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- There is no treaty
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between the United States
and the Soviet Union.
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The idea emerges
of a nuclear test ban treaty.
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- We must labor on,
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not towards a strategy
of annihilation,
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but towards a strategy
of peace.
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- Change is about to occur.
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- You could almost feel
Kennedy understanding
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what the Cold War meant
by seeing the Berlin Wall.
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And so he said,
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"For people
who don’t understand
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"what is
this Cold War conflict,
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’Come here.
Come look at this.’"
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- To lead us
to a fruitful America,
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from the state
of Massachusetts,
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John F. Kennedy!
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narrator:
John F. Kennedy lived a life
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that would help define
an entire generation.
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[soft sweeping music]
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- Together we shall
save our planet,
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or together we shall perish
in its flames.
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- What was it about that guy?
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- Looks, style, empathy.
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He was incredibly charming.
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- Intellectual
and progressive.
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- He was the future.
He was next.
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narrator: President
for just over 1,000 days,
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Kennedy navigated
events and crises
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that changed the world.
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- Kennedy is feeling
the pressure
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from civil rights activists.
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- This was a country
on nuclear war footing.
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- This could be
the last mistake
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that anybody makes,
politically.
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- He changed us in the process
of his own growth.
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- We choose to go to the moon
in this decade
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and do the other things,
not because they are easy,
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but because they are hard.
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narrator: 60 years after
his assassination,
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we are still fascinated
by the triumphs and flaws
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of the youngest president
ever elected.
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- I ask you to join us
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in all the tomorrows
yet to come,
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in building America,
moving America,
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picking this country of ours up
and sending it into the ’60s.
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♪ ♪
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[cheers and applause]
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[gentle orchestral music]
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♪ ♪
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Freedom has many difficulties,
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and democracy is not perfect,
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but we have never had
to put a wall up
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to keep our people in,
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to prevent them
from leaving us.
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[cheers and applause]
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There are some who say--
there are some who say
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that communism is the wave
of the future.
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Let them come to Berlin.
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[cheering]
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♪ ♪
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narrator: Two years after
the rise of the Berlin Wall,
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President John F. Kennedy
visited Germany
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to address the citizens
of West Berlin.
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- He said,
"In this day and age,
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"you all can be proud
to be citizens of Berlin.
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"You are at the front line
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of this battle between tyranny
and freedom."
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- All free men,
wherever they may live,
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are citizens of Berlin.
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And therefore, as a free man,
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I take pride in the words,
"Ich bin ein Berliner."
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[cheers and applause]
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♪ ♪
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- "And so I, too," he said,
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"I am a Berliner along
with you."
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narrator: The words would
go down in history
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as an expression
of hope and solidarity
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in a world threatened
by the Cold War.
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- He understood
the iconic power of that.
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I’m not with you, I am you.
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He understood that these
moments would matter forever.
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Everyone would
always remember it.
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narrator:
On the plane leaving Berlin,
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Kennedy turned
to his speechwriter
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and longtime ally,
Ted Sorensen, and said,
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"We’ll never have another day
like this one
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as long as we live."
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♪ ♪
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From West Berlin,
Kennedy visited Ireland,
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where he was given
a roaring welcome.
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While there,
he visited the home
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where his ancestors
had lived before coming
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to the United States.
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[laughter]
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[cheers and applause]
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- I grew up very aware
that John F. Kennedy
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changed things completely
for Irish people.
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Every house that I went to,
both my grandparents’ homes
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and any relative we visited,
had, when you walked in,
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the same picture
of John F. Kennedy.
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So he was the patron
saint of the Irish.
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- The example of someone
who had risen to the very top
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of the political world,
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in the most important country
in the world,
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had its effect on attitudes
in Ireland
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and attitudes towards
our own horizon of ambition.
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- Hello, people of Ireland.
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I give you President Kennedy
of United States.
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[cheers and applause]
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narrator: Kennedy’s visit to
Europe was a bright contrast
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to the tensions
he’d experienced during
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the Cuban Missile Crisis.
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- For certainly, it was
a moment of reflection and--
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and gratitude for what he had--
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what he had achieved
and the shoulders
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that he had stood on
to get there.
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narrator:
The exciting trip to Europe
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was followed
by important news.
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- For the first time,
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an agreement has been reached
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on bringing the forces
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of nuclear destruction
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under international control.
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narrator: After decades of
destructive nuclear testing,
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the treaty would eliminate
any such activity
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in the atmosphere, in space,
and underwater.
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- With our courage
and understanding enlarged
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by this achievement,
let us press onward in quest
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of man’s essential desire
for peace.
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As President
of the United States,
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and with the advice
and consent of the Senate,
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I now sign the instruments
of ratification of this treaty.
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narrator:
Kennedy considered
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the Partial Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty
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his greatest
accomplishment
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to that point
of his presidency,
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but it came amid
personal heartache.
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[somber music]
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Days later, after Khrushchev
agreed to the terms,
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Jackie Kennedy gave birth
to her fourth child,
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Patrick Kennedy,
by cesarean section.
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He weighed less than
five pounds and struggled
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to breathe on his own.
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Kennedy left the White House
and immediately boarded
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a helicopter to the hospital
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at Otis Air Force Base
in Massachusetts.
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Arriving some 40 minutes
after the baby was born,
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Kennedy saw his new son
for the first time.
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The odds for little Patrick’s
survival were grim.
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After wheeling the incubator
to Jackie’s bedside
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so she could see Patrick,
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Kennedy and his brother Bobby
went with the baby
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to the Boston
Children’s Hospital.
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They waited nervously
while the doctors worked
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to save Patrick’s life.
