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A film about the life of a photographer?
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Maybe it's good at the beginning
to remember where the word comes from.
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In Greek, "photo" meant "light."
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"Graph" was "writing, drawing."
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A photographer is literally
somebody drawing with light.
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A man writing and rewriting the world
with light and shadows.
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The Serra-Pelada, Brazil's gold mine...
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there before me!
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When I reached the edge
of that enormous hole...
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every hair on my body stood on end.
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I'd never seen anything like it.
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Here, in a split second,
I saw unfolding before me...
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the history of mankind...
14
00:02:04,304 --> 00:02:07,335
The building of the pyramids...
15
00:02:07,449 --> 00:02:09,138
the Tower of Babel...
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the mines of King Solomon...
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Not the sound of
a single machine could be heard.
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All you could hear...
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was the babble of
50,000 people in one huge hole.
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Conversations, noises, human sounds...
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mingled with the sounds of manual labor...
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I had returned to the dawn of time.
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I could almost hear the gold whispering
in the souls of these men.
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All this earth had to be removed.
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It's not all gold.
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The guys had to climb small ladders...
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leading to bigger ones...
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00:03:03,971 --> 00:03:05,551
to emerge at the top.
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You wouldn't want to fall down there!
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If you fell from the top
you'd risk taking others with you.
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I'd climb up several times a day...
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but I never thought I'd fall.
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Nobody else fell.
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You were there to carry sacks, not to fall.
And in my case, to take photos.
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These guys climbed it
50 or 60 times a day.
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00:03:52,441 --> 00:03:56,082
The only way
to get down such a slope...
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is by running.
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If you stop, you fall.
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00:04:09,122 --> 00:04:13,342
All these men together
formed an extremely organized world...
40
00:04:13,417 --> 00:04:15,794
but in complete madness.
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You get the impression they're slaves...
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but there wasn't a single slave.
43
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They were only slaves
to the idea of getting rich.
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Everybody wanted to get rich.
45
00:04:42,600 --> 00:04:48,052
There were all sorts:
intellectuals, university graduates...
46
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farm employees...
47
00:04:50,920 --> 00:04:53,460
urban workers...
48
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People from all walks of life
were trying their luck.
49
00:04:58,782 --> 00:05:02,663
Because when you'd hit a vein of gold...
50
00:05:03,230 --> 00:05:07,831
everyone working
that little section of the mine...
51
00:05:07,908 --> 00:05:10,677
had the right to choose one sack.
52
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And in that sack that they chose...
53
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- and this is the slavery aspect-
54
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there might be nothing
or a kilo of gold!
55
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At that very moment
one's freedom was at stake.
56
00:05:26,392 --> 00:05:29,771
Men who come into contact with gold...
57
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can never leave it.
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I first saw this picture here, in a gallery,
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00:05:44,837 --> 00:05:47,060
more than 20 years ago.
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I had no idea who took it.
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Whoever it was had to be both
a great photographer
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and an adventurer, I thought.
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There was a stamp on the back
and a signature,
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00:05:58,027 --> 00:06:00,523
Sebastião Salgado.
65
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I acquired the print.
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00:06:03,742 --> 00:06:05,933
The gallerist pulled other pictures,
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by the same photographer, from a drawer.
68
00:06:08,726 --> 00:06:11,418
What I saw profoundly moved me,
69
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especially this image here,
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a portrait of a blind Tuareg woman.
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It still moves me to tears,
even if I see it every day,
72
00:06:22,531 --> 00:06:26,020
as it's hanging over my desk ever since.
73
00:06:26,097 --> 00:06:30,317
So one thing I knew already
about this Sebastião Salgado,
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he really cared about people.
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That meant a lot, in my book.
76
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After all, people are the salt of the earth.
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It took a while until we finally met and talked
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about his life, his work,
79
00:06:47,188 --> 00:06:49,728
and where it was all coming from.
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If you put too many photographers
in one place...
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they'll all take very different pictures.
82
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Because they necessarily come...
83
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from very diverse places.
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Each one forms their way of seeing...
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according to their history.
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I feel that in my case...
87
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I learned to shape my way of seeing
here, in this place.
88
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Here I have an idea of the planet.
89
00:08:00,393 --> 00:08:03,576
I'd go for long walks with my father...
