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TYSON: We inhabit a cosmos
of undiscovered dimensions
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and paradoxical realities.
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We live on one
level of perception,
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but there are others.
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00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:34,074
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Every once in a while,
a searcher happens upon
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the doorway to one
of these other levels.
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One of them discovered a
paradox about reality that
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proved to be so profound,
we have yet to understand
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how it could be possible.
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The universe,
or perhaps we should say,
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universes have
never been the same.
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♪ ♪
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[theme music plays]
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♪ ♪
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♪ ♪
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Nature writes her most
intimate secrets in light.
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The light from our star that
powers all life on this world.
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The light that
plants eat to make sugar.
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The light that is the
yardstick of the universe,
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stitching diamonds into
the fabric of space and time.
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The imprisoned light
that defines black holes.
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The absence of light
that prevents us from knowing
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what dark matter
and dark energy are.
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"Seeing the light" usually
refers to a religious epiphany,
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00:03:14,803 --> 00:03:17,153
but no one is more
light-obsessed than astronomers.
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And as soon as they
began studying light,
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it challenged even
the very best of them.
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Take Isaac Newton,
for example.
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He was so desperate
to understand the nature
of light and colors,
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he was willing to
stick needles in his eyes.
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No, I mean literally.
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Newton was only
in his mid-20s,
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but he had already laid the
foundations of a new branch of
mathematics called "calculus,"
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and he was conducting a series
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of experiments that led
him to conclude that color
was an aspect of light.
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Newton wanted to find out
which of the things we see
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are properties of light and
which are caused by our nerves.
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Was color hiding
inside the light?
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Or was it in our eyes?
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With a burning
desire to know,
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he took a needle
called a bodkin and
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Newton carefully
noted that if he conducted
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the experiment in a
room filled with light,
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even with his eyes shut,
some light would pass through
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his eyelids and
he would see a great,
broad blue-ish circle.
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It may not sound like much of
a result considering the pain,
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but it was with simple
homemade experiments such
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as this one that
Isaac Newton became the first
person to explain rainbows,
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and how white
light hides a whole
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palette of
colors inside itself.
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Most people thought of
the events Newton studied as
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being just the way things were.
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The way an apple falls.
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The way a ray of light
shines through a window.
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Newton's greatness stemmed
from his questioning of the
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"why" and "how" of
ordinary things.
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Newton asked,
what was light made of?
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If you could break light apart
into its tiniest components,
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what would you see?
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Newton noticed that light
moved in straight lines.
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How else to explain
the edges of shadows?
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Or the straightness of
the inspiring rays of sunlight
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that poke through a cloud?
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Or the darkness that resulted
from a total solar eclipse?
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From these observations,
Newton reasoned that light
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00:06:19,509 --> 00:06:22,729
must consist of a
stream of particles,
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or corpuscles
as he called them,
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that a ray of light was like
a stream of bullets striking
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the retina of the eye.
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00:06:36,134 --> 00:06:39,404
But there was one
man over in Holland,
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00:06:39,964 --> 00:06:43,364
who vigorously
disagreed with Newton's
particle theory of light.
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00:06:43,533 --> 00:06:48,023
Christiaan Huygens
shared Isaac Newton's
insatiable curiosity,
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00:06:48,190 --> 00:06:50,450
and when it came
to changing the world,
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he was no slouch himself.
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Despite a lifelong
struggle with depression,
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he managed to get a lot done.
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While looking through a
telescope that he designed
and built himself,
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he discovered
Saturn's moon, Titan.
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Huygens invented
the pendulum clock.
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He worked out the mathematical
formulas necessary to create
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a pendulum with an arc
that would accurately and
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consistently measure out
uniform increments of time.
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Huygens sketched a
prototype for a new machine
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that he thought
might have some promise.
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It was what he called
a "magic lantern."
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A few hundred years would
pass before it evolved into
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a working motion
picture projector.
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But back in the 17th century,
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Christiaan Huygens already
had an idea for a movie,
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possibly influenced
by his gloomy disposition.
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Huygens, like Newton,
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also invented his own
new branch of mathematics,
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a predictive theory of the
outcomes of games of chance,
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00:08:34,905 --> 00:08:36,685
probability theory.
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A way to call heads or tails.
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And like Newton,
Christiaan Huygens had
his own theory of light,
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00:08:51,618 --> 00:08:53,318
but it was
very different.
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He didn't think light
consisted of particles like
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bullets firing
along a single path.
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Huygens saw
light as a wave,
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spreading out
in all directions.
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00:09:04,631 --> 00:09:06,891
[speaking in native language].
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TYSON: It was already known
in that time that sound
must travel as a wave.
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How?
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Because a voice
could be heard around a door
when it was slightly ajar,
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00:09:15,903 --> 00:09:19,473
so sound must travel around
the door as water would,
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like a wave.
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[speaking in native language].
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TYSON: Huygens thought
that light moved
the same way sound did,
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spreading out as waves.
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♪ ♪
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So, which genius was right?
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The answer to that question
of whether light was a particle
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or a wave would
prove to be complicated.
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Now enter Thomas Young.
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The man who exposed the
enigma at the heart of light
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and unraveled the fabric of the
cosmos that we thought we knew.
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Come with me to one
of the greatest mysteries
in the history of science.
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00:10:38,028 --> 00:10:41,338
It's a story about a man who
could do just about anything,
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00:10:41,510 --> 00:10:44,990
and Thomas Young did.
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00:10:45,166 --> 00:10:49,426
For 1500 years, no
one had been able to decipher
Egyptian hieroglyphics.
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00:10:51,955 --> 00:10:55,085
By identifying six major
sounds that the
hieroglyphics represented,
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he was able to
decrypt six of the symbols,
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which led to the complete
translation of the ancient
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Egyptian language by others.
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00:11:07,318 --> 00:11:10,368
He was the first to chart
the family tree of the
Indo-European languages.
