664
01:45:14,450 --> 01:45:14,460
fantastic Temple for the Hindu god
4665
01:45:14,460 --> 01:45:18,109
fantastic Temple for the Hindu god
Vishnu called the Angkor Wat Vishnu is
4666
01:45:18,109 --> 01:45:18,119
Vishnu called the Angkor Wat Vishnu is
4667
01:45:18,119 --> 01:45:20,450
Vishnu called the Angkor Wat Vishnu is
an important God in Hinduism known as
4668
01:45:20,450 --> 01:45:20,460
an important God in Hinduism known as
4669
01:45:20,460 --> 01:45:22,370
an important God in Hinduism known as
the preserver and protector of the
4670
01:45:22,370 --> 01:45:22,380
the preserver and protector of the
4671
01:45:22,380 --> 01:45:25,550
the preserver and protector of the
universe he has ten incarnations or
4672
01:45:25,550 --> 01:45:25,560
universe he has ten incarnations or
4673
01:45:25,560 --> 01:45:28,310
universe he has ten incarnations or
avatars and is often depicted as having
4674
01:45:28,310 --> 01:45:28,320
avatars and is often depicted as having
4675
01:45:28,320 --> 01:45:31,550
avatars and is often depicted as having
blue skin and holding four objects as
4676
01:45:31,550 --> 01:45:31,560
blue skin and holding four objects as
4677
01:45:31,560 --> 01:45:33,830
blue skin and holding four objects as
you approach Angkor Wat you are greeted
4678
01:45:33,830 --> 01:45:33,840
you approach Angkor Wat you are greeted
4679
01:45:33,840 --> 01:45:36,229
you approach Angkor Wat you are greeted
by a massive moat and a grand entrance
4680
01:45:36,229 --> 01:45:36,239
by a massive moat and a grand entrance
4681
01:45:36,239 --> 01:45:38,750
by a massive moat and a grand entrance
gate adorned with intricate carvings of
4682
01:45:38,750 --> 01:45:38,760
gate adorned with intricate carvings of
4683
01:45:38,760 --> 01:45:41,570
gate adorned with intricate carvings of
mythological creatures and deities the
4684
01:45:41,570 --> 01:45:41,580
mythological creatures and deities the
4685
01:45:41,580 --> 01:45:43,609
mythological creatures and deities the
main Temple Rises like a towering
4686
01:45:43,609 --> 01:45:43,619
main Temple Rises like a towering
4687
01:45:43,619 --> 01:45:46,070
main Temple Rises like a towering
mountain with intricate carvings and
4688
01:45:46,070 --> 01:45:46,080
mountain with intricate carvings and
4689
01:45:46,080 --> 01:45:48,290
mountain with intricate carvings and
reliefs that tell the stories of Hindu
4690
01:45:48,290 --> 01:45:48,300
reliefs that tell the stories of Hindu
4691
01:45:48,300 --> 01:45:50,750
reliefs that tell the stories of Hindu
mythology and the history of the Khmer
4692
01:45:50,750 --> 01:45:50,760
mythology and the history of the Khmer
4693
01:45:50,760 --> 01:45:53,450
mythology and the history of the Khmer
Empire the Temple's galleries are lined
4694
01:45:53,450 --> 01:45:53,460
Empire the Temple's galleries are lined
4695
01:45:53,460 --> 01:45:55,790
Empire the Temple's galleries are lined
with stunning bass release depicting
4696
01:45:55,790 --> 01:45:55,800
with stunning bass release depicting
4697
01:45:55,800 --> 01:45:58,910
with stunning bass release depicting
scenes of battles ceremonies and daily
4698
01:45:58,910 --> 01:45:58,920
scenes of battles ceremonies and daily
4699
01:45:58,920 --> 01:46:01,609
scenes of battles ceremonies and daily
life in ancient Cambodia at the heart of
4700
01:46:01,609 --> 01:46:01,619
life in ancient Cambodia at the heart of
4701
01:46:01,619 --> 01:46:04,370
life in ancient Cambodia at the heart of
the complex is the central Sanctuary a
4702
01:46:04,370 --> 01:46:04,380
the complex is the central Sanctuary a
4703
01:46:04,380 --> 01:46:06,229
the complex is the central Sanctuary a
massive with pyramid-like structure
4704
01:46:06,229 --> 01:46:06,239
massive with pyramid-like structure
4705
01:46:06,239 --> 01:46:08,149
massive with pyramid-like structure
surrounded by smaller temples and
4706
01:46:08,149 --> 01:46:08,159
surrounded by smaller temples and
4707
01:46:08,159 --> 01:46:11,030
surrounded by smaller temples and
Courtyards the sanctuary is considered
4708
01:46:11,030 --> 01:46:11,040
Courtyards the sanctuary is considered
4709
01:46:11,040 --> 01:46:13,070
Courtyards the sanctuary is considered
the most sacred part of the temple
4710
01:46:13,070 --> 01:46:13,080
the most sacred part of the temple
4711
01:46:13,080 --> 01:46:15,950
the most sacred part of the temple
adorned with intricately carved statues
4712
01:46:15,950 --> 01:46:15,960
adorned with intricately carved statues
4713
01:46:15,960 --> 01:46:18,410
adorned with intricately carved statues
and images of Hindu gods and goddesses
4714
01:46:18,410 --> 01:46:18,420
and images of Hindu gods and goddesses
4715
01:46:18,420 --> 01:46:21,109
and images of Hindu gods and goddesses
it was an incredible feat of human
4716
01:46:21,109 --> 01:46:21,119
it was an incredible feat of human
4717
01:46:21,119 --> 01:46:23,629
it was an incredible feat of human
ingenuity
4718
01:46:23,629 --> 01:46:23,639
ingenuity
4719
01:46:23,639 --> 01:46:26,930
ingenuity
but yet in 1187 the Muslim Commander
4720
01:46:26,930 --> 01:46:26,940
but yet in 1187 the Muslim Commander
4721
01:46:26,940 --> 01:46:29,870
but yet in 1187 the Muslim Commander
from Egypt Saladin became fed up with
4722
01:46:29,870 --> 01:46:29,880
from Egypt Saladin became fed up with
4723
01:46:29,880 --> 01:46:32,209
from Egypt Saladin became fed up with
the Christian rule of Jerusalem so he
4724
01:46:32,209 --> 01:46:32,219
the Christian rule of Jerusalem so he
4725
01:46:32,219 --> 01:46:35,030
the Christian rule of Jerusalem so he
declared a holy war across the Muslim
4726
01:46:35,030 --> 01:46:35,040
declared a holy war across the Muslim
4727
01:46:35,040 --> 01:46:37,490
declared a holy war across the Muslim
World in order to reconquer Jerusalem
4728
01:46:37,490 --> 01:46:37,500
World in order to reconquer Jerusalem
4729
01:46:37,500 --> 01:46:40,370
World in order to reconquer Jerusalem
from the Christians the battle occurred
4730
01:46:40,370 --> 01:46:40,380
from the Christians the battle occurred
4731
01:46:40,380 --> 01:46:42,649
from the Christians the battle occurred
on a scorching hot day in the Hills near
4732
01:46:42,649 --> 01:46:42,659
on a scorching hot day in the Hills near
4733
01:46:42,659 --> 01:46:45,290
on a scorching hot day in the Hills near
the Sea of Galilee celadine's forces
4734
01:46:45,290 --> 01:46:45,300
the Sea of Galilee celadine's forces
4735
01:46:45,300 --> 01:46:47,629
the Sea of Galilee celadine's forces
numbered around twenty thousand the
4736
01:46:47,629 --> 01:46:47,639
numbered around twenty thousand the
4737
01:46:47,639 --> 01:46:49,790
numbered around twenty thousand the
crusaders had a much smaller force of
4738
01:46:49,790 --> 01:46:49,800
crusaders had a much smaller force of
4739
01:46:49,800 --> 01:46:52,790
crusaders had a much smaller force of
around 12 000 Knights soldiers and
4740
01:46:52,790 --> 01:46:52,800
around 12 000 Knights soldiers and
4741
01:46:52,800 --> 01:46:55,010
around 12 000 Knights soldiers and
civilians under the aptly named King
4742
01:46:55,010 --> 01:46:55,020
civilians under the aptly named King
4743
01:46:55,020 --> 01:46:57,590
civilians under the aptly named King
King guy the battle began with
4744
01:46:57,590 --> 01:46:57,600
King guy the battle began with
4745
01:46:57,600 --> 01:46:59,930
King guy the battle began with
skirmishes between the two sides but
4746
01:46:59,930 --> 01:46:59,940
skirmishes between the two sides but
4747
01:46:59,940 --> 01:47:02,270
skirmishes between the two sides but
soon escalated into a full-scale
4748
01:47:02,270 --> 01:47:02,280
soon escalated into a full-scale
4749
01:47:02,280 --> 01:47:04,910
soon escalated into a full-scale
engagement saladin's forces could use
4750
01:47:04,910 --> 01:47:04,920
engagement saladin's forces could use
4751
01:47:04,920 --> 01:47:07,310
engagement saladin's forces could use
their Superior Cavalry to encircle the
4752
01:47:07,310 --> 01:47:07,320
their Superior Cavalry to encircle the
4753
01:47:07,320 --> 01:47:09,410
their Superior Cavalry to encircle the
Crusaders who could not break through
4754
01:47:09,410 --> 01:47:09,420
Crusaders who could not break through
4755
01:47:09,420 --> 01:47:12,229
Crusaders who could not break through
the Muslim lines the Heat and thirst
4756
01:47:12,229 --> 01:47:12,239
the Muslim lines the Heat and thirst
4757
01:47:12,239 --> 01:47:15,050
the Muslim lines the Heat and thirst
soon took a toll on the Crusaders who
4758
01:47:15,050 --> 01:47:15,060
soon took a toll on the Crusaders who
4759
01:47:15,060 --> 01:47:17,450
soon took a toll on the Crusaders who
were weakened and disoriented the Muslim
4760
01:47:17,450 --> 01:47:17,460
were weakened and disoriented the Muslim
4761
01:47:17,460 --> 01:47:19,490
were weakened and disoriented the Muslim
forces took advantage of the situation
4762
01:47:19,490 --> 01:47:19,500
forces took advantage of the situation
4763
01:47:19,500 --> 01:47:22,370
forces took advantage of the situation
they launched a fierce attack breaking
4764
01:47:22,370 --> 01:47:22,380
they launched a fierce attack breaking
4765
01:47:22,380 --> 01:47:24,470
they launched a fierce attack breaking
through the Crusader lines in capturing
4766
01:47:24,470 --> 01:47:24,480
through the Crusader lines in capturing
4767
01:47:24,480 --> 01:47:27,350
through the Crusader lines in capturing
many nights King guy and a small group
4768
01:47:27,350 --> 01:47:27,360
many nights King guy and a small group
4769
01:47:27,360 --> 01:47:29,030
many nights King guy and a small group
of knights were able to escape the
4770
01:47:29,030 --> 01:47:29,040
of knights were able to escape the
4771
01:47:29,040 --> 01:47:31,430
of knights were able to escape the
battlefield still the majority of the
4772
01:47:31,430 --> 01:47:31,440
battlefield still the majority of the
4773
01:47:31,440 --> 01:47:34,370
battlefield still the majority of the
Crusader Army was destroyed the loss of
4774
01:47:34,370 --> 01:47:34,380
Crusader Army was destroyed the loss of
4775
01:47:34,380 --> 01:47:36,709
Crusader Army was destroyed the loss of
the battle was a severe blow to the
4776
01:47:36,709 --> 01:47:36,719
the battle was a severe blow to the
4777
01:47:36,719 --> 01:47:39,169
the battle was a severe blow to the
Christian forces in the region and it
4778
01:47:39,169 --> 01:47:39,179
Christian forces in the region and it
4779
01:47:39,179 --> 01:47:42,109
Christian forces in the region and it
paved the way for saladin's conquest of
4780
01:47:42,109 --> 01:47:42,119
paved the way for saladin's conquest of
4781
01:47:42,119 --> 01:47:43,669
paved the way for saladin's conquest of
Jerusalem
4782
01:47:43,669 --> 01:47:43,679
Jerusalem
4783
01:47:43,679 --> 01:47:45,649
Jerusalem
but the Christians weren't going to
4784
01:47:45,649 --> 01:47:45,659
but the Christians weren't going to
4785
01:47:45,659 --> 01:47:48,010
but the Christians weren't going to
allow that so guess what happened
4786
01:47:48,010 --> 01:47:48,020
allow that so guess what happened
4787
01:47:48,020 --> 01:47:52,010
allow that so guess what happened
another Crusade this time the three most
4788
01:47:52,010 --> 01:47:52,020
another Crusade this time the three most
4789
01:47:52,020 --> 01:47:54,470
another Crusade this time the three most
powerful monarchs at the time Emperor
4790
01:47:54,470 --> 01:47:54,480
powerful monarchs at the time Emperor
4791
01:47:54,480 --> 01:47:56,390
powerful monarchs at the time Emperor
Frederick the first of the Holy Roman
4792
01:47:56,390 --> 01:47:56,400
Frederick the first of the Holy Roman
4793
01:47:56,400 --> 01:47:58,430
Frederick the first of the Holy Roman
Empire King Richard the first of England
4794
01:47:58,430 --> 01:47:58,440
Empire King Richard the first of England
4795
01:47:58,440 --> 01:48:02,149
Empire King Richard the first of England
and King Philip II of France sent their
4796
01:48:02,149 --> 01:48:02,159
and King Philip II of France sent their
4797
01:48:02,159 --> 01:48:04,490
and King Philip II of France sent their
best armies to reconquer the holy city
4798
01:48:04,490 --> 01:48:04,500
best armies to reconquer the holy city
4799
01:48:04,500 --> 01:48:07,669
best armies to reconquer the holy city
of Jerusalem however all the force in
4800
01:48:07,669 --> 01:48:07,679
of Jerusalem however all the force in
4801
01:48:07,679 --> 01:48:10,490
of Jerusalem however all the force in
the world couldn't retake Jerusalem from
4802
01:48:10,490 --> 01:48:10,500
the world couldn't retake Jerusalem from
4803
01:48:10,500 --> 01:48:13,129
the world couldn't retake Jerusalem from
the grips of Saladin leaving the Third
4804
01:48:13,129 --> 01:48:13,139
the grips of Saladin leaving the Third
4805
01:48:13,139 --> 01:48:17,270
the grips of Saladin leaving the Third
Crusade to be a failure
4806
01:48:17,270 --> 01:48:17,280
4807
01:48:17,280 --> 01:48:20,570
um
4808
01:48:20,570 --> 01:48:20,580
4809
01:48:20,580 --> 01:48:23,450
Gus was born to a mother kidnapped by
4810
01:48:23,450 --> 01:48:23,460
Gus was born to a mother kidnapped by
4811
01:48:23,460 --> 01:48:25,189
Gus was born to a mother kidnapped by
his father and forced in the marriage
4812
01:48:25,189 --> 01:48:25,199
his father and forced in the marriage
4813
01:48:25,199 --> 01:48:27,350
his father and forced in the marriage
Legend holds that he came into this
4814
01:48:27,350 --> 01:48:27,360
Legend holds that he came into this
4815
01:48:27,360 --> 01:48:29,689
Legend holds that he came into this
world clutching a blood clot in his
4816
01:48:29,689 --> 01:48:29,699
world clutching a blood clot in his
4817
01:48:29,699 --> 01:48:32,209
world clutching a blood clot in his
right hand before he turned 10 his
4818
01:48:32,209 --> 01:48:32,219
right hand before he turned 10 his
4819
01:48:32,219 --> 01:48:34,550
right hand before he turned 10 his
father was poisoned to death by an enemy
4820
01:48:34,550 --> 01:48:34,560
father was poisoned to death by an enemy
4821
01:48:34,560 --> 01:48:37,430
father was poisoned to death by an enemy
Clan genghis's Clan then deserted him
4822
01:48:37,430 --> 01:48:37,440
Clan genghis's Clan then deserted him
4823
01:48:37,440 --> 01:48:40,550
Clan genghis's Clan then deserted him
his mother and his six siblings to avoid
4824
01:48:40,550 --> 01:48:40,560
his mother and his six siblings to avoid
4825
01:48:40,560 --> 01:48:42,709
his mother and his six siblings to avoid
having to feed them however he soon
4826
01:48:42,709 --> 01:48:42,719
having to feed them however he soon
4827
01:48:42,719 --> 01:48:44,330
having to feed them however he soon
began to make friends with the other
4828
01:48:44,330 --> 01:48:44,340
began to make friends with the other
4829
01:48:44,340 --> 01:48:46,070
began to make friends with the other
clans throughout the Mongolian
4830
01:48:46,070 --> 01:48:46,080
clans throughout the Mongolian
4831
01:48:46,080 --> 01:48:49,790
clans throughout the Mongolian
Mountainside by 1206 he had United all
4832
01:48:49,790 --> 01:48:49,800
Mountainside by 1206 he had United all
4833
01:48:49,800 --> 01:48:52,790
Mountainside by 1206 he had United all
the various tribes uniting one million
4834
01:48:52,790 --> 01:48:52,800
the various tribes uniting one million
4835
01:48:52,800 --> 01:48:55,430
the various tribes uniting one million
people for the time Genghis was quite
4836
01:48:55,430 --> 01:48:55,440
people for the time Genghis was quite
4837
01:48:55,440 --> 01:48:57,590
people for the time Genghis was quite
Progressive he made it illegal to sell
4838
01:48:57,590 --> 01:48:57,600
Progressive he made it illegal to sell
4839
01:48:57,600 --> 01:49:00,109
Progressive he made it illegal to sell
and kidnap women banish the idea of
4840
01:49:00,109 --> 01:49:00,119
and kidnap women banish the idea of
4841
01:49:00,119 --> 01:49:02,629
and kidnap women banish the idea of
enslavement of any Mongol and even
4842
01:49:02,629 --> 01:49:02,639
enslavement of any Mongol and even
4843
01:49:02,639 --> 01:49:05,270
enslavement of any Mongol and even
allowed freedom of religion when it came
4844
01:49:05,270 --> 01:49:05,280
allowed freedom of religion when it came
4845
01:49:05,280 --> 01:49:08,090
allowed freedom of religion when it came
to war though Genghis was as barbaric as
4846
01:49:08,090 --> 01:49:08,100
to war though Genghis was as barbaric as
4847
01:49:08,100 --> 01:49:10,609
to war though Genghis was as barbaric as
the next one he's first campaign was
4848
01:49:10,609 --> 01:49:10,619
the next one he's first campaign was
4849
01:49:10,619 --> 01:49:13,729
the next one he's first campaign was
against the shisha Kingdom in 1209 his
4850
01:49:13,729 --> 01:49:13,739
against the shisha Kingdom in 1209 his
4851
01:49:13,739 --> 01:49:16,070
against the shisha Kingdom in 1209 his
army of mostly cavalrymen on horses
4852
01:49:16,070 --> 01:49:16,080
army of mostly cavalrymen on horses
4853
01:49:16,080 --> 01:49:18,649
army of mostly cavalrymen on horses
quickly outnumbered and destroyed the
4854
01:49:18,649 --> 01:49:18,659
quickly outnumbered and destroyed the
4855
01:49:18,659 --> 01:49:20,990
quickly outnumbered and destroyed the
kingdom his next Target was the Jin
4856
01:49:20,990 --> 01:49:21,000
kingdom his next Target was the Jin
4857
01:49:21,000 --> 01:49:24,770
kingdom his next Target was the Jin
dynasty in China from 12 11 to 1214 they
4858
01:49:24,770 --> 01:49:24,780
dynasty in China from 12 11 to 1214 they
4859
01:49:24,780 --> 01:49:26,810
dynasty in China from 12 11 to 1214 they
outnumbered Mongols ravaged the
4860
01:49:26,810 --> 01:49:26,820
outnumbered Mongols ravaged the
4861
01:49:26,820 --> 01:49:29,090
outnumbered Mongols ravaged the
countryside causing food shortages
4862
01:49:29,090 --> 01:49:29,100
countryside causing food shortages
4863
01:49:29,100 --> 01:49:31,850
countryside causing food shortages
resulting in the Jinn Army killing tens
4864
01:49:31,850 --> 01:49:31,860
resulting in the Jinn Army killing tens
4865
01:49:31,860 --> 01:49:34,669
resulting in the Jinn Army killing tens
of thousands of their own peasants just
4866
01:49:34,669 --> 01:49:34,679
of thousands of their own peasants just
4867
01:49:34,679 --> 01:49:37,850
of thousands of their own peasants just
so their Elites could live in 1214 the
4868
01:49:37,850 --> 01:49:37,860
so their Elites could live in 1214 the
4869
01:49:37,860 --> 01:49:40,250
so their Elites could live in 1214 the
Mongols besieged the capital of zhongdu
4870
01:49:40,250 --> 01:49:40,260
Mongols besieged the capital of zhongdu
4871
01:49:40,260 --> 01:49:43,390
Mongols besieged the capital of zhongdu
now Beijing and burnt it to the ground
4872
01:49:43,390 --> 01:49:43,400
now Beijing and burnt it to the ground
4873
01:49:43,400 --> 01:49:46,910
now Beijing and burnt it to the ground
in the early 13th century King John was
4874
01:49:46,910 --> 01:49:46,920
in the early 13th century King John was
4875
01:49:46,920 --> 01:49:48,770
in the early 13th century King John was
facing increasing pressure from his
4876
01:49:48,770 --> 01:49:48,780
facing increasing pressure from his
4877
01:49:48,780 --> 01:49:51,050
facing increasing pressure from his
Barons who were demanding greater rights
4878
01:49:51,050 --> 01:49:51,060
Barons who were demanding greater rights
4879
01:49:51,060 --> 01:49:53,030
Barons who were demanding greater rights
and protections under the law in
4880
01:49:53,030 --> 01:49:53,040
and protections under the law in
4881
01:49:53,040 --> 01:49:55,250
and protections under the law in
response to their demands John agreed to
4882
01:49:55,250 --> 01:49:55,260
response to their demands John agreed to
4883
01:49:55,260 --> 01:49:57,109
response to their demands John agreed to
meet with the Barons and negotiate a
4884
01:49:57,109 --> 01:49:57,119
meet with the Barons and negotiate a
4885
01:49:57,119 --> 01:49:58,850
meet with the Barons and negotiate a
settlement the results of these
4886
01:49:58,850 --> 01:49:58,860
settlement the results of these
4887
01:49:58,860 --> 01:50:01,790
settlement the results of these
negotiations was the Magna Carta a
4888
01:50:01,790 --> 01:50:01,800
negotiations was the Magna Carta a
4889
01:50:01,800 --> 01:50:04,010
negotiations was the Magna Carta a
document that set out a series of rights
4890
01:50:04,010 --> 01:50:04,020
document that set out a series of rights
4891
01:50:04,020 --> 01:50:06,109
document that set out a series of rights
and freedoms that the king could not
4892
01:50:06,109 --> 01:50:06,119
and freedoms that the king could not
4893
01:50:06,119 --> 01:50:08,390
and freedoms that the king could not
violate among these rights were the
4894
01:50:08,390 --> 01:50:08,400
violate among these rights were the
4895
01:50:08,400 --> 01:50:10,430
violate among these rights were the
right to a fair try while the right to
4896
01:50:10,430 --> 01:50:10,440
right to a fair try while the right to
4897
01:50:10,440 --> 01:50:12,950
right to a fair try while the right to
due process of law and the right to be
4898
01:50:12,950 --> 01:50:12,960
due process of law and the right to be
4899
01:50:12,960 --> 01:50:15,169
due process of law and the right to be
protected from arbitrary arrests and
4900
01:50:15,169 --> 01:50:15,179
protected from arbitrary arrests and
4901
01:50:15,179 --> 01:50:17,570
protected from arbitrary arrests and
imprisonment the Magna Carta also
4902
01:50:17,570 --> 01:50:17,580
imprisonment the Magna Carta also
4903
01:50:17,580 --> 01:50:19,370
imprisonment the Magna Carta also
established the principle of habeas
4904
01:50:19,370 --> 01:50:19,380
established the principle of habeas
4905
01:50:19,380 --> 01:50:22,129
established the principle of habeas
corpus which required the government to
4906
01:50:22,129 --> 01:50:22,139
corpus which required the government to
4907
01:50:22,139 --> 01:50:24,410
corpus which required the government to
produce a prisoner in court and provide
4908
01:50:24,410 --> 01:50:24,420
produce a prisoner in court and provide
4909
01:50:24,420 --> 01:50:27,530
produce a prisoner in court and provide
a lawful reason for their detention this
4910
01:50:27,530 --> 01:50:27,540
a lawful reason for their detention this
4911
01:50:27,540 --> 01:50:29,990
a lawful reason for their detention this
principle has been a Cornerstone of
4912
01:50:29,990 --> 01:50:30,000
principle has been a Cornerstone of
4913
01:50:30,000 --> 01:50:33,950
principle has been a Cornerstone of
modern legal systems around the world
4914
01:50:33,950 --> 01:50:33,960
modern legal systems around the world
4915
01:50:33,960 --> 01:50:37,850
modern legal systems around the world
then in 1217 there was another Crusade
4916
01:50:37,850 --> 01:50:37,860
then in 1217 there was another Crusade
4917
01:50:37,860 --> 01:50:40,669
then in 1217 there was another Crusade
this time led by King Andrew II of
4918
01:50:40,669 --> 01:50:40,679
this time led by King Andrew II of
4919
01:50:40,679 --> 01:50:43,370
this time led by King Andrew II of
Hungary and Duke Leopold the sixth of
4920
01:50:43,370 --> 01:50:43,380
Hungary and Duke Leopold the sixth of
4921
01:50:43,380 --> 01:50:46,189
Hungary and Duke Leopold the sixth of
Austria with the same goal in mind to
4922
01:50:46,189 --> 01:50:46,199
Austria with the same goal in mind to
4923