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00:08:03,690 --> 00:08:05,423
across this farm.
91
00:08:05,492 --> 00:08:07,639
We'd come here to look.
92
00:08:11,590 --> 00:08:16,661
Behind each mountain there's a story,
there's something to see.
93
00:08:24,589 --> 00:08:26,398
I'd dream a lot here.
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00:08:27,811 --> 00:08:30,842
I wanted to go beyond the mountains,
I wanted to know.
95
00:12:46,882 --> 00:12:49,226
Sebastião was such a rascal!
96
00:12:49,298 --> 00:12:51,565
He was always traveling...
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00:12:51,676 --> 00:12:53,671
like no one I'd ever seen.
98
00:12:53,747 --> 00:12:57,705
My dad was the same, he never stopped.
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00:12:57,772 --> 00:13:00,497
Back and forth, like a shuttle.
100
00:13:01,224 --> 00:13:02,607
Just like Sebastião.
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00:13:02,758 --> 00:13:05,908
You'd think he was in Vitória,
but he'd already be here...
102
00:13:05,979 --> 00:13:09,315
or up north doing politics.
103
00:13:10,005 --> 00:13:14,650
Without his fellow students
he wouldn't have finished his studies.
104
00:13:16,831 --> 00:13:19,371
Tiao was a scamp
when it came to studying.
105
00:13:19,439 --> 00:13:23,080
He was a handful, but he managed
to get his economics degree.
106
00:13:25,114 --> 00:13:27,960
I wanted him to be a lawyer.
107
00:13:28,067 --> 00:13:29,221
He did one year...
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00:13:29,294 --> 00:13:33,209
then switched to economics,
which was good for him.
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00:13:35,314 --> 00:13:38,116
That was Sebastião Salgado.
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The father, that is.
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00:13:40,798 --> 00:13:43,523
He passed his name on to his only son, who,
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00:13:43,597 --> 00:13:47,478
even if he remained
a restless traveler for all his life,
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00:13:47,547 --> 00:13:51,538
did profit from
the studies his dad had obliged him to
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00:13:52,110 --> 00:13:55,751
in ways he could not have
anticipated himself.
115
00:13:55,830 --> 00:13:58,402
His education as an economist
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00:13:58,476 --> 00:14:00,547
equipped him with a solid knowledge
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00:14:00,623 --> 00:14:03,773
of global markets, trade and industry,
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00:14:03,844 --> 00:14:06,340
so he knew what was driving the world.
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00:14:07,909 --> 00:14:10,253
For our man, it all started in the little town
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00:14:10,363 --> 00:14:13,471
of Aimorés, in central Brazil.
121
00:14:13,546 --> 00:14:17,187
There was his father's cattle farm
under the big sky.
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00:14:17,266 --> 00:14:19,958
There were vast Atlantic rain forests.
123
00:14:20,027 --> 00:14:23,483
There was the river,
still navigable at the time.
124
00:14:23,555 --> 00:14:27,316
But most of all, there were
the endless trains running by,
125
00:14:27,389 --> 00:14:30,693
filled to the brim with minerals and iron ore,
126
00:14:30,802 --> 00:14:33,724
that would go from here into the world.
127
00:14:33,794 --> 00:14:39,279
After all, this was and still is
the biggest mining region on the planet.
128
00:14:39,354 --> 00:14:42,136
This is where young Sebastião grew up,
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00:14:42,204 --> 00:14:44,405
the only boy among seven sisters,
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00:14:44,477 --> 00:14:45,560
what a life!
131
00:14:47,289 --> 00:14:52,689
All summers long, he played on the banks
of the Rio Doce, the "Sweet River."
132
00:14:53,144 --> 00:14:55,115
That's where you are now.
133
00:14:55,224 --> 00:14:58,696
And here we are, our little documentary crew.
134
00:15:00,655 --> 00:15:03,207
I learned one thing.
135
00:15:03,274 --> 00:15:05,979
Having a photographer
in front of your camera
136
00:15:06,048 --> 00:15:09,016
is very different from filming anybody else.
137
00:15:09,091 --> 00:15:12,749
He would not just be there
and act like himself, so to speak.
138
00:15:12,981 --> 00:15:16,957
No, by profession, he reacts and responds
139
00:15:17,758 --> 00:15:21,230
using his weapon of choice,
his photo camera.