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00:11:13,411 --> 00:11:16,551
As a physician, he
identified a deformity
in the shape of the eye,
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the defective vision
he named astigmatism.
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00:11:27,338 --> 00:11:29,948
But it was Young's design
of an experiment that sent
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physics down the rabbit
hole we still live in.
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It looks simple, right?
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00:11:36,913 --> 00:11:41,443
How could three sheets
of cardboard set such
a catastrophe in motion?
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00:11:42,266 --> 00:11:46,786
A green glass shade like
this one will only allow
the green light through,
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so that only
a single color,
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or frequency of light
will pass through the slits.
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00:11:51,798 --> 00:11:53,538
Why was that important?
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Because he assumed that the
many overlapping colors would
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result in the same light
wave that Huygens imagined,
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called an
interference pattern.
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00:12:03,635 --> 00:12:06,195
He forced that single
color of light to travel through
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00:12:06,377 --> 00:12:09,287
two separate slits to see
what kind of pattern the light
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00:12:09,467 --> 00:12:12,687
would make on that
last piece of cardboard.
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00:12:13,471 --> 00:12:16,341
If light was a particle,
you'd expect to see two distinct
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clumps of light
on the opposite wall,
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00:12:18,912 --> 00:12:21,132
where the individual
particles of light ended up
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00:12:21,305 --> 00:12:24,125
after they passed
through the slits.
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00:12:24,308 --> 00:12:26,958
But that's not what happened.
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Instead, a
completely unexpected pattern.
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The one that two waves would
make when they overlapped,
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or interfered with each other.
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00:12:44,459 --> 00:12:47,849
That's why they're called
an interference pattern.
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00:12:48,419 --> 00:12:52,859
Young had demonstrated
that light was actually a wave.
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That Newton, the greatest
genius in the history
of science was half wrong.
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That light was not a particle
as he confidently proclaimed.
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There's a reason that
arguments from authority
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hold little
weight in science.
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00:13:12,052 --> 00:13:15,192
Nature and nature
only settles the argument.
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00:13:15,359 --> 00:13:18,099
And she has so many
tricks up her sleeve,
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00:13:18,275 --> 00:13:21,795
only a fool would ever
consider our understanding
of nature complete.
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Newton had missed
something fundamental.
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Surprising, but
we haven't gotten to the
really disturbing part yet.
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TYSON: Thomas Young left
a time bomb with a long fuse.
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One that took 100 years
to burn down before it exploded.
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It wasn't until the end of
the 19th century that science
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00:13:56,313 --> 00:14:00,543
developed the necessary
tools to find an opening
to a hidden universe,
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00:14:01,449 --> 00:14:04,319
a realm of
deeper mystery.
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00:14:04,887 --> 00:14:08,277
You can hear the discoverer's
astonishment in his own account.
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00:14:09,674 --> 00:14:11,374
THOMSON: Could anything,
at first sight,
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seem more impractical than
a body which is so small that
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its mass is an
insignificant fraction of the
mass of an atom of hydrogen?
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Which itself is so small that
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the crowd of these atoms equal
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in number to the
population of the whole
world would be too small
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to have been detected by any
means then known to science.
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TYSON: That voice, that
particular organization of
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sound waves frozen in
time nearly 100 years ago,
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belongs to J.J. Thomson.
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00:14:56,373 --> 00:14:59,993
He's remembering his
discovery of the electron in
his cathode ray experiment.
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00:15:03,119 --> 00:15:07,039
He had heated up
a metal electrode until
it spit out an electron.
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And another, and another.
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For the first time,
an elementary particle of
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the atom was made visible.
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Science was breaking into
nature's vault where she had
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00:15:24,532 --> 00:15:27,232
kept her most
closely held secrets,
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00:15:27,404 --> 00:15:30,234
and that's when
things got really crazy.
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If even the smallest
units of matter, atoms say,
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had even smaller components,
such as an electron,
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00:15:37,153 --> 00:15:40,033
then could the same
thing be true of light?
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00:15:40,722 --> 00:15:43,252
Scientists,
in their never-ending
fascination with light,
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00:15:43,420 --> 00:15:45,990
set out to devise
ways of isolating smaller
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00:15:46,162 --> 00:15:48,602
and smaller units of it.
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00:15:48,773 --> 00:15:52,303
It proved to be the passage
way through the looking glass.
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00:15:53,430 --> 00:15:55,910
It was the crossing of a
threshold into a wonderland
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where the known rules
of physics do not apply.
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00:16:01,047 --> 00:16:04,527
For the first time,
they were able to isolate
the tiniest unit of light,
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a single photon.
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00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:15,020
And to perform Young's
double slit experiment
on a whole new level,
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00:16:15,191 --> 00:16:19,671
tracing its precise
path either through the
right slit or the left slit.
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00:16:22,329 --> 00:16:26,509
We'll pull over to the
side of the road for the best
possible view of which slit,
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00:16:26,681 --> 00:16:28,251
the right or the left,
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00:16:28,422 --> 00:16:31,122
the photon passes through
to get to the far wall.
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00:16:32,904 --> 00:16:35,474
Left slit, right slit.
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00:16:35,646 --> 00:16:36,256
Another right slit.
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00:16:36,430 --> 00:16:37,610
Left slit.
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00:16:37,779 --> 00:16:38,909
If we watched
them all day long,
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00:16:39,085 --> 00:16:40,425
the pattern would be random.
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00:16:40,608 --> 00:16:43,088
About half would go
through either slit.
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00:16:48,833 --> 00:16:51,103
Wait a second.
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00:16:51,271 --> 00:16:53,271
Where are the waves?
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00:16:53,447 --> 00:16:56,667
Where is Young's
interference pattern?
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00:16:59,061 --> 00:17:02,331
This is where
the weird begins.
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00:17:02,499 --> 00:17:05,239
I cannot explain to you
what you're about to see.