01:50:46,199 --> 01:50:48,410
Austria with the same goal in mind to
take over Jerusalem the Crusaders
4924
01:50:48,410 --> 01:50:48,420
take over Jerusalem the Crusaders
4925
01:50:48,420 --> 01:50:50,030
take over Jerusalem the Crusaders
successfully captured the city of
4926
01:50:50,030 --> 01:50:50,040
successfully captured the city of
4927
01:50:50,040 --> 01:50:53,030
successfully captured the city of
damieta in 1219 but they could not
4928
01:50:53,030 --> 01:50:53,040
damieta in 1219 but they could not
4929
01:50:53,040 --> 01:50:55,850
damieta in 1219 but they could not
Advance further into Egypt after a
4930
01:50:55,850 --> 01:50:55,860
Advance further into Egypt after a
4931
01:50:55,860 --> 01:50:58,250
Advance further into Egypt after a
series of setbacks including capture and
4932
01:50:58,250 --> 01:50:58,260
series of setbacks including capture and
4933
01:50:58,260 --> 01:51:00,649
series of setbacks including capture and
imprisonment of many Crusaders the
4934
01:51:00,649 --> 01:51:00,659
imprisonment of many Crusaders the
4935
01:51:00,659 --> 01:51:03,169
imprisonment of many Crusaders the
Christian forces were forced to abandon
4936
01:51:03,169 --> 01:51:03,179
Christian forces were forced to abandon
4937
01:51:03,179 --> 01:51:05,750
Christian forces were forced to abandon
their campaign in Egypt the Crusaders
4938
01:51:05,750 --> 01:51:05,760
their campaign in Egypt the Crusaders
4939
01:51:05,760 --> 01:51:07,790
their campaign in Egypt the Crusaders
eventually agreed to a treaty with the
4940
01:51:07,790 --> 01:51:07,800
eventually agreed to a treaty with the
4941
01:51:07,800 --> 01:51:09,950
eventually agreed to a treaty with the
Muslim forces allowing them to leave
4942
01:51:09,950 --> 01:51:09,960
Muslim forces allowing them to leave
4943
01:51:09,960 --> 01:51:12,649
Muslim forces allowing them to leave
Egypt unharmed but without achieving
4944
01:51:12,649 --> 01:51:12,659
Egypt unharmed but without achieving
4945
01:51:12,659 --> 01:51:15,290
Egypt unharmed but without achieving
their ultimate goal
4946
01:51:15,290 --> 01:51:15,300
their ultimate goal
4947
01:51:15,300 --> 01:51:18,830
their ultimate goal
Genghis Khan wasn't done though in 1219
4948
01:51:18,830 --> 01:51:18,840
Genghis Khan wasn't done though in 1219
4949
01:51:18,840 --> 01:51:21,649
Genghis Khan wasn't done though in 1219
went to war against the querzem empire
4950
01:51:21,649 --> 01:51:21,659
went to war against the querzem empire
4951
01:51:21,659 --> 01:51:24,910
went to war against the querzem empire
in present-day Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
4952
01:51:24,910 --> 01:51:24,920
in present-day Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
4953
01:51:24,920 --> 01:51:28,129
in present-day Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
Afghanistan and Iran during his raids
4954
01:51:28,129 --> 01:51:28,139
Afghanistan and Iran during his raids
4955
01:51:28,139 --> 01:51:30,590
Afghanistan and Iran during his raids
the Mongol horde swept through one city
4956
01:51:30,590 --> 01:51:30,600
the Mongol horde swept through one city
4957
01:51:30,600 --> 01:51:32,870
the Mongol horde swept through one city
after another taking over the likes of
4958
01:51:32,870 --> 01:51:32,880
after another taking over the likes of
4959
01:51:32,880 --> 01:51:36,410
after another taking over the likes of
burkhara Samarkand and her Ginge skilled
4960
01:51:36,410 --> 01:51:36,420
burkhara Samarkand and her Ginge skilled
4961
01:51:36,420 --> 01:51:38,510
burkhara Samarkand and her Ginge skilled
workers such as carpenters and Jewelers
4962
01:51:38,510 --> 01:51:38,520
workers such as carpenters and Jewelers
4963
01:51:38,520 --> 01:51:40,970
workers such as carpenters and Jewelers
were usually saved while Aristocrats and
4964
01:51:40,970 --> 01:51:40,980
were usually saved while Aristocrats and
4965
01:51:40,980 --> 01:51:43,910
were usually saved while Aristocrats and
resisting soldiers were killed unskilled
4966
01:51:43,910 --> 01:51:43,920
resisting soldiers were killed unskilled
4967
01:51:43,920 --> 01:51:46,189
resisting soldiers were killed unskilled
workers meanwhile were often used as
4968
01:51:46,189 --> 01:51:46,199
workers meanwhile were often used as
4969
01:51:46,199 --> 01:51:48,950
workers meanwhile were often used as
human Shields during the next assault no
4970
01:51:48,950 --> 01:51:48,960
human Shields during the next assault no
4971
01:51:48,960 --> 01:51:51,109
human Shields during the next assault no
one knows with any certainty how many
4972
01:51:51,109 --> 01:51:51,119
one knows with any certainty how many
4973
01:51:51,119 --> 01:51:53,870
one knows with any certainty how many
people died during Genghis Khan's Wars
4974
01:51:53,870 --> 01:51:53,880
people died during Genghis Khan's Wars
4975
01:51:53,880 --> 01:51:56,510
people died during Genghis Khan's Wars
in part because the Mongols propagated
4976
01:51:56,510 --> 01:51:56,520
in part because the Mongols propagated
4977
01:51:56,520 --> 01:51:58,910
in part because the Mongols propagated
their vicious image as a way of
4978
01:51:58,910 --> 01:51:58,920
their vicious image as a way of
4979
01:51:58,920 --> 01:52:01,370
their vicious image as a way of
spreading Terror at Genghis Khan's death
4980
01:52:01,370 --> 01:52:01,380
spreading Terror at Genghis Khan's death
4981
01:52:01,380 --> 01:52:04,430
spreading Terror at Genghis Khan's death
he controlled a massive territory from
4982
01:52:04,430 --> 01:52:04,440
he controlled a massive territory from
4983
01:52:04,440 --> 01:52:07,430
he controlled a massive territory from
the Sea of Japan to the Caspian Sea
4984
01:52:07,430 --> 01:52:07,440
the Sea of Japan to the Caspian Sea
4985
01:52:07,440 --> 01:52:10,910
the Sea of Japan to the Caspian Sea
however even more impressively around 8
4986
01:52:10,910 --> 01:52:10,920
however even more impressively around 8
4987
01:52:10,920 --> 01:52:14,030
however even more impressively around 8
percent of the men in South Asia descend
4988
01:52:14,030 --> 01:52:14,040
percent of the men in South Asia descend
4989
01:52:14,040 --> 01:52:17,750
percent of the men in South Asia descend
from Genghis Khan today
4990
01:52:17,750 --> 01:52:17,760
from Genghis Khan today
4991
01:52:17,760 --> 01:52:21,530
from Genghis Khan today
in 1228 Emperor Frederick II of the Holy
4992
01:52:21,530 --> 01:52:21,540
in 1228 Emperor Frederick II of the Holy
4993
01:52:21,540 --> 01:52:24,050
in 1228 Emperor Frederick II of the Holy
Roman Empire tried to conquer the holy
4994
01:52:24,050 --> 01:52:24,060
Roman Empire tried to conquer the holy
4995
01:52:24,060 --> 01:52:27,229
Roman Empire tried to conquer the holy
land but failed ending the sixth Crusade
4996
01:52:27,229 --> 01:52:27,239
land but failed ending the sixth Crusade
4997
01:52:27,239 --> 01:52:29,930
land but failed ending the sixth Crusade
of course the Holy Roman Empire couldn't
4998
01:52:29,930 --> 01:52:29,940
of course the Holy Roman Empire couldn't
4999
01:52:29,940 --> 01:52:32,810
of course the Holy Roman Empire couldn't
be the only one crusading king Louis IX
5000
01:52:32,810 --> 01:52:32,820
be the only one crusading king Louis IX
5001
01:52:32,820 --> 01:52:36,169
be the only one crusading king Louis IX
of France in 1248 decided to start the
5002
01:52:36,169 --> 01:52:36,179
of France in 1248 decided to start the
5003
01:52:36,179 --> 01:52:38,990
of France in 1248 decided to start the
seventh crusade to retake Jerusalem but
5004
01:52:38,990 --> 01:52:39,000
seventh crusade to retake Jerusalem but
5005
01:52:39,000 --> 01:52:41,450
seventh crusade to retake Jerusalem but
he was taken prisoner by the Muslims and
5006
01:52:41,450 --> 01:52:41,460
he was taken prisoner by the Muslims and
5007
01:52:41,460 --> 01:52:43,729
he was taken prisoner by the Muslims and
forced to pay a hefty Ransom as he
5008
01:52:43,729 --> 01:52:43,739
forced to pay a hefty Ransom as he
5009
01:52:43,739 --> 01:52:46,550
forced to pay a hefty Ransom as he
retreated however that didn't deter King
5010
01:52:46,550 --> 01:52:46,560
retreated however that didn't deter King
5011
01:52:46,560 --> 01:52:49,790
retreated however that didn't deter King
Louis IX because in 1270 he was at it
5012
01:52:49,790 --> 01:52:49,800
Louis IX because in 1270 he was at it
5013
01:52:49,800 --> 01:52:52,669
Louis IX because in 1270 he was at it
again trying to free Jerusalem from the
5014
01:52:52,669 --> 01:52:52,679
again trying to free Jerusalem from the
5015
01:52:52,679 --> 01:52:55,910
again trying to free Jerusalem from the
grips of Muslim rule but this time he
5016
01:52:55,910 --> 01:52:55,920
grips of Muslim rule but this time he
5017
01:52:55,920 --> 01:52:58,910
grips of Muslim rule but this time he
died of dysentery once King Louis IX
5018
01:52:58,910 --> 01:52:58,920
died of dysentery once King Louis IX
5019
01:52:58,920 --> 01:53:01,550
died of dysentery once King Louis IX
died his troops retreated creating the
5020
01:53:01,550 --> 01:53:01,560
died his troops retreated creating the
5021
01:53:01,560 --> 01:53:03,229
died his troops retreated creating the
eighth and final time there was a
5022
01:53:03,229 --> 01:53:03,239
eighth and final time there was a
5023
01:53:03,239 --> 01:53:04,790
eighth and final time there was a
crusade
5024
01:53:04,790 --> 01:53:04,800
crusade
5025
01:53:04,800 --> 01:53:08,390
crusade
in England though in 1295 England was
5026
01:53:08,390 --> 01:53:08,400
in England though in 1295 England was
5027
01:53:08,400 --> 01:53:10,850
in England though in 1295 England was
making a diplomatic Headway and a letter
5028
01:53:10,850 --> 01:53:10,860
making a diplomatic Headway and a letter
5029
01:53:10,860 --> 01:53:12,890
making a diplomatic Headway and a letter
summoning Parliament King Edward the
5030
01:53:12,890 --> 01:53:12,900
summoning Parliament King Edward the
5031
01:53:12,900 --> 01:53:15,350
summoning Parliament King Edward the
first wrote since the most righteous law
5032
01:53:15,350 --> 01:53:15,360
first wrote since the most righteous law
5033
01:53:15,360 --> 01:53:17,209
first wrote since the most righteous law
of The Emperor's ordains that what
5034
01:53:17,209 --> 01:53:17,219
of The Emperor's ordains that what
5035
01:53:17,219 --> 01:53:20,149
of The Emperor's ordains that what
touches all should be approved by all so
5036
01:53:20,149 --> 01:53:20,159
touches all should be approved by all so
5037
01:53:20,159 --> 01:53:22,250
touches all should be approved by all so
it appears that common dangers should be
5038
01:53:22,250 --> 01:53:22,260
it appears that common dangers should be
5039
01:53:22,260 --> 01:53:25,550
it appears that common dangers should be
met by remedies agreed upon in common as
5040
01:53:25,550 --> 01:53:25,560
met by remedies agreed upon in common as
5041
01:53:25,560 --> 01:53:28,250
met by remedies agreed upon in common as
King Edward I would then request a tenth
5042
01:53:28,250 --> 01:53:28,260
King Edward I would then request a tenth
5043
01:53:28,260 --> 01:53:30,830
King Edward I would then request a tenth
of the incomes of Nobles and an 11th of
5044
01:53:30,830 --> 01:53:30,840
of the incomes of Nobles and an 11th of
5045
01:53:30,840 --> 01:53:33,350
of the incomes of Nobles and an 11th of
the income of knights creating one of
5046
01:53:33,350 --> 01:53:33,360
the income of knights creating one of
5047
01:53:33,360 --> 01:53:35,990
the income of knights creating one of
the first parliaments we would see in a
5048
01:53:35,990 --> 01:53:36,000
the first parliaments we would see in a
5049
01:53:36,000 --> 01:53:38,570
the first parliaments we would see in a
new age
5050
01:53:38,570 --> 01:53:38,580
5051
01:53:38,580 --> 01:53:41,390
while Down in Africa a liter of
5052
01:53:41,390 --> 01:53:41,400
while Down in Africa a liter of
5053
01:53:41,400 --> 01:53:43,850
while Down in Africa a liter of
extravagant wealth Mansa Musa was
5054
01:53:43,850 --> 01:53:43,860
extravagant wealth Mansa Musa was
5055
01:53:43,860 --> 01:53:46,850
extravagant wealth Mansa Musa was
gaining power on his famous Hajj a
5056
01:53:46,850 --> 01:53:46,860
gaining power on his famous Hajj a
5057
01:53:46,860 --> 01:53:49,010
gaining power on his famous Hajj a
religious Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca
5058
01:53:49,010 --> 01:53:49,020
religious Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca
5059
01:53:49,020 --> 01:53:50,990
religious Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca
that every Muslim should make at least
5060
01:53:50,990 --> 01:53:51,000
that every Muslim should make at least
5061
01:53:51,000 --> 01:53:53,629
that every Muslim should make at least
once in his life Mansa Musa with his
5062
01:53:53,629 --> 01:53:53,639
once in his life Mansa Musa with his
5063
01:53:53,639 --> 01:53:55,609
once in his life Mansa Musa with his
Caravan of camels and an army of
5064
01:53:55,609 --> 01:53:55,619
Caravan of camels and an army of
5065
01:53:55,619 --> 01:53:58,609
Caravan of camels and an army of
Scholars gave vast amounts of gold to
5066
01:53:58,609 --> 01:53:58,619
Scholars gave vast amounts of gold to
5067
01:53:58,619 --> 01:54:01,669
Scholars gave vast amounts of gold to
any poor person he saw hence crashing
5068
01:54:01,669 --> 01:54:01,679
any poor person he saw hence crashing
5069
01:54:01,679 --> 01:54:04,129
any poor person he saw hence crashing
all of the economies in Northern Africa
5070
01:54:04,129 --> 01:54:04,139
all of the economies in Northern Africa
5071
01:54:04,139 --> 01:54:07,189
all of the economies in Northern Africa
due to the inflation of gold when Mansa
5072
01:54:07,189 --> 01:54:07,199
due to the inflation of gold when Mansa
5073
01:54:07,199 --> 01:54:09,290
due to the inflation of gold when Mansa
Musa returned to Mali he made it his
5074
01:54:09,290 --> 01:54:09,300
Musa returned to Mali he made it his
5075
01:54:09,300 --> 01:54:11,870
Musa returned to Mali he made it his
life purpose to make Timbuktu the Muslim
5076
01:54:11,870 --> 01:54:11,880
life purpose to make Timbuktu the Muslim
5077
01:54:11,880 --> 01:54:14,689
life purpose to make Timbuktu the Muslim
capital of knowledge so Mansa Musa
5078
01:54:14,689 --> 01:54:14,699
capital of knowledge so Mansa Musa
5079
01:54:14,699 --> 01:54:16,609
capital of knowledge so Mansa Musa
invested heavily in building the
5080
01:54:16,609 --> 01:54:16,619
invested heavily in building the
5081
01:54:16,619 --> 01:54:19,370
invested heavily in building the
University of sencore various Islamic
5082
01:54:19,370 --> 01:54:19,380
University of sencore various Islamic
5083
01:54:19,380 --> 01:54:21,590
University of sencore various Islamic
faith Scholars quickly made their way to
5084
01:54:21,590 --> 01:54:21,600
faith Scholars quickly made their way to
5085
01:54:21,600 --> 01:54:24,709
faith Scholars quickly made their way to
sandcore to study Islamic theology law
5086
01:54:24,709 --> 01:54:24,719
sandcore to study Islamic theology law
5087
01:54:24,719 --> 01:54:27,590
sandcore to study Islamic theology law
and literature with over 1 million
5088
01:54:27,590 --> 01:54:27,600
and literature with over 1 million
5089
01:54:27,600 --> 01:54:30,950
and literature with over 1 million
manuscripts Mansa Musa was also a very
5090
01:54:30,950 --> 01:54:30,960
manuscripts Mansa Musa was also a very
5091
01:54:30,960 --> 01:54:33,169
manuscripts Mansa Musa was also a very
religious man with a policy that he
5092
01:54:33,169 --> 01:54:33,179
religious man with a policy that he
5093
01:54:33,179 --> 01:54:35,390
religious man with a policy that he
commissioned a new mosque every Friday
5094
01:54:35,390 --> 01:54:35,400
commissioned a new mosque every Friday
5095
01:54:35,400 --> 01:54:38,570
commissioned a new mosque every Friday
however sadly though only the Jing garib
5096
01:54:38,570 --> 01:54:38,580
however sadly though only the Jing garib
5097
01:54:38,580 --> 01:54:41,330
however sadly though only the Jing garib
mosque in Timbuktu stood the test of
5098
01:54:41,330 --> 01:54:41,340
mosque in Timbuktu stood the test of
5099
01:54:41,340 --> 01:54:46,090
mosque in Timbuktu stood the test of
time
5100
01:54:46,090 --> 01:54:46,100
5101
01:54:46,100 --> 01:54:49,189
in the Americas though another built on
5102
01:54:49,189 --> 01:54:49,199
in the Americas though another built on
5103
01:54:49,199 --> 01:54:52,490
in the Americas though another built on
riches was being created as Aztec Legend
5104
01:54:52,490 --> 01:54:52,500
riches was being created as Aztec Legend
5105
01:54:52,500 --> 01:54:55,070
riches was being created as Aztec Legend
has it the god wheat salipochially
5106
01:54:55,070 --> 01:54:55,080
has it the god wheat salipochially
5107
01:54:55,080 --> 01:54:57,470
has it the god wheat salipochially
directed them to build where they saw an
5108
01:54:57,470 --> 01:54:57,480
directed them to build where they saw an
5109
01:54:57,480 --> 01:55:00,290
directed them to build where they saw an
eagle perched on a cactus eating a snake
5110
01:55:00,290 --> 01:55:00,300
eagle perched on a cactus eating a snake
5111
01:55:00,300 --> 01:55:02,570
eagle perched on a cactus eating a snake
when they saw this exact scene on an
5112
01:55:02,570 --> 01:55:02,580
when they saw this exact scene on an
5113
01:55:02,580 --> 01:55:04,550
when they saw this exact scene on an
Island located in what was once Lake
5114
01:55:04,550 --> 01:55:04,560
Island located in what was once Lake
5115
01:55:04,560 --> 01:55:07,370
Island located in what was once Lake
texcoco they interpreted it as a sign
5116
01:55:07,370 --> 01:55:07,380
texcoco they interpreted it as a sign
5117
01:55:07,380 --> 01:55:10,430
texcoco they interpreted it as a sign
from their God and founded tenochidlon
5118
01:55:10,430 --> 01:55:10,440
from their God and founded tenochidlon
5119
01:55:10,440 --> 01:55:13,310
from their God and founded tenochidlon
on that island As Time passed tenochid
5120
01:55:13,310 --> 01:55:13,320
on that island As Time passed tenochid
5121
01:55:13,320 --> 01:55:15,470
on that island As Time passed tenochid
lawn started to build impressive temples
5122
01:55:15,470 --> 01:55:15,480
lawn started to build impressive temples
5123
01:55:15,480 --> 01:55:17,450
lawn started to build impressive temples
such as the Great temple the Great
5124
01:55:17,450 --> 01:55:17,460
such as the Great temple the Great
5125
01:55:17,460 --> 01:55:19,930
such as the Great temple the Great
temple comprised of two main structures
5126
01:55:19,930 --> 01:55:19,940
temple comprised of two main structures
5127
01:55:19,940 --> 01:55:22,430
temple comprised of two main structures
dedicated to the gods wheat Sila
5128
01:55:22,430 --> 01:55:22,440
dedicated to the gods wheat Sila
5129
01:55:22,440 --> 01:55:25,189
dedicated to the gods wheat Sila
poachedali and talaylock the city itself
5130
01:55:25,189 --> 01:55:25,199
poachedali and talaylock the city itself
5131
01:55:25,199 --> 01:55:27,649
poachedali and talaylock the city itself
was most fascinating it was designed
5132
01:55:27,649 --> 01:55:27,659
was most fascinating it was designed
5133
01:55:27,659 --> 01:55:29,930
was most fascinating it was designed
with a complex system of canals and
5134
01:55:29,930 --> 01:55:29,940
with a complex system of canals and
5135
01:55:29,940 --> 01:55:32,629
with a complex system of canals and
causeways to help control flooding and
5136
01:55:32,629 --> 01:55:32,639
causeways to help control flooding and
5137
01:55:32,639 --> 01:55:34,729
causeways to help control flooding and
facilitate transport across the city
5138
01:55:34,729 --> 01:55:34,739
facilitate transport across the city
5139
01:55:34,739 --> 01:55:37,010
facilitate transport across the city
while they started to farm on floating
5140
01:55:37,010 --> 01:55:37,020
while they started to farm on floating
5141
01:55:37,020 --> 01:55:39,410
while they started to farm on floating
gardens known as chinampas on the
5142
01:55:39,410 --> 01:55:39,420
gardens known as chinampas on the
5143
01:55:39,420 --> 01:55:42,229
gardens known as chinampas on the
shallow Waters of Lake texoko which were
5144
01:55:42,229 --> 01:55:42,239
shallow Waters of Lake texoko which were
5145
01:55:42,239 --> 01:55:45,229
shallow Waters of Lake texoko which were
used to grow prompts such as Maize beans
5146
01:55:45,229 --> 01:55:45,239
used to grow prompts such as Maize beans
5147
01:55:45,239 --> 01:55:48,050
used to grow prompts such as Maize beans
and squash
5148
01:55:48,050 --> 01:55:48,060
and squash
5149
01:55:48,060 --> 01:55:50,330
and squash
as Molly and the Aztecs were building
5150
01:55:50,330 --> 01:55:50,340
as Molly and the Aztecs were building
5151
01:55:50,340 --> 01:55:52,850
as Molly and the Aztecs were building
their cities England and France were in
5152
01:55:52,850 --> 01:55:52,860
their cities England and France were in
5153
01:55:52,860 --> 01:55:56,209
their cities England and France were in
war for 100 years the origins of the
5154
01:55:56,209 --> 01:55:56,219
war for 100 years the origins of the
5155
01:55:56,219 --> 01:55:57,950
war for 100 years the origins of the
conflict lay with the status of the
5156
01:55:57,950 --> 01:55:57,960
conflict lay with the status of the
5157
01:55:57,960 --> 01:56:00,770
conflict lay with the status of the
duchy of guy in in basic capitalistic
5158
01:56:00,770 --> 01:56:00,780
duchy of guy in in basic capitalistic
5159
01:56:00,780 --> 01:56:03,050
duchy of guy in in basic capitalistic
terms this was owned by the British
5160
01:56:03,050 --> 01:56:03,060
terms this was owned by the British
5161
01:56:03,060 --> 01:56:05,930
terms this was owned by the British
crown however the land itself was in
5162
01:56:05,930 --> 01:56:05,940
crown however the land itself was in
5163
01:56:05,940 --> 01:56:08,629
crown however the land itself was in
France the second reason was that the
5164
01:56:08,629 --> 01:56:08,639
France the second reason was that the
5165
01:56:08,639 --> 01:56:10,490
France the second reason was that the
last direct descendant of Charlemagne
5166
01:56:10,490 --> 01:56:10,500
last direct descendant of Charlemagne
5167
01:56:10,500 --> 01:56:15,169
last direct descendant of Charlemagne
King Charles IV died in 1328 so the next
5168
01:56:15,169 --> 01:56:15,179
King Charles IV died in 1328 so the next
5169
01:56:15,179 --> 01:56:18,050
King Charles IV died in 1328 so the next
closest relative was Edward III the king
5170
01:56:18,050 --> 01:56:18,060
closest relative was Edward III the king
5171
01:56:18,060 --> 01:56:21,050
closest relative was Edward III the king
of England so King Edward III claimed
5172
01:56:21,050 --> 01:56:21,060
of England so King Edward III claimed
5173
01:56:21,060 --> 01:56:25,010
of England so King Edward III claimed
the rule of France in 1337 which was not
5174
01:56:25,010 --> 01:56:25,020
the rule of France in 1337 which was not
5175
01:56:25,020 --> 01:56:27,590
the rule of France in 1337 which was not
liked by the French people
5176
01:56:27,590 --> 01:56:27,600
liked by the French people
5177
01:56:27,600 --> 01:56:30,890
liked by the French people
as the petty erratic Hundred Years War
5178
01:56:30,890 --> 01:56:30,900
as the petty erratic Hundred Years War
5179
01:56:30,900 --> 01:56:33,290
as the petty erratic Hundred Years War