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♪ ♪
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Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
passed away two days later,
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on August 9th, 1963.
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"He put up quite a fight,"
Kennedy said.
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"He was a beautiful baby."
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- He was there
watching him die,
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uh, holding his hand in the--
holding his little hand,
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touching his little hand
in the hospital,
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and had to go back
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and give Jackie the news
and comfort her.
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narrator:
Over the next few weeks,
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Kennedy flew to Hyannis Port
several times
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to be with his wife.
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Together, they grieved
and reportedly grew closer
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than they had ever been
before.
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- I think after Patrick died,
there is that great scene
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of him holding her hand
coming out of the hospital.
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They never were affectionate
publicly before then.
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Maybe he finally realized
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that he needed to be that man
for her and that support
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that she had always been
for him.
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- The people who knew him well
said they had never seen him
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so devastated and moved
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as he had been
by Patrick’s death.
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And I think
that set the table,
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not just for his personal
relations with Jackie,
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but also for the kind of
determination and dedication
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that he brought to things,
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to the understanding
of how fragile life is.
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♪ ♪
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narrator: In August of 1963,
following Patrick’s death,
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Kennedy turned his attention
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to a long-simmering conflict
abroad.
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In 1954, the French
colonial rulers of Vietnam
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were defeated
by Vietcong forces
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under
Communist leader Ho Chi Minh.
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The country was divided
in two,
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a Communist north and
an American-supported south.
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Afraid that communism
would gain strength
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throughout Indochina, the U.S.
gradually increased funds
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00:11:10,546 --> 00:11:13,756
and military advice
to South Vietnam.
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It was a policy JFK had
inherited from Eisenhower.
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- He heard the warnings about
what can happen,
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domino theory warnings,
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where if one small country
falls to communism,
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others would follow.
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But he was not all-in
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in sending U.S. troops there.
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narrator: Kennedy would do
what he thought necessary
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in order to contain communism.
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He sent thousands
of military advisors there,
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hoping to stabilize
the conflict.
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These military personnel
were sent to train,
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support, and advise
South Vietnamese forces,
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but not participate in combat.
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However, by 1962, some
American advisors had begun
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to engage
in combat operations.
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In early 1963, the situation
in Vietnam was worsening.
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The United States had more
than 14,000 military advisors
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00:12:13,401 --> 00:12:15,321
in Vietnam,
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but Kennedy was still opposed
to sending combat troops.
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- The idea that there would be
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00:12:24,287 --> 00:12:26,837
a military solution
for Kennedy was something
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00:12:26,914 --> 00:12:29,214
that he was trying to avoid,
as many others
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in his administration
were trying to avoid,
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because it wasn’t
a military problem.
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It was a political stability
problem, and, you know,
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it’s hard enough managing
your own government.
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Try managing another government
halfway across the world
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that’s having a civil war
going on.
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narrator:
South Vietnam was led
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00:12:43,889 --> 00:12:47,889
by self-proclaimed
President Ngô Dinh Diem.
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00:12:47,977 --> 00:12:50,277
Diem was backed by many
anti-communist countries,
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including the United States.
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In 1963,
Diem began persecuting
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00:12:56,569 --> 00:13:02,819
South Vietnam’s
Buddhist population.
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On June 11th, the same day
Kennedy navigated the stand
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00:13:06,620 --> 00:13:09,290
at the schoolhouse door
in Alabama,
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00:13:09,373 --> 00:13:10,833
he saw the grisly image
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00:13:10,916 --> 00:13:13,376
of the Buddhist monk
Quang Duc,
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00:13:13,461 --> 00:13:16,211
who had set himself
on fire in Saigon
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to protest
the Diem administration.
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00:13:19,884 --> 00:13:22,884
Now more than ever,
Kennedy knew that Diem’s hold
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00:13:22,970 --> 00:13:26,430
on South Vietnam was
falling apart.
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00:13:38,402 --> 00:13:41,362
[people yelling]
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00:13:41,489 --> 00:13:44,409
[somber music]
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00:13:44,492 --> 00:13:47,662
♪ ♪
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narrator:
Throughout 1963,
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00:13:49,830 --> 00:13:52,250
Kennedy tried
to impress upon Diem
245
00:13:52,333 --> 00:13:55,713
the necessity
for major reforms,
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00:13:55,795 --> 00:13:59,715
but his suggestions
were ignored.
247
00:13:59,799 --> 00:14:01,759
- I think, as I’ve said,
the events
248
00:14:01,842 --> 00:14:04,432
of the last two months
have not helped that struggle.
249
00:14:04,512 --> 00:14:07,972
We’re anxious to see
the situation develop there
250
00:14:08,057 --> 00:14:09,817
so that the struggle
will be aided.
251
00:14:09,892 --> 00:14:14,102
- May we reduce some
of our aid to South Vietnam?
252
00:14:14,188 --> 00:14:16,068
- We would reduce it only
if we felt
253
00:14:16,107 --> 00:14:19,367
that such a reduction
would aid the struggle there.
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00:14:19,443 --> 00:14:21,783
As of today, we have not made
that judgment.
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00:14:21,862 --> 00:14:25,952
We’ve not decided to reduce it
as of yet.
256
00:14:26,033 --> 00:14:27,623
narrator:
As the possibility of a coup
257
00:14:27,701 --> 00:14:29,831
in South Vietnam
became more apparent,
258
00:14:29,912 --> 00:14:32,582
Kennedy met
with his advisors to discuss
259
00:14:32,665 --> 00:14:35,665
how the United States
should react.
