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00:00:06,133 --> 00:00:10,433
Narrator: THE MOST MOMENTOUS
SECOND IN HISTORY, THE FIRST.
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00:00:10,433 --> 00:00:14,800
IN THAT FIRST MOMENT OF
CREATION, IN THE FIRST SECOND,
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00:00:14,800 --> 00:00:19,233
SPACE AND TIME,
MATTER AND ENERGY,
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00:00:19,233 --> 00:00:21,433
EVERYTHING WAS SET INTO MOTION.
5
00:00:22,967 --> 00:00:25,700
Narrator: SPACE AND TIME
BURST INTO EXISTENCE,
6
00:00:25,700 --> 00:00:28,600
GIVING BIRTH TO THE UNIVERSE.
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00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:31,267
MORE THINGS HAPPENED
IN THAT FIRST SECOND
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00:00:31,267 --> 00:00:32,633
THAN WILL PROBABLY HAPPEN
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00:00:32,633 --> 00:00:35,033
IN THE ENTIRE FUTURE HISTORY
OF THE UNIVERSE,
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00:00:35,033 --> 00:00:36,533
NO MATTER HOW LONG IT LIVES.
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00:00:36,533 --> 00:00:41,233
Narrator: THIS VIOLENT FIRST
SECOND WILL DEFINE EVERYTHING,
12
00:00:41,233 --> 00:00:42,467
INCLUDING YOU.
13
00:00:42,467 --> 00:00:46,033
SO THAT VERY FIRST SECOND,
UNDERSTANDING THAT
14
00:00:46,033 --> 00:00:48,433
IS THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING
THE UNIVERSE ITSELF.
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00:00:48,433 --> 00:00:51,433
-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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00:00:51,433 --> 00:00:54,467
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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00:01:08,600 --> 00:01:11,067
Narrator:
LOOK UP AT THE NIGHT SKY,
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00:01:11,067 --> 00:01:12,367
AT OUR UNIVERSE...
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00:01:14,067 --> 00:01:16,467
...AN AWESOME SPECTACLE,
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00:01:16,467 --> 00:01:21,567
STUNNING,
EXHILARATING, HUMBLING.
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00:01:21,567 --> 00:01:24,633
AND LOOK AT ALL THE WORLD
AROUND US,
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00:01:24,633 --> 00:01:27,633
BURSTING WITH LIFE,
23
00:01:27,633 --> 00:01:31,067
WITH NATURAL WONDERS,
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00:01:31,067 --> 00:01:32,467
WITH THOSE WE LOVE.
25
00:01:36,233 --> 00:01:39,333
ALL OF THIS, EVERYTHING WE SEE,
26
00:01:39,333 --> 00:01:44,933
COMES FROM ONE MIRACULOUS
MOMENT -- THE BIG BANG.
27
00:01:52,167 --> 00:01:55,133
Krauss: THE BIG BANG WAS MORE
THAN JUST A CREATION OF MATTER.
28
00:01:55,133 --> 00:01:57,100
IT WAS THE CREATION
OF THE UNIVERSE,
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00:01:57,100 --> 00:01:59,367
WHICH MEANS THE CREATION
OF SPACE AND TIME.
30
00:01:59,367 --> 00:02:03,767
Narrator: CREATING TIME,
SPACE, AND EVERYTHING
31
00:02:03,767 --> 00:02:05,667
IS A PRETTY NEAT TRICK.
32
00:02:05,667 --> 00:02:07,467
OBVIOUSLY IT HAPPENED.
33
00:02:07,467 --> 00:02:11,767
BUT SO FAR,
PHYSICS HASN'T FIGURED OUT HOW.
34
00:02:11,767 --> 00:02:15,433
WE DON'T KNOW WHY IT BANGED.
WE DON'T KNOW WHAT BANGED.
35
00:02:15,433 --> 00:02:17,567
WE DON'T KNOW HOW IT'S BANGING.
36
00:02:19,633 --> 00:02:22,067
Narrator: ALL WE KNOW FOR SURE,
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00:02:22,067 --> 00:02:25,433
ALL OF EXISTENCE
SUDDENLY BURST INTO LIFE.
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THIS IS THE BEGINNING
OF THE FIRST SECOND
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WHEN TIME ITSELF IS SET TO ZERO.
40
00:02:39,167 --> 00:02:41,567
Krauss: IT'S THE MOMENT
WHEN EVERYTHING WE SEE,
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ALL HUNDRED BILLION GALAXIES,
42
00:02:42,900 --> 00:02:45,067
EACH OF WHICH CONTAINS
A HUNDRED BILLION STARS,
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00:02:45,067 --> 00:02:48,767
ALL OF THAT MATERIAL
WAS COMPRESSED IN A REGION
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00:02:48,767 --> 00:02:50,600
WHICH WAS INFINITELY SMALL.
45
00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:52,567
Narrator: IN ITS FIRST SECOND,
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00:02:52,567 --> 00:02:55,067
THE UNIVERSE EVOLVES
MORE RADICALLY
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00:02:55,067 --> 00:02:58,300
THAN IN THE 13.8 BILLION YEARS
THAT FOLLOW.
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00:02:58,300 --> 00:03:00,367
Plait:
THE FIRST SECOND OF THE UNIVERSE
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00:03:00,367 --> 00:03:03,700
WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT SECOND
THE UNIVERSE EVER HAD.
50
00:03:03,700 --> 00:03:06,533
AND IT WENT THROUGH MORE STAGES
IN THAT FIRST SECOND
51
00:03:06,533 --> 00:03:09,067
THAN IT HAS
IN ALL THE TIME SINCE.
52
00:03:11,200 --> 00:03:13,800
Narrator:
SO MUCH HAPPENS SO QUICKLY
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00:03:13,800 --> 00:03:17,167
THAT SCIENTISTS NEED
A WHOLE NEW CONCEPT OF TIME.
54
00:03:21,167 --> 00:03:25,333
FOR HUMAN BEINGS, ONE SECOND
CAN SEEM LIKE A VERY SHORT TIME.
55
00:03:25,333 --> 00:03:28,967
BUT FOR THE UNIVERSE,
AN INCREDIBLE AMOUNT CAN HAPPEN.
56
00:03:28,967 --> 00:03:33,967
Narrator: WE MEASURE OUR LIVES
IN HOURS, MINUTES, AND SECONDS.
57
00:03:33,967 --> 00:03:38,067
BUT THEY'RE USELESS
AT THE TIME SCALE OF CREATION
58
00:03:38,067 --> 00:03:43,800
BECAUSE THE BIG BANG UNFOLDS
ALMOST INSTANTANEOUSLY.
59
00:03:43,800 --> 00:03:46,067
Krauss: WE HAVE TAKEN
OUR UNDERSTANDING
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00:03:46,067 --> 00:03:47,633
OF WHAT THE UNIVERSE WAS LIKE
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00:03:47,633 --> 00:03:50,133
BACK FROM ONE SECOND
TO A TENTH OF A SECOND,
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00:03:50,133 --> 00:03:52,567
A HUNDREDTH OF A SECOND,
A THOUSANDTH OF A SECOND,
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00:03:52,567 --> 00:03:54,967
A MILLIONTH OF A SECOND,
A BILLIONTH OF A SECOND,
64
00:03:54,967 --> 00:03:57,967
ALL THE WAY BACK TO A TIME
WHERE THE LAWS OF PHYSICS,
65
00:03:57,967 --> 00:03:59,733
AS WE NOW KNOW THEM, BREAK DOWN.
66
00:03:59,733 --> 00:04:03,933
Narrator: THAT FAR BACK,
TIME MUST BE MEASURED
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IN UNIMAGINABLY TINY SLIVERS
KNOW AS PLANCK TIME.
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00:04:09,633 --> 00:04:11,300
ONE WAY OF UNDERSTANDING
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00:04:11,300 --> 00:04:14,433
HOW MUCH ACTUALLY HAPPENED
IN THE FIRST SECOND
70
00:04:14,433 --> 00:04:17,067
IS TO THINK IN UNITS
OF THE PLANCK TIME,
71
00:04:17,067 --> 00:04:19,700
THE PLANCK TIME BEING
10 TO THE MINUS 43 SECONDS.
72
00:04:19,700 --> 00:04:22,633
THERE'S A BILLION BILLION
BILLION BILLION BILLION
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00:04:22,633 --> 00:04:24,267
PLANCK TIMES IN ONE SECOND.
74
00:04:24,267 --> 00:04:26,100
THERE ARE ONLY
A BILLION BILLION SECONDS
75
00:04:26,100 --> 00:04:27,867
IN THE ENTIRE HISTORY
OF THE UNIVERSE.
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00:04:27,867 --> 00:04:30,533
THAT'S FAR FEWER SECONDS
IN ALL OF HISTORY
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00:04:30,533 --> 00:04:32,067
SINCE ONE SECOND TO TODAY
78
00:04:32,067 --> 00:04:35,600
THAN THERE WERE FROM THE PLANCK
TIME FOR THE FIRST SECOND.
79
00:04:37,067 --> 00:04:40,833
Narrator: BY BREAKING TIME UP
INTO SUCH TINY FRAGMENTS,
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00:04:40,833 --> 00:04:44,900
WE CAN IMAGINE THE BIRTH OF
THE UNIVERSE MOMENT BY MOMENT.
81
00:04:48,733 --> 00:04:52,267
IN THE BEGINNING,
SPACE AND TIME ARE WRAPPED UP
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00:04:52,267 --> 00:04:56,767
IN AN INFINITESIMALLY SMALL
SPECK OF PURE ENERGY.
83
00:04:57,867 --> 00:05:00,467
AS THE PLANCK TIME CLOCK
STARTS RUNNING,
84
00:05:00,467 --> 00:05:05,333
THIS KNOT OF SPACE AND TIME
SOMEHOW BURSTS INTO LIFE.
85
00:05:09,933 --> 00:05:13,733
Plait: THE BIG BANG WASN'T
AN EXPLOSION IN SPACE.
86
00:05:13,733 --> 00:05:16,267
IT WAS AN EXPLOSION OF SPACE.
87
00:05:19,233 --> 00:05:21,667
Narrator: AS THE HANDS
OF OUR COSMIC CLOCK
88
00:05:21,667 --> 00:05:23,367
APPROACH THE FIRST PLANCK TIME,
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00:05:23,367 --> 00:05:27,167
ALL OF SPACE EXPANDS.
90
00:05:27,167 --> 00:05:31,267
THE UNIVERSE EMERGES EVERYWHERE
AT ONCE.
91
00:05:34,233 --> 00:05:36,500
THE WONDERFUL THING IS
IT HAPPENED RIGHT HERE
92
00:05:36,500 --> 00:05:37,700
AT THE END OF YOUR NOSE.
93
00:05:37,700 --> 00:05:39,867
AND IT HAPPENED 5 BILLION
LIGHT-YEARS AWAY.