raged on the people of the world had to
5180
01:56:33,290 --> 01:56:33,300
raged on the people of the world had to
5181
01:56:33,300 --> 01:56:36,050
raged on the people of the world had to
face a pandemic like no other the
5182
01:56:36,050 --> 01:56:36,060
face a pandemic like no other the
5183
01:56:36,060 --> 01:56:38,810
face a pandemic like no other the
Bubonic plague as the Italian poet
5184
01:56:38,810 --> 01:56:38,820
Bubonic plague as the Italian poet
5185
01:56:38,820 --> 01:56:41,209
Bubonic plague as the Italian poet
Giovanni boccaccio wrote at the
5186
01:56:41,209 --> 01:56:41,219
Giovanni boccaccio wrote at the
5187
01:56:41,219 --> 01:56:42,950
Giovanni boccaccio wrote at the
beginning of the malady certain
5188
01:56:42,950 --> 01:56:42,960
beginning of the malady certain
5189
01:56:42,960 --> 01:56:45,229
beginning of the malady certain
swellings either on the groin or under
5190
01:56:45,229 --> 01:56:45,239
swellings either on the groin or under
5191
01:56:45,239 --> 01:56:48,350
swellings either on the groin or under
the armpits waxed to the bigness of a
5192
01:56:48,350 --> 01:56:48,360
the armpits waxed to the bigness of a
5193
01:56:48,360 --> 01:56:50,810
the armpits waxed to the bigness of a
common Apple others to the size of an
5194
01:56:50,810 --> 01:56:50,820
common Apple others to the size of an
5195
01:56:50,820 --> 01:56:54,169
common Apple others to the size of an
egg some more and some less and these
5196
01:56:54,169 --> 01:56:54,179
egg some more and some less and these
5197
01:56:54,179 --> 01:56:56,890
egg some more and some less and these
the vulgar named plague Boyles
5198
01:56:56,890 --> 01:56:56,900
the vulgar named plague Boyles
5199
01:56:56,900 --> 01:56:59,149
the vulgar named plague Boyles
historians believe this pandemic was
5200
01:56:59,149 --> 01:56:59,159
historians believe this pandemic was
5201
01:56:59,159 --> 01:57:01,430
historians believe this pandemic was
spread by rats traveling through ships
5202
01:57:01,430 --> 01:57:01,440
spread by rats traveling through ships
5203
01:57:01,440 --> 01:57:03,590
spread by rats traveling through ships
across Europe and Merchants throughout
5204
01:57:03,590 --> 01:57:03,600
across Europe and Merchants throughout
5205
01:57:03,600 --> 01:57:05,810
across Europe and Merchants throughout
the Silk Road no matter how this plague
5206
01:57:05,810 --> 01:57:05,820
the Silk Road no matter how this plague
5207
01:57:05,820 --> 01:57:09,770
the Silk Road no matter how this plague
was produced around 75 to 200 million
5208
01:57:09,770 --> 01:57:09,780
was produced around 75 to 200 million
5209
01:57:09,780 --> 01:57:12,169
was produced around 75 to 200 million
people died with a death of so many
5210
01:57:12,169 --> 01:57:12,179
people died with a death of so many
5211
01:57:12,179 --> 01:57:15,050
people died with a death of so many
people especially the poor landowners
5212
01:57:15,050 --> 01:57:15,060
people especially the poor landowners
5213
01:57:15,060 --> 01:57:16,970
people especially the poor landowners
and Nobles were required to allow
5214
01:57:16,970 --> 01:57:16,980
and Nobles were required to allow
5215
01:57:16,980 --> 01:57:19,189
and Nobles were required to allow
Farmers to keep more of the product they
5216
01:57:19,189 --> 01:57:19,199
Farmers to keep more of the product they
5217
01:57:19,199 --> 01:57:24,050
Farmers to keep more of the product they
farmed leading to more workers rights
5218
01:57:24,050 --> 01:57:24,060
farmed leading to more workers rights
5219
01:57:24,060 --> 01:57:26,629
farmed leading to more workers rights
in China though a group of rebels known
5220
01:57:26,629 --> 01:57:26,639
in China though a group of rebels known
5221
01:57:26,639 --> 01:57:29,149
in China though a group of rebels known
as the red turbans revolted against the
5222
01:57:29,149 --> 01:57:29,159
as the red turbans revolted against the
5223
01:57:29,159 --> 01:57:31,729
as the red turbans revolted against the
Mongol rulers of China the red turbans
5224
01:57:31,729 --> 01:57:31,739
Mongol rulers of China the red turbans
5225
01:57:31,739 --> 01:57:34,189
Mongol rulers of China the red turbans
were led by a man named Zhu Yen Zhang
5226
01:57:34,189 --> 01:57:34,199
were led by a man named Zhu Yen Zhang
5227
01:57:34,199 --> 01:57:37,010
were led by a man named Zhu Yen Zhang
born into a poor peasant family zoo
5228
01:57:37,010 --> 01:57:37,020
born into a poor peasant family zoo
5229
01:57:37,020 --> 01:57:39,410
born into a poor peasant family zoo
built a strong following among the rebel
5230
01:57:39,410 --> 01:57:39,420
built a strong following among the rebel
5231
01:57:39,420 --> 01:57:42,290
built a strong following among the rebel
forces and eventually emerged as their
5232
01:57:42,290 --> 01:57:42,300
forces and eventually emerged as their
5233
01:57:42,300 --> 01:57:45,890
forces and eventually emerged as their
leader in 1368 Zoo declared himself
5234
01:57:45,890 --> 01:57:45,900
leader in 1368 Zoo declared himself
5235
01:57:45,900 --> 01:57:48,709
leader in 1368 Zoo declared himself
Emperor and established the Ming Dynasty
5236
01:57:48,709 --> 01:57:48,719
Emperor and established the Ming Dynasty
5237
01:57:48,719 --> 01:57:51,770
Emperor and established the Ming Dynasty
marking the beginning of a new era in
5238
01:57:51,770 --> 01:57:51,780
marking the beginning of a new era in
5239
01:57:51,780 --> 01:57:53,050
marking the beginning of a new era in
Chinese history
5240
01:57:53,050 --> 01:57:53,060
Chinese history
5241
01:57:53,060 --> 01:57:58,149
Chinese history
[Music]
5242
01:57:58,149 --> 01:57:58,159
5243
01:57:58,159 --> 01:58:02,990
in 1428 at the age of 16 Joan left her
5244
01:58:02,990 --> 01:58:03,000
in 1428 at the age of 16 Joan left her
5245
01:58:03,000 --> 01:58:04,729
in 1428 at the age of 16 Joan left her
home in the village of domery and
5246
01:58:04,729 --> 01:58:04,739
home in the village of domery and
5247
01:58:04,739 --> 01:58:06,950
home in the village of domery and
traveled to the court of Charles VII
5248
01:58:06,950 --> 01:58:06,960
traveled to the court of Charles VII
5249
01:58:06,960 --> 01:58:09,050
traveled to the court of Charles VII
where she asked for permission to lead
5250
01:58:09,050 --> 01:58:09,060
where she asked for permission to lead
5251
01:58:09,060 --> 01:58:11,990
where she asked for permission to lead
the French Army against the English at
5252
01:58:11,990 --> 01:58:12,000
the French Army against the English at
5253
01:58:12,000 --> 01:58:13,790
the French Army against the English at
first her request was met with
5254
01:58:13,790 --> 01:58:13,800
first her request was met with
5255
01:58:13,800 --> 01:58:16,910
first her request was met with
skepticism in disbelief still the Joan
5256
01:58:16,910 --> 01:58:16,920
skepticism in disbelief still the Joan
5257
01:58:16,920 --> 01:58:19,070
skepticism in disbelief still the Joan
persisted and eventually won the support
5258
01:58:19,070 --> 01:58:19,080
persisted and eventually won the support
5259
01:58:19,080 --> 01:58:22,129
persisted and eventually won the support
of the French commanders Jones first
5260
01:58:22,129 --> 01:58:22,139
of the French commanders Jones first
5261
01:58:22,139 --> 01:58:25,070
of the French commanders Jones first
major military Victory came in the siege
5262
01:58:25,070 --> 01:58:25,080
major military Victory came in the siege
5263
01:58:25,080 --> 01:58:28,490
major military Victory came in the siege
of Orleans in 1429 she led the French
5264
01:58:28,490 --> 01:58:28,500
of Orleans in 1429 she led the French
5265
01:58:28,500 --> 01:58:31,010
of Orleans in 1429 she led the French
troops in a series of Daring attacks on
5266
01:58:31,010 --> 01:58:31,020
troops in a series of Daring attacks on
5267
01:58:31,020 --> 01:58:33,589
troops in a series of Daring attacks on
the English forces and she broke the
5268
01:58:33,589 --> 01:58:33,599
the English forces and she broke the
5269
01:58:33,599 --> 01:58:35,870
the English forces and she broke the
siege and liberated the city this
5270
01:58:35,870 --> 01:58:35,880
siege and liberated the city this
5271
01:58:35,880 --> 01:58:38,570
siege and liberated the city this
Victory boosted French morale and helped
5272
01:58:38,570 --> 01:58:38,580
Victory boosted French morale and helped
5273
01:58:38,580 --> 01:58:40,790
Victory boosted French morale and helped
to turn the tide of the war in their
5274
01:58:40,790 --> 01:58:40,800
to turn the tide of the war in their
5275
01:58:40,800 --> 01:58:43,310
to turn the tide of the war in their
favor over the next several months Joan
5276
01:58:43,310 --> 01:58:43,320
favor over the next several months Joan
5277
01:58:43,320 --> 01:58:45,169
favor over the next several months Joan
led the French army to victories against
5278
01:58:45,169 --> 01:58:45,179
led the French army to victories against
5279
01:58:45,179 --> 01:58:47,750
led the French army to victories against
the English including the Battle of Pate
5280
01:58:47,750 --> 01:58:47,760
the English including the Battle of Pate
5281
01:58:47,760 --> 01:58:52,550
the English including the Battle of Pate
in June 1429 however her success also
5282
01:58:52,550 --> 01:58:52,560
in June 1429 however her success also
5283
01:58:52,560 --> 01:58:54,109
in June 1429 however her success also
made her enemies in the English and
5284
01:58:54,109 --> 01:58:54,119
made her enemies in the English and
5285
01:58:54,119 --> 01:58:57,169
made her enemies in the English and
French French Court in 1430 she was
5286
01:58:57,169 --> 01:58:57,179
French French Court in 1430 she was
5287
01:58:57,179 --> 01:58:59,629
French French Court in 1430 she was
captured by the English and put on trial
5288
01:58:59,629 --> 01:58:59,639
captured by the English and put on trial
5289
01:58:59,639 --> 01:59:02,570
captured by the English and put on trial
for heresy and Witchcraft Joan was
5290
01:59:02,570 --> 01:59:02,580
for heresy and Witchcraft Joan was
5291
01:59:02,580 --> 01:59:05,330
for heresy and Witchcraft Joan was
subjected to a grueling trial she was
5292
01:59:05,330 --> 01:59:05,340
subjected to a grueling trial she was
5293
01:59:05,340 --> 01:59:07,910
subjected to a grueling trial she was
accused of various crimes including
5294
01:59:07,910 --> 01:59:07,920
accused of various crimes including
5295
01:59:07,920 --> 01:59:10,310
accused of various crimes including
dressing in men's clothing practicing
5296
01:59:10,310 --> 01:59:10,320
dressing in men's clothing practicing
5297
01:59:10,320 --> 01:59:13,910
dressing in men's clothing practicing
sorcery and hearing voices despite the
5298
01:59:13,910 --> 01:59:13,920
sorcery and hearing voices despite the
5299
01:59:13,920 --> 01:59:16,669
sorcery and hearing voices despite the
odds against her Joan remained steadfast
5300
01:59:16,669 --> 01:59:16,679
odds against her Joan remained steadfast
5301
01:59:16,679 --> 01:59:19,490
odds against her Joan remained steadfast
in her faith and her belief that she was
5302
01:59:19,490 --> 01:59:19,500
in her faith and her belief that she was
5303
01:59:19,500 --> 01:59:22,609
in her faith and her belief that she was
carrying out God's will in the end Joan
5304
01:59:22,609 --> 01:59:22,619
carrying out God's will in the end Joan
5305
01:59:22,619 --> 01:59:24,649
carrying out God's will in the end Joan
was found guilty and sentenced to death
5306
01:59:24,649 --> 01:59:24,659
was found guilty and sentenced to death
5307
01:59:24,659 --> 01:59:28,010
was found guilty and sentenced to death
by burning at stake she was executed on
5308
01:59:28,010 --> 01:59:28,020
by burning at stake she was executed on
5309
01:59:28,020 --> 01:59:33,229
by burning at stake she was executed on
May 30th 1431 at 19. then 20 years later
5310
01:59:33,229 --> 01:59:33,239
May 30th 1431 at 19. then 20 years later
5311
01:59:33,239 --> 01:59:36,229
May 30th 1431 at 19. then 20 years later
in the Battle of Castilian Charles VII
5312
01:59:36,229 --> 01:59:36,239
in the Battle of Castilian Charles VII
5313
01:59:36,239 --> 01:59:38,629
in the Battle of Castilian Charles VII
of France led a French army which
5314
01:59:38,629 --> 01:59:38,639
of France led a French army which
5315
01:59:38,639 --> 01:59:41,270
of France led a French army which
defeated the English army effectively
5316
01:59:41,270 --> 01:59:41,280
defeated the English army effectively
5317
01:59:41,280 --> 01:59:44,270
defeated the English army effectively
ending English territorial claims in
5318
01:59:44,270 --> 01:59:44,280
ending English territorial claims in
5319
01:59:44,280 --> 01:59:44,820
ending English territorial claims in
France
5320
01:59:44,820 --> 01:59:44,830
France
5321
01:59:44,830 --> 01:59:46,609
France
[Music]
5322
01:59:46,609 --> 01:59:46,619
[Music]
5323
01:59:46,619 --> 01:59:48,530
[Music]
while back in the great city of
5324
01:59:48,530 --> 01:59:48,540
while back in the great city of
5325
01:59:48,540 --> 01:59:51,290
while back in the great city of
Constantinople the Byzantine Empire was
5326
01:59:51,290 --> 01:59:51,300
Constantinople the Byzantine Empire was
5327
01:59:51,300 --> 01:59:53,810
Constantinople the Byzantine Empire was
declining weakened by years of war
5328
01:59:53,810 --> 01:59:53,820
declining weakened by years of war
5329
01:59:53,820 --> 01:59:56,570
declining weakened by years of war
political instability and economic
5330
01:59:56,570 --> 01:59:56,580
political instability and economic
5331
01:59:56,580 --> 01:59:59,330
political instability and economic
turmoil in contrast the Ottoman Empire
5332
01:59:59,330 --> 01:59:59,340
turmoil in contrast the Ottoman Empire
5333
01:59:59,340 --> 02:00:02,510
turmoil in contrast the Ottoman Empire
led by Sultan mehmed II was on the rise
5334
02:00:02,510 --> 02:00:02,520
led by Sultan mehmed II was on the rise
5335
02:00:02,520 --> 02:00:05,149
led by Sultan mehmed II was on the rise
and the sultan saw an opportunity to
5336
02:00:05,149 --> 02:00:05,159
and the sultan saw an opportunity to
5337
02:00:05,159 --> 02:00:07,910
and the sultan saw an opportunity to
expand his Empire and gain control of
5338
02:00:07,910 --> 02:00:07,920
expand his Empire and gain control of
5339
02:00:07,920 --> 02:00:11,290
expand his Empire and gain control of
the Strategic city of Constantinople by
5340
02:00:11,290 --> 02:00:11,300
the Strategic city of Constantinople by
5341
02:00:11,300 --> 02:00:15,649
the Strategic city of Constantinople by
1453 mehmed II LED an army of 80 000
5342
02:00:15,649 --> 02:00:15,659
1453 mehmed II LED an army of 80 000
5343
02:00:15,659 --> 02:00:18,830
1453 mehmed II LED an army of 80 000
soldiers including Elite janissary
5344
02:00:18,830 --> 02:00:18,840
soldiers including Elite janissary
5345
02:00:18,840 --> 02:00:21,950
soldiers including Elite janissary
troops and a powerful artillery Force to
5346
02:00:21,950 --> 02:00:21,960
troops and a powerful artillery Force to
5347
02:00:21,960 --> 02:00:24,709
troops and a powerful artillery Force to
besiege Constantinople the Byzantine
5348
02:00:24,709 --> 02:00:24,719
besiege Constantinople the Byzantine
5349
02:00:24,719 --> 02:00:28,010
besiege Constantinople the Byzantine
Defenders led by Emperor Constantine XI
5350
02:00:28,010 --> 02:00:28,020
Defenders led by Emperor Constantine XI
5351
02:00:28,020 --> 02:00:31,189
Defenders led by Emperor Constantine XI
were vastly outnumbered and outgunned
5352
02:00:31,189 --> 02:00:31,199
were vastly outnumbered and outgunned
5353
02:00:31,199 --> 02:00:33,950
were vastly outnumbered and outgunned
they faced a seemingly impossible task
5354
02:00:33,950 --> 02:00:33,960
they faced a seemingly impossible task
5355
02:00:33,960 --> 02:00:36,470
they faced a seemingly impossible task
to hold off the ottoman assault the
5356
02:00:36,470 --> 02:00:36,480
to hold off the ottoman assault the
5357
02:00:36,480 --> 02:00:38,089
to hold off the ottoman assault the
Ottomans bombarded the city with
5358
02:00:38,089 --> 02:00:38,099
Ottomans bombarded the city with
5359
02:00:38,099 --> 02:00:40,790
Ottomans bombarded the city with
artillery for nearly two months causing
5360
02:00:40,790 --> 02:00:40,800
artillery for nearly two months causing
5361
02:00:40,800 --> 02:00:42,770
artillery for nearly two months causing
extensive damage to the walls and
5362
02:00:42,770 --> 02:00:42,780
extensive damage to the walls and
5363
02:00:42,780 --> 02:00:45,649
extensive damage to the walls and
fortifications the Byzantine Defenders
5364
02:00:45,649 --> 02:00:45,659
fortifications the Byzantine Defenders
5365
02:00:45,659 --> 02:00:47,689
fortifications the Byzantine Defenders
meanwhile struck struggle to maintain
5366
02:00:47,689 --> 02:00:47,699
meanwhile struck struggle to maintain
5367
02:00:47,699 --> 02:00:49,970
meanwhile struck struggle to maintain
morale and keep their troops fed and
5368
02:00:49,970 --> 02:00:49,980
morale and keep their troops fed and
5369
02:00:49,980 --> 02:00:53,350
morale and keep their troops fed and
supplied then on the fateful day May 29
5370
02:00:53,350 --> 02:00:53,360
supplied then on the fateful day May 29
5371
02:00:53,360 --> 02:00:56,689
supplied then on the fateful day May 29
1453 the Ottomans launched a massive
5372
02:00:56,689 --> 02:00:56,699
1453 the Ottomans launched a massive
5373
02:00:56,699 --> 02:00:59,330
1453 the Ottomans launched a massive
assault on the city climbing up covered
5374
02:00:59,330 --> 02:00:59,340
assault on the city climbing up covered
5375
02:00:59,340 --> 02:01:02,209
assault on the city climbing up covered
by Siege Towers they were able to breach
5376
02:01:02,209 --> 02:01:02,219
by Siege Towers they were able to breach
5377
02:01:02,219 --> 02:01:04,490
by Siege Towers they were able to breach
the walls and gain access to the city
5378
02:01:04,490 --> 02:01:04,500
the walls and gain access to the city
5379
02:01:04,500 --> 02:01:07,490
the walls and gain access to the city
despite putting up a valiant defense the
5380
02:01:07,490 --> 02:01:07,500
despite putting up a valiant defense the
5381
02:01:07,500 --> 02:01:10,370
despite putting up a valiant defense the
Byzantine Defenders were overwhelmed and
5382
02:01:10,370 --> 02:01:10,380
Byzantine Defenders were overwhelmed and
5383
02:01:10,380 --> 02:01:12,350
Byzantine Defenders were overwhelmed and
the Ottomans were able to storm this
5384
02:01:12,350 --> 02:01:12,360
the Ottomans were able to storm this
5385
02:01:12,360 --> 02:01:15,169
the Ottomans were able to storm this
city and capture the capital causing the
5386
02:01:15,169 --> 02:01:15,179
city and capture the capital causing the
5387
02:01:15,179 --> 02:01:19,390
city and capture the capital causing the
great Byzantine Empire to fall in 1453
5388
02:01:19,390 --> 02:01:19,400
great Byzantine Empire to fall in 1453
5389
02:01:19,400 --> 02:01:23,209
great Byzantine Empire to fall in 1453
all paths no longer led to Rome and all
5390
02:01:23,209 --> 02:01:23,219
all paths no longer led to Rome and all
5391
02:01:23,219 --> 02:01:26,330
all paths no longer led to Rome and all
traces back to the Empire of Caesar were
5392
02:01:26,330 --> 02:01:26,340
traces back to the Empire of Caesar were
5393
02:01:26,340 --> 02:01:28,609
traces back to the Empire of Caesar were
erased it was replaced by the beginning
5394
02:01:28,609 --> 02:01:28,619
erased it was replaced by the beginning
5395
02:01:28,619 --> 02:01:31,550
erased it was replaced by the beginning
of utter ottoman domination in the
5396
02:01:31,550 --> 02:01:31,560
of utter ottoman domination in the
5397
02:01:31,560 --> 02:01:34,970
of utter ottoman domination in the
region ushering in a new era of Turkish
5398
02:01:34,970 --> 02:01:34,980
region ushering in a new era of Turkish
5399
02:01:34,980 --> 02:01:39,530
region ushering in a new era of Turkish
power and influence in the Mediterranean
5400
02:01:39,530 --> 02:01:39,540
power and influence in the Mediterranean
5401
02:01:39,540 --> 02:01:41,570
power and influence in the Mediterranean
while the byzantines might have been
5402
02:01:41,570 --> 02:01:41,580
while the byzantines might have been
5403
02:01:41,580 --> 02:01:43,669
while the byzantines might have been
falling the Russians were finally
5404
02:01:43,669 --> 02:01:43,679
falling the Russians were finally
5405
02:01:43,679 --> 02:01:46,310
falling the Russians were finally
gaining their independence at the time
5406
02:01:46,310 --> 02:01:46,320
gaining their independence at the time
5407
02:01:46,320 --> 02:01:49,250
gaining their independence at the time
the Mongol Empire was ruling over Russia
5408
02:01:49,250 --> 02:01:49,260
the Mongol Empire was ruling over Russia
5409
02:01:49,260 --> 02:01:51,770
the Mongol Empire was ruling over Russia
demanding that various Russian towns pay
5410
02:01:51,770 --> 02:01:51,780
demanding that various Russian towns pay
5411
02:01:51,780 --> 02:01:54,530
demanding that various Russian towns pay
tribute or face the Wrath of the Mongols
5412
02:01:54,530 --> 02:01:54,540
tribute or face the Wrath of the Mongols
5413
02:01:54,540 --> 02:01:58,609
tribute or face the Wrath of the Mongols
however in 1472 Ivan the Great refused
5414
02:01:58,609 --> 02:01:58,619
however in 1472 Ivan the Great refused
5415
02:01:58,619 --> 02:02:00,709
however in 1472 Ivan the Great refused
to pay such tribute over the next
5416
02:02:00,709 --> 02:02:00,719
to pay such tribute over the next
5417
02:02:00,719 --> 02:02:02,750
to pay such tribute over the next
several years he built up his military
5418
02:02:02,750 --> 02:02:02,760
several years he built up his military
5419
02:02:02,760 --> 02:02:05,750
several years he built up his military
strength and was able to drive out the
5420
02:02:05,750 --> 02:02:05,760
strength and was able to drive out the
5421
02:02:05,760 --> 02:02:08,270
strength and was able to drive out the
Mongol garrisons from various cities and
5422
02:02:08,270 --> 02:02:08,280
Mongol garrisons from various cities and
5423
02:02:08,280 --> 02:02:11,390
Mongol garrisons from various cities and
towns throughout Russia in 1480 the
5424
02:02:11,390 --> 02:02:11,400
towns throughout Russia in 1480 the
5425
02:02:11,400 --> 02:02:13,729
towns throughout Russia in 1480 the
Mongols demanded that Ivan pay tribute
5426
02:02:13,729 --> 02:02:13,739
Mongols demanded that Ivan pay tribute
5427
02:02:13,739 --> 02:02:16,669
Mongols demanded that Ivan pay tribute
or face military action but after a
5428
02:02:16,669 --> 02:02:16,679
or face military action but after a
5429
02:02:16,679 --> 02:02:19,149
or face military action but after a
tense standoff they finally retreated
5430
02:02:19,149 --> 02:02:19,159
tense standoff they finally retreated
5431
02:02:19,159 --> 02:02:21,830
tense standoff they finally retreated
Ivan's victory was the beginning of a
5432
02:02:21,830 --> 02:02:21,840
Ivan's victory was the beginning of a
5433
02:02:21,840 --> 02:02:24,410
Ivan's victory was the beginning of a
free Russia and then a cline of the
5434
02:02:24,410 --> 02:02:24,420
free Russia and then a cline of the
5435
02:02:24,420 --> 02:02:27,410
free Russia and then a cline of the
Mongolian Empire
5436
02:02:27,410 --> 02:02:27,420
5437
02:02:27,420 --> 02:02:30,649
then in 1492 as Christopher Columbus
5438
02:02:30,649 --> 02:02:30,659