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00:17:05,415 --> 00:17:09,195
That's because no one
on earth understands it yet.
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00:17:09,724 --> 00:17:11,604
If you can't live with that,
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00:17:11,769 --> 00:17:15,249
then you're not gonna be
happy with what lies up ahead.
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00:17:15,425 --> 00:17:18,515
On the smallest possible scale
that we've ever discovered,
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00:17:18,689 --> 00:17:23,609
the quantum universe,
the mere act of observation
changes reality.
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00:17:25,957 --> 00:17:30,957
Okay, photons,
keep on coming, and this
time we promise not to look.
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00:17:33,139 --> 00:17:36,009
You're not gonna believe this,
but we can change the pattern
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00:17:36,185 --> 00:17:39,405
on the far wall simply by
not watching which slit the
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00:17:39,580 --> 00:17:41,930
photons pass through.
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00:17:42,104 --> 00:17:45,724
I know it sounds crazy, but
in every trial ever conducted,
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00:17:45,890 --> 00:17:49,680
the outcome depends
on whether or not the
experiment was observed.
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00:18:08,739 --> 00:18:10,999
So, the reason we didn't
get the interference pattern
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00:18:11,177 --> 00:18:15,567
earlier wasn't because
we chopped up the light
into single photons,
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00:18:15,746 --> 00:18:18,046
it was because we
were observing which slit
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00:18:18,227 --> 00:18:21,227
the photons passed through,
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00:18:21,404 --> 00:18:25,674
but how can a photon
know if someone is watching?
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00:18:25,843 --> 00:18:27,633
A photon doesn't have eyes.
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00:18:27,802 --> 00:18:30,112
A photon doesn't have a brain.
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00:18:30,283 --> 00:18:33,683
How could it know
it was being watched?
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00:18:33,851 --> 00:18:36,591
You might reasonably conclude
that a single photon is such
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00:18:36,767 --> 00:18:40,767
a tiny thing that it's
very hard to see without
using complex technology.
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00:18:42,425 --> 00:18:45,295
This machinery does
violence to the delicate photon.
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00:18:46,864 --> 00:18:50,044
It changes it, but that
doesn't explain why photons
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00:18:50,216 --> 00:18:53,306
behave like particles
when we're watching
but waves when we're not.
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00:18:54,872 --> 00:18:56,872
If light is
fundamentally a particle,
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00:18:57,048 --> 00:18:59,268
then it should never
create a wave pattern,
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00:18:59,442 --> 00:19:02,232
whether we're
observing it or not.
241
00:19:02,402 --> 00:19:06,102
And how can individual photons
know where to take their places,
242
00:19:06,275 --> 00:19:09,495
so that as a group they
create the interference
patterns of waves?
243
00:19:11,411 --> 00:19:16,071
This is a maddening conundrum
at the heart of quantum physics.
244
00:19:17,765 --> 00:19:20,285
Isaac Newton and
Christiaan Huygens were both
245
00:19:20,463 --> 00:19:24,693
equally right
and equally wrong.
246
00:19:25,947 --> 00:19:29,517
Light is both a wave
and a particle, and neither.
247
00:19:31,257 --> 00:19:33,077
Until we make
an observation,
248
00:19:33,259 --> 00:19:36,959
the photon exists in
a state of uncertainty,
249
00:19:37,132 --> 00:19:39,572
governed by laws
of probability.
250
00:19:39,743 --> 00:19:41,403
And when we do observe it,
251
00:19:41,571 --> 00:19:44,841
it becomes something
completely different.
252
00:19:46,837 --> 00:19:50,837
We would be lost in the
quantum universe without
Christiaan Huygens.
253
00:19:51,015 --> 00:19:53,925
His probability theory
provides, even now,
254
00:19:54,105 --> 00:19:58,935
the only key we have
to grasping the laws
of quantum reality.
255
00:19:59,372 --> 00:20:01,772
Every particle is at
the mercy of random chance
256
00:20:01,939 --> 00:20:04,459
and shifting probabilities.
257
00:20:04,638 --> 00:20:08,288
Thinking about it is like
looking at an optical illusion,
258
00:20:08,468 --> 00:20:10,208
you can only grab
hold of it for moments at
259
00:20:10,383 --> 00:20:13,823
a time before it pops
back into something else.
260
00:20:19,566 --> 00:20:21,606
In the quantum universe,
there's an undiscovered
261
00:20:21,785 --> 00:20:25,395
frontier where the laws of
our world give way to the ones
262
00:20:25,572 --> 00:20:28,272
that apply on the
tiniest scale we know.
263
00:20:29,532 --> 00:20:32,492
They're divorced from
our everyday experience.
264
00:20:33,406 --> 00:20:37,236
How can you think
about a world that has
different rules than ours?
265
00:20:37,410 --> 00:20:39,460
It's not easy.
266
00:20:39,629 --> 00:20:42,109
That's why I want to take you
to this place where it's not
267
00:20:42,284 --> 00:20:46,164
only possible to make
such a leap, it's mandatory.
268
00:20:47,115 --> 00:20:50,065
It's a world very
much like our own,
269
00:20:50,249 --> 00:20:52,689
except in one respect.
270
00:21:02,957 --> 00:21:07,267
It just happens to be
missing a spatial dimension,
271
00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:08,960
the third one.
272
00:21:13,359 --> 00:21:15,969
TYSON: In order to venture
into the quantum cosmos,
273
00:21:16,144 --> 00:21:18,454
we have to be able to
imagine another dimension.
274
00:21:19,234 --> 00:21:21,584
That's very hard to do.
275
00:21:21,758 --> 00:21:24,328
It's much easier to wrap
your mind around a world that's
276
00:21:24,500 --> 00:21:28,070
missing one of the
three dimensions that
we take for granted.
277
00:21:28,243 --> 00:21:32,293
The beings of the world we're
about to enter have only two.