140
00:15:21,302 --> 00:15:23,043
Our man shoots back.
141
00:15:23,112 --> 00:15:27,242
- Wim, I have a nice shot of you.
- And I got one of you!
142
00:15:27,427 --> 00:15:28,665
I bet you did!
143
00:15:28,813 --> 00:15:31,672
In this case, he wasn't just shooting at me.
144
00:15:32,010 --> 00:15:32,973
Look...
145
00:15:33,089 --> 00:15:35,444
He had two of us in front of his lens.
146
00:15:35,515 --> 00:15:39,261
The other guy, my fellow director,
was his oldest son, Juliano.
147
00:15:39,329 --> 00:15:43,951
He had already accompanied his father
with his camera on several journeys,
148
00:15:44,028 --> 00:15:47,884
like to Papua New Guinea,
which you just saw before,
149
00:15:47,957 --> 00:15:50,114
or here, to a remote island
150
00:15:50,191 --> 00:15:53,050
far north on the East Siberian Sea.
151
00:15:53,118 --> 00:15:55,670
I wish I could have gone there, too.
152
00:16:04,675 --> 00:16:07,227
Father and son Salgado
invited me to join them
153
00:16:07,293 --> 00:16:09,648
and continue this film together,
154
00:16:09,721 --> 00:16:12,383
to add an outside view
to their adventure, I guess.
155
00:16:13,188 --> 00:16:15,192
I didn't hesitate a bit.
156
00:16:15,268 --> 00:16:17,502
What else could I ask for?
157
00:16:18,657 --> 00:16:21,132
I would finally get to know this man,
158
00:16:21,199 --> 00:16:23,400
find out what was driving him,
159
00:16:23,472 --> 00:16:26,670
and why his work had left
such an impression on me.
160
00:16:27,671 --> 00:16:30,836
Little did I know that I was going to discover
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00:16:30,906 --> 00:16:33,951
much more than just a photographer.
162
00:16:38,880 --> 00:16:41,848
Sebastião was 15 years old
when he took the train
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00:16:41,922 --> 00:16:44,310
to leave the little country town for good,
164
00:16:44,388 --> 00:16:48,166
to go to high school
in the provincial capital of Vitória.
165
00:16:48,240 --> 00:16:52,786
Our young man didn't know, at first,
what to do with the money in his pockets.
166
00:16:52,862 --> 00:16:55,414
He had never paid for anything in cash.
167
00:16:55,482 --> 00:16:58,066
At the farm, they had produced
everything themselves,
168
00:16:58,140 --> 00:17:00,922
so he stayed hungry during
the first weeks in the big city,
169
00:17:00,989 --> 00:17:04,341
afraid of going into a pub
and just ordering something to eat.
170
00:17:07,500 --> 00:17:10,775
We are in the dark
what Sebastião would have become
171
00:17:10,851 --> 00:17:14,126
if this young woman here
hadn't entered the picture.
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00:17:14,202 --> 00:17:15,560
Lélia.
173
00:17:15,973 --> 00:17:19,367
She was 17, a music student,
and utterly beautiful.
174
00:17:19,438 --> 00:17:21,562
It was love at first sight.
175
00:17:21,633 --> 00:17:24,754
When Sebastião got a scholarship
for a master in economics
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00:17:24,829 --> 00:17:26,755
at a university in São Paulo,
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they moved there and got married.
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00:17:31,836 --> 00:17:33,269
Where in the mid-'60s,
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00:17:33,338 --> 00:17:35,648
they were both involved in leftist politics,
180
00:17:35,725 --> 00:17:39,777
like a lot of their fellow students
in Paris, Berlin or Chicago.
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00:17:40,076 --> 00:17:42,890
Brazil was under the reign
of a brutal military dictatorship,
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00:17:43,002 --> 00:17:45,936
so there was a daily danger
of being arrested,
183
00:17:46,083 --> 00:17:48,131
deported and tortured.
184
00:17:49,894 --> 00:17:52,204
In August of 1969,
185
00:17:52,628 --> 00:17:55,135
Sebastião and Lélia left their home country
186
00:17:55,208 --> 00:17:57,332
and took a boat to France.