94
00:05:39,867 --> 00:05:43,067
EVERY SINGLE POINT IN SPACE
WAS INVOLVED IN THE BIG BANG.
95
00:05:45,733 --> 00:05:49,467
SO IT'S NOT AS IF IT'S A BALL
THAT YOU CAN STAND OUTSIDE OF.
96
00:05:49,467 --> 00:05:52,433
EVERYWHERE YOU ARE
IS INSIDE OF THE BIG BANG.
97
00:05:53,967 --> 00:05:57,500
Narrator: IN THIS VERY FIRST
INSTANT OF CREATION,
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SOME SCIENTISTS BELIEVE
THAT A SINGLE PURE FORCE,
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00:06:01,067 --> 00:06:05,067
A SUPER FORCE, RULES EVERYTHING
IN THE UNIVERSE.
100
00:06:06,967 --> 00:06:09,200
WE THINK THAT
THE ORIGINAL UNIVERSE
101
00:06:09,200 --> 00:06:10,800
WAS A STATE OF PERFECTION,
102
00:06:10,800 --> 00:06:13,967
A SINGLE UNIFIED FORCE
THAT EXISTED
103
00:06:13,967 --> 00:06:16,567
AT THE INSTANT OF THE BIG BANG.
104
00:06:19,333 --> 00:06:22,933
Narrator: AS THE FIRST
PLANCK TIMES PASS BY,
105
00:06:22,933 --> 00:06:25,900
SOMETHING CAUSES THE SUPER FORCE
TO SPLIT...
106
00:06:27,533 --> 00:06:30,900
...SHATTERING THE STATE
OF PERFECTION.
107
00:06:30,900 --> 00:06:34,233
AS THE UNIVERSE COOLS, THESE
DIFFERENT FORCES FREEZE OUT.
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00:06:34,233 --> 00:06:36,467
THAT MEANS
THEY BEHAVE DIFFERENTLY.
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00:06:39,733 --> 00:06:42,933
THINK, FOR EXAMPLE,
IN TERMS OF STEAM.
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00:06:42,933 --> 00:06:46,767
IF I HAVE STEAM AND I COOL IT,
IT TURNS TO A LIQUID.
111
00:06:46,767 --> 00:06:49,900
IF I COOL IT AGAIN,
IT TURNS TO A SOLID.
112
00:06:49,900 --> 00:06:53,267
SO IN THE SAME WAY,
AS THE UNIVERSE BEGAN TO COOL,
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00:06:53,267 --> 00:06:56,500
THE DIFFERENT FORCES BROKE OFF
FROM EACH OTHER.
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Narrator:
WHEN THE SUPER FORCE SPLITS,
115
00:07:02,867 --> 00:07:08,133
A NEW FORCE EMERGES TO DRIVE
AND SHAPE THE COSMOS -- GRAVITY.
116
00:07:08,133 --> 00:07:13,800
IT WILL MOLD MATTER
INTO PLANETS, STARS, GALAXIES.
117
00:07:13,800 --> 00:07:16,167
Kaku: IF GRAVITY WERE
A LITTLE BIT STRONGER,
118
00:07:16,167 --> 00:07:20,067
PERHAPS WE WOULD HAVE HAD
A BIG BANG WHICH WOULD STOP,
119
00:07:20,067 --> 00:07:24,233
AND THEN IT WOULD RE-COLLAPSE
IMMEDIATELY INTO A BIG CRUSH.
120
00:07:24,233 --> 00:07:25,933
LIFE WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE.
121
00:07:25,933 --> 00:07:28,067
IF GRAVITY WERE A LITTLE WEAKER,
122
00:07:28,067 --> 00:07:31,433
THEN WE WOULD HAVE A BIG BANG
THAT JUST KEEPS ON GOING,
123
00:07:31,433 --> 00:07:33,600
AND THE UNIVERSE
WOULD FREEZE TO DEATH.
124
00:07:35,833 --> 00:07:39,333
Narrator: BUT GRAVITY BREAKS
AWAY FROM THE SUPER FORCE
125
00:07:39,333 --> 00:07:41,233
AT EXACTLY THE RIGHT STRENGTH
126
00:07:41,233 --> 00:07:46,067
TO CREATE GALAXIES, STARS,
AND LIFE ITSELF.
127
00:07:46,067 --> 00:07:49,900
SO OUR UNIVERSE IN SOME SENSE
IS FINE-TUNED.
128
00:07:49,900 --> 00:07:54,633
WE'RE JUST RIGHT TO HAVE
A UNIVERSE THAT EXPANDS SLOWLY,
129
00:07:54,633 --> 00:07:59,300
MAKING IT POSSIBLE TO CREATE DNA
AND LIFE AS WE KNOW IT.
130
00:08:01,500 --> 00:08:03,900
Narrator: GRAVITY MAY BE
THE PERFECT STRENGTH
131
00:08:03,900 --> 00:08:05,333
FOR OUR UNIVERSE,
132
00:08:05,333 --> 00:08:08,900
BUT IT'S NOT THE ONLY FORCE
THAT WILL GOVERN THE COSMOS.
133
00:08:11,067 --> 00:08:14,833
BY THE 10 MILLIONTH TICK
OF THE PLANCK TIME CLOCK,
134
00:08:14,833 --> 00:08:19,267
ANOTHER STUPENDOUS EVENT WILL
BEGIN THE WILDEST GROWTH SPURT
135
00:08:19,267 --> 00:08:20,733
IN COSMIC HISTORY.
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00:08:31,833 --> 00:08:35,467
Narrator: THE FIRST SECOND OF
THE UNIVERSE HAS BARELY BEGUN.
137
00:08:35,467 --> 00:08:39,533
AND THE SHORTEST POSSIBLE UNITS
OF TIME, PLANCK TIMES,
138
00:08:39,533 --> 00:08:42,333
ARE FLYING BY
IN THEIR MILLIONTHS.
139
00:08:42,333 --> 00:08:46,233
THE UNIVERSE IS A SUPER-HOT BALL
OF RADIATION,
140
00:08:46,233 --> 00:08:49,667
BILLIONS OF TIMES SMALLER
THAN AN ATOM,
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00:08:49,667 --> 00:08:52,100
AND DENSE BEYOND IMAGINATION.
142
00:08:56,067 --> 00:09:00,233
GRAVITY HAS BEGUN SHAPING
THE FUTURE OF THE COSMOS.
143
00:09:00,233 --> 00:09:04,467
BUT AS THE UNIVERSE EXPANDS,
TEMPERATURE DROPS.
144
00:09:04,467 --> 00:09:09,067
ANOTHER FORCE ARRIVES
ON THE SCENE, A STRONG FORCE.
145
00:09:12,733 --> 00:09:15,533
WITHOUT THE STRONG
NUCLEAR FORCE,
146
00:09:15,533 --> 00:09:18,433
THE NUCLEI OF THE ATOMS
THEMSELVES
147
00:09:18,433 --> 00:09:19,733
WOULD ALL DISINTEGRATE.
148
00:09:23,367 --> 00:09:24,933
Narrator: THREE FORCES --
149
00:09:24,933 --> 00:09:28,500
GRAVITY, THE STRONG FORCE, AND
THE FRACTURED SUPER FORCE --
150
00:09:28,500 --> 00:09:32,633
RULE THE UNIVERSE AS IT HURDLES
TOWARDS ITS NEXT MILESTONE,
151
00:09:32,633 --> 00:09:36,400
AN EVENT THAT SETS OUT
THE BLUEPRINT FOR THE GALAXIES
152
00:09:36,400 --> 00:09:38,533
THAT FILL THE COSMOS TODAY.
153
00:09:41,233 --> 00:09:43,567
WE THINK THIS EVENT HAPPENED
154
00:09:43,567 --> 00:09:47,267
BECAUSE IT EXPLAINS
A LONGSTANDING MYSTERY.
155
00:09:47,267 --> 00:09:50,133
EVERYWHERE WE'VE LOOKED
IN THE UNIVERSE,
156
00:09:50,133 --> 00:09:53,167
ITS BILLIONS OF GALAXIES
ARE SPREAD EVENLY,
157
00:09:53,167 --> 00:09:56,933
THE SAME NUMBER
IN EVERY DIRECTION.
158
00:09:56,933 --> 00:09:59,500
NOBODY COULD EXPLAIN WHY.
159
00:09:59,500 --> 00:10:03,167
Plait: ALL OF THESE PARTS OF THE
UNIVERSE MUST HAVE AT ONE POINT
160
00:10:03,167 --> 00:10:05,000
BEEN IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER.
161
00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:06,567
IT'S KIND OF LIKE HAVING
TWO PEOPLE
162
00:10:06,567 --> 00:10:08,267
WHO LIVE ON OPPOSITE SIDES
OF A COUNTRY
163
00:10:08,267 --> 00:10:09,567
GETTING UP AT THE SAME TIME,
164
00:10:09,567 --> 00:10:11,500
EATING THE SAME BREAKFAST,
DRESSING THE SAME WAY,
165
00:10:11,500 --> 00:10:13,233
EVEN WHEN THEY DON'T TALK
TO EACH OTHER.
166
00:10:13,233 --> 00:10:16,533
THERE MUST BE SOMETHING COMMON
IN THEIR PAST THAT LINKS THEM.
167
00:10:16,533 --> 00:10:19,167
Narrator:
THIS PROBLEM NEEDED A SOLUTION.
168
00:10:19,167 --> 00:10:26,367
AND IN 1979, A YOUNG COSMOLOGIST
NAMED ALAN GUTH PROPOSED ONE.
169
00:10:26,367 --> 00:10:29,033
HE CALLED IT INFLATION.
170
00:10:31,633 --> 00:10:33,167
Guth:
THIS WAS VERY EXCITING.
171
00:10:33,167 --> 00:10:35,800
I SUDDENLY REALIZED
THAT THIS MIGHT BE THE KEY
172
00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:38,300
TO A VERY IMPORTANT SECRET
OF THE UNIVERSE.
173
00:10:38,300 --> 00:10:40,133
BUT AT THE SAME TIME,
I WAS, OF COURSE, VERY NERVOUS
174
00:10:40,133 --> 00:10:41,467
BECAUSE IT WAS ALL NEW.
175
00:10:41,467 --> 00:10:44,633
AND I WAS SHAKY ABOUT
WHETHER OR NOT IT WAS RIGHT.
176
00:10:47,767 --> 00:10:50,933
Narrator: GUTH SPECULATED
THAT THE INFANT UNIVERSE
177
00:10:50,933 --> 00:10:53,500
WENT THROUGH
A PHENOMENAL GROWTH SPURT.
178
00:10:53,500 --> 00:10:55,800
COSMIC INFLATION WAS A MOMENT
IN THE HISTORY,
179
00:10:55,800 --> 00:10:57,867
THE VERY EARLY HISTORY,
OF THE UNIVERSE
180
00:10:57,867 --> 00:11:00,367
WHEN THE EXPANSION
SUDDENLY ACCELERATED.