then in 1492 as Christopher Columbus
5439
02:02:30,659 --> 02:02:33,470
then in 1492 as Christopher Columbus
sailed the ocean blue the Europeans
5440
02:02:33,470 --> 02:02:33,480
sailed the ocean blue the Europeans
5441
02:02:33,480 --> 02:02:36,589
sailed the ocean blue the Europeans
discovered the new world set initially
5442
02:02:36,589 --> 02:02:36,599
discovered the new world set initially
5443
02:02:36,599 --> 02:02:39,229
discovered the new world set initially
on finding a path to India instead he
5444
02:02:39,229 --> 02:02:39,239
on finding a path to India instead he
5445
02:02:39,239 --> 02:02:41,689
on finding a path to India instead he
landed on an island in the Bahamas which
5446
02:02:41,689 --> 02:02:41,699
landed on an island in the Bahamas which
5447
02:02:41,699 --> 02:02:44,870
landed on an island in the Bahamas which
he aptly named San Salvador when he and
5448
02:02:44,870 --> 02:02:44,880
he aptly named San Salvador when he and
5449
02:02:44,880 --> 02:02:47,649
he aptly named San Salvador when he and
his crew set up camp he met the lucayans
5450
02:02:47,649 --> 02:02:47,659
his crew set up camp he met the lucayans
5451
02:02:47,659 --> 02:02:50,689
his crew set up camp he met the lucayans
skilled fishermen and farmers who
5452
02:02:50,689 --> 02:02:50,699
skilled fishermen and farmers who
5453
02:02:50,699 --> 02:02:52,790
skilled fishermen and farmers who
welcomed him and his crew and provided
5454
02:02:52,790 --> 02:02:52,800
welcomed him and his crew and provided
5455
02:02:52,800 --> 02:03:00,189
welcomed him and his crew and provided
them with food and supplies
5456
02:03:00,189 --> 02:03:00,199
5457
02:03:00,199 --> 02:03:03,109
while back in Europe a golden age of
5458
02:03:03,109 --> 02:03:03,119
while back in Europe a golden age of
5459
02:03:03,119 --> 02:03:07,070
while back in Europe a golden age of
culture was Upon Us in 1503 Leonardo da
5460
02:03:07,070 --> 02:03:07,080
culture was Upon Us in 1503 Leonardo da
5461
02:03:07,080 --> 02:03:09,709
culture was Upon Us in 1503 Leonardo da
Vinci painted the Mona Lisa Da Vinci's
5462
02:03:09,709 --> 02:03:09,719
Vinci painted the Mona Lisa Da Vinci's
5463
02:03:09,719 --> 02:03:12,830
Vinci painted the Mona Lisa Da Vinci's
biographer Walter Isaacson says the Mona
5464
02:03:12,830 --> 02:03:12,840
biographer Walter Isaacson says the Mona
5465
02:03:12,840 --> 02:03:15,350
biographer Walter Isaacson says the Mona
Lisa to me is the greatest emotional
5466
02:03:15,350 --> 02:03:15,360
Lisa to me is the greatest emotional
5467
02:03:15,360 --> 02:03:17,930
Lisa to me is the greatest emotional
painting ever done the way the smile
5468
02:03:17,930 --> 02:03:17,940
painting ever done the way the smile
5469
02:03:17,940 --> 02:03:20,089
painting ever done the way the smile
flickers makes it a work of art and
5470
02:03:20,089 --> 02:03:20,099
flickers makes it a work of art and
5471
02:03:20,099 --> 02:03:22,010
flickers makes it a work of art and
science because Leonardo understood
5472
02:03:22,010 --> 02:03:22,020
science because Leonardo understood
5473
02:03:22,020 --> 02:03:25,070
science because Leonardo understood
Optics the muscles of the lips and how
5474
02:03:25,070 --> 02:03:25,080
Optics the muscles of the lips and how
5475
02:03:25,080 --> 02:03:27,350
Optics the muscles of the lips and how
light strikes the eye all of it goes
5476
02:03:27,350 --> 02:03:27,360
light strikes the eye all of it goes
5477
02:03:27,360 --> 02:03:29,570
light strikes the eye all of it goes
into making the Mona Lisa smile so
5478
02:03:29,570 --> 02:03:29,580
into making the Mona Lisa smile so
5479
02:03:29,580 --> 02:03:33,010
into making the Mona Lisa smile so
mysterious and Elusive in 1504
5480
02:03:33,010 --> 02:03:33,020
mysterious and Elusive in 1504
5481
02:03:33,020 --> 02:03:36,290
mysterious and Elusive in 1504
Michelangelo sculpted David Michelangelo
5482
02:03:36,290 --> 02:03:36,300
Michelangelo sculpted David Michelangelo
5483
02:03:36,300 --> 02:03:39,290
Michelangelo sculpted David Michelangelo
would say and every block of marble I
5484
02:03:39,290 --> 02:03:39,300
would say and every block of marble I
5485
02:03:39,300 --> 02:03:41,810
would say and every block of marble I
see a statue as plain as though it stood
5486
02:03:41,810 --> 02:03:41,820
see a statue as plain as though it stood
5487
02:03:41,820 --> 02:03:44,870
see a statue as plain as though it stood
before me Shaped in perfect in attitude
5488
02:03:44,870 --> 02:03:44,880
before me Shaped in perfect in attitude
5489
02:03:44,880 --> 02:03:47,870
before me Shaped in perfect in attitude
and action I have only to Hew away the
5490
02:03:47,870 --> 02:03:47,880
and action I have only to Hew away the
5491
02:03:47,880 --> 02:03:50,030
and action I have only to Hew away the
rough walls that imprisoned the lovely
5492
02:03:50,030 --> 02:03:50,040
rough walls that imprisoned the lovely
5493
02:03:50,040 --> 02:03:52,070
rough walls that imprisoned the lovely
Apparition to reveal it to the other
5494
02:03:52,070 --> 02:03:52,080
Apparition to reveal it to the other
5495
02:03:52,080 --> 02:03:55,490
Apparition to reveal it to the other
eyes as Minds see it while in 1506
5496
02:03:55,490 --> 02:03:55,500
eyes as Minds see it while in 1506
5497
02:03:55,500 --> 02:03:57,709
eyes as Minds see it while in 1506
Michelangelo was painting The
5498
02:03:57,709 --> 02:03:57,719
Michelangelo was painting The
5499
02:03:57,719 --> 02:04:00,169
Michelangelo was painting The
Magnificent painting of the Sistine
5500
02:04:00,169 --> 02:04:00,179
Magnificent painting of the Sistine
5501
02:04:00,179 --> 02:04:04,790
Magnificent painting of the Sistine
Chapel
5502
02:04:04,790 --> 02:04:04,800
5503
02:04:04,800 --> 02:04:07,490
while in the political world Nicolo
5504
02:04:07,490 --> 02:04:07,500
while in the political world Nicolo
5505
02:04:07,500 --> 02:04:10,490
while in the political world Nicolo
Machiavelli is one of if not the most
5506
02:04:10,490 --> 02:04:10,500
Machiavelli is one of if not the most
5507
02:04:10,500 --> 02:04:13,010
Machiavelli is one of if not the most
influential pieces of literature we have
5508
02:04:13,010 --> 02:04:13,020
influential pieces of literature we have
5509
02:04:13,020 --> 02:04:15,709
influential pieces of literature we have
today the prince is a political
5510
02:04:15,709 --> 02:04:15,719
today the prince is a political
5511
02:04:15,719 --> 02:04:17,750
today the prince is a political
Manifesto that comments on the past
5512
02:04:17,750 --> 02:04:17,760
Manifesto that comments on the past
5513
02:04:17,760 --> 02:04:20,030
Manifesto that comments on the past
civilizations we've heard about in this
5514
02:04:20,030 --> 02:04:20,040
civilizations we've heard about in this
5515
02:04:20,040 --> 02:04:22,729
civilizations we've heard about in this
video Machiavelli writes it is much
5516
02:04:22,729 --> 02:04:22,739
video Machiavelli writes it is much
5517
02:04:22,739 --> 02:04:25,149
video Machiavelli writes it is much
safer to be feared than loved because
5518
02:04:25,149 --> 02:04:25,159
safer to be feared than loved because
5519
02:04:25,159 --> 02:04:28,189
safer to be feared than loved because
love is preserved by the link of
5520
02:04:28,189 --> 02:04:28,199
love is preserved by the link of
5521
02:04:28,199 --> 02:04:30,649
love is preserved by the link of
obligation which owing to the beastness
5522
02:04:30,649 --> 02:04:30,659
obligation which owing to the beastness
5523
02:04:30,659 --> 02:04:33,530
obligation which owing to the beastness
of men is broken at every opportunity
5524
02:04:33,530 --> 02:04:33,540
of men is broken at every opportunity
5525
02:04:33,540 --> 02:04:36,290
of men is broken at every opportunity
for their advantage but fear preserves
5526
02:04:36,290 --> 02:04:36,300
for their advantage but fear preserves
5527
02:04:36,300 --> 02:04:38,870
for their advantage but fear preserves
You by a dread of punishment which never
5528
02:04:38,870 --> 02:04:38,880
You by a dread of punishment which never
5529
02:04:38,880 --> 02:04:41,990
You by a dread of punishment which never
fails think the ordinary farmer think
5530
02:04:41,990 --> 02:04:42,000
fails think the ordinary farmer think
5531
02:04:42,000 --> 02:04:44,209
fails think the ordinary farmer think
about the man who spends generations of
5532
02:04:44,209 --> 02:04:44,219
about the man who spends generations of
5533
02:04:44,219 --> 02:04:46,850
about the man who spends generations of
their life farming giving heavy taxes to
5534
02:04:46,850 --> 02:04:46,860
their life farming giving heavy taxes to
5535
02:04:46,860 --> 02:04:48,950
their life farming giving heavy taxes to
a noble Lord for doing nothing except
5536
02:04:48,950 --> 02:04:48,960
a noble Lord for doing nothing except
5537
02:04:48,960 --> 02:04:51,050
a noble Lord for doing nothing except
protecting them why won't the farmers
5538
02:04:51,050 --> 02:04:51,060
protecting them why won't the farmers
5539
02:04:51,060 --> 02:04:53,450
protecting them why won't the farmers
Rebel it's because they're afraid of
5540
02:04:53,450 --> 02:04:53,460
Rebel it's because they're afraid of
5541
02:04:53,460 --> 02:04:55,189
Rebel it's because they're afraid of
what would happen without their leaders
5542
02:04:55,189 --> 02:04:55,199
what would happen without their leaders
5543
02:04:55,199 --> 02:04:58,250
what would happen without their leaders
without the elites the Huns or the
5544
02:04:58,250 --> 02:04:58,260
without the elites the Huns or the
5545
02:04:58,260 --> 02:05:00,169
without the elites the Huns or the
Mongols can come to your farm and
5546
02:05:00,169 --> 02:05:00,179
Mongols can come to your farm and
5547
02:05:00,179 --> 02:05:02,270
Mongols can come to your farm and
destroy you on their own so you live in
5548
02:05:02,270 --> 02:05:02,280
destroy you on their own so you live in
5549
02:05:02,280 --> 02:05:04,310
destroy you on their own so you live in
fear as to what might happen to you
5550
02:05:04,310 --> 02:05:04,320
fear as to what might happen to you
5551
02:05:04,320 --> 02:05:06,530
fear as to what might happen to you
leaving you to give your wheat to said
5552
02:05:06,530 --> 02:05:06,540
leaving you to give your wheat to said
5553
02:05:06,540 --> 02:05:09,630
leaving you to give your wheat to said
leader
5554
02:05:09,630 --> 02:05:09,640
5555
02:05:09,640 --> 02:05:11,950
[Music]
5556
02:05:11,950 --> 02:05:11,960
[Music]
5557
02:05:11,960 --> 02:05:14,689
[Music]
Martin Luther though didn't just report
5558
02:05:14,689 --> 02:05:14,699
Martin Luther though didn't just report
5559
02:05:14,699 --> 02:05:17,030
Martin Luther though didn't just report
on the basics of human nature Martin
5560
02:05:17,030 --> 02:05:17,040
on the basics of human nature Martin
5561
02:05:17,040 --> 02:05:19,129
on the basics of human nature Martin
wanted to make a difference and was sick
5562
02:05:19,129 --> 02:05:19,139
wanted to make a difference and was sick
5563
02:05:19,139 --> 02:05:21,709
wanted to make a difference and was sick
of the Catholic church at the time the
5564
02:05:21,709 --> 02:05:21,719
of the Catholic church at the time the
5565
02:05:21,719 --> 02:05:23,510
of the Catholic church at the time the
Catholic church was selling indulgences
5566
02:05:23,510 --> 02:05:23,520
Catholic church was selling indulgences
5567
02:05:23,520 --> 02:05:25,609
Catholic church was selling indulgences
which were certificates that people
5568
02:05:25,609 --> 02:05:25,619
which were certificates that people
5569
02:05:25,619 --> 02:05:27,709
which were certificates that people
could purchase to reduce the amount of
5570
02:05:27,709 --> 02:05:27,719
could purchase to reduce the amount of
5571
02:05:27,719 --> 02:05:30,410
could purchase to reduce the amount of
time they would spend in purgatory after
5572
02:05:30,410 --> 02:05:30,420
time they would spend in purgatory after
5573
02:05:30,420 --> 02:05:32,689
time they would spend in purgatory after
they died Luther believed this practice
5574
02:05:32,689 --> 02:05:32,699
they died Luther believed this practice
5575
02:05:32,699 --> 02:05:35,149
they died Luther believed this practice
was corrupt and went against the Bible's
5576
02:05:35,149 --> 02:05:35,159
was corrupt and went against the Bible's
5577
02:05:35,159 --> 02:05:37,129
was corrupt and went against the Bible's
teachings which emphasized the
5578
02:05:37,129 --> 02:05:37,139
teachings which emphasized the
5579
02:05:37,139 --> 02:05:39,530
teachings which emphasized the
importance of repentance and Faith over
5580
02:05:39,530 --> 02:05:39,540
importance of repentance and Faith over
5581
02:05:39,540 --> 02:05:42,589
importance of repentance and Faith over
material wealth in protest he wrote a
5582
02:05:42,589 --> 02:05:42,599
material wealth in protest he wrote a
5583
02:05:42,599 --> 02:05:45,890
material wealth in protest he wrote a
series of 95 Theses or arguments
5584
02:05:45,890 --> 02:05:45,900
series of 95 Theses or arguments
5585
02:05:45,900 --> 02:05:48,350
series of 95 Theses or arguments
challenging the church's Authority and
5586
02:05:48,350 --> 02:05:48,360
challenging the church's Authority and
5587
02:05:48,360 --> 02:05:52,250
challenging the church's Authority and
calling for reform on October 31st 1517
5588
02:05:52,250 --> 02:05:52,260
calling for reform on October 31st 1517
5589
02:05:52,260 --> 02:05:55,729
calling for reform on October 31st 1517
Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door
5590
02:05:55,729 --> 02:05:55,739
Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door
5591
02:05:55,739 --> 02:05:58,550
Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door
of the castle Church in Wittenberg which
5592
02:05:58,550 --> 02:05:58,560
of the castle Church in Wittenberg which
5593
02:05:58,560 --> 02:06:00,410
of the castle Church in Wittenberg which
was a common way of announcing a public
5594
02:06:00,410 --> 02:06:00,420
was a common way of announcing a public
5595
02:06:00,420 --> 02:06:04,010
was a common way of announcing a public
debate or discussion Luther's 95 Theses
5596
02:06:04,010 --> 02:06:04,020
debate or discussion Luther's 95 Theses
5597
02:06:04,020 --> 02:06:06,530
debate or discussion Luther's 95 Theses
sparked a debate within the church and
5598
02:06:06,530 --> 02:06:06,540
sparked a debate within the church and
5599
02:06:06,540 --> 02:06:08,930
sparked a debate within the church and
among European scholars and theologians
5600
02:06:08,930 --> 02:06:08,940
among European scholars and theologians
5601
02:06:08,940 --> 02:06:11,270
among European scholars and theologians
some people agreed with his criticisms
5602
02:06:11,270 --> 02:06:11,280
some people agreed with his criticisms
5603
02:06:11,280 --> 02:06:13,669
some people agreed with his criticisms
of the church While others saw him as a
5604
02:06:13,669 --> 02:06:13,679
of the church While others saw him as a
5605
02:06:13,679 --> 02:06:15,709
of the church While others saw him as a
heretic and a threat to the established
5606
02:06:15,709 --> 02:06:15,719
heretic and a threat to the established
5607
02:06:15,719 --> 02:06:18,770
heretic and a threat to the established
order the beginning of protestantism was
5608
02:06:18,770 --> 02:06:18,780
order the beginning of protestantism was
5609
02:06:18,780 --> 02:06:20,590
order the beginning of protestantism was
upon us
5610
02:06:20,590 --> 02:06:20,600
upon us
5611
02:06:20,600 --> 02:06:23,589
upon us
[Music]
5612
02:06:23,589 --> 02:06:23,599
[Music]
5613
02:06:23,599 --> 02:06:27,410
[Music]
in 1519 though the Spanish conquistadors
5614
02:06:27,410 --> 02:06:27,420
in 1519 though the Spanish conquistadors
5615
02:06:27,420 --> 02:06:29,750
in 1519 though the Spanish conquistadors
under the leadership of Hernan Cortes
5616
02:06:29,750 --> 02:06:29,760
under the leadership of Hernan Cortes
5617
02:06:29,760 --> 02:06:32,629
under the leadership of Hernan Cortes
arrived on the Aztec Shores they were
5618
02:06:32,629 --> 02:06:32,639
arrived on the Aztec Shores they were
5619
02:06:32,639 --> 02:06:35,149
arrived on the Aztec Shores they were
greeted by the Aztecs who gave Gifts of
5620
02:06:35,149 --> 02:06:35,159
greeted by the Aztecs who gave Gifts of
5621
02:06:35,159 --> 02:06:37,790
greeted by the Aztecs who gave Gifts of
gold and silver of incredible wealth to
5622
02:06:37,790 --> 02:06:37,800
gold and silver of incredible wealth to
5623
02:06:37,800 --> 02:06:40,070
gold and silver of incredible wealth to
the Spanish as they believed that the
5624
02:06:40,070 --> 02:06:40,080
the Spanish as they believed that the
5625
02:06:40,080 --> 02:06:41,990
the Spanish as they believed that the
Spaniards were emissaries of the god
5626
02:06:41,990 --> 02:06:42,000
Spaniards were emissaries of the god
5627
02:06:42,000 --> 02:06:44,930
Spaniards were emissaries of the god
quetzal collateral however Cortez soon
5628
02:06:44,930 --> 02:06:44,940
quetzal collateral however Cortez soon
5629
02:06:44,940 --> 02:06:48,229
quetzal collateral however Cortez soon
revealed his true intentions to conquer
5630
02:06:48,229 --> 02:06:48,239
revealed his true intentions to conquer
5631
02:06:48,239 --> 02:06:51,050
revealed his true intentions to conquer
the Aztec Empire and claim its wealth
5632
02:06:51,050 --> 02:06:51,060
the Aztec Empire and claim its wealth
5633
02:06:51,060 --> 02:06:54,290
the Aztec Empire and claim its wealth
for Spain over several years Cortez and
5634
02:06:54,290 --> 02:06:54,300
for Spain over several years Cortez and
5635
02:06:54,300 --> 02:06:56,149
for Spain over several years Cortez and
his forces engaged in a series of
5636
02:06:56,149 --> 02:06:56,159
his forces engaged in a series of
5637
02:06:56,159 --> 02:06:58,790
his forces engaged in a series of
battles with the Aztecs marked by
5638
02:06:58,790 --> 02:06:58,800
battles with the Aztecs marked by
5639
02:06:58,800 --> 02:07:01,370
battles with the Aztecs marked by
intense violence and brutality the
5640
02:07:01,370 --> 02:07:01,380
intense violence and brutality the
5641
02:07:01,380 --> 02:07:03,290
intense violence and brutality the
Spanish were aided by their Superior
5642
02:07:03,290 --> 02:07:03,300
Spanish were aided by their Superior
5643
02:07:03,300 --> 02:07:06,109
Spanish were aided by their Superior
military technology including guns and
5644
02:07:06,109 --> 02:07:06,119
military technology including guns and
5645
02:07:06,119 --> 02:07:08,570
military technology including guns and
cannons and by the support of indigenous
5646
02:07:08,570 --> 02:07:08,580
cannons and by the support of indigenous
5647
02:07:08,580 --> 02:07:10,910
cannons and by the support of indigenous
allies who were the enemies of the
5648
02:07:10,910 --> 02:07:10,920
allies who were the enemies of the
5649
02:07:10,920 --> 02:07:13,850
allies who were the enemies of the
Aztecs despite being vastly outnumbered
5650
02:07:13,850 --> 02:07:13,860
Aztecs despite being vastly outnumbered
5651
02:07:13,860 --> 02:07:16,250
Aztecs despite being vastly outnumbered
Cortez and his men made significant
5652
02:07:16,250 --> 02:07:16,260
Cortez and his men made significant
5653
02:07:16,260 --> 02:07:18,770
Cortez and his men made significant
gains against the Aztecs eventually
5654
02:07:18,770 --> 02:07:18,780
gains against the Aztecs eventually
5655
02:07:18,780 --> 02:07:22,030
gains against the Aztecs eventually
laying Siege to their capital city
5656
02:07:22,030 --> 02:07:22,040
laying Siege to their capital city
5657
02:07:22,040 --> 02:07:25,129
laying Siege to their capital city
after months of fighting the city fell
5658
02:07:25,129 --> 02:07:25,139
after months of fighting the city fell
5659
02:07:25,139 --> 02:07:28,790
after months of fighting the city fell
to the Spanish in 1521 and the Aztec
5660
02:07:28,790 --> 02:07:28,800
to the Spanish in 1521 and the Aztec
5661
02:07:28,800 --> 02:07:31,669
to the Spanish in 1521 and the Aztec
Empire was effectively destroyed then
5662
02:07:31,669 --> 02:07:31,679
Empire was effectively destroyed then
5663
02:07:31,679 --> 02:07:33,649
Empire was effectively destroyed then
following the strategy of Cortez
5664
02:07:33,649 --> 02:07:33,659
following the strategy of Cortez
5665
02:07:33,659 --> 02:07:37,129
following the strategy of Cortez
Francisco Pizarro LED an expedition that
5666
02:07:37,129 --> 02:07:37,139
Francisco Pizarro LED an expedition that
5667
02:07:37,139 --> 02:07:39,410
Francisco Pizarro LED an expedition that
conquered the Incan Empire in
5668
02:07:39,410 --> 02:07:39,420
conquered the Incan Empire in
5669
02:07:39,420 --> 02:07:42,290
conquered the Incan Empire in
present-day Peru though the violence was
5670
02:07:42,290 --> 02:07:42,300
present-day Peru though the violence was
5671
02:07:42,300 --> 02:07:45,290
present-day Peru though the violence was
authoritarian the biohazards were even
5672
02:07:45,290 --> 02:07:45,300
authoritarian the biohazards were even
5673
02:07:45,300 --> 02:07:48,050
authoritarian the biohazards were even
more demanding the Europeans due to
5674
02:07:48,050 --> 02:07:48,060
more demanding the Europeans due to
5675
02:07:48,060 --> 02:07:50,030
more demanding the Europeans due to
having survived illnesses such as the
5676
02:07:50,030 --> 02:07:50,040
having survived illnesses such as the
5677
02:07:50,040 --> 02:07:52,609
having survived illnesses such as the
Bubonic plague in smallpox developed
5678
02:07:52,609 --> 02:07:52,619
Bubonic plague in smallpox developed
5679
02:07:52,619 --> 02:07:55,010
Bubonic plague in smallpox developed
immunity to many of these diseases that
5680
02:07:55,010 --> 02:07:55,020
immunity to many of these diseases that
5681
02:07:55,020 --> 02:07:57,830
immunity to many of these diseases that
they've one way or another spread to the
5682
02:07:57,830 --> 02:07:57,840
they've one way or another spread to the
5683
02:07:57,840 --> 02:08:00,229
they've one way or another spread to the
native people essentially over time
5684
02:08:00,229 --> 02:08:00,239
native people essentially over time
5685
02:08:00,239 --> 02:08:05,950
native people essentially over time
killing them off
5686
02:08:05,950 --> 02:08:05,960
5687
02:08:05,960 --> 02:08:08,450
under Suleiman the magnificence
5688
02:08:08,450 --> 02:08:08,460
under Suleiman the magnificence
5689
02:08:08,460 --> 02:08:11,270
under Suleiman the magnificence
leadership the Ottoman Empire became one
5690
02:08:11,270 --> 02:08:11,280
leadership the Ottoman Empire became one
5691
02:08:11,280 --> 02:08:13,310
leadership the Ottoman Empire became one
of the most powerful and influential
5692
02:08:13,310 --> 02:08:13,320
of the most powerful and influential
5693
02:08:13,320 --> 02:08:16,250
of the most powerful and influential
empires in world history Suleiman was a
5694
02:08:16,250 --> 02:08:16,260
empires in world history Suleiman was a
5695
02:08:16,260 --> 02:08:18,589
empires in world history Suleiman was a
brilliant strategist and military leader
5696
02:08:18,589 --> 02:08:18,599
brilliant strategist and military leader
5697
02:08:18,599 --> 02:08:20,870
brilliant strategist and military leader
and his Reign was marked by significant
5698
02:08:20,870 --> 02:08:20,880
and his Reign was marked by significant
5699