278
00:21:32,465 --> 00:21:36,895
This world was first imagined
by a man named Edwin Abbott.
279
00:21:37,078 --> 00:21:40,168
Everyone and everything here
and everyone they know
280
00:21:40,342 --> 00:21:43,042
and love is flat.
281
00:21:43,214 --> 00:21:45,354
Their houses are flat.
282
00:21:45,521 --> 00:21:49,221
Some are squares,
others are triangles.
283
00:21:49,395 --> 00:21:53,175
Some have more complex shapes,
say octagons.
284
00:21:53,355 --> 00:21:56,575
But all are completely flat.
285
00:21:56,750 --> 00:21:59,880
They scurry about on
foot or in little vehicles,
286
00:22:00,057 --> 00:22:02,097
in and out of
their flat buildings,
287
00:22:02,277 --> 00:22:04,407
busy with their flat lives.
288
00:22:04,584 --> 00:22:08,204
Everyone on this
world has width and length,
289
00:22:08,370 --> 00:22:11,460
but no height whatsoever.
290
00:22:11,634 --> 00:22:14,814
These Flatworlders know about
left-right and forward-back,
291
00:22:16,073 --> 00:22:19,863
but have no hint, not
an inkling, about up-down,
292
00:22:20,034 --> 00:22:22,654
except for one tiny group,
293
00:22:22,819 --> 00:22:26,349
the mathematicians,
who imagine something more.
294
00:22:28,695 --> 00:22:32,785
The mathematicians dream of
a world in three dimensions,
295
00:22:32,960 --> 00:22:36,750
but it's too hard for most of
the Flatworlders to think about.
296
00:22:36,920 --> 00:22:38,790
The mathematician says,
297
00:22:38,966 --> 00:22:41,396
"Listen, it's
really very easy.
298
00:22:41,577 --> 00:22:43,007
We all know left-right.
299
00:22:43,187 --> 00:22:45,447
We all know forward-back.
300
00:22:45,625 --> 00:22:49,235
So let's just
imagine another dimension at
right-angles to the other two."
301
00:22:50,151 --> 00:22:51,811
But the Flatworlders say,
302
00:22:51,979 --> 00:22:53,419
"What are you talking about?
303
00:22:53,589 --> 00:22:55,589
At right angles
to the other two?
304
00:22:55,765 --> 00:22:59,065
Everybody knows that there
can only be two dimensions.
305
00:22:59,247 --> 00:23:02,557
Go ahead, wise guy, show
us that third dimension.
306
00:23:02,729 --> 00:23:05,039
Where is it?"
307
00:23:05,471 --> 00:23:07,781
So the mathematician
draws a picture.
308
00:23:15,132 --> 00:23:16,482
Poor teacher.
309
00:23:16,656 --> 00:23:19,916
Nobody listens
to mathematicians.
310
00:23:24,272 --> 00:23:28,672
Every creature on
flatworld sees its fellows
as merely short lines,
311
00:23:29,843 --> 00:23:33,373
which are the nearest
sides of their oblong bodies.
312
00:23:33,890 --> 00:23:37,460
But the insides
of a Flatworlder
are forever mysterious,
313
00:23:37,633 --> 00:23:41,423
unless exposed by some
terrible accident or autopsy.
314
00:23:43,073 --> 00:23:46,123
And then one day,
we came along.
315
00:23:50,211 --> 00:23:54,301
Hello? How are you?
316
00:23:55,085 --> 00:23:58,785
Hi, I'm a visitor from
the third dimension.
317
00:23:59,176 --> 00:24:03,176
Hello? I feel
sorry for the little guy.
318
00:24:03,354 --> 00:24:07,324
To him, it appears that
my greeting is emanating
from his own flat body,
319
00:24:08,621 --> 00:24:11,231
an alien voice from within.
320
00:24:11,406 --> 00:24:13,276
That's because
nothing can come from above.
321
00:24:13,452 --> 00:24:16,022
There is no
above in this world.
322
00:24:16,193 --> 00:24:19,203
A three-dimensional
creature like me can only exist
323
00:24:19,370 --> 00:24:23,680
on Flatworld where my feet
touch the surface of the plane.
324
00:24:27,727 --> 00:24:29,597
Sorry, little guy.
325
00:24:29,772 --> 00:24:32,512
I know how weird
this must be for you.
326
00:24:32,688 --> 00:24:34,388
Don't worry.
327
00:24:34,560 --> 00:24:38,220
You'll have a perfectly safe
trip to the third dimension.
328
00:24:38,738 --> 00:24:40,698
Nothing's gonna harm you.
329
00:24:40,870 --> 00:24:43,740
But this is your chance
to see a whole new perspective
330
00:24:43,917 --> 00:24:46,877
on where you live.
331
00:24:47,050 --> 00:24:50,360
At first, our Flatworlder
can make no sense
of what is happening.
332
00:24:50,532 --> 00:24:53,752
It's utterly outside the
realm of Flatworld experience.
333
00:24:54,623 --> 00:24:57,193
But eventually he realizes
that he's viewing Flatworld
334
00:24:57,365 --> 00:25:00,975
from a totally new
vantage point above.
335
00:25:01,282 --> 00:25:03,942
Now, he can see
into closed rooms.
336
00:25:04,111 --> 00:25:06,591
He can see into
his flat fellows.
337
00:25:06,766 --> 00:25:09,156
This unprecedented
three-dimensional view of
338
00:25:09,333 --> 00:25:13,033
his two-dimensional
universe is devastating.
339
00:25:13,773 --> 00:25:16,473
Traveling to another
dimension provides
as an incidental benefit,
340
00:25:16,645 --> 00:25:18,945
a kind of X-ray vision.
341
00:25:19,126 --> 00:25:21,996
Just as the Flatworld
houses can have no roofs,
342
00:25:22,172 --> 00:25:24,522
their inhabitants
can have no sky,
343
00:25:24,697 --> 00:25:28,307
because that sky could only
exist in a third-dimension.