187
00:17:58,981 --> 00:18:02,145
While Sebastião continued
his formation as economist,
188
00:18:02,215 --> 00:18:04,602
Lélia studied architecture.
189
00:18:04,679 --> 00:18:08,381
One memorable day, she bought
a photo camera for her work,
190
00:18:08,452 --> 00:18:11,462
and the one who had all the fun
with it was Sebastião.
191
00:18:11,532 --> 00:18:16,044
The first picture he ever took
was of Lélia, of course.
192
00:18:16,114 --> 00:18:20,471
And then Sebastião got a job
at the International Coffee Organization
193
00:18:20,542 --> 00:18:22,359
and they moved to London.
194
00:18:22,429 --> 00:18:24,629
Heading for a career at the World Bank,
195
00:18:24,701 --> 00:18:28,829
he often traveled to Africa
to survey development projects.
196
00:18:28,897 --> 00:18:30,900
He would take Lélia's camera with him,
197
00:18:31,361 --> 00:18:34,602
and would always come back
with lots of pictures.
198
00:18:35,867 --> 00:18:37,947
Realizing that these photographs
199
00:18:38,061 --> 00:18:41,717
gave him so much more pleasure
than his economic reports,
200
00:18:41,835 --> 00:18:45,108
the two of them made
a bold decision together.
201
00:18:45,184 --> 00:18:47,077
He should take the enormous risk,
202
00:18:47,687 --> 00:18:51,848
abandon a promising,
well-paid career as an economist,
203
00:18:51,922 --> 00:18:53,772
and start from scratch.
204
00:18:54,656 --> 00:18:57,666
They moved back to Paris
and invested all they had
205
00:18:57,774 --> 00:18:59,394
in expensive photo equipment.
206
00:19:00,161 --> 00:19:03,785
For a while,
Sebastião tried his hand at sports,
207
00:19:03,858 --> 00:19:07,055
did portraits, weddings and even nudes,
208
00:19:07,169 --> 00:19:09,402
before he found his vocation.
209
00:19:14,562 --> 00:19:16,488
These were
my first photographs.
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00:19:16,718 --> 00:19:19,422
We were in the city of Tahoua.
211
00:19:20,106 --> 00:19:23,227
Young mothers were standing in line...
212
00:19:23,302 --> 00:19:26,236
to get some food...
213
00:19:26,305 --> 00:19:31,243
as there'd been a severe drought
in Niger in '73.
214
00:19:31,850 --> 00:19:36,207
For Lélia it was tough,
because she was pregnant.
215
00:19:36,354 --> 00:19:39,858
I remember, we were in that very place...
216
00:19:40,012 --> 00:19:43,253
living at a friend's home at Niamey...
217
00:19:43,901 --> 00:19:46,682
when the local Marabout came by.
218
00:19:46,788 --> 00:19:50,609
Lélia was wearing shorts,
she was really pretty.
219
00:19:51,794 --> 00:19:55,111
And the Marabout sat down...
220
00:19:55,182 --> 00:19:57,108
and said to her...
221
00:19:57,184 --> 00:19:59,461
"Come sit on my lap!"
222
00:20:00,304 --> 00:20:02,145
"Oh," I said...
223
00:20:02,219 --> 00:20:06,021
"Mr. Marabout, there's a slight problem...
224
00:20:06,127 --> 00:20:09,691
This woman is pregnant...
225
00:20:10,188 --> 00:20:11,996
with our first child.
226
00:20:12,065 --> 00:20:15,137
So it's best she stays put."
227
00:20:15,245 --> 00:20:18,809
So he understood that...
228
00:20:20,877 --> 00:20:24,331
it wasn't the right synchronicity.
229
00:20:24,402 --> 00:20:27,659
So we talked it over
and he left with a kilo of sugar...
230
00:20:27,774 --> 00:20:30,313
as happy as if it'd been Lélia.
231
00:20:34,938 --> 00:20:38,773
Their son Juliano was born in Paris in 1974.
232
00:20:39,573 --> 00:20:42,645
Here he is, my future pal and co-director.
233
00:20:43,444 --> 00:20:48,085
Lélia continued to support Sebastião
with all she could as a young mother.
234
00:20:48,156 --> 00:20:50,040
She worked hard, parallel to her studies,
235
00:20:50,110 --> 00:20:53,215
and presented Sebastião's
photographs everywhere,
236
00:20:53,290 --> 00:20:56,134
to magazines, newspapers and agencies.