181
00:11:00,367 --> 00:11:03,100
IT GOT HUGE FOR THE BRIEFEST
MOMENTS OF TIME.
182
00:11:05,067 --> 00:11:08,267
Narrator: JUST 10 MILLION
PLANCK TIMES AFTER THE BIG BANG,
183
00:11:08,267 --> 00:11:12,167
A TINY VOLUME OF SPACE
SUDDENLY STARTS TO EXPAND
184
00:11:12,167 --> 00:11:14,567
MUCH MORE QUICKLY THAN BEFORE.
185
00:11:14,567 --> 00:11:19,333
THIS INFLATION IS SO RAPID
THAT IT TURNS CHAOS INTO ORDER,
186
00:11:19,333 --> 00:11:22,967
SPREADING THE CONSTITUENTS
OF OUR UNIVERSE
187
00:11:22,967 --> 00:11:25,500
EVENLY THROUGHOUT SPACE
188
00:11:25,500 --> 00:11:27,900
AND FIXING THEIR POSITIONS
WITHIN IT.
189
00:11:27,900 --> 00:11:31,567
Krauss: AS THE UNIVERSE COOLED
DOWN IN THOSE EARLIEST MOMENTS,
190
00:11:31,567 --> 00:11:35,167
IT INCREASED IN VOLUME
BY A FACTOR OF 10 TO THE 90th,
191
00:11:35,167 --> 00:11:39,067
IN A MILLIONTH OF A BILLIONTH
OF A BILLIONTH OF A SECOND.
192
00:11:40,867 --> 00:11:43,500
Narrator:
IT'S LIKE A GRAIN OF SAND
193
00:11:43,500 --> 00:11:47,767
SWELLING TO LARGER THAN THE SUN
FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT.
194
00:11:47,767 --> 00:11:49,833
WELL, HAVE WE VIOLATED
EINSTEIN'S LAWS?
195
00:11:49,833 --> 00:11:52,200
NOTHING CAN GO FASTER
THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT.
196
00:11:52,200 --> 00:11:53,967
AND HERE IS ONE
OF THE REAL SUBTLE POINTS
197
00:11:53,967 --> 00:11:55,400
ABOUT THE BIG BANG.
198
00:11:55,400 --> 00:11:59,233
SPACE CAN EXPAND SO MUCH THAT
TWO OBJECTS APPEAR TO MOVE APART
199
00:11:59,233 --> 00:12:01,267
FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT.
200
00:12:01,267 --> 00:12:02,633
BUT THEY'RE NOT MOVING.
201
00:12:02,633 --> 00:12:05,367
IT'S THE SPACE IN BETWEEN THEM
THAT'S GROWING.
202
00:12:05,367 --> 00:12:09,600
Narrator: GUTH'S AUDACIOUS IDEA,
THE INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE,
203
00:12:09,600 --> 00:12:13,067
COULD PUSH THE LIMIT
OF OUR UNDERSTANDING BACK
204
00:12:13,067 --> 00:12:17,367
TO THE VERY FIRST MOMENTS
OF THE VERY FIRST SECOND.
205
00:12:17,367 --> 00:12:19,567
BUT HOW COULD WE EVER TEST IT?
206
00:12:19,567 --> 00:12:23,067
HOW COULD WE PEER
INTO THE BIRTH OF CREATION?
207
00:12:24,733 --> 00:12:27,067
[ STATIC ]
208
00:12:27,067 --> 00:12:29,567
TV STATIC HOLDS A CLUE.
209
00:12:29,567 --> 00:12:32,767
1% OF THE STATIC ON THIS SCREEN
210
00:12:32,767 --> 00:12:36,700
COMES FROM LIGHT
FROM THE BIG BANG.
211
00:12:38,400 --> 00:12:43,300
IN 1964, ASTRONOMERS
ARNO PENZIAS AND ROBERT WILSON
212
00:12:43,300 --> 00:12:46,367
WERE LISTENING TO RADIO SIGNALS
FROM SPACE.
213
00:12:46,367 --> 00:12:48,600
BUT IN EVERY DIRECTION,
214
00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:51,633
THEY WERE PICKING UP
A BACKGROUND HUM.
215
00:12:51,633 --> 00:12:55,833
PUZZLED BY THE HUM, THEY
SUSPECTED THEY KNEW THE CULPRIT
216
00:12:55,833 --> 00:13:00,233
AND SWEPT THE ENTIRE RECEIVER
FREE OF PIGEON DROPPING,
217
00:13:00,233 --> 00:13:01,667
BUT TO NO AVAIL.
218
00:13:01,667 --> 00:13:04,767
IF ANYTHING, THE BACKGROUND
GOT EVEN GREATER.
219
00:13:04,767 --> 00:13:06,433
AND ACCORDING TO LEGEND,
220
00:13:06,433 --> 00:13:08,967
WHEN THEY GAVE A TALK
AT PRINCETON,
221
00:13:08,967 --> 00:13:11,733
ONE PHYSICIST RAISED HIS HAND
AND SAYS,
222
00:13:11,733 --> 00:13:15,233
"EITHER YOU ARE LISTENING
TO THE EFFECTS OF BIRD DROPPING
223
00:13:15,233 --> 00:13:18,533
OR THE CREATION
OF THE UNIVERSE."
224
00:13:20,433 --> 00:13:22,800
Narrator: WHAT PENZIAS
AND WILSON HAD STUMBLED UPON
225
00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:25,933
WAS THE AFTERGLOW
OF THE FIREBALL
226
00:13:25,933 --> 00:13:27,733
CREATED BY THE BIG BANG.
227
00:13:27,733 --> 00:13:30,933
Plait: AS THE UNIVERSE EXPANDED,
IT COOLED.
228
00:13:30,933 --> 00:13:32,300
AFTER A FEW HUNDRED
THOUSAND YEARS,
229
00:13:32,300 --> 00:13:34,867
IT WAS JUST PROTONS
AND ELECTRONS FLYING AROUND.
230
00:13:34,867 --> 00:13:37,467
BUT AT SOME POINT,
THE UNIVERSE COOLED ENOUGH
231
00:13:37,467 --> 00:13:40,067
THAT WHEN AN ELECTRON
AND PROTON GOT TOGETHER
232
00:13:40,067 --> 00:13:42,733
ALL OVER THE UNIVERSE,
ESSENTIALLY ALL AT ONCE,
233
00:13:42,733 --> 00:13:45,200
THE UNIVERSE BECAME TRANSPARENT.
234
00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:49,100
Kaku: THINK OF A GIGANTIC FOG
THAT SUDDENLY LIFTS.
235
00:13:49,100 --> 00:13:50,500
BEFORE THE FOG LIFTS,
236
00:13:50,500 --> 00:13:53,300
YOU CAN ONLY SEE A FEW FEET
IN FRONT OF YOU.
237
00:13:53,300 --> 00:13:55,867
THEN SUDDENLY
EVERYTHING BECOMES CLEAR.
238
00:13:57,167 --> 00:14:01,100
THAT'S WHAT HAPPENED 380,000
YEARS AFTER THE BIG BANG.
239
00:14:02,600 --> 00:14:05,167
Narrator:
EVER SINCE THAT MOMENT,
240
00:14:05,167 --> 00:14:07,733
380,000 YEARS
AFTER THE BIG BANG,
241
00:14:07,733 --> 00:14:15,133
THIS LIGHT HAS TRAVELED
UNINTERRUPTED THROUGH SPACE.
242
00:14:15,133 --> 00:14:19,733
SCIENTISTS CALL IT
THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND.
243
00:14:19,733 --> 00:14:23,133
IF YOU WERE TO WRITE DOWN
A HANDFUL
244
00:14:23,133 --> 00:14:26,500
OF THE GREATEST SCIENTIFIC
DISCOVERIES OF ALL TIME,
245
00:14:26,500 --> 00:14:29,333
ONE OF THEM MIGHT BE
THE DISCOVERY OF DNA.
246
00:14:29,333 --> 00:14:30,733
ANOTHER ONE MIGHT BE
247
00:14:30,733 --> 00:14:33,867
THE DISCOVERY OF A COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND.
248
00:14:33,867 --> 00:14:37,500
THAT'S HOW BIG
THIS DISCOVERY WAS.
249
00:14:37,500 --> 00:14:40,500
Narrator:
THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
250
00:14:40,500 --> 00:14:42,100
FIRST LIT UP THE UNIVERSE
251
00:14:42,100 --> 00:14:45,533
380,000 YEARS
AFTER THE BIG BANG.
252
00:14:45,533 --> 00:14:50,300
BUT IT BEARS THE IMPRINT OF
A TIME MUCH EARLIER THAN THAT,
253
00:14:50,300 --> 00:14:54,500
A TIME WHEN INFLATION
WAS TRANSFORMING THE COSMOS.
254
00:14:54,500 --> 00:14:58,800
IF THE SECRETS TO INFLATION ARE
ANYWHERE, THEY'RE HIDDEN HERE.
255
00:14:58,800 --> 00:15:03,400
SCIENTISTS NEEDED
TO TAKE A CLOSER LOOK.
256
00:15:12,333 --> 00:15:14,100
Narrator: THE INFANT UNIVERSE
257
00:15:14,100 --> 00:15:19,767
IS 1 TRILLION TRILLION
TRILLIONTHS OF A SECOND OLD.
258
00:15:19,767 --> 00:15:21,733
IT ABRUPTLY INFLATES
259
00:15:21,733 --> 00:15:24,167
IN THE GREATEST GROWTH SPURT
IN HISTORY.
260
00:15:24,167 --> 00:15:29,133
AND THE UNIVERSE EXPANDS
FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT.
261
00:15:29,133 --> 00:15:31,533
THE SECRETS TO THIS EXPANSION
262
00:15:31,533 --> 00:15:35,400
ARE HIDDEN IN THE COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND,
263
00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:40,733
THE FIRST-EVER LIGHT
TO SHINE THROUGH THE COSMOS.
264
00:15:40,733 --> 00:15:42,467
TO REVEAL THESE SECRETS,
265
00:15:42,467 --> 00:15:46,667
SCIENTISTS NEED THE BEST PICTURE
OF THIS LIGHT THEY CAN GET.
266
00:15:49,467 --> 00:15:52,200
Man: IGNITION.
267
00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:54,267
Man #2: LIFT-OFF.
268
00:15:54,267 --> 00:15:57,767
MAY 2009,
THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY
269
00:15:57,767 --> 00:16:00,300
LAUNCHES THE PLANCK SATELLITE.
270
00:16:03,067 --> 00:16:04,700
IT ORBITS THE SUN,
271
00:16:04,700 --> 00:16:09,300
SCANNING THE TEMPERATURE
OF THE ENTIRE VISIBLE UNIVERSE.
272
00:16:09,300 --> 00:16:13,400
IT'S SO SENSITIVE, IT CAN
MEASURE THE TEMPERATURE
273
00:16:13,400 --> 00:16:16,433
OF THE COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
274
00:16:16,433 --> 00:16:19,467
TO WITHIN A MILLIONTH
OF A DEGREE.