260
00:14:35,751 --> 00:14:38,671
While Kennedy had reservations
about U.S. support
261
00:14:38,754 --> 00:14:44,014
for a military coup,
on August 24th, 1963,
262
00:14:44,093 --> 00:14:46,633
a cable was dispatched
to the U.S. ambassador
263
00:14:46,720 --> 00:14:49,430
to South Vietnam,
giving the coup
264
00:14:49,515 --> 00:14:52,975
the administration’s
tacit approval.
265
00:14:53,060 --> 00:14:58,060
♪ ♪
266
00:14:58,107 --> 00:15:00,987
On November 2nd, 1963,
267
00:15:01,026 --> 00:15:05,826
Diem and his brother,
Ngô Dinh Nhu, were overthrown
268
00:15:05,865 --> 00:15:08,915
by a group
of South Vietnamese soldiers.
269
00:15:08,993 --> 00:15:10,783
After being captured,
270
00:15:10,828 --> 00:15:16,298
Diem and Nhu were executed
by their own men.
271
00:15:16,375 --> 00:15:20,135
In the end, Kennedy had agreed
to the idea of a coup,
272
00:15:20,212 --> 00:15:21,542
but after seeing photos
273
00:15:21,630 --> 00:15:23,630
of Diem and Nhu’s
lifeless bodies
274
00:15:23,716 --> 00:15:27,056
in the back of a van,
brutalized and shot,
275
00:15:27,136 --> 00:15:29,436
he was appalled.
276
00:15:29,513 --> 00:15:33,223
- One of his senior advisors,
after he ran out of the room
277
00:15:33,267 --> 00:15:35,147
when he heard the details,
278
00:15:35,186 --> 00:15:39,236
whispered softly,
"Well, what did he expect?"
279
00:15:39,315 --> 00:15:41,565
♪ ♪
280
00:16:42,461 --> 00:16:45,091
narrator: After the coup,
Kennedy asked an aide,
281
00:16:45,172 --> 00:16:47,802
Michael Forrestal,
to organize a study
282
00:16:47,883 --> 00:16:53,013
of every option in Vietnam,
including withdrawal.
283
00:16:53,097 --> 00:16:56,607
The coup had sent Kennedy
a clear message--
284
00:16:56,684 --> 00:17:00,814
the chaos in Vietnam
would need to be dealt with.
285
00:17:00,896 --> 00:17:03,276
However,
to avoid hurting his chances
286
00:17:03,357 --> 00:17:06,367
for reelection in 1964,
287
00:17:06,443 --> 00:17:10,283
he decided he would address it
upon entering a second term.
288
00:17:10,364 --> 00:17:13,204
- He really wasn’t sure
what he was going to do,
289
00:17:13,284 --> 00:17:16,164
but at least something
in him told him
290
00:17:16,287 --> 00:17:21,467
that Vietnam was
an enormous threat to history,
291
00:17:21,542 --> 00:17:23,922
to his history,
to his administration,
292
00:17:24,003 --> 00:17:26,253
to the future of the country.
293
00:17:26,338 --> 00:17:30,838
- Kennedy saw the insurgency
as a anti-colonial, essentially
294
00:17:30,968 --> 00:17:34,098
nationalist movement feeding
on social discontent.
295
00:17:34,179 --> 00:17:37,219
You try to remove the causes
of social discontent,
296
00:17:37,266 --> 00:17:39,226
and you try
to build nationalism.
297
00:17:39,268 --> 00:17:41,028
You can’t use Americans
298
00:17:41,103 --> 00:17:42,853
to build
Vietnamese nationalists.
299
00:17:42,938 --> 00:17:45,308
Vietnamese must do it,
or it cannot be done.
300
00:17:45,399 --> 00:17:47,149
That’s what Kennedy meant
when he used to say,
301
00:17:47,234 --> 00:17:49,654
"It is their war.
They must win it or lose it."
302
00:17:49,737 --> 00:17:51,907
[gunfire]
303
00:17:55,784 --> 00:17:57,454
[somber music]
304
00:17:57,578 --> 00:18:02,918
♪ ♪
305
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:05,250
narrator:
As autumn fell on Washington,
306
00:18:05,336 --> 00:18:08,176
Kennedy set out
on a new campaign.
307
00:18:08,297 --> 00:18:11,347
At this stage, he was thinking
about the support he needed
308
00:18:11,425 --> 00:18:13,805
for the 1964 election.
309
00:18:13,844 --> 00:18:17,144
His administration
had arguably
310
00:18:17,181 --> 00:18:19,681
the most significant
legislative record
311
00:18:19,850 --> 00:18:24,350
of any president since
Roosevelt decades earlier.
312
00:18:24,438 --> 00:18:31,118
But there was still
substantial work to be done.
313
00:18:31,195 --> 00:18:35,865
The Civil Rights Act
had stalled in Congress.
314
00:18:35,991 --> 00:18:38,871
On August 28th, 1963,
315
00:18:38,994 --> 00:18:41,794
more than 200,000 people
gathered
316
00:18:41,872 --> 00:18:44,372
to participate
in the March on Washington
317
00:18:44,500 --> 00:18:46,540
for jobs and freedom,
318
00:18:46,627 --> 00:18:50,637
in support
of civil rights legislation.
319
00:18:50,714 --> 00:18:53,514
On that day,
Martin Luther King Jr.
320
00:18:53,550 --> 00:18:57,970
delivered his historic
"I Have a Dream" speech.
321
00:18:58,055 --> 00:19:00,355
The demonstration
stressed the need
322
00:19:00,391 --> 00:19:03,391
for Kennedy to build support
for the bill
323
00:19:03,477 --> 00:19:06,737
and his 1964 campaign.