237
00:20:56,777 --> 00:21:00,732
And then,
after a few significant publications,
238
00:21:00,799 --> 00:21:03,098
the two of them felt encouraged to envision
239
00:21:03,175 --> 00:21:06,051
a first big photographic project on their own,
240
00:21:06,814 --> 00:21:08,698
Otras Americas.
241
00:21:08,768 --> 00:21:10,685
"The Other Americas."
242
00:21:11,220 --> 00:21:15,436
It was going to take Sebastião
all across South America.
243
00:21:15,511 --> 00:21:18,583
Little Juliano was getting used
to seeing his dad off
244
00:21:18,653 --> 00:21:20,875
for long absences at a time.
245
00:21:27,848 --> 00:21:31,683
Ever since we'd left Brazil in 1969...
246
00:21:31,833 --> 00:21:35,865
I'd deeply missed South America.
247
00:21:35,971 --> 00:21:38,390
So I decided to travel...
248
00:21:38,461 --> 00:21:40,683
around Brazil's neighboring countries:
249
00:21:40,759 --> 00:21:44,136
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia...
250
00:21:44,783 --> 00:21:49,501
I dreamt of seeing the mountains
of South America...
251
00:21:49,571 --> 00:21:50,845
the Andes.
252
00:21:52,138 --> 00:21:53,793
At the time, in South America...
253
00:21:53,863 --> 00:21:57,469
there was a profound social movement...
254
00:21:57,540 --> 00:22:00,110
the "Liberation Theology".
255
00:22:01,257 --> 00:22:05,931
And on this journey
I met a young priest, in Ecuador...
256
00:22:06,008 --> 00:22:07,772
called Gabicho.
257
00:22:07,847 --> 00:22:12,216
We were both young,
I a photographer, he a priest.
258
00:22:12,292 --> 00:22:14,982
He brought them the word of God...
259
00:22:15,088 --> 00:22:20,720
he organized the farmers into cooperatives,
introduced solidarity.
260
00:22:20,835 --> 00:22:24,518
And since he had access
to all these communities...
261
00:22:24,628 --> 00:22:27,809
those journeys I made were extraordinary.
262
00:22:32,176 --> 00:22:34,715
There we were, over 3,000 meters up.
263
00:22:34,780 --> 00:22:39,651
We'd climb 600 or 700 meters in a day.
264
00:22:40,489 --> 00:22:44,477
It was a sheer delight
to live in this landscape...
265
00:22:44,550 --> 00:22:46,129
among these communities.
266
00:22:49,110 --> 00:22:53,479
These are the Saraguros,
a tribe of Indians in the south of Ecuador.
267
00:22:53,555 --> 00:22:58,426
Very religious, but also great drinkers.
268
00:22:59,071 --> 00:23:03,561
Over half of them, at the weekend,
men and women...
269
00:23:03,631 --> 00:23:05,700
would get totally drunk.
270
00:23:08,688 --> 00:23:10,649
The villager on the left...
271
00:23:11,255 --> 00:23:14,022
his name is Lupe, Guadalupe...
272
00:23:14,090 --> 00:23:17,620
Lupe and I became very close.
273
00:23:18,266 --> 00:23:21,295
At the time I had very long hair...
274
00:23:21,369 --> 00:23:23,210
long blond hair...
275
00:23:23,285 --> 00:23:26,357
with a big, reddish blond beard.
276
00:23:28,764 --> 00:23:31,334
Walking with him through the mountains...
277
00:23:31,407 --> 00:23:34,894
one day he said to me, "Listen, Sebastião.
278
00:23:35,009 --> 00:23:37,885
I know that you were sent from heaven."
279
00:23:37,958 --> 00:23:41,684
According to the Saraguros' legends...
280
00:23:41,790 --> 00:23:45,428
God, in the image of Christ...
281
00:23:45,507 --> 00:23:49,800
was to return to Earth to observe them...
282
00:23:49,912 --> 00:23:52,407
to decide who'd go to heaven.
283
00:23:52,479 --> 00:23:57,927
As we walked in the mountains,
he told me about his life.
284
00:23:59,798 --> 00:24:04,712
He seriously believed that I'd come
as a special observer...