275
00:16:19,467 --> 00:16:22,167
Spergel: THE BLUE SPOTS
IN THE MAP ARE COLD SPOTS.
276
00:16:22,167 --> 00:16:24,733
THEY WOULD EVOLVE
AND BECOME LARGE EMPTY VOIDS.
277
00:16:24,733 --> 00:16:27,267
THE RED SPOTS IN THE MAP,
THOSE ARE HOT SPOTS.
278
00:16:27,267 --> 00:16:29,500
THEY'RE GONNA FORM
CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES.
279
00:16:29,500 --> 00:16:31,067
THIS MAP IS A BLUEPRINT
280
00:16:31,067 --> 00:16:33,933
FOR HOW OUR UNIVERSE
IS GONNA FORM AND EVOLVE.
281
00:16:33,933 --> 00:16:38,367
WHEN WE LOOK AT THIS MAP,
WE'RE ALSO LOOKING BACK IN TIME
282
00:16:38,367 --> 00:16:41,233
AND SEEING THE ECHOES
OF CREATION.
283
00:16:41,233 --> 00:16:44,367
Narrator: THE TINY VARIATIONS
MEASURED BY PLANCK
284
00:16:44,367 --> 00:16:47,600
GO ON TO FORM THE GALAXIES
THAT FILL THE UNIVERSE.
285
00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:50,667
AND INFLATION
EXPLAINS THEM PERFECTLY.
286
00:16:50,667 --> 00:16:54,400
BUT SCIENTISTS NEED
A SMOKING GUN,
287
00:16:54,400 --> 00:16:56,367
SOMETHING OUT
OF SCIENCE FICTION --
288
00:16:56,367 --> 00:16:58,633
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES.
289
00:17:01,600 --> 00:17:04,833
ONE OF THE TESTS IS
THAT WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO SEE
290
00:17:04,833 --> 00:17:07,133
THE GRAVITY WAVES
THAT WERE PRODUCED
291
00:17:07,133 --> 00:17:08,900
AT THE VERY END OF INFLATION.
292
00:17:10,800 --> 00:17:14,400
Narrator: GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
STRETCH AND CONTRACT
293
00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:15,733
SPACETIME ITSELF.
294
00:17:15,733 --> 00:17:19,567
THEY TRAVEL THROUGH THE UNIVERSE
LIKE RIPPLES IN A POND.
295
00:17:19,567 --> 00:17:22,967
SCIENTISTS BELIEVE
THAT THE VIOLENCE OF INFLATION
296
00:17:22,967 --> 00:17:26,167
SENT THESE WAVES REVERBERATING
THROUGHOUT THE COSMOS.
297
00:17:26,167 --> 00:17:29,833
IF WE COULD SEE THEM,
IT WOULD BE CASE CLOSED.
298
00:17:29,833 --> 00:17:33,967
SCIENTISTS WOULD KNOW
THAT INFLATION WAS REAL.
299
00:17:33,967 --> 00:17:37,900
MARCH 2014,
300
00:17:37,900 --> 00:17:41,167
30 YEARS SINCE ALAN GUTH
CAME UP WITH INFLATION,
301
00:17:41,167 --> 00:17:44,733
A TELESCOPE AT THE SOUTH POLE
SHAKES THE WORLD.
302
00:17:44,733 --> 00:17:48,300
TODAY, SCIENTISTS ANNOUNCE
THEY HAVE DISCOVERED
303
00:17:48,300 --> 00:17:52,533
WHAT WAS GOING ON IN THE
EARLIEST MOMENTS OF OUR UNIVERSE
304
00:17:52,533 --> 00:17:54,467
RIGHT AFTER THE BIG BANG.
305
00:17:56,500 --> 00:17:59,267
Spergel: THIS IS THE MOST
EXCITING SCIENTIFIC RESULT
306
00:17:59,267 --> 00:18:00,600
OF MY CAREER.
307
00:18:00,600 --> 00:18:03,300
INFLATION WAS AN INCREDIBLY
VIOLENT PROCESS,
308
00:18:03,300 --> 00:18:05,100
DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE UNIVERSE
309
00:18:05,100 --> 00:18:07,700
ALL EXPANDING AT SOMEWHAT
DIFFERENT RATES,
310
00:18:07,700 --> 00:18:09,367
BUT ALL FASTER
THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT.
311
00:18:09,367 --> 00:18:11,900
AND THIS DIFFERENCE
IN EXPANSION RATE
312
00:18:11,900 --> 00:18:13,767
PRODUCED GRAVITATIONAL WAVES.
313
00:18:13,767 --> 00:18:15,633
AND THESE GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
314
00:18:15,633 --> 00:18:18,233
PRODUCED A SIGNATURE
ON THE MICROWAVE SKY
315
00:18:18,233 --> 00:18:19,733
THAT WE'VE NOW SEEN.
316
00:18:19,733 --> 00:18:23,167
IT'S SOMETHING I AM SO HAPPY
THAT'S HAPPENED IN MY LIFETIME.
317
00:18:27,533 --> 00:18:30,633
Narrator: THE DATA IS AN ALMOST
PERFECT FIT FOR INFLATION.
318
00:18:30,633 --> 00:18:32,067
Guth: WHAT WE'RE FINDING
319
00:18:32,067 --> 00:18:34,500
IS THAT THE VERY SIMPLEST MODELS
OF INFLATION
320
00:18:34,500 --> 00:18:36,067
ARE AGREEING BEAUTIFULLY
321
00:18:36,067 --> 00:18:38,567
WITH WHAT OBSERVATIONS
ARE BEING MADE.
322
00:18:38,567 --> 00:18:40,333
AND THAT'S INCREDIBLY GRATIFYING
323
00:18:40,333 --> 00:18:42,800
AND PROVIDES, I THINK,
VERY STRONG EVIDENCE
324
00:18:42,800 --> 00:18:44,567
THAT INFLATION REALLY HAPPENED.
325
00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:49,500
Narrator:
INFLATION EXPLAINS WHY GALAXIES
326
00:18:49,500 --> 00:18:52,133
ARE SPREAD SO SMOOTHLY
ACROSS THE COSMOS.
327
00:18:53,833 --> 00:18:57,067
IN THE TINIEST FRACTION
OF A SECOND,
328
00:18:57,067 --> 00:19:01,333
IT TRANSFORMS A MINUTE
AND UNIFORM BIT OF SPACE
329
00:19:01,333 --> 00:19:04,467
INTO THE ENTIRE
VISIBLE UNIVERSE.
330
00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:11,100
AND THE IMPLICATIONS
ARE STUNNING.
331
00:19:11,100 --> 00:19:14,500
MAYBE IT WASN'T JUST
THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE
332
00:19:14,500 --> 00:19:16,633
THAT GREW UNDER INFLATION.
333
00:19:18,233 --> 00:19:22,367
SOME SCIENTISTS NOW BELIEVE
THAT OTHER REGIONS OF SPACE,
334
00:19:22,367 --> 00:19:25,800
TOO DISTANT FOR THEIR LIGHT
TO EVER REACH US,
335
00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:29,800
UNDERWENT INFLATION, TOO,
AND ARE STILL INFLATING NOW.
336
00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:33,600
ONE OF THE PROFOUND THINGS ABOUT
INFLATION IS ONCE IT STARTS,
337
00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:35,067
IT'S HARD TO STOP IT.
338
00:19:37,067 --> 00:19:38,267
Guth: INFLATION NEVER STOPS
EVERYWHERE.
339
00:19:38,267 --> 00:19:39,633
IT STOPS IN PLACES.
340
00:19:39,633 --> 00:19:42,933
AND EVERY PLACE WHERE IT STOPS,
ONE PRODUCES A UNIVERSE.
341
00:19:45,067 --> 00:19:46,367
INFLATION SEEMS TO GO ON
342
00:19:46,367 --> 00:19:49,233
PRODUCING OTHER POCKET
UNIVERSES, LITERALLY FOREVER.
343
00:19:51,067 --> 00:19:53,767
Tegmark: INDEED,
INFLATION MAKES OUR BIG BANG
344
00:19:53,767 --> 00:19:56,600
AND THEN GOES ON AND MAKES
LOTS OF OTHER BIG BANGS
345
00:19:56,600 --> 00:20:02,067
AND CREATES THIS BIG COLLECTION
OF UNIVERSES, THE MULTIVERSE.
346
00:20:03,933 --> 00:20:06,900
Narrator: OUR UNIVERSE
MAY BE JUST ONE
347
00:20:06,900 --> 00:20:11,533
OF AN INFINITE COLLECTION
OF UNIVERSES IN A MULTIVERSE
348
00:20:11,533 --> 00:20:14,200
MUCH, MUCH LARGER
THAN WE EVER IMAGINED.
349
00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:16,100
AND SOME SCIENTISTS ARGUE
350
00:20:16,100 --> 00:20:20,033
THAT NOT ONLY ARE THERE
MULTIPLE UNIVERSES OUT THERE,
351
00:20:20,033 --> 00:20:24,267
THEY THINK EVERY POSSIBLE
UNIVERSE MUST EXIST.
352
00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:30,133
PEOPLE, IDENTICAL TO US,
353
00:20:30,133 --> 00:20:34,133
WOULD LIVE OUT EVERY
POSSIBLE PARALLEL LIFE
354
00:20:34,133 --> 00:20:36,933
IN EVERY POSSIBLE
PARALLEL WORLD...
355
00:20:39,333 --> 00:20:43,067
...A MIND-BLOWING OUTCOME.
356
00:20:43,067 --> 00:20:46,867
NOW THAT WE HAVE SUCH STRONG
EVIDENCE FOR INFLATION,
357
00:20:46,867 --> 00:20:50,433
IT'S TIME TO TAKE IDEAS LIKE
THE MULTIVERSE REALLY SERIOUSLY.
358
00:20:52,500 --> 00:20:54,033
Narrator: LET'S RESET.
359
00:20:54,033 --> 00:20:55,433
THE UNIVERSE IS LESS
360
00:20:55,433 --> 00:20:58,733
THAN A TRILLIONTH
OF A TRILLIONTH OF A SECOND OLD,
361
00:20:58,733 --> 00:21:02,300
AND THE SEEDS OF ITS GALAXIES
HAVE ALREADY BEEN SOWN.
362
00:21:04,067 --> 00:21:06,900
BUT EVERYTHING
IS STILL PURE ENERGY.
363
00:21:08,900 --> 00:21:11,100
SO WHERE DOES ALL THE MATTER,
364
00:21:11,100 --> 00:21:13,900
THE STUFF OF STARS
AND YOU AND ME, COME FROM?
365
00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:28,067
Narrator: WE'RE ON A JOURNEY
366
00:21:28,067 --> 00:21:30,167
THROUGH THE FIRST SECOND
OF TIME.