324
00:19:06,855 --> 00:19:10,565
- I think the bill we put in
is a reasonable bill.
325
00:19:10,693 --> 00:19:12,573
My judgment is
that we will not divide
326
00:19:12,653 --> 00:19:15,193
this country politically
into Negroes and whites.
327
00:19:15,239 --> 00:19:18,359
That’d be a fatal mistake
for society as, uh--
328
00:19:18,492 --> 00:19:22,992
which should be as united
as ours is.
329
00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:25,700
narrator:
During the 1964 campaign,
330
00:19:25,749 --> 00:19:27,749
Kennedy wanted
to focus on the South,
331
00:19:27,876 --> 00:19:31,176
where he was deeply resented
by many.
332
00:19:31,255 --> 00:19:33,505
He felt that if he campaigned
there early enough,
333
00:19:33,549 --> 00:19:37,259
he could secure the support
and finances he needed
334
00:19:37,344 --> 00:19:40,094
for the upcoming election.
335
00:19:40,222 --> 00:19:45,392
- He became, perhaps,
more sober and serious
336
00:19:45,436 --> 00:19:48,446
as the burdens of the office
weighed upon him,
337
00:19:48,522 --> 00:19:54,902
but he never lost
his basic sense of humor
338
00:19:54,945 --> 00:19:57,905
and his ability
to laugh at himself
339
00:19:57,948 --> 00:20:02,068
and to take the world
seriously
340
00:20:02,119 --> 00:20:06,119
but not take himself
too seriously.
341
00:20:06,290 --> 00:20:09,960
narrator: Before Kennedy left
to speak in Florida and Texas,
342
00:20:10,085 --> 00:20:13,595
he played with his children on
the floor of the Oval Office.
343
00:20:13,630 --> 00:20:16,460
His secretary, Evelyn Lincoln,
asked him what
344
00:20:16,592 --> 00:20:19,132
people would think if they saw
the President rolling
345
00:20:19,261 --> 00:20:21,641
on the floor like he was.
346
00:20:21,722 --> 00:20:24,302
He responded,
"After all, Mrs. Lincoln,
347
00:20:24,308 --> 00:20:26,938
I’m also a father."
348
00:20:26,977 --> 00:20:28,937
"There’s no doubt
about that," she said.
349
00:20:28,979 --> 00:20:32,479
- There is one
very poignant conversation.
350
00:20:32,566 --> 00:20:35,156
The President, actually, is
dictating his recollections
351
00:20:35,277 --> 00:20:36,577
of what happened in Vietnam.
352
00:20:36,653 --> 00:20:39,823
It’s a very sad recollection
for him.
353
00:20:39,907 --> 00:20:43,497
And uh, John-John and Caroline
enter the Oval Office,
354
00:20:43,619 --> 00:20:45,619
and you can hear him stop
355
00:20:45,662 --> 00:20:48,122
while he’s describing
tragic events in Saigon,
356
00:20:48,165 --> 00:20:50,835
and stop and then suddenly
start playing with the kids.
357
00:20:50,918 --> 00:20:54,758
Now, his initial reaction was
not, "Get outta here, kids."
358
00:20:54,838 --> 00:20:58,588
It was to stop
and shift immediately to them.
359
00:21:38,173 --> 00:21:40,843
[gentle music]
360
00:21:40,884 --> 00:21:47,894
♪ ♪
361
00:21:58,402 --> 00:22:00,192
narrator:
Many staffers were uneasy
362
00:22:00,237 --> 00:22:02,827
about Kennedy campaigning
in the South,
363
00:22:02,906 --> 00:22:04,536
but they knew it was necessary
364
00:22:04,575 --> 00:22:08,585
if Kennedy was to win
reelection the following year.
365
00:22:08,662 --> 00:22:10,492
With the trip approved,
366
00:22:10,581 --> 00:22:13,411
White House Appointments
Secretary Kenneth O’Donnell
367
00:22:13,500 --> 00:22:15,540
made the final preparations
368
00:22:15,586 --> 00:22:22,386
for the two-day,
five-city tour of Texas.
369
00:22:25,429 --> 00:22:28,389
[propellers whirring]
370
00:22:28,432 --> 00:22:31,352
[melancholic piano music]
371
00:22:31,435 --> 00:22:33,435
♪ ♪
372
00:22:33,562 --> 00:22:37,102
Kennedy was scheduled
to visit San Antonio, Houston,
373
00:22:37,107 --> 00:22:40,407
Fort Worth,
Dallas, and Austin.
374
00:22:40,444 --> 00:22:43,944
- Growth has meant new
opportunities for this state.
375
00:22:44,031 --> 00:22:46,281
Progress has meant
new achievements,
376
00:22:46,366 --> 00:22:48,876
and we dare not look back now.
377
00:22:48,911 --> 00:22:54,621
In 1990, the age of space will
be entering its second phase,
378
00:22:54,708 --> 00:22:58,718
and our hopes in it
to preserve the peace,
379
00:22:58,795 --> 00:23:01,465
to make sure that in
this great new sea,
380
00:23:01,548 --> 00:23:03,958
as on Earth,
381
00:23:04,092 --> 00:23:07,052
the United States
is second to none.
382
00:23:07,137 --> 00:23:10,147
Your old men shall
dream dreams,
383
00:23:10,223 --> 00:23:14,473
your young men shall see
visions, the Bible tells us.
384
00:23:14,561 --> 00:23:16,641
[bird chirping]
385
00:23:16,772 --> 00:23:18,312
[soft uplifting music]
386
00:23:18,440 --> 00:23:20,770
narrator: On the morning
of November 22nd,
387
00:23:20,817 --> 00:23:22,777
Kennedy and his wife
were awakened
388
00:23:22,819 --> 00:23:26,149
by their valet, George Thomas.