344
00:25:29,310 --> 00:25:31,440
Little guy's suffered enough.
345
00:25:31,617 --> 00:25:35,527
Better put him down.
346
00:25:35,838 --> 00:25:37,578
From the point of
view of its spouse,
347
00:25:37,753 --> 00:25:40,323
this Flatworlder has
distressingly disappeared,
348
00:25:40,495 --> 00:25:44,055
then unaccountably
materialized
from out of nowhere.
349
00:26:09,306 --> 00:26:11,826
It's easier to imagine the
universe in fewer dimensions
350
00:26:12,005 --> 00:26:14,005
than our comfort
zone of three.
351
00:26:14,181 --> 00:26:17,711
A zero-dimensional
universe is just a point.
352
00:26:17,880 --> 00:26:20,840
A dot with no
dimension at all.
353
00:26:22,668 --> 00:26:26,628
Or a one-dimensional
universe where
everyone is a line segment.
354
00:26:27,586 --> 00:26:32,416
Or the
two-dimensional Flatworld.
355
00:26:33,809 --> 00:26:36,599
Or 3D, where we all live.
356
00:26:40,860 --> 00:26:42,210
We can laugh at
the cluelessness of
357
00:26:42,383 --> 00:26:44,083
two-dimensional creatures.
358
00:26:44,777 --> 00:26:47,127
Unable to imagine a
three-dimensional world.
359
00:26:47,301 --> 00:26:51,481
But, when it comes to quantum
reality, that inability,
360
00:26:51,653 --> 00:26:55,003
resembles the
problems we have.
361
00:26:55,178 --> 00:26:57,748
The best we can do for
now is to imagine this
362
00:26:57,920 --> 00:27:01,750
three-dimensional cube as
a four-dimensional hypercube.
363
00:27:04,318 --> 00:27:06,838
We're living in
our own Flatworld,
364
00:27:07,016 --> 00:27:09,316
just like the 19th Century
writer, Edwin Abbott,
365
00:27:09,497 --> 00:27:11,757
in his book
Flatland, was trying.
366
00:27:20,769 --> 00:27:22,859
TYSON: It's the
rarest of events,
367
00:27:23,032 --> 00:27:25,732
when a searcher happens
on a hole in the curtain
368
00:27:25,905 --> 00:27:29,075
that hides the matrix.
369
00:27:30,953 --> 00:27:34,003
It was not until Isaac Newton
that we began to understand
370
00:27:34,174 --> 00:27:37,134
the motions of the worlds.
371
00:27:37,307 --> 00:27:40,437
The variety of living
things always astonished us,
372
00:27:42,312 --> 00:27:45,622
but Charles Darwin discovered
how time and the environment
373
00:27:45,794 --> 00:27:48,674
sculpted these
forms, including us,
374
00:27:48,928 --> 00:27:53,278
from life's first living cell.
375
00:27:53,454 --> 00:27:56,244
We had no idea that the
quantum universe even existed
376
00:27:56,413 --> 00:27:59,463
until Albert Einstein
revealed it.
377
00:27:59,982 --> 00:28:04,902
The mysterious laws
of this paradoxical cosmos
deeply disturbed him.
378
00:28:05,074 --> 00:28:08,774
And we have yet to
understand them ourselves.
379
00:28:10,079 --> 00:28:12,129
At its heart, was a
relationship that seemed
380
00:28:12,299 --> 00:28:15,429
to violate the speed of light.
381
00:28:15,606 --> 00:28:19,216
The backbone of modern
physics and reality itself.
382
00:28:22,788 --> 00:28:25,618
That blue photon, a
quantum packet of light,
383
00:28:25,791 --> 00:28:28,711
will divide into two.
384
00:28:28,881 --> 00:28:32,751
Splitting its energy
and emerging as a
pair of red photons.
385
00:28:34,713 --> 00:28:38,673
These new red photons
are married in the most
profound physical sense or,
386
00:28:39,674 --> 00:28:42,984
as quantum physicists
say, entangled.
387
00:28:44,679 --> 00:28:47,029
And no matter how far
they wander from each other,
388
00:28:47,203 --> 00:28:50,953
in space and in time, the
bond between them will endure.
389
00:28:53,427 --> 00:28:56,737
It's a little like
Plato's Ancient Greek
explanation of love.
390
00:28:57,300 --> 00:29:00,740
A single being splits
into two and separates.
391
00:29:02,044 --> 00:29:03,704
For the rest
of their existence,
392
00:29:03,872 --> 00:29:07,052
each remains the one and
only soul mate of the other.
393
00:29:07,484 --> 00:29:10,534
Exquisitely attuned to
the inner life of its partner.
394
00:29:11,314 --> 00:29:15,144
Even if they are
separated from each other
by a whole universe.
395
00:29:16,580 --> 00:29:19,630
Observe the spin of one photon
and you will instantly know
396
00:29:19,801 --> 00:29:22,281
the spin of its
entangled partner.
397
00:29:22,456 --> 00:29:25,586
It's not something special
about these particular photons.
398
00:29:25,764 --> 00:29:28,774
As far as we know,
it's the rule.
399
00:29:30,072 --> 00:29:32,252
This kind of long distance
relationship has been going
400
00:29:32,422 --> 00:29:35,562
on for the whole
history of the universe.
401
00:29:40,082 --> 00:29:44,092
Two photons born in
the early universe nearly
14 billion years ago,
402
00:29:45,435 --> 00:29:48,215
separate and head
in opposite directions.
403
00:29:49,962 --> 00:29:53,102
They could end up tens of
billions of light-years
apart and yet,
404
00:29:53,269 --> 00:29:57,099
over all that time
and across all that space,
405
00:29:57,273 --> 00:30:00,413
the bond between them endures.