367
00:21:30,167 --> 00:21:33,233
THE UNIVERSE IS A TRILLIONTH
368
00:21:33,233 --> 00:21:38,200
OF A TRILLIONTH OF A TRILLIONTH
OF A SECOND OLD.
369
00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:44,100
THE TEMPERATURE IS A THOUSAND
TRILLION TRILLION DEGREES.
370
00:21:44,100 --> 00:21:48,600
THE INFANT UNIVERSE INFLATES FAR
FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT,
371
00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:51,733
PUMPING VAST AMOUNTS OF ENERGY
INTO SPACE.
372
00:21:51,733 --> 00:21:57,100
BUT THE COSMOS IS STILL
JUST THE SIZE OF A BASEBALL.
373
00:21:57,100 --> 00:22:01,733
INFLATION SAYS THAT, FOR A BRIEF
PERIOD, EMPTY SPACE GETS ENERGY.
374
00:22:01,733 --> 00:22:07,133
AND IT TURNS OUT THE UNIVERSE
KEEPS DUMPING ENERGY INTO SPACE
375
00:22:07,133 --> 00:22:09,200
TO PRODUCE EVERYTHING WE SEE.
376
00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:13,433
AND SO, APPARENTLY YOU PRODUCE
AN INCREDIBLE AMOUNT OF STUFF
377
00:22:13,433 --> 00:22:17,200
FROM NOTHING WITHOUT VIOLATING
THE LAWS OF PHYSICS.
378
00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:21,467
IT'S ALMOST MAGIC,
BUT THAT'S THE KEYWORD, ALMOST.
379
00:22:21,467 --> 00:22:24,233
IT'S ALLOWED BY THE LAWS
OF PHYSICS.
380
00:22:24,233 --> 00:22:29,100
Narrator: AS INFLATION ENDS,
THE BRIGHTEST FLASH IN HISTORY
381
00:22:29,100 --> 00:22:31,600
FLOODS THE COSMOS
WITH RADIATION.
382
00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:34,933
Plait: DURING THE FIRST SECOND
OF THE UNIVERSE,
383
00:22:34,933 --> 00:22:37,833
IT WAS UNIMAGINABLY HOT
AND DENSE.
384
00:22:37,833 --> 00:22:40,733
IT WAS BASICALLY
A BALL OF ENERGY.
385
00:22:40,733 --> 00:22:42,900
IT'S NOT A PLACE
YOU'D WANT TO STAND IN.
386
00:22:42,900 --> 00:22:44,467
YOU'D VAPORIZE PRETTY QUICKLY.
387
00:22:47,467 --> 00:22:50,500
EVERYTHING'S ZIPPING 'ROUND
AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT.
388
00:22:50,500 --> 00:22:52,867
Narrator:
THIS UNIVERSE FULL OF RADIATION
389
00:22:52,867 --> 00:22:54,967
IS NOTHING LIKE
OUR UNIVERSE TODAY,
390
00:22:54,967 --> 00:22:58,367
FULL OF STUFF, MATERIAL STUFF.
391
00:22:58,367 --> 00:23:01,133
BECAUSE IT WAS SO HOT,
ATOMS DIDN'T EXIST.
392
00:23:01,133 --> 00:23:03,467
MATTER AS WE KNOW,
IT DIDN'T EXIST.
393
00:23:03,467 --> 00:23:08,067
THE UNIVERSE WAS A DENSE SOUP
OF RADIATION.
394
00:23:08,067 --> 00:23:13,500
Narrator: THE EARLIEST UNIVERSE
IS A CHAOS OF PURE ENERGY.
395
00:23:13,500 --> 00:23:17,633
BUT HOW DOES IT TRANSFORM
INTO A UNIVERSE FULL OF MATTER?
396
00:23:20,933 --> 00:23:25,333
TO ANSWER THAT QUESTION,
WE HAVE TO TURN TO EINSTEIN
397
00:23:25,333 --> 00:23:29,133
AND A VERY FAMOUS EQUATION --
E=MC SQUARED.
398
00:23:31,467 --> 00:23:34,567
BEFORE EINSTEIN, PEOPLE SAID
"MATTER IS MATTER,
399
00:23:34,567 --> 00:23:37,833
ENERGY IS ENERGY,
AND NEVER THE TWAIN SHALL MEET."
400
00:23:37,833 --> 00:23:40,400
ALONG COMES EINSTEIN AND SAYS,
"NOT SO FAST.
401
00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:42,767
THEY REALLY ARE THE SAME THING."
402
00:23:45,100 --> 00:23:47,333
Narrator: EINSTEIN REALIZED
403
00:23:47,333 --> 00:23:50,767
THAT MATTER IS JUST
CONCENTRATED ENERGY.
404
00:23:52,267 --> 00:23:56,167
THIS INSIGHT TRANSFORMED OUR
UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE
405
00:23:56,167 --> 00:23:59,700
AND ALLOWED US TO UNLEASH
DEVASTATING DESTRUCTION...
406
00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:05,433
...IN ATOMIC BOMBS.
407
00:24:05,433 --> 00:24:11,067
ENERGY, "E," THAT CAN TURN INTO
"M," MATTER, AND VICE VERSA.
408
00:24:11,067 --> 00:24:15,900
EVEN A SMALL TEASPOON OF MATTER
WOULD BE ENOUGH
409
00:24:15,900 --> 00:24:18,567
TO UNLEASH THE POWER OF HUNDREDS
OF HYDROGEN BOMBS.
410
00:24:24,633 --> 00:24:28,433
Narrator: WHILE ATOM BOMBS
CONVERT MATTER INTO ENERGY,
411
00:24:28,433 --> 00:24:32,300
IN THE BIG BANG, ENERGY STARTS
TO TURN INTO MATTER.
412
00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:35,500
BUT IT'S NOTHING LIKE THE MATTER
413
00:24:35,500 --> 00:24:37,533
THAT MAKES UP THE WORLD
WE LIVE IN.
414
00:24:37,533 --> 00:24:41,433
SO WHAT DOES THIS PRIMAL MATTER
LOOK LIKE?
415
00:24:48,533 --> 00:24:53,067
THIS IS BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL
LABORATORY IN LONG ISLAND,
416
00:24:53,067 --> 00:24:59,400
HOME TO THE RELATIVISTIC HEAVY
ION COLLIDER, OR RHIC FOR SHORT.
417
00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:02,367
HERE, THEY RE-CREATE THE MATTER
418
00:25:02,367 --> 00:25:05,233
THAT FILLED
THE EMBRYONIC UNIVERSE
419
00:25:05,233 --> 00:25:08,800
ONE-MILLIONTH OF A SECOND
AFTER THE BIG BANG.
420
00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:11,700
IN A SENSE, RHIC REALLY
IS A TIME MACHINE.
421
00:25:11,700 --> 00:25:13,300
WE'RE REPRODUCING THE CONDITIONS
422
00:25:13,300 --> 00:25:15,167
THAT EXISTED
IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE
423
00:25:15,167 --> 00:25:17,800
ON THE ORDER OF ONE MICROSECOND
AFTER THE BIG BANG.
424
00:25:19,900 --> 00:25:22,467
Narrator:
RHIC FIRES GOLD NUCLEI
425
00:25:22,467 --> 00:25:25,600
AROUND A 2 1/2-MILE
CIRCULAR TUNNEL
426
00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:30,467
78,000 TIMES A SECOND
AT ALMOST THE SPEED OF LIGHT.
427
00:25:33,967 --> 00:25:38,800
THEN IT SMASHES THEM TOGETHER
IN THE GIANT STAR DETECTOR.
428
00:25:40,900 --> 00:25:42,267
[ ENGINE REVS ]
429
00:25:42,267 --> 00:25:46,833
IMAGINE SMASHING TWO CARS
TOGETHER IN A HEAD-ON COLLISION
430
00:25:46,833 --> 00:25:50,067
AND WORKING OUT WHAT
THE CARS LOOKED LIKE
431
00:25:50,067 --> 00:25:52,700
BY ANALYZING THE DEBRIS
THROWN OFF.
432
00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:57,733
THAT'S WHAT THE TEAM
AT RHIC IS DOING.
433
00:25:57,733 --> 00:26:01,333
THEY'RE HUNTING FOR THE BUILDING
BLOCKS OF PROTONS
434
00:26:01,333 --> 00:26:03,300
BY SMASHING THEM TO PIECES.
435
00:26:07,700 --> 00:26:09,733
Lisa: EACH COLLISION
THAT YOU SEE HERE,
436
00:26:09,733 --> 00:26:11,567
YOU CAN SEE
THAT THEY'RE DIFFERENT.
437
00:26:11,567 --> 00:26:14,133
SOME COLLISIONS HAVE MORE TRACKS
COMING OUT OF THEM.
438
00:26:14,133 --> 00:26:15,700
THE CURVED LINES REPRESENT --
439
00:26:15,700 --> 00:26:19,067
IN FACT, THEY ARE THE PARTICLES
THAT COME OUT OF THE COLLISION.
440
00:26:19,067 --> 00:26:20,767
AND YOU CAN SEE EACH COLLISION
441
00:26:20,767 --> 00:26:23,267
GENERATES A DIFFERENT NUMBER
OF PARTICLES
442
00:26:23,267 --> 00:26:25,867
DEPENDING ON THE VIOLENCE
OF THE COLLISION.
443
00:26:25,867 --> 00:26:29,533
Narrator: WHAT MIKE AND HIS TEAM
SEE IS A SPRAY
444
00:26:29,533 --> 00:26:34,867
OF THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL
PARTICLES OF ALL -- QUARKS.
445
00:26:34,867 --> 00:26:39,467
QUARKS ARE NORMALLY BOUND
INSIDE PROTONS AND NEUTRONS.
446
00:26:39,467 --> 00:26:43,867
BUT GIVE QUARKS ENOUGH ENERGY,
AND THEY BREAK FREE.
447
00:26:43,867 --> 00:26:45,967
Lisa:
WE EXPECTED THESE QUARKS,
448
00:26:45,967 --> 00:26:48,933
ONCE THEY'RE LIBERATED
FROM THE PROTONS AND NEUTRONS,
449
00:26:48,933 --> 00:26:51,167
NOT TO INTERACT
MUCH WITH EACH OTHER,
450
00:26:51,167 --> 00:26:53,367
JUST TO STREAM OUT
INTO OUR DETECTOR.
451
00:26:53,367 --> 00:26:56,400
WHAT WE FOUND WAS
THE MOST PERFECT FLUID
452
00:26:56,400 --> 00:27:00,400
THAT WAS EVER DISCOVERED,
EVER MEASURED ON THE PLANET.
453
00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:04,067
SO IT ACTUALLY FLOWS MUCH
MORE EASILY THAN WATER DOES.
454
00:27:04,067 --> 00:27:06,167
THIS WAS ABSOLUTELY SURPRISING.