389
00:23:26,239 --> 00:23:29,279
Thomas had worked
for Kennedy since 1947,
390
00:23:29,409 --> 00:23:31,828
waking him up each day.
391
00:23:31,828 --> 00:23:34,618
Today in Fort Worth, Texas,
it was no different.
392
00:23:34,665 --> 00:23:36,005
- President Kennedy
is flanked by--
393
00:23:36,249 --> 00:23:38,419
narrator:
With Jackie at his side,
394
00:23:38,502 --> 00:23:42,752
Kennedy boarded Air Force One
at Carswell Air Force Base
395
00:23:42,839 --> 00:23:46,169
for the brief flight
to Dallas.
396
00:23:46,301 --> 00:23:47,631
It had been raining,
397
00:23:47,678 --> 00:23:49,638
but just before
the plane landed,
398
00:23:49,680 --> 00:23:51,470
the sun broke through
the clouds
399
00:23:51,515 --> 00:23:53,765
onto the city below,
400
00:23:53,850 --> 00:23:57,600
bringing a sense
of hope and promise.
401
00:24:01,191 --> 00:24:03,151
[soft music]
402
00:24:03,193 --> 00:24:06,323
♪ ♪
403
00:24:06,363 --> 00:24:09,323
narrator:
On November 22nd, 1963,
404
00:24:09,366 --> 00:24:13,036
Air Force One landed
at Love Field in Dallas,
405
00:24:13,328 --> 00:24:16,368
where both Kennedy and Jackie
disembarked directly
406
00:24:16,498 --> 00:24:21,288
onto the tarmac, waving
at the hundreds of observers.
407
00:24:21,378 --> 00:24:23,548
[cheers and applause]
408
00:24:23,672 --> 00:24:26,842
- It was an event.
409
00:24:26,883 --> 00:24:32,053
It was closest thing to royalty
410
00:24:32,139 --> 00:24:35,179
I thought that we had.
411
00:24:35,225 --> 00:24:42,155
♪ ♪
412
00:24:44,151 --> 00:24:46,231
- There were
no particular doubts left
413
00:24:46,319 --> 00:24:48,529
about his leadership.
414
00:24:48,572 --> 00:24:51,362
He was not the callow
40-year-old playboy senator.
415
00:24:51,491 --> 00:24:53,741
He was the guy who guided
the country through
416
00:24:53,827 --> 00:24:56,917
the most dangerous period,
perhaps, of its existence.
417
00:24:57,039 --> 00:24:58,199
So I think there was
a stronger sense
418
00:24:58,331 --> 00:24:59,411
of him as a leader.
419
00:24:59,541 --> 00:25:01,001
- We were all shocked
420
00:25:01,084 --> 00:25:02,754
that Dallas had turned out
this way,
421
00:25:02,878 --> 00:25:05,758
with a crowd that big
at Love Field.
422
00:25:05,881 --> 00:25:07,671
And that wasn’t even
the downtown.
423
00:25:07,758 --> 00:25:11,768
♪ ♪
424
00:25:11,887 --> 00:25:13,937
They got off and they walked
over to the fence,
425
00:25:14,014 --> 00:25:15,764
and people were
at the chain-link fence,
426
00:25:15,891 --> 00:25:18,601
putting their hands over
the fence or through the fence
427
00:25:18,685 --> 00:25:21,105
to try to touch Jackie
and shake her hand.
428
00:25:21,188 --> 00:25:23,278
And she was enjoying it.
429
00:25:23,398 --> 00:25:25,108
She was shaking hands
with all these people,
430
00:25:25,192 --> 00:25:29,942
I’d say 2,000 or 3,000 people,
right there at the gate.
431
00:25:30,030 --> 00:25:32,610
narrator: Jackie received
a bouquet of roses,
432
00:25:32,741 --> 00:25:37,741
which she carried with her
into the waiting limousine.
433
00:25:37,788 --> 00:25:39,958
The President and First Lady
were joined
434
00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:43,790
by Governor Connally
of Texas and his wife.
435
00:25:43,919 --> 00:25:48,709
Finally, the procession
departed from Love Field.
436
00:25:48,799 --> 00:25:51,719
[wistful music]
437
00:25:51,802 --> 00:25:56,142
♪ ♪
438
00:25:56,264 --> 00:25:59,144
- Dallas, at the time,
probably had
439
00:25:59,226 --> 00:26:02,066
600,000 population.
440
00:26:02,145 --> 00:26:06,565
There were
probably 200,000 people
441
00:26:06,650 --> 00:26:10,730
in the streets.
442
00:26:10,821 --> 00:26:12,651
And if you looked
at the people,
443
00:26:12,781 --> 00:26:17,821
a mélange from very young
to very old.
444
00:26:17,911 --> 00:26:20,791
[cheers and applause]
445
00:26:20,831 --> 00:26:27,501
♪ ♪
446
00:26:27,587 --> 00:26:30,677
narrator:
The cloudy skies had cleared,
447
00:26:30,757 --> 00:26:35,137
and the beautiful Dallas sun
shined on Kennedy’s motorcade.
448
00:26:35,178 --> 00:26:42,098
♪ ♪
449
00:27:03,707 --> 00:27:06,467
[heart thumping]
450
00:27:46,750 --> 00:27:49,580
[radio feedback crackles]
451
00:28:03,683 --> 00:28:05,603
- Give me all available
information on President,
452
00:28:05,727 --> 00:28:07,607
over.