406
00:30:01,364 --> 00:30:03,764
What is it about a photon
or an electron or any other
407
00:30:03,932 --> 00:30:06,542
elementary particle,
once entangled,
408
00:30:06,717 --> 00:30:09,847
that makes them capable
of such lasting fidelity?
409
00:30:10,547 --> 00:30:12,587
And to me, an
even stranger fact,
410
00:30:12,767 --> 00:30:15,857
is that all it takes to
sever that awesome commitment,
411
00:30:16,031 --> 00:30:18,471
is the simple
act of measurement.
412
00:30:18,642 --> 00:30:22,122
All I have to do is measure
the spin of one of them.
413
00:30:23,691 --> 00:30:27,131
How can it be that only
one seemingly innocuous act
414
00:30:27,303 --> 00:30:31,793
by a third party
can forever sever such
a deep and enduring bond?
415
00:30:42,579 --> 00:30:43,669
There she is.
416
00:30:43,842 --> 00:30:46,242
Half of our cosmic couple.
417
00:30:46,757 --> 00:30:49,327
Somewhere, at
this very moment,
418
00:30:49,499 --> 00:30:52,149
many billions of
light-years away from us,
419
00:30:52,328 --> 00:30:55,848
her soul mate is suddenly
feeling something different.
420
00:30:56,637 --> 00:30:58,897
The thrill is gone.
421
00:30:59,379 --> 00:31:02,159
The bond has been broken.
422
00:31:02,730 --> 00:31:05,470
They are no long
entangled with each other.
423
00:31:07,169 --> 00:31:10,739
Our simple act of observing
one of them has ruined
424
00:31:10,912 --> 00:31:14,392
a marriage that has lasted
since the beginning of time.
425
00:31:15,482 --> 00:31:17,402
But, how could that be?
426
00:31:17,571 --> 00:31:20,311
And that's not the only
crazy thing about this.
427
00:31:20,487 --> 00:31:24,187
How could one photon,
a cosmos away from its partner,
428
00:31:24,360 --> 00:31:28,020
send a break-up message
across the universe and have
429
00:31:28,190 --> 00:31:31,670
the other photon
receive it instantaneously?
430
00:31:32,586 --> 00:31:35,276
Faster than the speed
of light could possibly carry
431
00:31:35,458 --> 00:31:38,238
such a message between them.
432
00:31:42,683 --> 00:31:47,083
These are two of the greatest
unanswered questions in science.
433
00:31:47,253 --> 00:31:50,393
So, don't worry
if they bother you.
434
00:31:50,560 --> 00:31:54,090
These questions haunted
a mind as great as Einstein's
for the rest of his life.
435
00:31:56,697 --> 00:32:00,567
There's nothing more intriguing
to a scientist than a paradox.
436
00:32:01,267 --> 00:32:03,617
If light, the
fastest thing there can be,
437
00:32:03,791 --> 00:32:06,881
has a cosmic speed limit,
then it would be impossible
438
00:32:07,055 --> 00:32:11,705
for one photon to communicate
with another instantly
across such vastness.
439
00:32:13,366 --> 00:32:16,846
Einstein found it
almost unbearable to live
in this kind of universe.
440
00:32:17,413 --> 00:32:20,813
Where what he called,
"spooky" action at
a distance was possible.
441
00:32:32,211 --> 00:32:35,131
Remember those particles
in the double slit experiment?
442
00:32:35,301 --> 00:32:38,171
Taking either the
left or the right slit?
443
00:32:38,347 --> 00:32:42,217
Those choices amounted to
nothing more than random chance,
444
00:32:42,395 --> 00:32:45,915
but even random chance
must follow certain rules.
445
00:32:46,094 --> 00:32:48,844
That's the basis for
Huygens's probability theory and
446
00:32:49,010 --> 00:32:52,620
for calculating
the odds in flipping a
coin or throwing dice.
447
00:32:54,276 --> 00:32:56,576
When Einstein applied
probability theory to the
448
00:32:56,757 --> 00:33:00,457
problem of entangled protons,
he was deeply disturbed.
449
00:33:01,631 --> 00:33:05,291
If these photons
could brazenly violate
the speed of light,
450
00:33:05,461 --> 00:33:08,461
then the universe and
all of creation was nothing
451
00:33:08,638 --> 00:33:12,428
more than a casino where the
laws of nature can be broken.
452
00:33:14,035 --> 00:33:17,075
Einstein dealt with his
discomfort by clinging to the
453
00:33:17,256 --> 00:33:20,996
idea that the dice was
somehow loaded in a way
we didn't yet understand.
454
00:33:22,870 --> 00:33:25,610
We had passed this way before.
455
00:33:25,786 --> 00:33:30,096
More than 100,000 years ago,
our ancestors domesticated fire.
456
00:33:31,705 --> 00:33:33,615
They didn't
know what fire was,
457
00:33:33,794 --> 00:33:37,414
but they used it anyway
to build a civilization.
458
00:33:37,580 --> 00:33:40,670
And so it was
with quantum physics.
459
00:33:40,844 --> 00:33:43,334
We didn't need to understand
it to exploit its countless
460
00:33:43,499 --> 00:33:46,679
practical applications,
scientific and technological.
461
00:33:48,417 --> 00:33:52,547
Much as our
ancestors used fire without
understanding how it worked,
462
00:33:52,726 --> 00:33:55,286
we lived with this
mystery for decades.
463
00:33:57,209 --> 00:34:00,949
We have entered
a territory beyond the
reach of classical physics.
464
00:34:01,126 --> 00:34:03,906
Where the elementary particles
that make up everything,
465
00:34:04,085 --> 00:34:07,865
including us, respond
to events they can't
possibly know about.
466
00:34:10,309 --> 00:34:13,749
In the outlaw casino
of the quantum universe,
467
00:34:13,921 --> 00:34:17,531
there is no
objective reality.