455
00:27:06,167 --> 00:27:08,233
Narrator: AND RHIC SHOWS US
456
00:27:08,233 --> 00:27:11,767
THAT THE PERFECT FLUID
OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
457
00:27:11,767 --> 00:27:16,167
OCCURS AT JUST ONE-MILLIONTH
OF A SECOND INTO THE BIG BANG.
458
00:27:16,167 --> 00:27:18,833
BUT, LIKE EVERYTHING
IN THE FIRST SECOND,
459
00:27:18,833 --> 00:27:21,267
IT DOESN'T LAST FOR LONG.
460
00:27:21,267 --> 00:27:24,400
AS THE UNIVERSE EXPANDS,
IT COOLS.
461
00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:29,600
AND SOMETHING CALLED THE STRONG
FORCE MAKES ITS PRESENCE FELT.
462
00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:31,133
THE MOST
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC
463
00:27:31,133 --> 00:27:32,533
OF THE STRONG FORCE
464
00:27:32,533 --> 00:27:36,133
IS THE CONFINEMENT OF QUARKS
INSIDE PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
465
00:27:36,133 --> 00:27:37,600
THAT WE SEE AS TODAY.
466
00:27:39,800 --> 00:27:43,067
Narrator: WHEN THE TEMPERATURE
OF THE UNIVERSE
467
00:27:43,067 --> 00:27:45,067
DROPS TO 2 TRILLION DEGREES,
468
00:27:45,067 --> 00:27:49,400
THE STRONG FORCE CLUMPS QUARKS
TOGETHER IN GROUPS OF THREE,
469
00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:53,767
MAKING PROTONS AND NEUTRONS,
THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF ATOMS.
470
00:27:53,767 --> 00:27:57,967
THE UNIVERSE BEGINS TO TAKE
THE FORM WE KNOW TODAY.
471
00:28:01,233 --> 00:28:03,900
BUT AS MATTER IS BURSTING
INTO EXISTENCE
472
00:28:03,900 --> 00:28:07,467
ALL ACROSS THE UNIVERSE,
THERE'S STILL SOMETHING MISSING.
473
00:28:07,467 --> 00:28:14,367
SOMEHOW THIS MATTER HAS NO MASS.
474
00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:25,200
Narrator: THE UNIVERSE
475
00:28:25,200 --> 00:28:28,300
IS HURTLING THROUGH
ITS FIRST SECOND OF EXISTENCE.
476
00:28:28,300 --> 00:28:32,067
IT BEGINS A HUNDRED BILLION
BILLION TIMES
477
00:28:32,067 --> 00:28:34,700
SMALLER THAN A PROTON.
478
00:28:34,700 --> 00:28:39,767
AFTER SURGING THROUGH A BURST
OF EXPANSION, CALLED INFLATION,
479
00:28:39,767 --> 00:28:43,200
FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT,
THE ENTIRE COSMOS
480
00:28:43,200 --> 00:28:46,567
HAS GROWN TO ABOUT THE SIZE
OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
481
00:28:46,567 --> 00:28:50,900
AND MATTER IS BURSTING
INTO EXISTENCE.
482
00:28:52,933 --> 00:28:56,200
BUT THIS MATTER IS STRANGE.
483
00:28:56,200 --> 00:28:57,967
IT HAS NO MASS.
484
00:29:02,867 --> 00:29:06,800
THE MATTER IN TODAY'S UNIVERSE
HAS MASS.
485
00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:11,667
ON EARTH, WE FEEL IT AS WEIGHT.
486
00:29:11,667 --> 00:29:15,900
IN SPACE,
OBJECTS CAN FEEL WEIGHTLESS,
487
00:29:15,900 --> 00:29:19,800
BUT THEY STILL HAVE MASS.
488
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:23,667
IF THIS ASTRONAUT HAD NO MASS,
HE'D BE IN BIG TROUBLE.
489
00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:29,967
YOU CAN'T ACTUALLY SLOW
SOMETHING DOWN
490
00:29:29,967 --> 00:29:31,200
IF IT DOESN'T HAVE ANY MASS.
491
00:29:31,200 --> 00:29:32,833
IF SOMEBODY DOESN'T HAVE
ANY MASS,
492
00:29:32,833 --> 00:29:34,567
IT HAS TO MOVE
AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT.
493
00:29:34,567 --> 00:29:36,867
THERE'S NO WAY OF STOPPING IT.
494
00:29:36,867 --> 00:29:39,733
SO A UNIVERSE
THAT'S FULL OF MATTER
495
00:29:39,733 --> 00:29:41,300
BUT MATTER WHICH HAS NO MASS
496
00:29:41,300 --> 00:29:44,867
IS ONE IN WHICH IT JUST
LOOKS LIKE A BIG BALL OF LIGHT.
497
00:29:44,867 --> 00:29:47,633
Narrator: THE EARLY UNIVERSE
HAD NO MASS,
498
00:29:47,633 --> 00:29:52,167
JUST ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
FIZZING AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT.
499
00:29:52,167 --> 00:29:56,733
BUT TODAY, OUR UNIVERSE
IS FULL OF PLANETS AND STARS
500
00:29:56,733 --> 00:29:58,867
THAT CLEARLY HAVE MASS.
501
00:29:58,867 --> 00:30:02,433
SO WHERE DOES THIS MASS
COME FROM?
502
00:30:02,433 --> 00:30:04,000
APPARENTLY THERE'S SOME FIELD
503
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:06,467
THAT PERMEATES
THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE,
504
00:30:06,467 --> 00:30:08,333
AND DIFFERENT
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
505
00:30:08,333 --> 00:30:10,867
WILL INTERACT WITH IT
IN DIFFERENT WAYS.
506
00:30:10,867 --> 00:30:13,667
AND IT'S THE INTERACTION
OF THE PARTICLE WITH THE FIELD
507
00:30:13,667 --> 00:30:16,500
THAT GIVES THE PARTICLE ITS
PROPERTY THAT WE CALL MASS.
508
00:30:16,500 --> 00:30:20,867
Narrator: SCIENTISTS CALL IT THE
HIGGS FIELD, AFTER PETER HIGGS,
509
00:30:20,867 --> 00:30:24,733
ONE OF THE FIRST SCIENTISTS
TO PROPOSE IT IN THE 1960s.
510
00:30:24,733 --> 00:30:26,767
THE HIGGS FIELD IS INVISIBLE.
511
00:30:26,767 --> 00:30:30,167
IT STRETCHES THROUGHOUT SPACE
AND IS ACCOMPANIED
512
00:30:30,167 --> 00:30:33,600
BY A FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLE
CALLED THE HIGGS BOSON,
513
00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:36,733
WHICH INTERACTS WITH PARTICLES
OF ORDINARY MATTER
514
00:30:36,733 --> 00:30:38,667
AS THEY PASS THROUGH THE FIELD.
515
00:30:38,667 --> 00:30:41,833
THE MORE AN OBJECT INTERACTS
WITH THE HIGGS FIELD,
516
00:30:41,833 --> 00:30:45,300
THE MORE MASS IT GAINS.
517
00:30:45,300 --> 00:30:49,767
WITHOUT THE HIGGS FIELD AND THE
HIGGS BOSON, THERE IS NO MASS.
518
00:30:51,433 --> 00:30:54,500
THE HIGGS FIELD
IS A BEAUTIFUL IDEA.
519
00:30:54,500 --> 00:30:55,933
BUT DOES IT REALLY EXIST?
520
00:30:55,933 --> 00:30:58,167
THERE'S ONLY ONE PLACE
TO FIND OUT --
521
00:30:58,167 --> 00:31:02,633
AT THE BIGGEST AND MOST ADVANCED
MACHINE EVER BUILT,
522
00:31:02,633 --> 00:31:06,300
THE LARGE HADRON COLLIDER
AT CERN.
523
00:31:08,233 --> 00:31:11,900
JOE INCANDELA HOPES
TO PROVE THE FIELD EXISTS
524
00:31:11,900 --> 00:31:14,733
BY SMASHING THE HIGGS BOSON
OUT OF THE SHADOWS.
525
00:31:14,733 --> 00:31:16,900
SO I ACTUALLY NEED ALL OF YOU,
INCLUDING THE CAMERAMAN,
526
00:31:16,900 --> 00:31:18,600
TO GO THROUGH
WHEN THE OTHER DOOR IS OPEN.
527
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:22,233
JUST GO ALL THE WAY THROUGH.
THERE YOU GO.
528
00:31:22,233 --> 00:31:24,233
WE'RE GOING DOWN 90 METERS,
529
00:31:24,233 --> 00:31:27,467
WHICH IS ABOUT 300 FEET,
ABOUT 25 STORIES.
530
00:31:29,167 --> 00:31:32,600
TOOK A COUPLE YEARS ACTUALLY
TO ENGINEER THE LAYOUT
531
00:31:32,600 --> 00:31:33,867
OF JUST THE CABLES.
532
00:31:33,867 --> 00:31:36,733
THERE'S ENOUGH CABLES TO GO
FROM HERE TO MOSCOW.
533
00:31:36,733 --> 00:31:39,367
AND THIS TAKES US
TO THE DETECTOR ITSELF.
534
00:31:45,200 --> 00:31:49,100
SO HERE WE ARE.
535
00:31:49,100 --> 00:31:51,300
LIKE SOMETHING OUT
OF A JAMES BOND FILM.
536
00:31:51,300 --> 00:31:53,067
ONLY THIS IS REAL.
537
00:31:55,633 --> 00:31:58,700
Narrator: THE LHC FIRES
TWO BEAMS OF PROTONS
538
00:31:58,700 --> 00:32:02,267
AROUND A 17-MILE
CONCRETE-LINED TUNNEL,
539
00:32:02,267 --> 00:32:07,100
WHICH COLLIDE AT THE HIGHEST
ENERGIES EVER CREATED BY MAN.
540
00:32:12,100 --> 00:32:14,633
IT'S EQUIVALENT
TO SHOOTING KNITTING NEEDLES
541
00:32:14,633 --> 00:32:16,400
FROM EITHER SIDE OF THE ATLANTIC
542
00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:18,733
AND HAVING THEM HIT HEAD-ON
IN THE MIDDLE.
543
00:32:20,733 --> 00:32:23,867
Narrator: THE COLLISIONS
SHATTER THE PROTONS
544
00:32:23,867 --> 00:32:25,933
INTO A SPRAY OF NEW PARTICLES,
545
00:32:25,933 --> 00:32:29,633
INCLUDING, PERHAPS,
THE HIGGS BOSON.
546
00:32:29,633 --> 00:32:34,800
JOE'S TEAM OF 3,800 SCIENTISTS
SPEND 5 YEARS
547
00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:37,067
SEARCHING FOR THE TRAIL
OF PARTICLES
548
00:32:37,067 --> 00:32:39,167
THE HIGGS SHOULD LEAVE
IN ITS WAKE.
549
00:32:42,333 --> 00:32:49,600
ON MARCH 14, 2013, LHC DELIVERS.
550
00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:51,233
IT WAS AN ELECTRIC ATMOSPHERE.