453
00:28:07,687 --> 00:28:10,107
- All available information
on President follows:
454
00:28:10,190 --> 00:28:13,940
He and Governor Connally
of Texas have been hit
455
00:28:14,069 --> 00:28:15,729
in the car
in which they were riding.
456
00:28:15,779 --> 00:28:18,359
We do not know how serious
the situation is.
457
00:28:18,448 --> 00:28:20,858
[siren wails]
We have no information.
458
00:28:20,909 --> 00:28:23,779
[high-pitched ringing]
459
00:28:27,874 --> 00:28:30,544
[beeping]
460
00:28:38,551 --> 00:28:41,471
[somber music]
461
00:28:41,554 --> 00:28:48,274
♪ ♪
462
00:28:48,311 --> 00:28:51,141
- I saw parents lying
on top of their kids,
463
00:28:51,231 --> 00:28:53,061
because they heard the gunfire
464
00:28:53,149 --> 00:28:55,229
and they’re protecting
their kids.
465
00:28:55,318 --> 00:28:57,278
- Parkland Hospital,
there has been a shooting.
466
00:28:57,320 --> 00:28:59,650
Parkland Hospital has
been advised to stand by
467
00:28:59,739 --> 00:29:02,659
for a severe gunshot wound.
468
00:29:02,742 --> 00:29:04,662
- The motorcade now--
[siren wails]
469
00:29:04,786 --> 00:29:07,956
The motorcade now perhaps two
or three blocks ahead of me.
470
00:29:07,998 --> 00:29:09,508
They’re approaching
the entrance now
471
00:29:09,582 --> 00:29:10,582
to Parkland Hospital,
traveling
472
00:29:10,667 --> 00:29:12,627
at a high rate of speed.
473
00:29:12,669 --> 00:29:15,339
Ready police cars converging
on Parkland from every angle,
474
00:29:15,463 --> 00:29:18,003
from every point.
475
00:29:18,675 --> 00:29:21,175
[chilling music]
476
00:29:21,261 --> 00:29:24,931
- He and another priest
tell me that the pair of men
477
00:29:25,015 --> 00:29:26,605
have just administered
the last rites
478
00:29:26,683 --> 00:29:31,683
of the Catholic Church
to President Kennedy.
479
00:29:31,813 --> 00:29:38,693
♪ ♪
480
00:29:45,285 --> 00:29:47,875
- From Dallas, Texas,
the flash apparently official,
481
00:29:47,996 --> 00:29:50,046
President Kennedy died
482
00:29:50,165 --> 00:29:53,715
at 1:00 p.m.
Central Standard Time,
483
00:29:53,793 --> 00:29:59,883
2:00 Eastern Standard Time,
some 38 minutes ago.
484
00:30:04,304 --> 00:30:07,554
Vice President Lyndon Johnson
has left the hospital
485
00:30:07,682 --> 00:30:12,228
in Dallas, but we do not know,
uh, to where he has proceeded.
486
00:30:12,228 --> 00:30:16,148
Presumably, he will be taking
the oath of office shortly
487
00:30:16,191 --> 00:30:22,031
and become the 36th president
of the United States.
488
00:30:22,072 --> 00:30:24,992
[somber music]
489
00:30:25,075 --> 00:30:31,915
♪ ♪
490
00:31:05,615 --> 00:31:10,285
- The procession was not
anything out of the ordinary,
491
00:31:10,412 --> 00:31:16,712
except that we walked.
492
00:31:16,793 --> 00:31:22,053
We walked slowly all the way
to the Capitol.
493
00:31:22,132 --> 00:31:29,092
♪ ♪
494
00:31:34,144 --> 00:31:36,394
- I remember the strength
and courage of Mrs. Kennedy,
495
00:31:36,479 --> 00:31:39,559
and how she--how she held up
during all that.
496
00:31:39,649 --> 00:31:46,569
♪ ♪
497
00:32:26,154 --> 00:32:28,031
- I don’t think
I’ll ever forget
498
00:32:28,031 --> 00:32:32,321
when the caisson passed
with the coffin
499
00:32:32,452 --> 00:32:39,162
and little John-John
stepped out and saluted.
500
00:32:45,715 --> 00:32:49,385
- And here at the Capitol,
all those kids
501
00:32:49,511 --> 00:32:55,681
that I’d been in college with,
and we had--
502
00:32:55,725 --> 00:32:59,855
had idolized Kennedy so.
503
00:33:04,317 --> 00:33:07,657
They’re lined up blocks.
504
00:33:11,908 --> 00:33:15,918
And they drove... from Utah,
505
00:33:15,995 --> 00:33:22,755
California, Texas...
506
00:33:22,877 --> 00:33:26,047
Just to pass by the casket.
507
00:33:26,172 --> 00:33:28,002
[cries]
508
00:33:28,091 --> 00:33:34,511
♪ ♪
509
00:33:34,597 --> 00:33:37,067
I’d talk to them, and they--
510
00:33:37,100 --> 00:33:38,930
they would say
what I suspected,
511
00:33:39,060 --> 00:33:44,770
that our whole life was ahead
of us with Kennedy,
512
00:33:44,899 --> 00:33:50,689
and... we lost it.
513
00:33:50,780 --> 00:33:53,610
[sniffles, exhales heavily]
514
00:33:58,371 --> 00:34:01,291
- "We must always consider,"
he said,
515
00:34:01,416 --> 00:34:04,796
"that we shall be
as a city upon a hill.
516
00:34:04,919 --> 00:34:08,749
The eyes of all people
are upon us."
517
00:34:08,798 --> 00:34:13,298
I ask for your help
and your prayers
518
00:34:13,386 --> 00:34:16,396
as I embark on this new
and solemn journey.