468
00:34:21,624 --> 00:34:24,634
And that's where
we're headed next.
469
00:34:32,983 --> 00:34:35,773
TYSON: We are made of atoms.
470
00:34:35,943 --> 00:34:39,433
The bizarre quantum
universe is inside us,
471
00:34:39,599 --> 00:34:42,079
tugged on by
undiscovered moons.
472
00:34:42,254 --> 00:34:46,084
Performing its impossible
magic on every level
of life and experience.
473
00:34:47,955 --> 00:34:50,035
What is this?
474
00:34:50,218 --> 00:34:53,698
A smattering of
stars or something else?
475
00:34:54,004 --> 00:34:57,574
We are sending an image
made of light to your eyes.
476
00:34:57,747 --> 00:35:00,707
It's arriving at your
retina at this very moment.
477
00:35:00,881 --> 00:35:03,931
The cells in your retina
are changing chemically right
478
00:35:04,102 --> 00:35:07,892
now because we are stimulating
some of them with photons.
479
00:35:08,062 --> 00:35:11,942
Your retina stores
these changes for
a fraction of a second.
480
00:35:12,110 --> 00:35:15,640
Now, it's erasing
them in readiness for
the next barrage of photons.
481
00:35:17,071 --> 00:35:19,941
Your retina doesn't
detect all of them, it can't.
482
00:35:20,944 --> 00:35:24,304
It picks up on
only a small percentage of
photons that come your way.
483
00:35:25,427 --> 00:35:28,387
It's impossible to predict
which particular cell in your
484
00:35:28,561 --> 00:35:31,521
retina will catch a photon.
485
00:35:31,694 --> 00:35:34,264
Even when it
comes to something as
vital as our vision,
486
00:35:34,436 --> 00:35:38,346
all we have is
our probabilities.
487
00:35:40,268 --> 00:35:43,228
Now, we're shooting
many more photons at you.
488
00:35:43,402 --> 00:35:45,232
More like, half a million.
489
00:35:45,404 --> 00:35:47,104
What are you looking at?
490
00:35:47,275 --> 00:35:50,365
The surface of some
planet orbiting another star?
491
00:35:50,539 --> 00:35:53,889
We need still more of
those photons to know for sure.
492
00:35:54,064 --> 00:35:56,634
Say, a couple
of million or more.
493
00:35:56,806 --> 00:35:59,716
Only when we send all
of those photons your way,
494
00:35:59,896 --> 00:36:01,806
tens of millions of them,
495
00:36:01,985 --> 00:36:05,025
does reality
begin to take shape.
496
00:36:05,206 --> 00:36:09,906
Over time, probabilities become
likelihoods and eventually,
497
00:36:10,080 --> 00:36:13,740
likelihoods become certainties.
498
00:36:13,910 --> 00:36:17,260
But is there really any
such thing as certainty.
499
00:36:17,436 --> 00:36:19,916
If everything,
even our own vision,
500
00:36:20,090 --> 00:36:22,310
is governed by probabilities,
501
00:36:22,484 --> 00:36:25,664
can there be any
absolute reality?
502
00:36:28,011 --> 00:36:31,411
Is there any hope of
rescuing our classical idea
503
00:36:31,580 --> 00:36:35,060
of reality in the
quantum universe?
504
00:36:35,845 --> 00:36:37,665
Scientists have come up
with one way to preserve our
505
00:36:37,847 --> 00:36:40,457
traditional understanding
of cause and effect called
506
00:36:40,633 --> 00:36:43,113
"The Many Worlds Hypothesis."
507
00:36:44,071 --> 00:36:47,421
That's a misnomer because it
can't be tested scientifically,
508
00:36:47,596 --> 00:36:49,726
but it goes like this.
509
00:36:49,903 --> 00:36:53,653
Every probability that
can happen does happen in
510
00:36:53,820 --> 00:36:58,090
some parallel cosmos
that is foreclosed to us.
511
00:36:58,259 --> 00:37:00,999
An infinite number of
ever branching realities.
512
00:37:01,175 --> 00:37:05,215
Unfolding at every
possible juncture.
513
00:37:05,962 --> 00:37:09,532
Every probability that
can happen does happen
514
00:37:09,705 --> 00:37:12,705
in some parallel cosmos...
515
00:37:14,623 --> 00:37:16,413
♪ MAN: Oh, we need the funk ♪
516
00:37:16,582 --> 00:37:18,192
♪ Gotta have that funk ♪
517
00:37:18,366 --> 00:37:20,496
♪ Oh, we want the funk ♪♪♪
518
00:37:20,673 --> 00:37:24,373
TYSON: Or is probability
just an illusion itself?
519
00:37:24,546 --> 00:37:27,286
A phantom of our ignorance?
520
00:37:27,462 --> 00:37:30,902
It is, if we live in a
universe where every single
521
00:37:31,074 --> 00:37:36,124
event was already foreordained
at the beginning of time.
522
00:37:36,297 --> 00:37:39,467
What is called,
superdeterminism.
523
00:37:54,881 --> 00:37:57,281
In a superdeterministic
universe,
524
00:37:57,449 --> 00:38:01,539
the catastrophic failure
of treaties, a sneeze.
525
00:38:01,714 --> 00:38:04,504
The asteroid that
wiped out the dinosaurs,
526
00:38:04,673 --> 00:38:08,683
one particular
bee pollinating
one particular flower.
527
00:38:08,851 --> 00:38:12,861
You listening to me right now,
all of these events were set
528
00:38:13,029 --> 00:38:16,899
in lockstep motion at the
moment the universe began.
529
00:38:17,251 --> 00:38:21,081
When it was all no
larger than a marble.
530
00:38:26,391 --> 00:38:29,441
Superdeterminism has
an additional virtue.
531
00:38:29,611 --> 00:38:33,091
It can explain
mystery of entanglement.