551
00:32:51,233 --> 00:32:53,900
I MEAN, THE 20-YEAR-OLD
PHYSICISTS HAD CAMPED OUT
552
00:32:53,900 --> 00:32:57,300
OVERNIGHT IN THE HALLWAYS TO GET
GOOD SEATS IN THE LECTURE HALL.
553
00:32:57,300 --> 00:32:58,800
AND THE 80-YEAR-OLD PHYSICISTS,
554
00:32:58,800 --> 00:33:01,067
WHO HAD INVENTED THE IDEA
BACK IN THE '60s,
555
00:33:01,067 --> 00:33:03,367
THEY WERE FLOWN IN
FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD.
556
00:33:03,367 --> 00:33:05,433
AND, YOU KNOW,
SECRECY WAS IMPORTANT,
557
00:33:05,433 --> 00:33:07,600
SO IT WAS, LIKE,
THIS IS THE ONE SEMINAR
558
00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:10,100
YOU'RE NOT GONNA WANT TO MISS
IN YOUR LIFETIME.
559
00:33:10,100 --> 00:33:12,267
I THINK WE HAVE IT.
560
00:33:12,267 --> 00:33:13,933
[ APPLAUSE ]
561
00:33:13,933 --> 00:33:16,167
Narrator: THE DISCOVERY
OF THE HIGGS BOSON
562
00:33:16,167 --> 00:33:21,167
IS ONE OF THE FINAL KEYS TO OUR
UNDERSTANDING OF THE BIG BANG.
563
00:33:21,167 --> 00:33:22,467
IT WAS A VERY EMOTIONAL MOMENT.
564
00:33:22,467 --> 00:33:23,700
I MEAN, PEOPLE GOT CHOKED UP.
565
00:33:25,800 --> 00:33:27,900
Narrator:
THANKS TO PETER HIGGS
566
00:33:27,900 --> 00:33:30,800
AND THE EFFORTS OF SCIENTISTS
AROUND THE WORLD,
567
00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:33,833
WE UNDERSTAND THE KEY MOMENTS
OF THE FIRST SECOND.
568
00:33:33,833 --> 00:33:38,467
WE NOW HAVE ALL THE BUILDING
BLOCKS TO MAKE THE UNIVERSE.
569
00:33:38,467 --> 00:33:41,433
A THOUSAND YEARS FROM NOW, WHEN
THEY'RE WRITING THE TEXTBOOKS,
570
00:33:41,433 --> 00:33:44,300
THEY WILL REMEMBER THE MOMENT
WHEN WE FOUND THE HIGGS BOSON.
571
00:33:44,300 --> 00:33:45,867
ALL THE MATTER AROUND US,
572
00:33:45,867 --> 00:33:48,467
ALL THE HUMAN BEINGS
AND ALL THE PEOPLE,
573
00:33:48,467 --> 00:33:50,600
ALL THE STARS AND THE PLANETS
IN THE SKY --
574
00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:53,067
AND THE HIGGS BOSON
WAS THE MISSING PIECE.
575
00:33:53,067 --> 00:33:55,067
THAT'S WHAT REALLY
MAKES IT GET UP AND GO.
576
00:33:55,067 --> 00:33:58,267
WITHOUT THIS HIGGS' MECHANISM,
THE HIGGS FIELD,
577
00:33:58,267 --> 00:34:01,333
THAT FORMATION OF MASS,
WE'D HAVE NO ATOMS.
578
00:34:01,333 --> 00:34:02,433
WITHOUT ATOMS,
THERE'S NO STRUCTURE.
579
00:34:02,433 --> 00:34:03,867
WE'RE NOT HERE.
580
00:34:03,867 --> 00:34:07,133
THAT'S WHERE THIS OTHER NAME
FOR THIS PARTICLE CAME FROM,
581
00:34:07,133 --> 00:34:09,067
AS A GOD PARTICLE IN A SENSE.
582
00:34:09,067 --> 00:34:12,300
WE WOULD NOT EXIST WITHOUT IT.
583
00:34:12,300 --> 00:34:15,767
Narrator: STARS, PLANETS,
AND PEOPLE WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE
584
00:34:15,767 --> 00:34:18,567
WITHOUT THE HIGGS FIELD
AND THE HIGGS BOSON.
585
00:34:18,567 --> 00:34:21,233
BUT THESE NEW DISCOVERIES
MAY BE RESPONSIBLE
586
00:34:21,233 --> 00:34:24,167
FOR MUCH MORE THAN
KEEPING OUR FEET ON THE GROUND.
587
00:34:24,167 --> 00:34:26,933
WHEN THE HIGGS FIELD
POPS INTO EXISTENCE
588
00:34:26,933 --> 00:34:29,700
DURING THE FIRST SECOND
OF THE UNIVERSE,
589
00:34:29,700 --> 00:34:32,967
SOME SCIENTISTS BELIEVE
IT MAY HAVE TRIGGERED
590
00:34:32,967 --> 00:34:35,500
THE SPLITTING
OF THE SUPER FORCE.
591
00:34:35,500 --> 00:34:38,233
Kaku: WITHOUT THE HIGGS BOSON,
WE CAN'T EXIST.
592
00:34:38,233 --> 00:34:42,367
AND WE THINK THAT A SERIES OF
HIGGS BOSONS WERE RESPONSIBLE
593
00:34:42,367 --> 00:34:45,567
FOR BREAKING THE SYMMETRIES
OF THE SUPER FORCE
594
00:34:45,567 --> 00:34:49,133
SO THAT THE FOUR FORCES
COULD EMERGE.
595
00:34:49,133 --> 00:34:51,900
THAT'S WHY WHEN WE FOUND
THE HIGGS BOSON,
596
00:34:51,900 --> 00:34:54,833
CHAMPAGNE BOTTLES
WERE BEING OPENED UP
597
00:34:54,833 --> 00:34:56,200
IN ALL THE PHYSICS LABORATORIES.
598
00:34:56,200 --> 00:34:57,900
AND WE WERE ALL HAVING
A GRAND PARTY.
599
00:35:03,133 --> 00:35:07,333
Narrator: NEARING THE END
OF THE FIRST SECOND,
600
00:35:07,333 --> 00:35:09,767
TWO FINAL FORCES SPLIT OFF.
601
00:35:09,767 --> 00:35:14,367
WITHOUT THE WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE,
THE STARS WOULD NOT SHINE.
602
00:35:14,367 --> 00:35:16,700
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
IS THE FORCE
603
00:35:16,700 --> 00:35:19,233
THAT GOVERNS ALMOST EVERYTHING
THAT WE DO,
604
00:35:19,233 --> 00:35:21,467
EVEN THE CHEMISTRY
OF OUR OWN BODIES.
605
00:35:21,467 --> 00:35:26,200
Narrator: THE WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE
AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
606
00:35:26,200 --> 00:35:31,433
NOW STAND ALONGSIDE THE STRONG
NUCLEAR FORCE AND GRAVITY
607
00:35:31,433 --> 00:35:34,800
TO SHAPE THE UNIVERSE
WE LIVE IN.
608
00:35:34,800 --> 00:35:37,433
WITH THESE FOUR FORCES,
609
00:35:37,433 --> 00:35:41,133
WE HAVE A UNIVERSE
THAT CAN CREATE OUR HOME.
610
00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:48,533
THE LAWS OF PHYSICS
WHICH GOVERN OUR UNIVERSE
611
00:35:48,533 --> 00:35:51,067
ARE, AT HEART,
THESE FUNDAMENTAL FORCES.
612
00:35:51,067 --> 00:35:55,333
THESE FORCES DRIVE THE EVOLUTION
OF THE UNIVERSE.
613
00:35:57,200 --> 00:36:00,400
Narrator: WE'RE NEARING THE END
OF THE UNIVERSE'S FIRST SECOND.
614
00:36:00,400 --> 00:36:05,800
THE COSMOS, NOW AN INFERNO
OF RADIATION AND MATTER,
615
00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:11,767
HAS GIVEN BIRTH TO THE FOUR
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES OF NATURE.
616
00:36:13,133 --> 00:36:16,967
BUT BEFORE THE FIRST STAR
HAS A CHANCE TO SHINE,
617
00:36:16,967 --> 00:36:21,433
A MYSTERIOUS FORM OF MATTER
THREATENS TO DESTROY IT ALL.
618
00:36:33,233 --> 00:36:34,800
Narrator: THE FIRST SECOND,
619
00:36:34,800 --> 00:36:38,067
THE MOST IMPORTANT SECOND
IN THE HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE,
620
00:36:38,067 --> 00:36:40,733
IS NEARLY OVER.
621
00:36:40,733 --> 00:36:43,733
THE UNIVERSE IS NOW
20 LIGHT-YEARS ACROSS,
622
00:36:43,733 --> 00:36:45,900
A FIREBALL OF LIGHT AND MATTER.
623
00:36:47,667 --> 00:36:51,200
BUT AN ALMIGHTY BATTLE BEGINS
TO ROCK THE COSMOS.
624
00:36:53,333 --> 00:36:58,067
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES,
THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF ATOMS,
625
00:36:58,067 --> 00:37:00,300
FILL THE EARLY UNIVERSE.
626
00:37:00,300 --> 00:37:03,733
BUT THEY MUST SURVIVE A WAR,
627
00:37:03,733 --> 00:37:09,067
A WAR WHOSE OUTCOME
WILL DETERMINE OUR FUTURE
628
00:37:09,067 --> 00:37:14,433
BECAUSE MATTER HAS AN EVIL TWIN,
ANTIMATTER.
629
00:37:14,433 --> 00:37:18,233
AND THE TWO ARE MORTAL ENEMIES.
630
00:37:20,067 --> 00:37:22,467
Plait: IN MANY WAYS,
THEY'RE OPPOSITES OF EACH OTHER.
631
00:37:22,467 --> 00:37:24,833
AND WHAT THAT MEANS IS,
IF YOU TAKE A LUMP OF MATTER
632
00:37:24,833 --> 00:37:27,900
AND A SIMILAR LUMP OF ANTIMATTER
AND SLAM THEM TOGETHER,
633
00:37:27,900 --> 00:37:30,367
THEY WILL BE
TOTALLY CONVERTED INTO ENERGY.
634
00:37:30,367 --> 00:37:33,233
AND ACCORDING
TO EINSTEIN'S E=MC SQUARED,
635
00:37:33,233 --> 00:37:35,333
IT'S A LOT OF ENERGY.
636
00:37:38,500 --> 00:37:43,600
Narrator: MATTER AND ANTIMATTER
SIMPLY CANNOT CO-EXIST.
637
00:37:43,600 --> 00:37:46,200
THEY ANNIHILATE EACH OTHER
ON CONTACT.
638
00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:51,300
THIS COSMIC CARNAGE RAGES
AS BILLIONS OF TIMES MORE MATTER
639
00:37:51,300 --> 00:37:54,400
THAN WE SEE TODAY
SIMPLY DISAPPEARS
640
00:37:54,400 --> 00:37:57,433
AS MATTER AND ANTIMATTER
COLLIDE.