519
00:34:16,431 --> 00:34:19,891
Thank you.
[applause]
520
00:34:21,936 --> 00:34:27,736
- This acre of English soil is
now bequeathed in perpetuity
521
00:34:27,817 --> 00:34:30,737
to the American people
in memory
522
00:34:30,820 --> 00:34:33,570
of President
John Fitzgerald Kennedy,
523
00:34:33,656 --> 00:34:37,326
who in death
my people still mourn,
524
00:34:37,493 --> 00:34:41,243
and whom in life
they loved and admired.
525
00:34:41,331 --> 00:34:47,331
♪ ♪
526
00:34:47,462 --> 00:34:50,502
- Our nation is bereaved.
527
00:34:50,590 --> 00:34:55,470
The whole world is poorer
because of his loss,
528
00:34:55,511 --> 00:34:59,641
but we can all be
better Americans because
529
00:34:59,682 --> 00:35:04,022
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
has passed our way.
530
00:35:04,103 --> 00:35:08,273
And now that he is relieved
531
00:35:08,358 --> 00:35:13,368
of the almost superhuman
burden we imposed on him,
532
00:35:13,488 --> 00:35:15,618
may he rest in peace.
533
00:35:15,698 --> 00:35:18,528
[sweeping orchestral music]
534
00:35:18,618 --> 00:35:23,048
♪ ♪
535
00:35:23,122 --> 00:35:26,292
- There is an appointed time
for everything,
536
00:35:26,376 --> 00:35:30,716
and a time for every affair
under the heavens,
537
00:35:30,797 --> 00:35:34,637
a time to be born
and a time to die,
538
00:35:34,717 --> 00:35:39,687
a time to plant and a time
to uproot the plant,
539
00:35:39,722 --> 00:35:43,062
a time to kill
and a time to heal,
540
00:35:43,142 --> 00:35:48,142
a time to tear down
and a time to build,
541
00:35:48,231 --> 00:35:52,061
a time to weep
and a time to laugh,
542
00:35:52,068 --> 00:35:56,038
a time to mourn
and a time to dance.
543
00:35:59,158 --> 00:36:01,528
- "When he shall die,
544
00:36:01,577 --> 00:36:04,207
"take him and cut him out
in little stars,
545
00:36:04,247 --> 00:36:07,547
"and he shall make the face
of heaven so fine
546
00:36:07,583 --> 00:36:10,923
"that all the world will be
in love with night
547
00:36:11,003 --> 00:36:14,753
and pay no worship
to the garish sun."
548
00:36:14,841 --> 00:36:17,171
"The woods are lovely,
dark, and deep,
549
00:36:17,260 --> 00:36:19,590
"but I have promises to keep
550
00:36:19,679 --> 00:36:21,589
"and miles to go
before I sleep
551
00:36:21,723 --> 00:36:26,723
and miles to go
before I sleep."
552
00:36:26,853 --> 00:36:31,063
- It wasn’t supposed to end
with bullets in Dallas,
553
00:36:31,107 --> 00:36:36,947
and I think
the last 60 years has been
554
00:36:37,029 --> 00:36:41,779
America wishing they could
rewrite that history.
555
00:36:41,909 --> 00:36:45,449
[gentle music]
556
00:36:45,538 --> 00:36:47,628
- The Eternal Flame is
the promise
557
00:36:47,749 --> 00:36:49,409
of what might have been,
558
00:36:49,459 --> 00:36:52,629
which I think is probably
the biggest part
559
00:36:52,754 --> 00:36:55,544
of the Kennedy legacy.
560
00:36:58,634 --> 00:37:00,304
Not necessarily
what he accomplished
561
00:37:00,386 --> 00:37:02,726
or what was accomplished
in his name
562
00:37:02,805 --> 00:37:04,555
or memory afterwards,
but it’s--
563
00:37:04,766 --> 00:37:07,816
it’s the loss
of who we all were,
564
00:37:07,935 --> 00:37:12,445
of a nation that might have
looked very different in 1964
565
00:37:12,482 --> 00:37:16,652
had those shots not been fired
in Dealey Plaza.
566
00:37:16,778 --> 00:37:21,828
♪ ♪
567
00:37:25,828 --> 00:37:27,238
[melancholic piano music]
568
00:37:27,330 --> 00:37:29,790
[cheering]
569
00:37:32,418 --> 00:37:35,128
narrator: His was a story
of victory and defeat,
570
00:37:35,254 --> 00:37:38,004
of joy and despair,
571
00:37:38,132 --> 00:37:43,342
of triumphs in judgment
and missteps in action.
572
00:37:43,471 --> 00:37:49,521
It was a story of maturation,
personal challenges, mistakes,
573
00:37:49,602 --> 00:37:53,852
recklessness, courage,
and relentless ambition.
574
00:37:53,981 --> 00:37:55,691
[applause]
575
00:37:55,817 --> 00:37:58,447
- We choose to go to the moon
in this decade
576
00:37:58,528 --> 00:38:01,998
and do the other things,
not because they are easy,
577
00:38:02,031 --> 00:38:04,161
but because they are hard,
578
00:38:04,200 --> 00:38:08,280
because that goal will serve
to organize and measure
579
00:38:08,371 --> 00:38:11,701
the best of our energies
and skills,
580
00:38:11,791 --> 00:38:15,541
because that challenge is one
that we’re willing to accept,
581
00:38:15,670 --> 00:38:18,290
one we are unwilling
to postpone,
582
00:38:18,381 --> 00:38:22,171
and one we intend to win
and the others too.
583
00:38:22,218 --> 00:38:24,348
- Of course, he didn’t live
to see it,
584
00:38:24,387 --> 00:38:26,389
but he did do it.