532
00:38:33,267 --> 00:38:37,747
The ability of entangled
particles to communicate
across the vastness,
533
00:38:37,924 --> 00:38:41,674
apparently violating
the speed limit of light.
534
00:38:41,841 --> 00:38:44,191
In a
superdeterministic cosmos,
535
00:38:44,365 --> 00:38:48,105
entangled partners
separated by whole galaxies,
536
00:38:48,282 --> 00:38:51,682
don't need to hear from
each other to change their spin.
537
00:38:51,851 --> 00:38:56,461
They were always destined
to do so at that precise moment.
538
00:38:57,422 --> 00:38:59,512
And so were their partners.
539
00:38:59,685 --> 00:39:01,205
And so was the intruder,
540
00:39:01,382 --> 00:39:04,522
who severed their bond
by observing one of them.
541
00:39:09,434 --> 00:39:10,744
Think of it.
542
00:39:10,913 --> 00:39:15,273
All these events
and trillions of others,
543
00:39:17,137 --> 00:39:21,877
inscribed in the
potential of the first
moment of the universe.
544
00:39:22,055 --> 00:39:24,485
Since everything in the
universe is made of those
545
00:39:24,666 --> 00:39:27,406
same elementary particles,
including us,
546
00:39:27,582 --> 00:39:31,542
we are subject to the
same laws as those that rule
547
00:39:31,717 --> 00:39:33,367
the quantum universe.
548
00:39:33,545 --> 00:39:37,975
And so it is,
for what will happen next.
549
00:39:38,376 --> 00:39:41,896
And what will
happen after that.
550
00:39:47,472 --> 00:39:50,132
The good news is
superdeterminism gives us
551
00:39:50,300 --> 00:39:53,130
a solution to the
mystery of entanglement,
552
00:39:53,303 --> 00:39:54,653
the bad news is,
553
00:39:54,827 --> 00:39:57,477
it seems to rob
us of all agency.
554
00:39:57,656 --> 00:39:59,566
Are we just going
through the motions,
555
00:39:59,745 --> 00:40:01,695
acting out a script that
was written for us nearly
556
00:40:01,877 --> 00:40:04,137
14 billion years ago?
557
00:40:04,314 --> 00:40:05,844
All the while,
558
00:40:06,012 --> 00:40:08,282
telling ourselves how
clever we were in that argument.
559
00:40:08,449 --> 00:40:11,449
How selfish, how brave.
560
00:40:11,974 --> 00:40:14,854
If you could only change that
one little thing about yourself.
561
00:40:16,718 --> 00:40:19,718
In a universe
devoid of free will,
562
00:40:19,895 --> 00:40:23,415
are we nothing more
than deterministic robots?
563
00:40:24,596 --> 00:40:28,946
[church bells ringing]
564
00:40:43,441 --> 00:40:47,581
We have found a way to hitch
a ride on the uncertainties.
565
00:40:47,749 --> 00:40:51,879
To forge technologies that
would otherwise be unattainable.
566
00:40:52,188 --> 00:40:54,408
We have built a quantum clock.
567
00:40:54,582 --> 00:40:56,672
One that you
never have to wind.
568
00:40:56,845 --> 00:41:02,325
It will only lose
a single second in the
next 15 billion years.
569
00:41:10,555 --> 00:41:14,165
A three-dimensional lattice
of laser light keeps isolated
570
00:41:14,341 --> 00:41:16,171
atoms of the
element strontium,
571
00:41:16,343 --> 00:41:19,433
suspended in space.
572
00:41:19,868 --> 00:41:22,478
For all we know, we
may be near collections
573
00:41:22,654 --> 00:41:26,094
of preprogrammed particles
in a deterministic universe.
574
00:41:27,833 --> 00:41:31,713
But I say, let's
not live like we are.
575
00:41:31,880 --> 00:41:35,060
Besides, we have no way
of knowing if that's true.
576
00:41:36,929 --> 00:41:39,109
And to think that,
in some sense,
577
00:41:39,279 --> 00:41:42,239
our freedom to explore
the quantum realm begins
578
00:41:42,412 --> 00:41:45,372
with Thomas Young.
579
00:41:46,025 --> 00:41:48,585
Remember, it was Young
who also found the key to
580
00:41:48,767 --> 00:41:51,987
decrypting the lost language
of the ancient Egyptians.
581
00:41:58,211 --> 00:42:01,821
With quantum encryption,
we are creating codes that
582
00:42:01,997 --> 00:42:05,477
vanish the moment someone
tries to hack into them.
583
00:42:05,653 --> 00:42:08,963
The key to the code, can
be sent via entangled photons.
584
00:42:10,266 --> 00:42:13,226
The observer effect is
our insurance policy that no
585
00:42:13,400 --> 00:42:16,450
spy can decipher the
message without causing the
586
00:42:16,621 --> 00:42:19,321
entanglement to break apart.
587
00:42:19,754 --> 00:42:22,194
Rendering the
message unintelligible.
588
00:42:25,455 --> 00:42:28,145
We still don't know how a
photon can be both a particle
589
00:42:28,328 --> 00:42:31,368
and a wave at the same time.
590
00:42:32,288 --> 00:42:34,598
What I love about science,
is that it demands of us,
591
00:42:34,769 --> 00:42:37,639
a tolerance for ambiguity.
592
00:42:37,816 --> 00:42:41,726
It requires us to live
with humility
regarding our ignorance,
593
00:42:41,907 --> 00:42:44,687
withholding judgement
until the evidence comes in.
594
00:42:46,259 --> 00:42:49,349
That needn't prevent us
from using the little we do know
595
00:42:49,523 --> 00:42:53,143
to search for and decrypt
new languages of reality.
596
00:42:57,183 --> 00:43:00,803
In this vast cosmos,
we are all Flatworlders.
597
00:43:04,277 --> 00:43:09,367
Science is the struggle
to imagine and find above.
598
00:43:10,305 --> 00:44:10,209
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