02:08:20,880 --> 02:08:23,390
and his Reign was marked by significant
conquests and political achievements
5700
02:08:23,390 --> 02:08:23,400
conquests and political achievements
5701
02:08:23,400 --> 02:08:26,149
conquests and political achievements
like many other leaders he set out to
5702
02:08:26,149 --> 02:08:26,159
like many other leaders he set out to
5703
02:08:26,159 --> 02:08:28,550
like many other leaders he set out to
conquer the world by the end of his
5704
02:08:28,550 --> 02:08:28,560
conquer the world by the end of his
5705
02:08:28,560 --> 02:08:30,950
conquer the world by the end of his
Reign Suleiman the Magnificent presided
5706
02:08:30,950 --> 02:08:30,960
Reign Suleiman the Magnificent presided
5707
02:08:30,960 --> 02:08:34,070
Reign Suleiman the Magnificent presided
over a vast Empire that stretched from
5708
02:08:34,070 --> 02:08:34,080
over a vast Empire that stretched from
5709
02:08:34,080 --> 02:08:36,050
over a vast Empire that stretched from
Southeastern Europe to the deserts of
5710
02:08:36,050 --> 02:08:36,060
Southeastern Europe to the deserts of
5711
02:08:36,060 --> 02:08:38,089
Southeastern Europe to the deserts of
Arabia and from the shores of the
5712
02:08:38,089 --> 02:08:38,099
Arabia and from the shores of the
5713
02:08:38,099 --> 02:08:40,669
Arabia and from the shores of the
Mediterranean to The Plains of Persia
5714
02:08:40,669 --> 02:08:40,679
Mediterranean to The Plains of Persia
5715
02:08:40,679 --> 02:08:43,129
Mediterranean to The Plains of Persia
his conquests included the capture of
5716
02:08:43,129 --> 02:08:43,139
his conquests included the capture of
5717
02:08:43,139 --> 02:08:45,890
his conquests included the capture of
Belgrade in Budapest in Europe Jerusalem
5718
02:08:45,890 --> 02:08:45,900
Belgrade in Budapest in Europe Jerusalem
5719
02:08:45,900 --> 02:08:47,990
Belgrade in Budapest in Europe Jerusalem
and Mecca in the Middle East and
5720
02:08:47,990 --> 02:08:48,000
and Mecca in the Middle East and
5721
02:08:48,000 --> 02:08:50,629
and Mecca in the Middle East and
tabreeze in Baghdad and Persia the
5722
02:08:50,629 --> 02:08:50,639
tabreeze in Baghdad and Persia the
5723
02:08:50,639 --> 02:08:53,330
tabreeze in Baghdad and Persia the
Ottomans also became the dominant Naval
5724
02:08:53,330 --> 02:08:53,340
Ottomans also became the dominant Naval
5725
02:08:53,340 --> 02:08:55,729
Ottomans also became the dominant Naval
power in the Mediterranean with control
5726
02:08:55,729 --> 02:08:55,739
power in the Mediterranean with control
5727
02:08:55,739 --> 02:08:57,950
power in the Mediterranean with control
over North African cities such as
5728
02:08:57,950 --> 02:08:57,960
over North African cities such as
5729
02:08:57,960 --> 02:09:01,550
over North African cities such as
Algiers and Tunis creating the dominant
5730
02:09:01,550 --> 02:09:01,560
Algiers and Tunis creating the dominant
5731
02:09:01,560 --> 02:09:04,440
Algiers and Tunis creating the dominant
ottoman civilization foreign
5732
02:09:04,440 --> 02:09:04,450
ottoman civilization foreign
5733
02:09:04,450 --> 02:09:07,810
ottoman civilization foreign
[Music]
5734
02:09:07,810 --> 02:09:07,820
5735
02:09:07,820 --> 02:09:11,689
but yet All Things fall when one is in
5736
02:09:11,689 --> 02:09:11,699
but yet All Things fall when one is in
5737
02:09:11,699 --> 02:09:14,810
but yet All Things fall when one is in
love and the murder happy King Henry had
5738
02:09:14,810 --> 02:09:14,820
love and the murder happy King Henry had
5739
02:09:14,820 --> 02:09:17,270
love and the murder happy King Henry had
fallen in love with Anne Boylan and was
5740
02:09:17,270 --> 02:09:17,280
fallen in love with Anne Boylan and was
5741
02:09:17,280 --> 02:09:19,790
fallen in love with Anne Boylan and was
desperate to marry her however Catherine
5742
02:09:19,790 --> 02:09:19,800
desperate to marry her however Catherine
5743
02:09:19,800 --> 02:09:22,070
desperate to marry her however Catherine
of Aragon was still alive and the
5744
02:09:22,070 --> 02:09:22,080
of Aragon was still alive and the
5745
02:09:22,080 --> 02:09:24,109
of Aragon was still alive and the
Catholic Church did not recognize
5746
02:09:24,109 --> 02:09:24,119
Catholic Church did not recognize
5747
02:09:24,119 --> 02:09:26,750
Catholic Church did not recognize
divorce Henry's solution was to break
5748
02:09:26,750 --> 02:09:26,760
divorce Henry's solution was to break
5749
02:09:26,760 --> 02:09:28,790
divorce Henry's solution was to break
away from the Catholic church and
5750
02:09:28,790 --> 02:09:28,800
away from the Catholic church and
5751
02:09:28,800 --> 02:09:31,129
away from the Catholic church and
established the Church of England with
5752
02:09:31,129 --> 02:09:31,139
established the Church of England with
5753
02:09:31,139 --> 02:09:35,209
established the Church of England with
himself as the head in 1534 Henry passed
5754
02:09:35,209 --> 02:09:35,219
himself as the head in 1534 Henry passed
5755
02:09:35,219 --> 02:09:37,910
himself as the head in 1534 Henry passed
the act of Supremacy which declared that
5756
02:09:37,910 --> 02:09:37,920
the act of Supremacy which declared that
5757
02:09:37,920 --> 02:09:40,490
the act of Supremacy which declared that
the king not the pope was the Supreme
5758
02:09:40,490 --> 02:09:40,500
the king not the pope was the Supreme
5759
02:09:40,500 --> 02:09:43,010
the king not the pope was the Supreme
head of the Church of England leaving
5760
02:09:43,010 --> 02:09:43,020
head of the Church of England leaving
5761
02:09:43,020 --> 02:09:45,229
head of the Church of England leaving
the Catholic Church to be angry and
5762
02:09:45,229 --> 02:09:45,239
the Catholic Church to be angry and
5763
02:09:45,239 --> 02:09:48,229
the Catholic Church to be angry and
excommunicate Henry VII leaving a Schism
5764
02:09:48,229 --> 02:09:48,239
excommunicate Henry VII leaving a Schism
5765
02:09:48,239 --> 02:09:50,510
excommunicate Henry VII leaving a Schism
between the Church of England and the
5766
02:09:50,510 --> 02:09:50,520
between the Church of England and the
5767
02:09:50,520 --> 02:09:53,629
between the Church of England and the
Catholic Church even today
5768
02:09:53,629 --> 02:09:53,639
Catholic Church even today
5769
02:09:53,639 --> 02:09:57,109
Catholic Church even today
thank you
5770
02:09:57,109 --> 02:09:57,119
5771
02:09:57,119 --> 02:09:59,750
Ivan the Terrible is now the ruler of
5772
02:09:59,750 --> 02:09:59,760
Ivan the Terrible is now the ruler of
5773
02:09:59,760 --> 02:10:01,970
Ivan the Terrible is now the ruler of
Russia in the early years of his Reign
5774
02:10:01,970 --> 02:10:01,980
Russia in the early years of his Reign
5775
02:10:01,980 --> 02:10:04,189
Russia in the early years of his Reign
Ivan enjoyed significant success
5776
02:10:04,189 --> 02:10:04,199
Ivan enjoyed significant success
5777
02:10:04,199 --> 02:10:06,649
Ivan enjoyed significant success
launching military campaigns against
5778
02:10:06,649 --> 02:10:06,659
launching military campaigns against
5779
02:10:06,659 --> 02:10:08,629
launching military campaigns against
neighboring kingdoms and expanding
5780
02:10:08,629 --> 02:10:08,639
neighboring kingdoms and expanding
5781
02:10:08,639 --> 02:10:11,450
neighboring kingdoms and expanding
Russia's borders he also oversaw the
5782
02:10:11,450 --> 02:10:11,460
Russia's borders he also oversaw the
5783
02:10:11,460 --> 02:10:14,030
Russia's borders he also oversaw the
construction of magnificent Public Works
5784
02:10:14,030 --> 02:10:14,040
construction of magnificent Public Works
5785
02:10:14,040 --> 02:10:16,729
construction of magnificent Public Works
including Saint Basil's Cathedral and
5786
02:10:16,729 --> 02:10:16,739
including Saint Basil's Cathedral and
5787
02:10:16,739 --> 02:10:18,050
including Saint Basil's Cathedral and
Moscow
5788
02:10:18,050 --> 02:10:18,060
Moscow
5789
02:10:18,060 --> 02:10:20,990
Moscow
however as Ivan Grew Older he became
5790
02:10:20,990 --> 02:10:21,000
however as Ivan Grew Older he became
5791
02:10:21,000 --> 02:10:23,870
however as Ivan Grew Older he became
increasingly paranoid and erratic he
5792
02:10:23,870 --> 02:10:23,880
increasingly paranoid and erratic he
5793
02:10:23,880 --> 02:10:26,330
increasingly paranoid and erratic he
launched a series of brutal purges and
5794
02:10:26,330 --> 02:10:26,340
launched a series of brutal purges and
5795
02:10:26,340 --> 02:10:29,510
launched a series of brutal purges and
executions targeting anyone he perceived
5796
02:10:29,510 --> 02:10:29,520
executions targeting anyone he perceived
5797
02:10:29,520 --> 02:10:32,030
executions targeting anyone he perceived
as threatening his power he also had a
5798
02:10:32,030 --> 02:10:32,040
as threatening his power he also had a
5799
02:10:32,040 --> 02:10:34,790
as threatening his power he also had a
volatile temper lashing out at advisors
5800
02:10:34,790 --> 02:10:34,800
volatile temper lashing out at advisors
5801
02:10:34,800 --> 02:10:36,890
volatile temper lashing out at advisors
and Nobles who dared to question his
5802
02:10:36,890 --> 02:10:36,900
and Nobles who dared to question his
5803
02:10:36,900 --> 02:10:40,729
and Nobles who dared to question his
decisions in 1560 Ivan suffered a
5804
02:10:40,729 --> 02:10:40,739
decisions in 1560 Ivan suffered a
5805
02:10:40,739 --> 02:10:42,950
decisions in 1560 Ivan suffered a
devastating personal loss when his
5806
02:10:42,950 --> 02:10:42,960
devastating personal loss when his
5807
02:10:42,960 --> 02:10:46,010
devastating personal loss when his
beloved wife Anastasia died this event
5808
02:10:46,010 --> 02:10:46,020
beloved wife Anastasia died this event
5809
02:10:46,020 --> 02:10:48,470
beloved wife Anastasia died this event
seems to have triggered a significant
5810
02:10:48,470 --> 02:10:48,480
seems to have triggered a significant
5811
02:10:48,480 --> 02:10:51,709
seems to have triggered a significant
psychological breakdown and Ivan became
5812
02:10:51,709 --> 02:10:51,719
psychological breakdown and Ivan became
5813
02:10:51,719 --> 02:10:54,410
psychological breakdown and Ivan became
increasingly unstable and violent he
5814
02:10:54,410 --> 02:10:54,420
increasingly unstable and violent he
5815
02:10:54,420 --> 02:10:56,629
increasingly unstable and violent he
launched a series of bloody campaigns
5816
02:10:56,629 --> 02:10:56,639
launched a series of bloody campaigns
5817
02:10:56,639 --> 02:10:59,149
launched a series of bloody campaigns
against his own people including the
5818
02:10:59,149 --> 02:10:59,159
against his own people including the
5819
02:10:59,159 --> 02:11:01,850
against his own people including the
notorious oprich Nina a campaign of
5820
02:11:01,850 --> 02:11:01,860
notorious oprich Nina a campaign of
5821
02:11:01,860 --> 02:11:04,310
notorious oprich Nina a campaign of
Terror and repression that killed
5822
02:11:04,310 --> 02:11:04,320
Terror and repression that killed
5823
02:11:04,320 --> 02:11:06,709
Terror and repression that killed
thousands of Russians and destroyed
5824
02:11:06,709 --> 02:11:06,719
thousands of Russians and destroyed
5825
02:11:06,719 --> 02:11:09,470
thousands of Russians and destroyed
countless homes and families truly
5826
02:11:09,470 --> 02:11:09,480
countless homes and families truly
5827
02:11:09,480 --> 02:11:15,490
countless homes and families truly
deserving of the name terrible
5828
02:11:15,490 --> 02:11:15,500
5829
02:11:15,500 --> 02:11:17,990
while Russia was going through that
5830
02:11:17,990 --> 02:11:18,000
while Russia was going through that
5831
02:11:18,000 --> 02:11:20,149
while Russia was going through that
England was on the rise with the start
5832
02:11:20,149 --> 02:11:20,159
England was on the rise with the start
5833
02:11:20,159 --> 02:11:22,310
England was on the rise with the start
of the English Renaissance under the
5834
02:11:22,310 --> 02:11:22,320
of the English Renaissance under the
5835
02:11:22,320 --> 02:11:24,729
of the English Renaissance under the
leadership of Queen Elizabeth the first
5836
02:11:24,729 --> 02:11:24,739
leadership of Queen Elizabeth the first
5837
02:11:24,739 --> 02:11:27,350
leadership of Queen Elizabeth the first
Elizabethan playwrights dominated the
5838
02:11:27,350 --> 02:11:27,360
Elizabethan playwrights dominated the
5839
02:11:27,360 --> 02:11:29,750
Elizabethan playwrights dominated the
scene creating written words that were
5840
02:11:29,750 --> 02:11:29,760
scene creating written words that were
5841
02:11:29,760 --> 02:11:31,729
scene creating written words that were
poetic in language and poignant and
5842
02:11:31,729 --> 02:11:31,739
poetic in language and poignant and
5843
02:11:31,739 --> 02:11:33,589
poetic in language and poignant and
meeting they've even written plays about
5844
02:11:33,589 --> 02:11:33,599
meeting they've even written plays about
5845
02:11:33,599 --> 02:11:35,149
meeting they've even written plays about
people we've already talked about
5846
02:11:35,149 --> 02:11:35,159
people we've already talked about
5847
02:11:35,159 --> 02:11:37,609
people we've already talked about
William Shakespeare wrote many plays
5848
02:11:37,609 --> 02:11:37,619
William Shakespeare wrote many plays
5849
02:11:37,619 --> 02:11:40,370
William Shakespeare wrote many plays
including histories Julius Caesar which
5850
02:11:40,370 --> 02:11:40,380
including histories Julius Caesar which
5851
02:11:40,380 --> 02:11:42,709
including histories Julius Caesar which
was about the assassination of Julius
5852
02:11:42,709 --> 02:11:42,719
was about the assassination of Julius
5853
02:11:42,719 --> 02:11:45,350
was about the assassination of Julius
Caesar King John which was about the
5854
02:11:45,350 --> 02:11:45,360
Caesar King John which was about the
5855
02:11:45,360 --> 02:11:48,530
Caesar King John which was about the
Hundred Years War and Henry VII was a
5856
02:11:48,530 --> 02:11:48,540
Hundred Years War and Henry VII was a
5857
02:11:48,540 --> 02:11:50,870
Hundred Years War and Henry VII was a
play about showing human needs to gain
5858
02:11:50,870 --> 02:11:50,880
play about showing human needs to gain
5859
02:11:50,880 --> 02:11:53,030
play about showing human needs to gain
power other notable playwrights who
5860
02:11:53,030 --> 02:11:53,040
power other notable playwrights who
5861
02:11:53,040 --> 02:11:54,530
power other notable playwrights who
filled the scene were Christopher
5862
02:11:54,530 --> 02:11:54,540
filled the scene were Christopher
5863
02:11:54,540 --> 02:12:01,570
filled the scene were Christopher
Marlowe Ben Johnson and John Webster
5864
02:12:01,570 --> 02:12:01,580
5865
02:12:01,580 --> 02:12:04,669
while on the other side of the world the
5866
02:12:04,669 --> 02:12:04,679
while on the other side of the world the
5867
02:12:04,679 --> 02:12:06,950
while on the other side of the world the
English colony of Jamestown was forming
5868
02:12:06,950 --> 02:12:06,960
English colony of Jamestown was forming
5869
02:12:06,960 --> 02:12:09,530
English colony of Jamestown was forming
in Virginia under the Virginia Trading
5870
02:12:09,530 --> 02:12:09,540
in Virginia under the Virginia Trading
5871
02:12:09,540 --> 02:12:12,109
in Virginia under the Virginia Trading
Company slightly up north Samuel de
5872
02:12:12,109 --> 02:12:12,119
Company slightly up north Samuel de
5873
02:12:12,119 --> 02:12:14,330
Company slightly up north Samuel de
Champlain was establishing the French
5874
02:12:14,330 --> 02:12:14,340
Champlain was establishing the French
5875
02:12:14,340 --> 02:12:21,010
Champlain was establishing the French
colony of Quebec in Canada
5876
02:12:21,010 --> 02:12:21,020
5877
02:12:21,020 --> 02:12:23,810
while back in the old world they were
5878
02:12:23,810 --> 02:12:23,820
while back in the old world they were
5879
02:12:23,820 --> 02:12:26,990
while back in the old world they were
having a new era of fighting the 30
5880
02:12:26,990 --> 02:12:27,000
having a new era of fighting the 30
5881
02:12:27,000 --> 02:12:30,109
having a new era of fighting the 30
Years War this time it was between the
5882
02:12:30,109 --> 02:12:30,119
Years War this time it was between the
5883
02:12:30,119 --> 02:12:32,629
Years War this time it was between the
Protestants and the Catholics it began
5884
02:12:32,629 --> 02:12:32,639
Protestants and the Catholics it began
5885
02:12:32,639 --> 02:12:35,629
Protestants and the Catholics it began
in 1618 when the Holy Roman Emperor
5886
02:12:35,629 --> 02:12:35,639
in 1618 when the Holy Roman Emperor
5887
02:12:35,639 --> 02:12:38,330
in 1618 when the Holy Roman Emperor
attempted to impose Catholicism on the
5888
02:12:38,330 --> 02:12:38,340
attempted to impose Catholicism on the
5889
02:12:38,340 --> 02:12:41,089
attempted to impose Catholicism on the
Protestant population of bohemia the
5890
02:12:41,089 --> 02:12:41,099
Protestant population of bohemia the
5891
02:12:41,099 --> 02:12:43,850
Protestant population of bohemia the
Bohemians rebelled and soon the conflict
5892
02:12:43,850 --> 02:12:43,860
Bohemians rebelled and soon the conflict
5893
02:12:43,860 --> 02:12:46,189
Bohemians rebelled and soon the conflict
spread throughout the region over the
5894
02:12:46,189 --> 02:12:46,199
spread throughout the region over the
5895
02:12:46,199 --> 02:12:49,310
spread throughout the region over the
next 30 Years armies marched encounter
5896
02:12:49,310 --> 02:12:49,320
next 30 Years armies marched encounter
5897
02:12:49,320 --> 02:12:52,010
next 30 Years armies marched encounter
marched across Europe leaving a trail of
5898
02:12:52,010 --> 02:12:52,020
marched across Europe leaving a trail of
5899
02:12:52,020 --> 02:12:55,250
marched across Europe leaving a trail of
Destruction and Devastation the war was
5900
02:12:55,250 --> 02:12:55,260
Destruction and Devastation the war was
5901
02:12:55,260 --> 02:12:58,189
Destruction and Devastation the war was
characterized by brutal seizures bloody
5902
02:12:58,189 --> 02:12:58,199
characterized by brutal seizures bloody
5903
02:12:58,199 --> 02:13:00,589
characterized by brutal seizures bloody
battles and atrocities committed by both
5904
02:13:00,589 --> 02:13:00,599
battles and atrocities committed by both
5905
02:13:00,599 --> 02:13:03,410
battles and atrocities committed by both
sides at its height the war involved
5906
02:13:03,410 --> 02:13:03,420
sides at its height the war involved
5907
02:13:03,420 --> 02:13:05,390
sides at its height the war involved
most of the major powers of Europe
5908
02:13:05,390 --> 02:13:05,400
most of the major powers of Europe
5909
02:13:05,400 --> 02:13:08,629
most of the major powers of Europe
including France Spain Sweden and the
5910
02:13:08,629 --> 02:13:08,639
including France Spain Sweden and the
5911
02:13:08,639 --> 02:13:11,089
including France Spain Sweden and the
Holy Roman Empire it was fought along
5912
02:13:11,089 --> 02:13:11,099
Holy Roman Empire it was fought along
5913
02:13:11,099 --> 02:13:14,030
Holy Roman Empire it was fought along
religious political and economic lines
5914
02:13:14,030 --> 02:13:14,040
religious political and economic lines
5915
02:13:14,040 --> 02:13:16,669
religious political and economic lines
with each side vying for dominance and
5916
02:13:16,669 --> 02:13:16,679
with each side vying for dominance and
5917
02:13:16,679 --> 02:13:20,689
with each side vying for dominance and
control the war finally ended in 1648
5918
02:13:20,689 --> 02:13:20,699
control the war finally ended in 1648
5919
02:13:20,699 --> 02:13:22,550
control the war finally ended in 1648
with the signing of the Peace of
5920
02:13:22,550 --> 02:13:22,560
with the signing of the Peace of
5921
02:13:22,560 --> 02:13:24,890
with the signing of the Peace of
Westphalia the treaty recognized the
5922
02:13:24,890 --> 02:13:24,900
Westphalia the treaty recognized the
5923
02:13:24,900 --> 02:13:26,470
Westphalia the treaty recognized the
Dutch Republic's Independence
5924
02:13:26,470 --> 02:13:26,480
Dutch Republic's Independence
5925
02:13:26,480 --> 02:13:28,370
Dutch Republic's Independence
established the individual State
5926
02:13:28,370 --> 02:13:28,380
established the individual State
5927
02:13:28,380 --> 02:13:30,589
established the individual State
sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire
5928
02:13:30,589 --> 02:13:30,599
sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire
5929
02:13:30,599 --> 02:13:33,649
sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire
and ended the religious conflicts that
5930
02:13:33,649 --> 02:13:33,659
and ended the religious conflicts that
5931
02:13:33,659 --> 02:13:36,980
and ended the religious conflicts that
fueled the war
5932
02:13:36,980 --> 02:13:36,990
5933
02:13:36,990 --> 02:13:39,430
[Music]
5934
02:13:39,430 --> 02:13:39,440
[Music]
5935
02:13:39,440 --> 02:13:42,169
[Music]
while in China the Ming Court was
5936
02:13:42,169 --> 02:13:42,179
while in China the Ming Court was
5937
02:13:42,179 --> 02:13:45,050
while in China the Ming Court was
plagued by corruption factionalism and
5938
02:13:45,050 --> 02:13:45,060
plagued by corruption factionalism and
5939
02:13:45,060 --> 02:13:47,510
plagued by corruption factionalism and
economic decline the emperor at the time
5940
02:13:47,510 --> 02:13:47,520
economic decline the emperor at the time
5941
02:13:47,520 --> 02:13:50,089
economic decline the emperor at the time
chongqsin faced mounting pressure from
5942
02:13:50,089 --> 02:13:50,099
chongqsin faced mounting pressure from
5943
02:13:50,099 --> 02:13:52,069
chongqsin faced mounting pressure from
his advisors to strengthen the military
5944
02:13:52,069 --> 02:13:52,079
his advisors to strengthen the military
5945
02:13:52,079 --> 02:13:54,709
his advisors to strengthen the military
and defend against the Manchu threat
5946
02:13:54,709 --> 02:13:54,719
and defend against the Manchu threat
5947
02:13:54,719 --> 02:13:56,990
and defend against the Manchu threat
however his efforts were hindered by
5948
02:13:56,990 --> 02:13:57,000
however his efforts were hindered by
5949
02:13:57,000 --> 02:13:59,330
however his efforts were hindered by
infighting among officials and a lack of
5950
02:13:59,330 --> 02:13:59,340
infighting among officials and a lack of
5951
02:13:59,340 --> 02:14:03,709
infighting among officials and a lack of
resources in 1644 the Manchu Army led by
5952
02:14:03,709 --> 02:14:03,719
resources in 1644 the Manchu Army led by
5953
02:14:03,719 --> 02:14:06,050
resources in 1644 the Manchu Army led by
Prince dorgon launched a massive
5954
02:14:06,050 --> 02:14:06,060
Prince dorgon launched a massive
5955
02:14:06,060 --> 02:14:09,169
Prince dorgon launched a massive
invasion of China the Ming Army weakened
5956
02:14:09,169 --> 02:14:09,179
invasion of China the Ming Army weakened
5957
02:14:09,179 --> 02:14:11,450
invasion of China the Ming Army weakened
by years of neglect and Corruption was
5958
02:14:11,450 --> 02:14:11,460
by years of neglect and Corruption was
5959
02:14:11,460 --> 02:14:13,430
by years of neglect and Corruption was
no match for the highly disciplined and
5960
02:14:13,430 --> 02:14:13,440
no match for the highly disciplined and
5961
02:14:13,440 --> 02:14:16,310
no match for the highly disciplined and
skilled Manchu forces the manchus