641
00:37:57,433 --> 00:38:01,300
THE FATE OF THE UNIVERSE
HANGS IN THE BALANCE.
642
00:38:01,300 --> 00:38:04,067
YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND
THE UNIVERSE SHOULDN'T BE HERE.
643
00:38:04,067 --> 00:38:06,667
IT SHOULD HAVE BEEN HALF
ANTIMATTER AND HALF MATTER,
644
00:38:06,667 --> 00:38:08,567
AND WE SHOULD HAVE
ALL ANNIHILATED.
645
00:38:08,567 --> 00:38:13,333
WE DO NOT UNDERSTAND
WHY WE EVEN EXIST.
646
00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:17,867
Narrator:
AT THE END OF THIS EPIC WAR,
647
00:38:17,867 --> 00:38:20,800
MATTER WINS OUT
BY THE SLIMMEST OF MARGINS.
648
00:38:20,800 --> 00:38:24,500
BUT WHY?
649
00:38:24,500 --> 00:38:27,933
THE QUESTION IS, WHY
IN THE UNIVERSE, AS WE SEE IT,
650
00:38:27,933 --> 00:38:30,900
THERE ARE SO MANY MORE PARTICLES
THAN ANTIPARTICLES?
651
00:38:30,900 --> 00:38:33,767
THE GALAXIES AND THE STARS
THAT WE SEE IN THE SKY,
652
00:38:33,767 --> 00:38:35,433
THESE ARE ALL MADE OF MATTER.
653
00:38:35,433 --> 00:38:37,233
THEY ARE NOT MADE OF ANTIMATTER.
654
00:38:37,233 --> 00:38:42,933
Narrator: SOMEHOW, THE BALANCE
BETWEEN MATTER AND ANTIMATTER
655
00:38:42,933 --> 00:38:47,967
WAS SLIGHTLY SKEWED
FROM THE BEGINNING.
656
00:38:47,967 --> 00:38:51,100
FOR EVERY BILLION PARTICLES
OF MATTER AND ANTIMATTER
657
00:38:51,100 --> 00:38:53,300
THAT WERE BEING CREATED
BY ENERGY,
658
00:38:53,300 --> 00:38:56,533
ONE EXTRA PARTICLE OF MATTER --
659
00:38:56,533 --> 00:39:01,400
AND THAT VERY SMALL ASYMMETRY
OF ONE PART IN A BILLION --
660
00:39:01,400 --> 00:39:04,867
IS ENOUGH TO ACCOUNT
FOR ALL THE GALAXIES AND STARS
661
00:39:04,867 --> 00:39:06,867
WE SEE IN THE UNIVERSE TODAY.
662
00:39:08,300 --> 00:39:10,167
Narrator: COULD THINGS
HAVE TURNED OUT DIFFERENTLY?
663
00:39:11,767 --> 00:39:14,967
WHAT IF ANTIMATTER
HAD WON THE WAR?
664
00:39:14,967 --> 00:39:17,200
Krauss: IF ANTIMATTER HAD WON
INSTEAD OF MATTER,
665
00:39:17,200 --> 00:39:20,267
THE UNIVERSE WOULD
PROBABLY LOOK THE SAME TODAY.
666
00:39:20,267 --> 00:39:21,767
IN FACT, YOU KNOW WHAT?
667
00:39:21,767 --> 00:39:24,600
WE'D BE MADE OF ANTIMATTER,
AND WE'D CALL IT MATTER.
668
00:39:24,600 --> 00:39:29,067
ANTI-LOVERS COULD SIT IN CARS,
ANTI-CARS,
669
00:39:29,067 --> 00:39:31,667
LOOKING AT ANTI-MOONS,
MAKING ANTI-LOVE,
670
00:39:31,667 --> 00:39:34,267
AND IT WOULD ALL SEEM
EXACTLY THE SAME.
671
00:39:36,067 --> 00:39:40,067
Narrator: SO WHY WAS THERE MORE
MATTER THAN ANTIMATTER?
672
00:39:40,067 --> 00:39:43,267
WHY WAS THE UNIVERSE
BUILT OUT OF BALANCE?
673
00:39:45,300 --> 00:39:49,833
PROFESSOR TARA SHEARS
AT THE LARGE HADRON COLLIDER
674
00:39:49,833 --> 00:39:51,600
WANTS TO FIND OUT.
675
00:39:51,600 --> 00:39:53,067
Shears:
WHAT WE'RE REALLY INTERESTED IN
676
00:39:53,067 --> 00:39:56,300
IS HOW DIFFERENT THE AMOUNTS
OF MATTER AND ANTIMATTER ARE
677
00:39:56,300 --> 00:39:59,067
AND WHETHER THEY MATCH UP
TO OUR UNDERSTANDING
678
00:39:59,067 --> 00:40:01,800
OF HOW DIFFERENT MATTER
AND ANTIMATTER SHOULD BE
679
00:40:01,800 --> 00:40:04,967
BECAUSE THAT'S WHAT
WE DON'T UNDERSTAND.
680
00:40:07,033 --> 00:40:08,667
Narrator: THE LHC RESULTS SHOW
681
00:40:08,667 --> 00:40:11,400
THAT THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN ANTIMATTER AND MATTER
682
00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:13,267
IS SMALLER THAN EXPECTED.
683
00:40:15,567 --> 00:40:18,733
TO EXPLAIN WHY,
SCIENTISTS NEED TO KNOW
684
00:40:18,733 --> 00:40:23,733
WHAT TIPS THE SCALES
IN MATTER'S FAVOR.
685
00:40:23,733 --> 00:40:27,267
I REALLY HOPE THAT WE'RE GONNA
MAKE A MEASUREMENT HERE SOMETIME
686
00:40:27,267 --> 00:40:30,400
IN THE FUTURE WHICH IS GOING
TO JUST SHOW US THE LIGHT,
687
00:40:30,400 --> 00:40:33,867
SHOW US WHAT ELSE THERE IS
OUT THERE IN THE UNIVERSE
688
00:40:33,867 --> 00:40:36,600
THAT'S GOING TO MAKE IT ALL
MAKE SENSE.
689
00:40:36,600 --> 00:40:39,900
Narrator: WE STILL DON'T
COMPLETELY UNDERSTAND
690
00:40:39,900 --> 00:40:43,367
THE FIRST SECOND OF THE COSMOS.
691
00:40:43,367 --> 00:40:46,667
BUT THE FACT THAT WE KNOW
SO MUCH ALREADY
692
00:40:46,667 --> 00:40:50,667
SPEAKS VOLUMES ABOUT
THE DETERMINATION AND INGENUITY
693
00:40:50,667 --> 00:40:52,200
OF OUR SCIENTISTS.
694
00:40:54,833 --> 00:40:58,700
AS A CIVILIZATION, WE ARE
EXTENDING OUR UNDERSTANDING
695
00:40:58,700 --> 00:41:02,133
OF WHERE WE ARE IN THE UNIVERSE.
696
00:41:02,133 --> 00:41:04,167
AND THAT'S EXTREMELY IMPORTANT.
697
00:41:04,167 --> 00:41:07,167
THIS IS WHY WE REALLY LOVE
DOING WHAT WE DO.
698
00:41:09,433 --> 00:41:11,733
Narrator:
THE FIRST SECOND IS OVER.
699
00:41:13,767 --> 00:41:18,767
THE UNIVERSE ALREADY CONTAINS
EVERYTHING WE SEE TODAY.
700
00:41:20,400 --> 00:41:23,667
WHAT WE UNDERSTAND FROM
THE FIRST SECOND TELLS US A LOT
701
00:41:23,667 --> 00:41:27,167
ABOUT WHAT'S GONNA HAPPEN
FOR A LONG TIME AFTER THAT.
702
00:41:27,167 --> 00:41:30,267
Oluseyi: THE FIRST SECOND
OF THE UNIVERSE
703
00:41:30,267 --> 00:41:32,300
IS AMAZING IN ITS POTENTIAL.
704
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:35,800
HERE, WE HAD A UNIVERSE WITH
JUST THESE FUNDAMENTAL FORCES
705
00:41:35,800 --> 00:41:39,533
AND THESE VERY ELEMENTARY
CONSTITUENTS OF MATTER.
706
00:41:39,533 --> 00:41:41,067
AND WHAT WOULD THEY YIELD?
707
00:41:41,067 --> 00:41:43,233
THEY WOULD YIELD
AN ENTIRE UNIVERSE.
708
00:41:43,233 --> 00:41:45,300
THEY WOULD YIELD
THE WORKS OF SHAKESPEARE
709
00:41:45,300 --> 00:41:47,667
AND THE MUSIC OF 50 CENT.
710
00:41:51,067 --> 00:41:52,967
WE HAVE GONE SO MUCH FURTHER
711
00:41:52,967 --> 00:41:55,600
THAN ANYONE BELIEVED
WE COULD HAVE.
712
00:41:55,600 --> 00:41:58,333
AND I DON'T SEE WHY THE ORIGIN
OF THE UNIVERSE
713
00:41:58,333 --> 00:41:59,700
WILL BE ANY DIFFERENT.
714
00:41:59,700 --> 00:42:03,433
IT MIGHT TAKE 5 YEARS.
IT MIGHT TAKE 500 YEARS.
715
00:42:03,433 --> 00:42:06,100
BUT I REALLY BELIEVE
THAT ONE DAY
716
00:42:06,100 --> 00:42:08,500
WE WILL UNDERSTAND
MATHEMATICALLY
717
00:42:08,500 --> 00:42:09,867
HOW OUR UNIVERSE BEGAN.
718
00:42:09,867 --> 00:42:12,067
Narrator:
IN THE NEXT FEW MINUTES,
719
00:42:12,067 --> 00:42:15,867
THE UNIVERSE COOLS ENOUGH
FOR PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
720
00:42:15,867 --> 00:42:18,300
TO FORM THE FIRST ATOMIC NUCLEI.
721
00:42:18,300 --> 00:42:25,433
ANOTHER 380,000 YEARS MUST PASS
BEFORE THE FIRST ATOM APPEARS.
722
00:42:28,100 --> 00:42:30,800
IN HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS
OF YEARS,
723
00:42:30,800 --> 00:42:34,900
THOSE ATOMS CLUMP TO FORM
THE FIRST STARS AND GALAXIES,
724
00:42:34,900 --> 00:42:38,467
LIKE THE MILKY WAY.
725
00:42:38,467 --> 00:42:42,200
MORE THAN 9 BILLION YEARS
AFTER THE BIG BANG,
726
00:42:42,200 --> 00:42:46,600
OUR SUN AND OUR PLANET,
EARTH, IS BORN...
727
00:42:49,833 --> 00:42:54,900
...THEIR FATE SEALED IN THE
FIRST SECOND OF THE BIG BANG.
59458
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