585
00:38:26,389 --> 00:38:27,849
- Sequence start.
586
00:38:27,974 --> 00:38:34,354
Six, five, four, three,
two, one, zero.
587
00:38:34,397 --> 00:38:36,357
All engine running.
588
00:38:36,399 --> 00:38:39,149
Liftoff. We have a liftoff.
589
00:38:39,193 --> 00:38:41,363
32 minutes past the hour.
590
00:38:41,404 --> 00:38:43,574
Liftoff on Apollo 11.
591
00:38:43,698 --> 00:38:46,538
[sweeping orchestral music]
592
00:38:46,576 --> 00:38:51,586
- That’s one small step
for man...
593
00:38:51,664 --> 00:38:56,754
one giant leap for mankind.
594
00:38:56,836 --> 00:38:59,756
[soft music]
595
00:38:59,839 --> 00:39:03,419
♪ ♪
596
00:39:03,551 --> 00:39:06,881
- We’re traveling along
that river of history
597
00:39:07,013 --> 00:39:10,933
from the past
towards a future,
598
00:39:11,017 --> 00:39:14,027
and the only way
to have some idea
599
00:39:14,103 --> 00:39:15,393
of where we’re going in
that future
600
00:39:15,438 --> 00:39:20,448
and how we can plot
our little ships
601
00:39:20,568 --> 00:39:22,618
is to understand
where we’ve been,
602
00:39:22,737 --> 00:39:23,947
where we’re coming from.
603
00:39:24,071 --> 00:39:28,951
History is absolutely critical
604
00:39:29,076 --> 00:39:32,126
for an understanding
of who we are, where we are,
605
00:39:32,246 --> 00:39:35,416
and where we’re going.
606
00:39:35,458 --> 00:39:40,588
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
is a unique character
607
00:39:40,630 --> 00:39:43,590
in U.S. and world history.
608
00:39:43,633 --> 00:39:45,633
- I saw the First World War,
609
00:39:45,760 --> 00:39:50,300
at age 21 in 1963,
as ancient history.
610
00:39:50,389 --> 00:39:52,759
Today I look back
on the Kennedy era
611
00:39:52,808 --> 00:39:55,978
as something that is
still present in my mind.
612
00:39:56,062 --> 00:39:58,942
[somber music]
613
00:39:58,981 --> 00:40:01,231
♪ ♪
614
00:40:01,317 --> 00:40:03,447
- It’s--it’s a testament
615
00:40:03,486 --> 00:40:08,326
to how much John F. Kennedy
inspired people
616
00:40:08,449 --> 00:40:13,829
and motivated them
and delighted them
617
00:40:13,955 --> 00:40:18,965
that all these many, many,
many, many, many years later,
618
00:40:19,001 --> 00:40:21,671
we’re still talking about him
and trying to figure out,
619
00:40:21,671 --> 00:40:24,341
what was it about that guy?
620
00:40:24,423 --> 00:40:29,683
What did he have?
It’s very fascinating.
621
00:40:29,762 --> 00:40:31,642
narrator:
John F. Kennedy left the world
622
00:40:31,681 --> 00:40:37,641
that day in November 1963,
but his words still remain,
623
00:40:37,687 --> 00:40:41,857
ingrained in the very fabric
of our national conscience.
624
00:40:41,941 --> 00:40:43,981
They echo through every room
in the White House,
625
00:40:44,151 --> 00:40:47,029
every chamber
in the Capitol Building,
626
00:40:47,029 --> 00:40:49,319
from Brookline
to the Solomon Islands
627
00:40:49,365 --> 00:40:53,665
and to Washington back home
to Hyannis Port.
628
00:40:53,703 --> 00:40:56,833
♪ ♪
629
00:40:56,872 --> 00:41:02,042
- With a good conscience
our only sure reward,
630
00:41:02,128 --> 00:41:06,008
with history the final judge
of our deeds,
631
00:41:06,048 --> 00:41:09,468
let us go forth to lead
the land we love,
632
00:41:09,552 --> 00:41:14,222
asking his blessing
and his help,
633
00:41:14,306 --> 00:41:16,516
but knowing that here
on Earth,
634
00:41:16,559 --> 00:41:21,059
God’s work must truly be
our own.
635
00:41:21,188 --> 00:41:24,228
- That’s what I think of
when I think of JFK’s legacy.
636
00:41:24,358 --> 00:41:26,978
You know, that every man
can make a difference
637
00:41:27,069 --> 00:41:29,399
and everyone should try.
638
00:41:29,530 --> 00:41:32,910
narrator: As we continue to
grow and evolve as a nation,
639
00:41:32,992 --> 00:41:35,912
his words are not diminished
by time.
640
00:41:36,037 --> 00:41:38,417
They remind us who we are,
641
00:41:38,539 --> 00:41:43,039
where we came from,
and what we can become.
642
00:41:43,085 --> 00:41:46,425
Kennedy said,
"There is no doubt
643
00:41:46,547 --> 00:41:49,267
it is a difficult
and dangerous adventure
644
00:41:49,383 --> 00:41:52,423
and that sacrifice
and self-discipline
645
00:41:52,511 --> 00:41:54,891
will be needed ahead,
646
00:41:55,014 --> 00:41:57,224
but the greatest danger
647
00:41:57,266 --> 00:42:01,686
is that we sit back
and do nothing."
648
00:42:01,771 --> 00:42:05,941
"The cost of freedom is
always high,
649
00:42:06,025 --> 00:42:10,365
but we have always paid it."
650
00:42:10,446 --> 00:42:17,286
♪ ♪
49474
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