5962
02:14:16,310 --> 02:14:16,320
skilled Manchu forces the manchus
5963
02:14:16,320 --> 02:14:18,770
skilled Manchu forces the manchus
quickly conquered Beijing and installed
5964
02:14:18,770 --> 02:14:18,780
quickly conquered Beijing and installed
5965
02:14:18,780 --> 02:14:20,990
quickly conquered Beijing and installed
their puppet Emperor ending the Ming
5966
02:14:20,990 --> 02:14:21,000
their puppet Emperor ending the Ming
5967
02:14:21,000 --> 02:14:23,149
their puppet Emperor ending the Ming
Dynasty continuing the cycle of
5968
02:14:23,149 --> 02:14:23,159
Dynasty continuing the cycle of
5969
02:14:23,159 --> 02:14:27,050
Dynasty continuing the cycle of
dynasties in China
5970
02:14:27,050 --> 02:14:27,060
5971
02:14:27,060 --> 02:14:27,250
foreign
5972
02:14:27,250 --> 02:14:27,260
foreign
5973
02:14:27,260 --> 02:14:31,689
foreign
[Music]
5974
02:14:31,689 --> 02:14:31,699
[Music]
5975
02:14:31,699 --> 02:14:35,089
[Music]
King Charles II died without having any
5976
02:14:35,089 --> 02:14:35,099
King Charles II died without having any
5977
02:14:35,099 --> 02:14:38,149
King Charles II died without having any
heirs creating a real political crisis
5978
02:14:38,149 --> 02:14:38,159
heirs creating a real political crisis
5979
02:14:38,159 --> 02:14:40,490
heirs creating a real political crisis
of who should be the leader King Louis
5980
02:14:40,490 --> 02:14:40,500
of who should be the leader King Louis
5981
02:14:40,500 --> 02:14:43,189
of who should be the leader King Louis
XIV of France supported his grandson
5982
02:14:43,189 --> 02:14:43,199
XIV of France supported his grandson
5983
02:14:43,199 --> 02:14:46,010
XIV of France supported his grandson
Philip as the rightful heir to the
5984
02:14:46,010 --> 02:14:46,020
Philip as the rightful heir to the
5985
02:14:46,020 --> 02:14:48,410
Philip as the rightful heir to the
Spanish Throne hoping to secure French
5986
02:14:48,410 --> 02:14:48,420
Spanish Throne hoping to secure French
5987
02:14:48,420 --> 02:14:50,810
Spanish Throne hoping to secure French
influence over Spain and its territories
5988
02:14:50,810 --> 02:14:50,820
influence over Spain and its territories
5989
02:14:50,820 --> 02:14:53,510
influence over Spain and its territories
on the other hand Emperor Leopold the
5990
02:14:53,510 --> 02:14:53,520
on the other hand Emperor Leopold the
5991
02:14:53,520 --> 02:14:56,030
on the other hand Emperor Leopold the
first of Austria supported the candidacy
5992
02:14:56,030 --> 02:14:56,040
first of Austria supported the candidacy
5993
02:14:56,040 --> 02:14:58,790
first of Austria supported the candidacy
of Archduke Charles a member of the
5994
02:14:58,790 --> 02:14:58,800
of Archduke Charles a member of the
5995
02:14:58,800 --> 02:15:01,669
of Archduke Charles a member of the
Habsburg Dynasty who was seen as a
5996
02:15:01,669 --> 02:15:01,679
Habsburg Dynasty who was seen as a
5997
02:15:01,679 --> 02:15:03,530
Habsburg Dynasty who was seen as a
potential ally against French
5998
02:15:03,530 --> 02:15:03,540
potential ally against French
5999
02:15:03,540 --> 02:15:06,410
potential ally against French
expansionism the conflict soon escalated
6000
02:15:06,410 --> 02:15:06,420
expansionism the conflict soon escalated
6001
02:15:06,420 --> 02:15:09,290
expansionism the conflict soon escalated
into a major war with many European
6002
02:15:09,290 --> 02:15:09,300
into a major war with many European
6003
02:15:09,300 --> 02:15:11,149
into a major war with many European
powers taking sides and forming
6004
02:15:11,149 --> 02:15:11,159
powers taking sides and forming
6005
02:15:11,159 --> 02:15:13,729
powers taking sides and forming
alliances the principal belligerents
6006
02:15:13,729 --> 02:15:13,739
alliances the principal belligerents
6007
02:15:13,739 --> 02:15:15,649
alliances the principal belligerents
were France and Spain against a
6008
02:15:15,649 --> 02:15:15,659
were France and Spain against a
6009
02:15:15,659 --> 02:15:18,350
were France and Spain against a
coalition of Austria Great Britain the
6010
02:15:18,350 --> 02:15:18,360
coalition of Austria Great Britain the
6011
02:15:18,360 --> 02:15:20,930
coalition of Austria Great Britain the
Dutch Republic Portugal and several
6012
02:15:20,930 --> 02:15:20,940
Dutch Republic Portugal and several
6013
02:15:20,940 --> 02:15:23,689
Dutch Republic Portugal and several
other minor Powers the war ended with
6014
02:15:23,689 --> 02:15:23,699
other minor Powers the war ended with
6015
02:15:23,699 --> 02:15:27,229
other minor Powers the war ended with
the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 which
6016
02:15:27,229 --> 02:15:27,239
the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 which
6017
02:15:27,239 --> 02:15:30,109
the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 which
recognized Philip as king of Spain Bud
6018
02:15:30,109 --> 02:15:30,119
recognized Philip as king of Spain Bud
6019
02:15:30,119 --> 02:15:32,569
recognized Philip as king of Spain Bud
required him to renounce any claims to
6020
02:15:32,569 --> 02:15:32,579
required him to renounce any claims to
6021
02:15:32,579 --> 02:15:35,030
required him to renounce any claims to
the French throne and Seed some
6022
02:15:35,030 --> 02:15:35,040
the French throne and Seed some
6023
02:15:35,040 --> 02:15:37,310
the French throne and Seed some
territories to Great Britain and Austria
6024
02:15:37,310 --> 02:15:37,320
territories to Great Britain and Austria
6025
02:15:37,320 --> 02:15:39,470
territories to Great Britain and Austria
the Treaty of rastat signed the
6026
02:15:39,470 --> 02:15:39,480
the Treaty of rastat signed the
6027
02:15:39,480 --> 02:15:42,360
the Treaty of rastat signed the
following year officially ended the war
6028
02:15:42,360 --> 02:15:42,370
following year officially ended the war
6029
02:15:42,370 --> 02:15:46,510
following year officially ended the war
[Music]
6030
02:15:46,510 --> 02:15:46,520
[Music]
6031
02:15:46,520 --> 02:15:49,970
[Music]
in 1707 the acts of the Union were
6032
02:15:49,970 --> 02:15:49,980
in 1707 the acts of the Union were
6033
02:15:49,980 --> 02:15:52,189
in 1707 the acts of the Union were
passed by the parliaments of England and
6034
02:15:52,189 --> 02:15:52,199
passed by the parliaments of England and
6035
02:15:52,199 --> 02:15:54,530
passed by the parliaments of England and
Scotland which United the two kingdoms
6036
02:15:54,530 --> 02:15:54,540
Scotland which United the two kingdoms
6037
02:15:54,540 --> 02:15:56,930
Scotland which United the two kingdoms
into a single political entity known as
6038
02:15:56,930 --> 02:15:56,940
into a single political entity known as
6039
02:15:56,940 --> 02:15:59,510
into a single political entity known as
Great Britain hence creating the legal
6040
02:15:59,510 --> 02:15:59,520
Great Britain hence creating the legal
6041
02:15:59,520 --> 02:16:01,970
Great Britain hence creating the legal
foothold that is Great Britain however
6042
02:16:01,970 --> 02:16:01,980
foothold that is Great Britain however
6043
02:16:01,980 --> 02:16:04,669
foothold that is Great Britain however
Scotland took a disliking to this there
6044
02:16:04,669 --> 02:16:04,679
Scotland took a disliking to this there
6045
02:16:04,679 --> 02:16:06,890
Scotland took a disliking to this there
were protests and uprisings in the Years
6046
02:16:06,890 --> 02:16:06,900
were protests and uprisings in the Years
6047
02:16:06,900 --> 02:16:09,350
were protests and uprisings in the Years
following the union including the
6048
02:16:09,350 --> 02:16:09,360
following the union including the
6049
02:16:09,360 --> 02:16:14,390
following the union including the
Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745 which
6050
02:16:14,390 --> 02:16:14,400
Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745 which
6051
02:16:14,400 --> 02:16:16,970
Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745 which
aimed to restore the Scottish monarchy
6052
02:16:16,970 --> 02:16:16,980
aimed to restore the Scottish monarchy
6053
02:16:16,980 --> 02:16:20,750
aimed to restore the Scottish monarchy
and Independence
6054
02:16:20,750 --> 02:16:20,760
6055
02:16:20,760 --> 02:16:24,250
foreign
6056
02:16:24,250 --> 02:16:24,260
6057
02:16:24,260 --> 02:16:27,069
then on July 4th
6058
02:16:27,069 --> 02:16:27,079
then on July 4th
6059
02:16:27,079 --> 02:16:30,770
then on July 4th
1776 a group of American Patriots stood
6060
02:16:30,770 --> 02:16:30,780
1776 a group of American Patriots stood
6061
02:16:30,780 --> 02:16:32,929
1776 a group of American Patriots stood
in a room in Philadelphia signing a
6062
02:16:32,929 --> 02:16:32,939
in a room in Philadelphia signing a
6063
02:16:32,939 --> 02:16:35,089
in a room in Philadelphia signing a
document that would say the words we
6064
02:16:35,089 --> 02:16:35,099
document that would say the words we
6065
02:16:35,099 --> 02:16:37,190
document that would say the words we
hold these truths to be self-evident
6066
02:16:37,190 --> 02:16:37,200
hold these truths to be self-evident
6067
02:16:37,200 --> 02:16:40,009
hold these truths to be self-evident
that all men are created equal that they
6068
02:16:40,009 --> 02:16:40,019
that all men are created equal that they
6069
02:16:40,019 --> 02:16:41,990
that all men are created equal that they
are endowed by their creator with
6070
02:16:41,990 --> 02:16:42,000
are endowed by their creator with
6071
02:16:42,000 --> 02:16:44,570
are endowed by their creator with
certain unalienable rights that among
6072
02:16:44,570 --> 02:16:44,580
certain unalienable rights that among
6073
02:16:44,580 --> 02:16:47,030
certain unalienable rights that among
these are life liberty and the pursuit
6074
02:16:47,030 --> 02:16:47,040
these are life liberty and the pursuit
6075
02:16:47,040 --> 02:16:51,709
these are life liberty and the pursuit
of happiness war in the Americas was on
6076
02:16:51,709 --> 02:16:51,719
of happiness war in the Americas was on
6077
02:16:51,719 --> 02:16:55,490
of happiness war in the Americas was on
thank you
6078
02:16:55,490 --> 02:16:55,500
6079
02:16:55,500 --> 02:16:58,070
but back in Europe the tone was quite
6080
02:16:58,070 --> 02:16:58,080
but back in Europe the tone was quite
6081
02:16:58,080 --> 02:17:00,110
but back in Europe the tone was quite
different Adam Smith published the
6082
02:17:00,110 --> 02:17:00,120
different Adam Smith published the
6083
02:17:00,120 --> 02:17:02,870
different Adam Smith published the
famous book The Wealth of Nations the
6084
02:17:02,870 --> 02:17:02,880
famous book The Wealth of Nations the
6085
02:17:02,880 --> 02:17:05,450
famous book The Wealth of Nations the
foundations of laissez's fair economics
6086
02:17:05,450 --> 02:17:05,460
foundations of laissez's fair economics
6087
02:17:05,460 --> 02:17:07,790
foundations of laissez's fair economics
which essentially says the market would
6088
02:17:07,790 --> 02:17:07,800
which essentially says the market would
6089
02:17:07,800 --> 02:17:10,730
which essentially says the market would
balance itself out over time in Austria
6090
02:17:10,730 --> 02:17:10,740
balance itself out over time in Austria
6091
02:17:10,740 --> 02:17:13,370
balance itself out over time in Austria
Mozart was performing his magnum opus
6092
02:17:13,370 --> 02:17:13,380
Mozart was performing his magnum opus
6093
02:17:13,380 --> 02:17:16,790
Mozart was performing his magnum opus
the Hafner serenade Mozart's Hafner
6094
02:17:16,790 --> 02:17:16,800
the Hafner serenade Mozart's Hafner
6095
02:17:16,800 --> 02:17:19,310
the Hafner serenade Mozart's Hafner
serenade is a charming and elegant Work
6096
02:17:19,310 --> 02:17:19,320
serenade is a charming and elegant Work
6097
02:17:19,320 --> 02:17:21,709
serenade is a charming and elegant Work
featuring courtly dance music in light
6098
02:17:21,709 --> 02:17:21,719
featuring courtly dance music in light
6099
02:17:21,719 --> 02:17:24,709
featuring courtly dance music in light
lyrical Melodies its graceful Melodies
6100
02:17:24,709 --> 02:17:24,719
lyrical Melodies its graceful Melodies
6101
02:17:24,719 --> 02:17:26,810
lyrical Melodies its graceful Melodies
subtle harmonies and elegant
6102
02:17:26,810 --> 02:17:26,820
subtle harmonies and elegant
6103
02:17:26,820 --> 02:17:33,770
subtle harmonies and elegant
instrumental writing characterizes
6104
02:17:33,770 --> 02:17:33,780
6105
02:17:33,780 --> 02:17:37,009
as the war continued King George III
6106
02:17:37,009 --> 02:17:37,019
as the war continued King George III
6107
02:17:37,019 --> 02:17:39,110
as the war continued King George III
sent his armies of the masses over to
6108
02:17:39,110 --> 02:17:39,120
sent his armies of the masses over to
6109
02:17:39,120 --> 02:17:41,509
sent his armies of the masses over to
America though the colonists had little
6110
02:17:41,509 --> 02:17:41,519
America though the colonists had little
6111
02:17:41,519 --> 02:17:43,790
America though the colonists had little
military training their knowledge of the
6112
02:17:43,790 --> 02:17:43,800
military training their knowledge of the
6113
02:17:43,800 --> 02:17:46,190
military training their knowledge of the
terrain and Guerrilla tactics made them
6114
02:17:46,190 --> 02:17:46,200
terrain and Guerrilla tactics made them
6115
02:17:46,200 --> 02:17:49,070
terrain and Guerrilla tactics made them
nearly invisible at the same time the
6116
02:17:49,070 --> 02:17:49,080
nearly invisible at the same time the
6117
02:17:49,080 --> 02:17:51,589
nearly invisible at the same time the
Red Army Coats were easy to see for the
6118
02:17:51,589 --> 02:17:51,599
Red Army Coats were easy to see for the
6119
02:17:51,599 --> 02:17:55,070
Red Army Coats were easy to see for the
Americans in the summer of 1781 George
6120
02:17:55,070 --> 02:17:55,080
Americans in the summer of 1781 George
6121
02:17:55,080 --> 02:17:57,469
Americans in the summer of 1781 George
Washington and French General Rochambeau
6122
02:17:57,469 --> 02:17:57,479
Washington and French General Rochambeau
6123
02:17:57,479 --> 02:17:59,629
Washington and French General Rochambeau
marched their forces South to Virginia
6124
02:17:59,629 --> 02:17:59,639
marched their forces South to Virginia
6125
02:17:59,639 --> 02:18:02,570
marched their forces South to Virginia
where they laid Siege to Cornwallis and
6126
02:18:02,570 --> 02:18:02,580
where they laid Siege to Cornwallis and
6127
02:18:02,580 --> 02:18:05,330
where they laid Siege to Cornwallis and
his army at Yorktown the British were
6128
02:18:05,330 --> 02:18:05,340
his army at Yorktown the British were
6129
02:18:05,340 --> 02:18:08,089
his army at Yorktown the British were
trapped and could not Escape by land or
6130
02:18:08,089 --> 02:18:08,099
trapped and could not Escape by land or
6131
02:18:08,099 --> 02:18:11,929
trapped and could not Escape by land or
Sea The Siege dragged on for weeks the
6132
02:18:11,929 --> 02:18:11,939
Sea The Siege dragged on for weeks the
6133
02:18:11,939 --> 02:18:14,389
Sea The Siege dragged on for weeks the
American and French forces bombarded the
6134
02:18:14,389 --> 02:18:14,399
American and French forces bombarded the
6135
02:18:14,399 --> 02:18:16,969
American and French forces bombarded the
British with artillery they dug trenches
6136
02:18:16,969 --> 02:18:16,979
British with artillery they dug trenches
6137
02:18:16,979 --> 02:18:19,129
British with artillery they dug trenches
to inch their way closer to the British
6138
02:18:19,129 --> 02:18:19,139
to inch their way closer to the British
6139
02:18:19,139 --> 02:18:21,410
to inch their way closer to the British
defensive the French navy defeated the
6140
02:18:21,410 --> 02:18:21,420
defensive the French navy defeated the
6141
02:18:21,420 --> 02:18:23,810
defensive the French navy defeated the
British Navy in a crucial naval battle
6142
02:18:23,810 --> 02:18:23,820
British Navy in a crucial naval battle
6143
02:18:23,820 --> 02:18:25,990
British Navy in a crucial naval battle
off the coast of Virginia cutting off
6144
02:18:25,990 --> 02:18:26,000
off the coast of Virginia cutting off
6145
02:18:26,000 --> 02:18:29,450
off the coast of Virginia cutting off
cornwallis's only Escape Route by sea on
6146
02:18:29,450 --> 02:18:29,460
cornwallis's only Escape Route by sea on
6147
02:18:29,460 --> 02:18:32,870
cornwallis's only Escape Route by sea on
October 14 1781 the American and French
6148
02:18:32,870 --> 02:18:32,880
October 14 1781 the American and French
6149
02:18:32,880 --> 02:18:35,509
October 14 1781 the American and French
forces launched a a massive assault on
6150
02:18:35,509 --> 02:18:35,519
forces launched a a massive assault on
6151
02:18:35,519 --> 02:18:38,089
forces launched a a massive assault on
the British defenses the British fought
6152
02:18:38,089 --> 02:18:38,099
the British defenses the British fought
6153
02:18:38,099 --> 02:18:40,730
the British defenses the British fought
valiantly but were vastly outnumbered
6154
02:18:40,730 --> 02:18:40,740
valiantly but were vastly outnumbered
6155
02:18:40,740 --> 02:18:43,190
valiantly but were vastly outnumbered
and outgunned and they soon began to
6156
02:18:43,190 --> 02:18:43,200
and outgunned and they soon began to
6157
02:18:43,200 --> 02:18:46,070
and outgunned and they soon began to
falter on October 19th Cornwallis
6158
02:18:46,070 --> 02:18:46,080
falter on October 19th Cornwallis
6159
02:18:46,080 --> 02:18:47,770
falter on October 19th Cornwallis
surrendered his army to Washington
6160
02:18:47,770 --> 02:18:47,780
surrendered his army to Washington
6161
02:18:47,780 --> 02:18:51,049
surrendered his army to Washington
effectively ending the war the Victory
6162
02:18:51,049 --> 02:18:51,059
effectively ending the war the Victory
6163
02:18:51,059 --> 02:18:53,750
effectively ending the war the Victory
at Yorktown was a decisive moment in the
6164
02:18:53,750 --> 02:18:53,760
at Yorktown was a decisive moment in the
6165
02:18:53,760 --> 02:18:56,330
at Yorktown was a decisive moment in the
war and it marked the end of British
6166
02:18:56,330 --> 02:18:56,340
war and it marked the end of British
6167
02:18:56,340 --> 02:18:59,030
war and it marked the end of British
rule in America and the beginning of a
6168
02:18:59,030 --> 02:18:59,040
rule in America and the beginning of a
6169
02:18:59,040 --> 02:19:00,920
rule in America and the beginning of a
new experiment
6170
02:19:00,920 --> 02:19:00,930
new experiment
6171
02:19:00,930 --> 02:19:04,030
new experiment
[Music]
6172
02:19:04,030 --> 02:19:04,040
[Music]
6173
02:19:04,040 --> 02:19:07,490
[Music]
with America finally being free from the
6174
02:19:07,490 --> 02:19:07,500
with America finally being free from the
6175
02:19:07,500 --> 02:19:10,370
with America finally being free from the
totally tyrannical grips of Britain they
6176
02:19:10,370 --> 02:19:10,380
totally tyrannical grips of Britain they
6177
02:19:10,380 --> 02:19:12,770
totally tyrannical grips of Britain they
had one issue how were they going to
6178
02:19:12,770 --> 02:19:12,780
had one issue how were they going to
6179
02:19:12,780 --> 02:19:14,509
had one issue how were they going to
lead were they going to make General
6180
02:19:14,509 --> 02:19:14,519
lead were they going to make General
6181
02:19:14,519 --> 02:19:16,849
lead were they going to make General
George Washington their Monarch
6182
02:19:16,849 --> 02:19:16,859
George Washington their Monarch
6183
02:19:16,859 --> 02:19:20,389
George Washington their Monarch
therefore democracy was chosen however
6184
02:19:20,389 --> 02:19:20,399
therefore democracy was chosen however
6185
02:19:20,399 --> 02:19:23,450
therefore democracy was chosen however
Plato made a good point many years ago
6186
02:19:23,450 --> 02:19:23,460
Plato made a good point many years ago
6187
02:19:23,460 --> 02:19:26,089
Plato made a good point many years ago
that the common man was incapable and
6188
02:19:26,089 --> 02:19:26,099
that the common man was incapable and
6189
02:19:26,099 --> 02:19:28,129
that the common man was incapable and
not wise enough to pick a better leader
6190
02:19:28,129 --> 02:19:28,139
not wise enough to pick a better leader
6191
02:19:28,139 --> 02:19:30,709
not wise enough to pick a better leader
to lead them to success so the American
6192
02:19:30,709 --> 02:19:30,719
to lead them to success so the American
6193
02:19:30,719 --> 02:19:33,709
to lead them to success so the American
founded Constitutional Convention came a
6194
02:19:33,709 --> 02:19:33,719
founded Constitutional Convention came a
6195
02:19:33,719 --> 02:19:36,290
founded Constitutional Convention came a
with this idea of the Electoral College
6196
02:19:36,290 --> 02:19:36,300
with this idea of the Electoral College
6197
02:19:36,300 --> 02:19:38,629
with this idea of the Electoral College
where the common man would vote for a
6198
02:19:38,629 --> 02:19:38,639
where the common man would vote for a
6199
02:19:38,639 --> 02:19:40,669
where the common man would vote for a
particular person who would then have a
6200
02:19:40,669 --> 02:19:40,679
particular person who would then have a
6201
02:19:40,679 --> 02:19:43,310
particular person who would then have a
say in who could be president so instead
6202
02:19:43,310 --> 02:19:43,320
say in who could be president so instead
6203
02:19:43,320 --> 02:19:45,410
say in who could be president so instead
of the president being directly voted on
6204
02:19:45,410 --> 02:19:45,420
of the president being directly voted on
6205
02:19:45,420 --> 02:19:47,750
of the president being directly voted on
by the people they would vote on Elites
6206
02:19:47,750 --> 02:19:47,760
by the people they would vote on Elites
6207
02:19:47,760 --> 02:19:49,490
by the people they would vote on Elites
who would then vote for the president
6208
02:19:49,490 --> 02:19:49,500
who would then vote for the president
6209
02:19:49,500 --> 02:19:55,210
who would then vote for the president
directly
6210
02:19:55,210 --> 02:19:55,220
6211
02:19:55,220 --> 02:19:58,010
the French then noticed how well the
6212
02:19:58,010 --> 02:19:58,020
the French then noticed how well the
6213
02:19:58,020 --> 02:20:00,650
the French then noticed how well the
American Revolution went at the time the
6214
02:20:00,650 --> 02:20:00,660
American Revolution went at the time the
6215
02:20:00,660 --> 02:20:03,469
American Revolution went at the time the
French were ruled by King Louis XVI and
6216
02:20:03,469 --> 02:20:03,479
French were ruled by King Louis XVI and
6217
02:20:03,479 --> 02:20:06,590
French were ruled by King Louis XVI and
his wife Queen Marie Antoinette as Queen
6218
02:20:06,590 --> 02:20:06,600
his wife Queen Marie Antoinette as Queen
6219
02:20:06,600 --> 02:20:09,170
his wife Queen Marie Antoinette as Queen
Marie Antoinette told the peasants let
6220
02:20:09,170 --> 02:20:09,180
Marie Antoinette told the peasants let
6221
02:20:09,180 --> 02:20:11,929
Marie Antoinette told the peasants let
them eat cake the people of France got
6222
02:20:11,929 --> 02:20:11,939
them eat cake the people of France got
6223
02:20:11,939 --> 02:20:14,150
them eat cake the people of France got
together they decided they wanted more
6224
02:20:14,150 --> 02:20:14,160
together they decided they wanted more
6225
02:20:14,160 --> 02:20:16,849
together they decided they wanted more
say in how the country was run and they
6226
02:20:16,849 --> 02:20:16,859
say in how the country was run and they
6227
02:20:16,859 --> 02:20:18,290
say in how the country was run and they
formed a group called The National
6228
02:20:18,290 --> 02:20:18,300
formed a group called The National
6229
02:20:18,300 --> 02:20:21,410
formed a group called The National
Assembly and started making new laws to
6230
02:20:21,410 --> 02:20:21,420
Assembly and started making new laws to
6231
02:20:21,420 --> 02:20:23,570
Assembly and started making new laws to
give them more rights one of the most
6232
02:20:23,570 --> 02:20:23,580
give them more rights one of the most
6233
02:20:23,580 --> 02:20:25,429
give them more rights one of the most
famous events of the French Revolution
6234
02:20:25,429 --> 02:20:25,439
famous events of the French Revolution
6235
02:20:25,439 --> 02:20:28,190
famous events of the French Revolution
was the storming of the Bastille this
6236
02:20:28,190 --> 02:20:28,200
was the storming of the Bastille this
6237
02:20:28,200 --> 02:20:30,650
was the storming of the Bastille this
was a prison that represented the king's
6238
02:20:30,650 --> 02:20:30,660
was a prison that represented the king's
6239
02:20:30,660 --> 02:20:33,170
was a prison that represented the king's
power and the people wanted to show that
6240
02:20:33,170 --> 02:20:33,180
power and the people wanted to show that
6241
02:20:33,180 --> 02:20:35,450
power and the people wanted to show that
they were not afraid of him they broke
6242
02:20:35,450 --> 02:20:35,460
they were not afraid of him they broke
6243
02:20:35,460 --> 02:20:37,670
they were not afraid of him they broke
into the prison and freed the prisoners
6244
02:20:37,670 --> 02:20:37,680
into the prison and freed the prisoners
6245
02:20:37,680 --> 02:20:40,130
into the prison and freed the prisoners
which started a revolution throughout
6246
02:20:40,130 --> 02:20:40,140
which started a revolution throughout
6247
02:20:40,140 --> 02:20:43,130
which started a revolution throughout
France many influential people lost
6248
02:20:43,130 --> 02:20:43,140
France many influential people lost
6249
02:20:43,140 --> 02:20:45,250
France many influential people lost
their heads During the Revolution
6250
02:20:45,250 --> 02:20:45,260
their heads During the Revolution
6251
02:20:45,260 --> 02:20:48,710
their heads During the Revolution
including King Louis XVI and his wife
6252
02:20:48,710 --> 02:20:48,720
including King Louis XVI and his wife
6253
02:20:48,720 --> 02:20:51,349
including King Louis XVI and his wife
Queen Marie Antoinette the people were
6254
02:20:51,349 --> 02:20:51,359
Queen Marie Antoinette the people were
6255
02:20:51,359 --> 02:20:53,750
Queen Marie Antoinette the people were
are tired of being ruled by a king and
6256
02:20:53,750 --> 02:20:53,760
are tired of being ruled by a king and
6257
02:20:53,760 --> 02:20:55,969
are tired of being ruled by a king and
queen who didn't care about them and
6258
02:20:55,969 --> 02:20:55,979
queen who didn't care about them and
6259
02:20:55,979 --> 02:20:58,130
queen who didn't care about them and
they wanted to create a new system where
6260
02:20:58,130 --> 02:20:58,140
they wanted to create a new system where
6261
02:20:58,140 --> 02:21:00,590
they wanted to create a new system where
everyone would have a say and the people
6262
02:21:00,590 --> 02:21:00,600
everyone would have a say and the people
6263
02:21:00,600 --> 02:21:03,410
everyone would have a say and the people
of France voted in Maximilian robes
6264
02:21:03,410 --> 02:21:03,420
of France voted in Maximilian robes
6265
02:21:03,420 --> 02:21:07,370
of France voted in Maximilian robes
Pierre in 1789 Rose Pierre was elected
6266
02:21:07,370 --> 02:21:07,380
Pierre in 1789 Rose Pierre was elected
6267
02:21:07,380 --> 02:21:09,290
Pierre in 1789 Rose Pierre was elected
as a delegate to the Estates General
6268
02:21:09,290 --> 02:21:09,300
as a delegate to the Estates General
6269
02:21:09,300 --> 02:21:12,050
as a delegate to the Estates General
which was convened to address France's
6270
02:21:12,050 --> 02:21:12,060
which was convened to address France's
6271
02:21:12,060 --> 02:21:15,650
which was convened to address France's
financial crisis he quickly emerged as a
6272
02:21:15,650 --> 02:21:15,660
financial crisis he quickly emerged as a
6273
02:21:15,660 --> 02:21:17,630
financial crisis he quickly emerged as a
leading voice in the National Assembly
6274
02:21:17,630 --> 02:21:17,640
leading voice in the National Assembly
6275
02:21:17,640 --> 02:21:19,969
leading voice in the National Assembly
advocating for the ordinary people's
6276
02:21:19,969 --> 02:21:19,979
advocating for the ordinary people's
6277
02:21:19,979 --> 02:21:22,250
advocating for the ordinary people's
rights and opposing the aristocracy's
6278
02:21:22,250 --> 02:21:22,260
rights and opposing the aristocracy's
6279
02:21:22,260 --> 02:21:25,270
rights and opposing the aristocracy's
power as the revolution continued though
6280
02:21:25,270 --> 02:21:25,280
power as the revolution continued though
6281
02:21:25,280 --> 02:21:28,070
power as the revolution continued though
Robespierre became increasingly radical
6282
02:21:28,070 --> 02:21:28,080
Robespierre became increasingly radical
6283
02:21:28,080 --> 02:21:30,770
Robespierre became increasingly radical
in his views advocating for the
6284
02:21:30,770 --> 02:21:30,780
in his views advocating for the
6285
02:21:30,780 --> 02:21:33,889
in his views advocating for the
execution of King Louis XVI and the
6286
02:21:33,889 --> 02:21:33,899
execution of King Louis XVI and the
6287
02:21:33,899 --> 02:21:36,170
execution of King Louis XVI and the
establishment of a republic he was
6288
02:21:36,170 --> 02:21:36,180
establishment of a republic he was
6289
02:21:36,180 --> 02:21:38,330
establishment of a republic he was
elected to the powerful Committee of
6290
02:21:38,330 --> 02:21:38,340
elected to the powerful Committee of
6291
02:21:38,340 --> 02:21:41,809
elected to the powerful Committee of
Public Safety in 1793 tasked with
6292
02:21:41,809 --> 02:21:41,819
Public Safety in 1793 tasked with
6293
02:21:41,819 --> 02:21:43,849
Public Safety in 1793 tasked with
protecting the Revolution and rooting
6294
02:21:43,849 --> 02:21:43,859
protecting the Revolution and rooting
6295
02:21:43,859 --> 02:21:45,670
protecting the Revolution and rooting
out enemies of the State under
6296
02:21:45,670 --> 02:21:45,680
out enemies of the State under
6297
02:21:45,680 --> 02:21:47,990
out enemies of the State under
Robespierre's leadership the committee
6298
02:21:47,990 --> 02:21:48,000
Robespierre's leadership the committee
6299
02:21:48,000 --> 02:21:50,270
Robespierre's leadership the committee
launched a period of intense repression
6300
02:21:50,270 --> 02:21:50,280
launched a period of intense repression
6301
02:21:50,280 --> 02:21:53,630
launched a period of intense repression
known as the ray of Terror thousands of
6302
02:21:53,630 --> 02:21:53,640
known as the ray of Terror thousands of
6303
02:21:53,640 --> 02:21:56,510
known as the ray of Terror thousands of
people were arrested tried and executed
6304
02:21:56,510 --> 02:21:56,520
people were arrested tried and executed
6305
02:21:56,520 --> 02:21:58,929
people were arrested tried and executed
for crimes against the revolution
6306
02:21:58,929 --> 02:21:58,939
for crimes against the revolution
6307
02:21:58,939 --> 02:22:01,670
for crimes against the revolution
Robespierre became known as a ruthless
6308
02:22:01,670 --> 02:22:01,680
Robespierre became known as a ruthless
6309
02:22:01,680 --> 02:22:04,570
Robespierre became known as a ruthless
and uncompromising figure however
6310
02:22:04,570 --> 02:22:04,580
and uncompromising figure however
6311
02:22:04,580 --> 02:22:07,370
and uncompromising figure however
Robespierre's power began to wane as the
6312
02:22:07,370 --> 02:22:07,380
Robespierre's power began to wane as the
6313
02:22:07,380 --> 02:22:09,290
Robespierre's power began to wane as the
people grew tired of the violence and
6314
02:22:09,290 --> 02:22:09,300
people grew tired of the violence and
6315
02:22:09,300 --> 02:22:11,990
people grew tired of the violence and
the instability of the revolution in
6316
02:22:11,990 --> 02:22:12,000
the instability of the revolution in
6317
02:22:12,000 --> 02:22:15,170
the instability of the revolution in
1794 he was arrested and imprisoned
6318
02:22:15,170 --> 02:22:15,180
1794 he was arrested and imprisoned
6319
02:22:15,180 --> 02:22:19,090
1794 he was arrested and imprisoned
along with his closest allies on July 28
6320
02:22:19,090 --> 02:22:19,100
along with his closest allies on July 28
6321
02:22:19,100 --> 02:22:22,190
along with his closest allies on July 28
1794 Robespierre was taken to the
6322
02:22:22,190 --> 02:22:22,200
1794 Robespierre was taken to the
6323
02:22:22,200 --> 02:22:25,250
1794 Robespierre was taken to the
guillotine and executed
6324
02:22:25,250 --> 02:22:25,260
guillotine and executed
6325
02:22:25,260 --> 02:22:27,950
guillotine and executed
the execution marked the end of the
6326
02:22:27,950 --> 02:22:27,960
the execution marked the end of the
6327
02:22:27,960 --> 02:22:31,250
the execution marked the end of the
reign of terror and democracy for now in
6328
02:22:31,250 --> 02:22:31,260
reign of terror and democracy for now in
6329
02:22:31,260 --> 02:22:34,309
reign of terror and democracy for now in
France instead they moved to a directory
6330
02:22:34,309 --> 02:22:34,319
France instead they moved to a directory
6331
02:22:34,319 --> 02:22:36,830
France instead they moved to a directory
a directory is a government led by a
6332
02:22:36,830 --> 02:22:36,840
a directory is a government led by a
6333
02:22:36,840 --> 02:22:39,230
a directory is a government led by a
five-member executive Council known as
6334
02:22:39,230 --> 02:22:39,240
five-member executive Council known as
6335
02:22:39,240 --> 02:22:41,750
five-member executive Council known as
the directory which was chosen by the
6336
02:22:41,750 --> 02:22:41,760
the directory which was chosen by the
6337
02:22:41,760 --> 02:22:44,330
the directory which was chosen by the
Council of Elders this legislative body
6338
02:22:44,330 --> 02:22:44,340
Council of Elders this legislative body
6339
02:22:44,340 --> 02:22:46,849
Council of Elders this legislative body
was also part of the new government the
6340
02:22:46,849 --> 02:22:46,859
was also part of the new government the
6341
02:22:46,859 --> 02:22:48,710
was also part of the new government the
directory was meant to serve as a
6342
02:22:48,710 --> 02:22:48,720
directory was meant to serve as a
6343
02:22:48,720 --> 02:22:51,410
directory was meant to serve as a
moderating force balancing the interests
6344
02:22:51,410 --> 02:22:51,420
moderating force balancing the interests
6345
02:22:51,420 --> 02:22:53,510
moderating force balancing the interests
of the various factions that had emerged
6346
02:22:53,510 --> 02:22:53,520
of the various factions that had emerged
6347
02:22:53,520 --> 02:22:59,389
of the various factions that had emerged
during the revolution
6348
02:22:59,389 --> 02:22:59,399
6349
02:22:59,399 --> 02:23:02,510
however the directory concept wasn't
6350
02:23:02,510 --> 02:23:02,520
however the directory concept wasn't
6351
02:23:02,520 --> 02:23:05,330
however the directory concept wasn't
successful as well so General Napoleon
6352
02:23:05,330 --> 02:23:05,340
successful as well so General Napoleon
6353
02:23:05,340 --> 02:23:07,730
successful as well so General Napoleon
Bonaparte decided to overthrow the
6354
02:23:07,730 --> 02:23:07,740
Bonaparte decided to overthrow the
6355
02:23:07,740 --> 02:23:10,070
Bonaparte decided to overthrow the
government and begin his conquests to
6356
02:23:10,070 --> 02:23:10,080
government and begin his conquests to
6357
02:23:10,080 --> 02:23:12,050
government and begin his conquests to
take over the world
6358
02:23:12,050 --> 02:23:12,060
take over the world
6359
02:23:12,060 --> 02:23:14,809
take over the world
so off Napoleon went to conquer much of
6360
02:23:14,809 --> 02:23:14,819
so off Napoleon went to conquer much of
6361
02:23:14,819 --> 02:23:18,290
so off Napoleon went to conquer much of
Europe in 1805 Napoleon defeated a
6362
02:23:18,290 --> 02:23:18,300
Europe in 1805 Napoleon defeated a
6363
02:23:18,300 --> 02:23:20,990
Europe in 1805 Napoleon defeated a
combined austro-russian Army at the
6364
02:23:20,990 --> 02:23:21,000
combined austro-russian Army at the
6365
02:23:21,000 --> 02:23:23,690
combined austro-russian Army at the
Battle of austerlitz solidifying his
6366
02:23:23,690 --> 02:23:23,700
Battle of austerlitz solidifying his
6367
02:23:23,700 --> 02:23:25,429
Battle of austerlitz solidifying his
position as one of Europe's most
6368
02:23:25,429 --> 02:23:25,439
position as one of Europe's most
6369
02:23:25,439 --> 02:23:28,250
position as one of Europe's most
powerful leaders he then conquered much
6370
02:23:28,250 --> 02:23:28,260
powerful leaders he then conquered much
6371
02:23:28,260 --> 02:23:30,290
powerful leaders he then conquered much
of the continent including Spain
6372
02:23:30,290 --> 02:23:30,300
of the continent including Spain
6373
02:23:30,300 --> 02:23:33,770
of the continent including Spain
Portugal and the Netherlands in 1812
6374
02:23:33,770 --> 02:23:33,780
Portugal and the Netherlands in 1812
6375
02:23:33,780 --> 02:23:36,710
Portugal and the Netherlands in 1812
Napoleon invaded Russia with a massive
6376
02:23:36,710 --> 02:23:36,720
Napoleon invaded Russia with a massive
6377
02:23:36,720 --> 02:23:39,290
Napoleon invaded Russia with a massive
Army still the campaign proved
6378
02:23:39,290 --> 02:23:39,300
Army still the campaign proved
6379
02:23:39,300 --> 02:23:42,650
Army still the campaign proved
disastrous and his forces were decimated
6380
02:23:42,650 --> 02:23:42,660
disastrous and his forces were decimated
6381
02:23:42,660 --> 02:23:45,110
disastrous and his forces were decimated
by the harsh Russian winter
6382
02:23:45,110 --> 02:23:45,120
by the harsh Russian winter
6383
02:23:45,120 --> 02:23:47,450
by the harsh Russian winter
the defeat marked the beginning of
6384
02:23:47,450 --> 02:23:47,460
the defeat marked the beginning of
6385
02:23:47,460 --> 02:23:51,290
the defeat marked the beginning of
Napoleon's downfall in 1814 the European
6386
02:23:51,290 --> 02:23:51,300
Napoleon's downfall in 1814 the European
6387
02:23:51,300 --> 02:23:53,510
Napoleon's downfall in 1814 the European
powers Allied against Napoleon and
6388
02:23:53,510 --> 02:23:53,520
powers Allied against Napoleon and
6389
02:23:53,520 --> 02:23:56,030
powers Allied against Napoleon and
invaded France forcing him to abdicate
6390
02:23:56,030 --> 02:23:56,040
invaded France forcing him to abdicate
6391
02:23:56,040 --> 02:23:58,610
invaded France forcing him to abdicate
his throne and go into Exile on the
6392
02:23:58,610 --> 02:23:58,620
his throne and go into Exile on the
6393
02:23:58,620 --> 02:24:01,309
his throne and go into Exile on the
island of Elba however he returned to
6394
02:24:01,309 --> 02:24:01,319
island of Elba however he returned to
6395
02:24:01,319 --> 02:24:04,370
island of Elba however he returned to
France in 1815 in what became known as
6396
02:24:04,370 --> 02:24:04,380
France in 1815 in what became known as
6397
02:24:04,380 --> 02:24:07,370
France in 1815 in what became known as
the hundred days and briefly regained
6398
02:24:07,370 --> 02:24:07,380
the hundred days and briefly regained
6399
02:24:07,380 --> 02:24:09,590
the hundred days and briefly regained
power before being defeated by the
6400
02:24:09,590 --> 02:24:09,600
power before being defeated by the
6401
02:24:09,600 --> 02:24:11,630
power before being defeated by the
British and Prussian armies at the
6402
02:24:11,630 --> 02:24:11,640
British and Prussian armies at the
6403
02:24:11,640 --> 02:24:17,050
British and Prussian armies at the
Battle of Waterloo
6404
02:24:17,050 --> 02:24:17,060
6405
02:24:17,060 --> 02:24:19,849
while back in the Americas Simone
6406
02:24:19,849 --> 02:24:19,859
while back in the Americas Simone
6407
02:24:19,859 --> 02:24:22,790
while back in the Americas Simone
Bolivar was on his military campaigns to
6408
02:24:22,790 --> 02:24:22,800
Bolivar was on his military campaigns to
6409
02:24:22,800 --> 02:24:25,429
Bolivar was on his military campaigns to
free Latin American countries from the
6410
02:24:25,429 --> 02:24:25,439
free Latin American countries from the
6411
02:24:25,439 --> 02:24:27,469
free Latin American countries from the
grasp of the Spanish colonial rule
6412
02:24:27,469 --> 02:24:27,479
grasp of the Spanish colonial rule
6413
02:24:27,479 --> 02:24:30,650
grasp of the Spanish colonial rule
Bolivar began his military campaigns in
6414
02:24:30,650 --> 02:24:30,660
Bolivar began his military campaigns in
6415
02:24:30,660 --> 02:24:33,830
Bolivar began his military campaigns in
Venezuela in 1810 where he led a
6416
02:24:33,830 --> 02:24:33,840
Venezuela in 1810 where he led a
6417
02:24:33,840 --> 02:24:35,750
Venezuela in 1810 where he led a
successful Uprising against the Spanish
6418
02:24:35,750 --> 02:24:35,760
successful Uprising against the Spanish
6419
02:24:35,760 --> 02:24:38,630
successful Uprising against the Spanish
Colonial authorities he then moved on to
6420
02:24:38,630 --> 02:24:38,640
Colonial authorities he then moved on to
6421
02:24:38,640 --> 02:24:40,490
Colonial authorities he then moved on to
Colombia where he won a series of
6422
02:24:40,490 --> 02:24:40,500
Colombia where he won a series of
6423
02:24:40,500 --> 02:24:42,610
Colombia where he won a series of
important victories against the Spanish
6424
02:24:42,610 --> 02:24:42,620
important victories against the Spanish
6425
02:24:42,620 --> 02:24:46,250
important victories against the Spanish
including the Battle of boyaka in 1819
6426
02:24:46,250 --> 02:24:46,260
including the Battle of boyaka in 1819
6427
02:24:46,260 --> 02:24:48,830
including the Battle of boyaka in 1819
which secured the independence of
6428
02:24:48,830 --> 02:24:48,840
which secured the independence of
6429
02:24:48,840 --> 02:24:50,990
which secured the independence of
Colombia Bolivar then turned his
6430
02:24:50,990 --> 02:24:51,000
Colombia Bolivar then turned his
6431
02:24:51,000 --> 02:24:53,750
Colombia Bolivar then turned his
attention to Ecuador and Peru where he
6432
02:24:53,750 --> 02:24:53,760
attention to Ecuador and Peru where he
6433
02:24:53,760 --> 02:24:56,330
attention to Ecuador and Peru where he
won a series of decisive battles that
6434
02:24:56,330 --> 02:24:56,340
won a series of decisive battles that
6435
02:24:56,340 --> 02:24:57,830
won a series of decisive battles that
helped secure both countries
6436
02:24:57,830 --> 02:24:57,840
helped secure both countries
6437
02:24:57,840 --> 02:25:00,349
helped secure both countries
Independence he captured the city of
6438
02:25:00,349 --> 02:25:00,359
Independence he captured the city of
6439
02:25:00,359 --> 02:25:04,130
Independence he captured the city of
Lima in 1824 effectively ending Spanish
6440
02:25:04,130 --> 02:25:04,140
Lima in 1824 effectively ending Spanish
6441
02:25:04,140 --> 02:25:07,309
Lima in 1824 effectively ending Spanish
control of Peru bolivar's final military
6442
02:25:07,309 --> 02:25:07,319
control of Peru bolivar's final military
6443
02:25:07,319 --> 02:25:10,370
control of Peru bolivar's final military
campaign was in Bolivia where he led the
6444
02:25:10,370 --> 02:25:10,380
campaign was in Bolivia where he led the
6445
02:25:10,380 --> 02:25:12,170
campaign was in Bolivia where he led the
fight for independence against the
6446
02:25:12,170 --> 02:25:12,180
fight for independence against the
6447
02:25:12,180 --> 02:25:15,710
fight for independence against the
Spanish in 1825 Bolivia was named in
6448
02:25:15,710 --> 02:25:15,720
Spanish in 1825 Bolivia was named in
6449
02:25:15,720 --> 02:25:18,170
Spanish in 1825 Bolivia was named in
honor of Bolivar who played a critical
6450
02:25:18,170 --> 02:25:18,180
honor of Bolivar who played a critical
6451
02:25:18,180 --> 02:25:20,690
honor of Bolivar who played a critical
role in its liberation
6452
02:25:20,690 --> 02:25:20,700
role in its liberation
6453
02:25:20,700 --> 02:25:24,490
role in its liberation
[Music]
6454
02:25:24,490 --> 02:25:24,500
6455
02:25:24,500 --> 02:25:28,429
in 1848 two men had an idea that would
6456
02:25:28,429 --> 02:25:28,439
in 1848 two men had an idea that would
6457
02:25:28,439 --> 02:25:31,670
in 1848 two men had an idea that would
spark debate worldwide Karl Marx and
6458
02:25:31,670 --> 02:25:31,680
spark debate worldwide Karl Marx and
6459
02:25:31,680 --> 02:25:33,590
spark debate worldwide Karl Marx and
Frederick Engels wrote the book called
6460
02:25:33,590 --> 02:25:33,600
Frederick Engels wrote the book called
6461
02:25:33,600 --> 02:25:36,410
Frederick Engels wrote the book called
The Communist Manifesto which is a book
6462
02:25:36,410 --> 02:25:36,420
The Communist Manifesto which is a book
6463
02:25:36,420 --> 02:25:38,870
The Communist Manifesto which is a book
about the idea of Communism where
6464
02:25:38,870 --> 02:25:38,880
about the idea of Communism where
6465
02:25:38,880 --> 02:25:41,210
about the idea of Communism where
instead of a capitalistic system where
6466
02:25:41,210 --> 02:25:41,220
instead of a capitalistic system where
6467
02:25:41,220 --> 02:25:43,670
instead of a capitalistic system where
the Nobles or Bourgeois own everything
6468
02:25:43,670 --> 02:25:43,680
the Nobles or Bourgeois own everything
6469
02:25:43,680 --> 02:25:46,070
the Nobles or Bourgeois own everything
and the workers and proletariats work
6470
02:25:46,070 --> 02:25:46,080
and the workers and proletariats work
6471
02:25:46,080 --> 02:25:49,070
and the workers and proletariats work
for slave wages instead what if the
6472
02:25:49,070 --> 02:25:49,080
for slave wages instead what if the
6473
02:25:49,080 --> 02:25:51,110
for slave wages instead what if the
proletariats owned the means of
6474
02:25:51,110 --> 02:25:51,120
proletariats owned the means of
6475
02:25:51,120 --> 02:25:54,050
proletariats owned the means of
production and all worked together as
6476
02:25:54,050 --> 02:25:54,060
production and all worked together as
6477
02:25:54,060 --> 02:25:56,270
production and all worked together as
Marx and Ingles would write let the
6478
02:25:56,270 --> 02:25:56,280
Marx and Ingles would write let the
6479
02:25:56,280 --> 02:25:59,389
Marx and Ingles would write let the
ruling classes tremble at a communistic
6480
02:25:59,389 --> 02:25:59,399
ruling classes tremble at a communistic
6481
02:25:59,399 --> 02:26:01,969
ruling classes tremble at a communistic
revolution the proletarians would have
6482
02:26:01,969 --> 02:26:01,979
revolution the proletarians would have
6483
02:26:01,979 --> 02:26:04,490
revolution the proletarians would have
nothing to lose but their chains and
6484
02:26:04,490 --> 02:26:04,500
nothing to lose but their chains and
6485
02:26:04,500 --> 02:26:06,950
nothing to lose but their chains and
they have and they'd to win they would
6486
02:26:06,950 --> 02:26:06,960
they have and they'd to win they would
6487
02:26:06,960 --> 02:26:09,349
they have and they'd to win they would
also write the need for a constantly
6488
02:26:09,349 --> 02:26:09,359
also write the need for a constantly
6489
02:26:09,359 --> 02:26:11,690
also write the need for a constantly
expanding market for its products chases
6490
02:26:11,690 --> 02:26:11,700
expanding market for its products chases
6491
02:26:11,700 --> 02:26:14,090
expanding market for its products chases
the bourgeoisie over the whole surface
6492
02:26:14,090 --> 02:26:14,100
the bourgeoisie over the whole surface
6493
02:26:14,100 --> 02:26:16,790
the bourgeoisie over the whole surface
of the globe it must Nestle everywhere
6494
02:26:16,790 --> 02:26:16,800
of the globe it must Nestle everywhere
6495
02:26:16,800 --> 02:26:19,969
of the globe it must Nestle everywhere
settle everywhere establish connections
6496
02:26:19,969 --> 02:26:19,979
settle everywhere establish connections
6497
02:26:19,979 --> 02:26:23,230
settle everywhere establish connections
everywhere
6498
02:26:23,230 --> 02:26:23,240
6499
02:26:23,240 --> 02:26:26,050
foreign
6500
02:26:26,050 --> 02:26:26,060
foreign
6501
02:26:26,060 --> 02:26:28,490
foreign
right after the writing of the Communist
6502
02:26:28,490 --> 02:26:28,500
right after the writing of the Communist
6503
02:26:28,500 --> 02:26:31,250
right after the writing of the Communist
Manifesto began a period in Europe known
6504
02:26:31,250 --> 02:26:31,260
Manifesto began a period in Europe known
6505
02:26:31,260 --> 02:26:34,670
Manifesto began a period in Europe known
as the Scramble for Africa it All Began
6506
02:26:34,670 --> 02:26:34,680
as the Scramble for Africa it All Began
6507
02:26:34,680 --> 02:26:37,429
as the Scramble for Africa it All Began
in the 1870s when European countries
6508
02:26:37,429 --> 02:26:37,439
in the 1870s when European countries
6509
02:26:37,439 --> 02:26:40,190
in the 1870s when European countries
began to explore the interior of Africa
6510
02:26:40,190 --> 02:26:40,200
began to explore the interior of Africa
6511
02:26:40,200 --> 02:26:43,010
began to explore the interior of Africa
looking for new territories to claim and
6512
02:26:43,010 --> 02:26:43,020
looking for new territories to claim and
6513
02:26:43,020 --> 02:26:45,710
looking for new territories to claim and
resources to exploit at first the
6514
02:26:45,710 --> 02:26:45,720
resources to exploit at first the
6515
02:26:45,720 --> 02:26:48,349
resources to exploit at first the
European powers were cautious sending
6516
02:26:48,349 --> 02:26:48,359
European powers were cautious sending
6517
02:26:48,359 --> 02:26:50,929
European powers were cautious sending
explorers and missionaries into Africa
6518
02:26:50,929 --> 02:26:50,939
explorers and missionaries into Africa
6519
02:26:50,939 --> 02:26:53,090
explorers and missionaries into Africa
to establish trade networks and
6520
02:26:53,090 --> 02:26:53,100
to establish trade networks and
6521
02:26:53,100 --> 02:26:56,030
to establish trade networks and
alliances with local leaders however as
6522
02:26:56,030 --> 02:26:56,040
alliances with local leaders however as
6523
02:26:56,040 --> 02:26:58,370
alliances with local leaders however as
competition increased the European
6524
02:26:58,370 --> 02:26:58,380
competition increased the European
6525
02:26:58,380 --> 02:27:00,410
competition increased the European
powers became more aggressive in their
6526
02:27:00,410 --> 02:27:00,420
powers became more aggressive in their
6527
02:27:00,420 --> 02:27:03,290
powers became more aggressive in their
tactics they used military force to
6528
02:27:03,290 --> 02:27:03,300
tactics they used military force to
6529
02:27:03,300 --> 02:27:06,050
tactics they used military force to
establish colonies and protectorates and
6530
02:27:06,050 --> 02:27:06,060
establish colonies and protectorates and
6531
02:27:06,060 --> 02:27:08,090
establish colonies and protectorates and
they engaged in diplomatic maneuvering
6532
02:27:08,090 --> 02:27:08,100
they engaged in diplomatic maneuvering
6533
02:27:08,100 --> 02:27:10,670
they engaged in diplomatic maneuvering
and propaganda campaigns to gain the
6534
02:27:10,670 --> 02:27:10,680
and propaganda campaigns to gain the
6535
02:27:10,680 --> 02:27:13,550
and propaganda campaigns to gain the
support of local populations one of the
6536
02:27:13,550 --> 02:27:13,560
support of local populations one of the
6537
02:27:13,560 --> 02:27:15,710
support of local populations one of the
most ruthless tactics the European
6538
02:27:15,710 --> 02:27:15,720
most ruthless tactics the European
6539
02:27:15,720 --> 02:27:18,469
most ruthless tactics the European
powers used was dividing Africa into
6540
02:27:18,469 --> 02:27:18,479
powers used was dividing Africa into
6541
02:27:18,479 --> 02:27:21,530
powers used was dividing Africa into
artificial borders and creating new
6542
02:27:21,530 --> 02:27:21,540
artificial borders and creating new
6543
02:27:21,540 --> 02:27:24,530
artificial borders and creating new
ethnic and linguistic divisions this
6544
02:27:24,530 --> 02:27:24,540
ethnic and linguistic divisions this
6545
02:27:24,540 --> 02:27:26,870
ethnic and linguistic divisions this
created tensions and conflicts between
6546
02:27:26,870 --> 02:27:26,880
created tensions and conflicts between
6547
02:27:26,880 --> 02:27:29,570
created tensions and conflicts between
different African groups which the
6548
02:27:29,570 --> 02:27:29,580
different African groups which the
6549
02:27:29,580 --> 02:27:31,450
different African groups which the
Europeans used to their advantage
6550
02:27:31,450 --> 02:27:31,460
Europeans used to their advantage
6551
02:27:31,460 --> 02:27:35,030
Europeans used to their advantage
creating a European stronghold over the
6552
02:27:35,030 --> 02:27:35,040
creating a European stronghold over the
6553
02:27:35,040 --> 02:27:36,889
creating a European stronghold over the
continent of Africa to increase their
6554
02:27:36,889 --> 02:27:36,899
continent of Africa to increase their
6555
02:27:36,899 --> 02:27:39,710
continent of Africa to increase their
profits the Scramble for Africa came to
6556
02:27:39,710 --> 02:27:39,720
profits the Scramble for Africa came to
6557
02:27:39,720 --> 02:27:42,010
profits the Scramble for Africa came to
an end as a result of several factors
6558
02:27:42,010 --> 02:27:42,020
an end as a result of several factors
6559
02:27:42,020 --> 02:27:43,790
an end as a result of several factors
including changing International
6560
02:27:43,790 --> 02:27:43,800
including changing International
6561
02:27:43,800 --> 02:27:47,270
including changing International
politics economic realities and Rising
6562
02:27:47,270 --> 02:27:47,280
politics economic realities and Rising
6563
02:27:47,280 --> 02:27:49,849
politics economic realities and Rising
African nationalism one of the key
6564
02:27:49,849 --> 02:27:49,859
African nationalism one of the key
6565
02:27:49,859 --> 02:27:51,770
African nationalism one of the key
factors that contributed to the end of
6566
02:27:51,770 --> 02:27:51,780
factors that contributed to the end of
6567
02:27:51,780 --> 02:27:54,590
factors that contributed to the end of
the Scramble for Africa was the changing
6568
02:27:54,590 --> 02:27:54,600
the Scramble for Africa was the changing
6569
02:27:54,600 --> 02:27:57,469
the Scramble for Africa was the changing
balance of power in Europe by the early
6570
02:27:57,469 --> 02:27:57,479
balance of power in Europe by the early
6571
02:27:57,479 --> 02:28:00,170
balance of power in Europe by the early
20th century European powers were
6572
02:28:00,170 --> 02:28:00,180
20th century European powers were
6573
02:28:00,180 --> 02:28:02,450
20th century European powers were
increasingly focused on competition with
6574
02:28:02,450 --> 02:28:02,460
increasingly focused on competition with
6575
02:28:02,460 --> 02:28:05,389
increasingly focused on competition with
each other particularly in Europe itself
6576
02:28:05,389 --> 02:28:05,399
each other particularly in Europe itself
6577
02:28:05,399 --> 02:28:08,150
each other particularly in Europe itself
and were less interested in acquiring
6578
02:28:08,150 --> 02:28:08,160
and were less interested in acquiring
6579
02:28:08,160 --> 02:28:11,090
and were less interested in acquiring
new colonies in Africa this was due in
6580
02:28:11,090 --> 02:28:11,100
new colonies in Africa this was due in
6581
02:28:11,100 --> 02:28:12,950
new colonies in Africa this was due in
part to the growing tensions between
6582
02:28:12,950 --> 02:28:12,960
part to the growing tensions between
6583
02:28:12,960 --> 02:28:15,469
part to the growing tensions between
European powers that would eventually
6584
02:28:15,469 --> 02:28:15,479
European powers that would eventually
6585
02:28:15,479 --> 02:28:19,309
European powers that would eventually
lead to the outbreak of World War One In
6586
02:28:19,309 --> 02:28:19,319
lead to the outbreak of World War One In
6587
02:28:19,319 --> 02:28:21,590
lead to the outbreak of World War One In
1914.
6588
02:28:21,590 --> 02:28:21,600
1914.
6589
02:28:21,600 --> 02:28:26,150
1914.
because on June 28 1914 a shot was heard
6590
02:28:26,150 --> 02:28:26,160
because on June 28 1914 a shot was heard
6591
02:28:26,160 --> 02:28:28,490
because on June 28 1914 a shot was heard
around the world with the assassination
6592
02:28:28,490 --> 02:28:28,500
around the world with the assassination
6593
02:28:28,500 --> 02:28:32,030
around the world with the assassination
of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Franz
6594
02:28:32,030 --> 02:28:32,040
of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Franz
6595
02:28:32,040 --> 02:28:34,270
of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Franz
Ferdinand was the heir to the throne of
6596
02:28:34,270 --> 02:28:34,280
Ferdinand was the heir to the throne of
6597
02:28:34,280 --> 02:28:37,250
Ferdinand was the heir to the throne of
Austria-Hungary and his assassination by
6598
02:28:37,250 --> 02:28:37,260
Austria-Hungary and his assassination by
6599
02:28:37,260 --> 02:28:40,070
Austria-Hungary and his assassination by
a Serbian nationalist named gavrilo
6600
02:28:40,070 --> 02:28:40,080
a Serbian nationalist named gavrilo
6601
02:28:40,080 --> 02:28:43,730
a Serbian nationalist named gavrilo
princip sparked a diplomatic crisis that
6602
02:28:43,730 --> 02:28:43,740
princip sparked a diplomatic crisis that
6603
02:28:43,740 --> 02:28:46,730
princip sparked a diplomatic crisis that
quickly escalated into a global conflict
6604
02:28:46,730 --> 02:28:46,740
quickly escalated into a global conflict
6605
02:28:46,740 --> 02:28:49,330
quickly escalated into a global conflict
in the aftermath of the assassination
6606
02:28:49,330 --> 02:28:49,340
in the aftermath of the assassination
6607
02:28:49,340 --> 02:28:51,950
in the aftermath of the assassination
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
6608
02:28:51,950 --> 02:28:51,960
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
6609
02:28:51,960 --> 02:28:54,950
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
triggering a complex web of alliances
6610
02:28:54,950 --> 02:28:54,960
triggering a complex web of alliances
6611
02:28:54,960 --> 02:28:57,170
triggering a complex web of alliances
and treaties that Drew other countries
6612
02:28:57,170 --> 02:28:57,180
and treaties that Drew other countries
6613
02:28:57,180 --> 02:29:00,230
and treaties that Drew other countries
into the conflict Germany an ally of
6614
02:29:00,230 --> 02:29:00,240
into the conflict Germany an ally of
6615
02:29:00,240 --> 02:29:02,870
into the conflict Germany an ally of
Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia
6616
02:29:02,870 --> 02:29:02,880
Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia
6617
02:29:02,880 --> 02:29:05,690
Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia
and France while Great Britain which had
6618
02:29:05,690 --> 02:29:05,700
and France while Great Britain which had
6619
02:29:05,700 --> 02:29:07,910
and France while Great Britain which had
a treaty with Belgium declared war on
6620
02:29:07,910 --> 02:29:07,920
a treaty with Belgium declared war on
6621
02:29:07,920 --> 02:29:11,270
a treaty with Belgium declared war on
Germany within weeks most of Europe was
6622
02:29:11,270 --> 02:29:11,280
Germany within weeks most of Europe was
6623
02:29:11,280 --> 02:29:14,150
Germany within weeks most of Europe was
embroiled in a brutal and devastating
6624
02:29:14,150 --> 02:29:14,160
embroiled in a brutal and devastating
6625
02:29:14,160 --> 02:29:18,110
embroiled in a brutal and devastating
conflict in November 1918 after four
6626
02:29:18,110 --> 02:29:18,120
conflict in November 1918 after four
6627
02:29:18,120 --> 02:29:21,110
conflict in November 1918 after four
years of brutal fighting the Allied
6628
02:29:21,110 --> 02:29:21,120
years of brutal fighting the Allied
6629
02:29:21,120 --> 02:29:23,750
years of brutal fighting the Allied
powers and the Central Powers agreed to
6630
02:29:23,750 --> 02:29:23,760
powers and the Central Powers agreed to
6631
02:29:23,760 --> 02:29:26,510
powers and the Central Powers agreed to
an Armistice effectively bringing an end
6632
02:29:26,510 --> 02:29:26,520
an Armistice effectively bringing an end
6633
02:29:26,520 --> 02:29:28,910
an Armistice effectively bringing an end
to the war and the demise of the Ottoman
6634
02:29:28,910 --> 02:29:28,920
to the war and the demise of the Ottoman
6635
02:29:28,920 --> 02:29:31,790
to the war and the demise of the Ottoman
Empire on November 11th the Armistice
6636
02:29:31,790 --> 02:29:31,800
Empire on November 11th the Armistice
6637
02:29:31,800 --> 02:29:33,830
Empire on November 11th the Armistice
went into effect and the guns fell
6638
02:29:33,830 --> 02:29:33,840
went into effect and the guns fell
6639
02:29:33,840 --> 02:29:40,389
went into effect and the guns fell
silent across Europe
6640
02:29:40,389 --> 02:29:40,399
6641
02:29:40,399 --> 02:29:44,210
World War II the peace was short-lived
6642
02:29:44,210 --> 02:29:44,220
World War II the peace was short-lived
6643
02:29:44,220 --> 02:29:47,270
World War II the peace was short-lived
because a man named Adolf Hitler invaded
6644
02:29:47,270 --> 02:29:47,280
because a man named Adolf Hitler invaded
6645
02:29:47,280 --> 02:29:50,150
because a man named Adolf Hitler invaded
Poland like Alexander the Great Julius
6646
02:29:50,150 --> 02:29:50,160
Poland like Alexander the Great Julius
6647
02:29:50,160 --> 02:29:53,809
Poland like Alexander the Great Julius
Caesar trajan Attila the Hun Genghis
6648
02:29:53,809 --> 02:29:53,819
Caesar trajan Attila the Hun Genghis
6649
02:29:53,819 --> 02:29:56,510
Caesar trajan Attila the Hun Genghis
Khan Napoleon Bonaparte and Suleiman the
6650
02:29:56,510 --> 02:29:56,520
Khan Napoleon Bonaparte and Suleiman the
6651
02:29:56,520 --> 02:29:58,910
Khan Napoleon Bonaparte and Suleiman the
great Adolf Hitler wanted to establish
6652
02:29:58,910 --> 02:29:58,920
great Adolf Hitler wanted to establish
6653
02:29:58,920 --> 02:30:01,990
great Adolf Hitler wanted to establish
an empire for his nation and his people
6654
02:30:01,990 --> 02:30:02,000
an empire for his nation and his people
6655
02:30:02,000 --> 02:30:04,550
an empire for his nation and his people
Adolf had dreams of building an empire
6656
02:30:04,550 --> 02:30:04,560
Adolf had dreams of building an empire
6657
02:30:04,560 --> 02:30:07,070
Adolf had dreams of building an empire
larger than anything that was ever
6658
02:30:07,070 --> 02:30:07,080
larger than anything that was ever
6659
02:30:07,080 --> 02:30:09,410
larger than anything that was ever
created he wanted to make the Roman
6660
02:30:09,410 --> 02:30:09,420
created he wanted to make the Roman
6661
02:30:09,420 --> 02:30:12,830
created he wanted to make the Roman
Empire look like nothing however for the
6662
02:30:12,830 --> 02:30:12,840
Empire look like nothing however for the
6663
02:30:12,840 --> 02:30:14,809
Empire look like nothing however for the
sake of the world and especially those
6664
02:30:14,809 --> 02:30:14,819
sake of the world and especially those
6665
02:30:14,819 --> 02:30:18,349
sake of the world and especially those
Hitler viewed as undesirable Vermin in
6666
02:30:18,349 --> 02:30:18,359
Hitler viewed as undesirable Vermin in
6667
02:30:18,359 --> 02:30:22,670
Hitler viewed as undesirable Vermin in
April 1945 Soviet forces began a massive
6668
02:30:22,670 --> 02:30:22,680
April 1945 Soviet forces began a massive
6669
02:30:22,680 --> 02:30:25,610
April 1945 Soviet forces began a massive
assault on Berlin after weeks of intense
6670
02:30:25,610 --> 02:30:25,620
assault on Berlin after weeks of intense
6671
02:30:25,620 --> 02:30:28,610
assault on Berlin after weeks of intense
fighting the city fell on May 2nd and
6672
02:30:28,610 --> 02:30:28,620
fighting the city fell on May 2nd and
6673
02:30:28,620 --> 02:30:31,070
fighting the city fell on May 2nd and
German forces surrendered meanwhile
6674
02:30:31,070 --> 02:30:31,080
German forces surrendered meanwhile
6675
02:30:31,080 --> 02:30:33,469
German forces surrendered meanwhile
Allied Forces were closing in from the
6676
02:30:33,469 --> 02:30:33,479
Allied Forces were closing in from the
6677
02:30:33,479 --> 02:30:36,650
Allied Forces were closing in from the
west and on May 7th Germany signed an
6678
02:30:36,650 --> 02:30:36,660
west and on May 7th Germany signed an
6679
02:30:36,660 --> 02:30:39,050
west and on May 7th Germany signed an
unconditional surrender officially
6680
02:30:39,050 --> 02:30:39,060
unconditional surrender officially
6681
02:30:39,060 --> 02:30:42,110
unconditional surrender officially
ending the war in Europe a few months
6682
02:30:42,110 --> 02:30:42,120
ending the war in Europe a few months
6683
02:30:42,120 --> 02:30:44,630
ending the war in Europe a few months
later after the bombings of Nagasaki and
6684
02:30:44,630 --> 02:30:44,640
later after the bombings of Nagasaki and
6685
02:30:44,640 --> 02:30:47,150
later after the bombings of Nagasaki and
Hiroshima Japan surrendered as well
6686
02:30:47,150 --> 02:30:47,160
Hiroshima Japan surrendered as well
6687
02:30:47,160 --> 02:30:55,389
Hiroshima Japan surrendered as well
leaving the war to be over
6688
02:30:55,389 --> 02:30:55,399
6689
02:30:55,399 --> 02:30:59,210
foreign from World War II on the world
6690
02:30:59,210 --> 02:30:59,220
foreign from World War II on the world
6691
02:30:59,220 --> 02:31:01,490
foreign from World War II on the world
has faced a technological Revolution
6692
02:31:01,490 --> 02:31:01,500
has faced a technological Revolution
6693
02:31:01,500 --> 02:31:03,950
has faced a technological Revolution
with Alan turing's invention of the
6694
02:31:03,950 --> 02:31:03,960
with Alan turing's invention of the
6695
02:31:03,960 --> 02:31:07,010
with Alan turing's invention of the
computer during the war the world became
6696
02:31:07,010 --> 02:31:07,020
computer during the war the world became
6697
02:31:07,020 --> 02:31:10,370
computer during the war the world became
Global for 50 years America and the
6698
02:31:10,370 --> 02:31:10,380
Global for 50 years America and the
6699
02:31:10,380 --> 02:31:12,770
Global for 50 years America and the
Soviet Union were at War despite the
6700
02:31:12,770 --> 02:31:12,780
Soviet Union were at War despite the
6701
02:31:12,780 --> 02:31:14,630
Soviet Union were at War despite the
fact that they were on two totally
6702
02:31:14,630 --> 02:31:14,640
fact that they were on two totally
6703
02:31:14,640 --> 02:31:18,170
fact that they were on two totally
different continents in 1969 Neil
6704
02:31:18,170 --> 02:31:18,180
different continents in 1969 Neil
6705
02:31:18,180 --> 02:31:25,260
different continents in 1969 Neil
Armstrong landed on the moon saying
6706
02:31:25,260 --> 02:31:25,270
6707
02:31:25,270 --> 02:31:28,370
[Applause]
6708
02:31:28,370 --> 02:31:28,380
6709
02:31:28,380 --> 02:31:30,110
years on the world has become
6710
02:31:30,110 --> 02:31:30,120
years on the world has become
6711
02:31:30,120 --> 02:31:32,690
years on the world has become
increasingly smaller computers have
6712
02:31:32,690 --> 02:31:32,700
increasingly smaller computers have
6713
02:31:32,700 --> 02:31:34,849
increasingly smaller computers have
become more affordable cell phones
6714
02:31:34,849 --> 02:31:34,859
become more affordable cell phones
6715
02:31:34,859 --> 02:31:36,590
become more affordable cell phones
change the way we communicated with one
6716
02:31:36,590 --> 02:31:36,600
change the way we communicated with one
6717
02:31:36,600 --> 02:31:39,050
change the way we communicated with one
another let's go back to the story of a
6718
02:31:39,050 --> 02:31:39,060
another let's go back to the story of a
6719
02:31:39,060 --> 02:31:41,510
another let's go back to the story of a
man named Gilgamesh on his quest for
6720
02:31:41,510 --> 02:31:41,520
man named Gilgamesh on his quest for
6721
02:31:41,520 --> 02:31:43,550
man named Gilgamesh on his quest for
immortality at the end of the poem
6722
02:31:43,550 --> 02:31:43,560
immortality at the end of the poem
6723
02:31:43,560 --> 02:31:46,490
immortality at the end of the poem
Gilgamesh realizes life which you look
6724
02:31:46,490 --> 02:31:46,500
Gilgamesh realizes life which you look
6725
02:31:46,500 --> 02:31:49,370
Gilgamesh realizes life which you look
for you will never find for when God's
6726
02:31:49,370 --> 02:31:49,380
for you will never find for when God's
6727
02:31:49,380 --> 02:31:52,309
for you will never find for when God's
created man they let death be his share
6728
02:31:52,309 --> 02:31:52,319
created man they let death be his share
6729
02:31:52,319 --> 02:31:56,270
created man they let death be his share
and life withheld in their own hands the
6730
02:31:56,270 --> 02:31:56,280
and life withheld in their own hands the
6731
02:31:56,280 --> 02:31:58,849
and life withheld in their own hands the
history of human civilizations is an
6732
02:31:58,849 --> 02:31:58,859
history of human civilizations is an
6733
02:31:58,859 --> 02:32:01,790
history of human civilizations is an
incomplete book constantly being updated
6734
02:32:01,790 --> 02:32:01,800
incomplete book constantly being updated
6735
02:32:01,800 --> 02:32:04,550
incomplete book constantly being updated
some things will never change however
6736
02:32:04,550 --> 02:32:04,560
some things will never change however
6737
02:32:04,560 --> 02:32:08,389
some things will never change however
humans will always die Empires will
6738
02:32:08,389 --> 02:32:08,399
humans will always die Empires will
6739
02:32:08,399 --> 02:32:12,410
humans will always die Empires will
always rise and fall the masses will
6740
02:32:12,410 --> 02:32:12,420
always rise and fall the masses will
6741
02:32:12,420 --> 02:32:16,429
always rise and fall the masses will
always clamor towards safety
6742
02:32:16,429 --> 02:32:16,439
always clamor towards safety
6743
02:32:16,439 --> 02:32:19,160
always clamor towards safety
foreign
625571
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