285
00:24:04,778 --> 00:24:08,384
to report "up there"
about their behavior.
286
00:24:12,096 --> 00:24:17,043
Never in my life had I met a people...
287
00:24:17,115 --> 00:24:20,449
with such a different sense of time.
288
00:24:22,249 --> 00:24:27,043
The time I spent with the Saraguros
felt like an entire century...
289
00:24:27,114 --> 00:24:29,303
everything felt so slow.
290
00:24:29,873 --> 00:24:33,207
It was another way of thinking,
a different rhythm.
291
00:24:35,773 --> 00:24:38,463
There was a fatalism on their faces.
292
00:24:41,826 --> 00:24:44,778
This is in the state of Oaxaca, in Mexico.
293
00:24:44,853 --> 00:24:48,230
A group of farmers called the Mixe.
294
00:24:50,333 --> 00:24:54,599
It's all medieval, the yoke, the plow...
295
00:24:57,277 --> 00:25:00,004
This is deepest South America.
296
00:25:01,651 --> 00:25:04,302
They were a country people...
297
00:25:05,181 --> 00:25:08,291
but what mattered most to them...
298
00:25:08,366 --> 00:25:09,719
was music.
299
00:25:09,785 --> 00:25:12,938
They were people who adored music.
300
00:25:13,814 --> 00:25:18,921
Every member of the community
able to play an instrument...
301
00:25:19,493 --> 00:25:21,795
didn't have to do any work...
302
00:25:21,873 --> 00:25:23,914
they worked as musicians.
303
00:25:28,548 --> 00:25:31,548
They had me sleep for several days...
304
00:25:31,618 --> 00:25:35,459
in a very cold cement room...
305
00:25:35,532 --> 00:25:39,526
to see if I could bear it,
if I really wanted to stay...
306
00:25:39,676 --> 00:25:42,403
As I held out for quite a while...
307
00:25:42,477 --> 00:25:45,401
they finally put me up in a house...
308
00:25:45,508 --> 00:25:48,356
and I grew much closer to the community.
309
00:25:48,424 --> 00:25:50,006
It was a pleasure for me.
310
00:25:50,151 --> 00:25:53,686
We became close friends,
I felt good there.
311
00:26:01,240 --> 00:26:05,278
This is in the north of Mexico.
The Tarahumara.
312
00:26:05,921 --> 00:26:10,111
These people are great runners,
long-distance runners.
313
00:26:10,180 --> 00:26:11,915
They don't walk, they run.
314
00:26:12,482 --> 00:26:15,286
God, it was hell trying to keep up.
315
00:26:15,398 --> 00:26:18,016
They didn't walk, they flew!
316
00:26:26,180 --> 00:26:27,762
That's a Tarahumara...
317
00:26:27,868 --> 00:26:32,058
his face deeply marked by life.
318
00:26:35,044 --> 00:26:37,848
Beautiful hair, fantastic hair.
319
00:26:40,492 --> 00:26:43,448
People would approach my camera...
320
00:26:43,523 --> 00:26:47,593
and I had the impression
I was more a sound recorder.
321
00:26:48,895 --> 00:26:53,085
They'd tell me things
as if I was recording their stories.
322
00:26:58,488 --> 00:27:03,289
The power of a portrait
lies in that fraction of a second...
323
00:27:03,936 --> 00:27:08,126
when you catch a glimpse
of that person's life.
324
00:27:08,233 --> 00:27:11,877
The eyes say a lot,
the expression on the face...
325
00:27:14,449 --> 00:27:17,679
When you take a portrait,
the shot is not yours alone.
326
00:27:17,788 --> 00:27:20,013
The person offers it to you.
327
00:27:24,464 --> 00:27:27,191
Those journeys meant so much to me.
328
00:27:29,069 --> 00:27:34,219
To come here after all those years,
unable to set foot in my own country.
329
00:27:34,287 --> 00:27:38,510
The essence was the same.
It was my continent, we were so close.
330
00:27:40,272 --> 00:27:44,614
Otras Americas took Sebastião eight years.
331
00:27:44,685 --> 00:27:47,641
On these journeys
into the deepest South America,
332
00:27:47,717 --> 00:27:51,940
he simply disappeared
for extended periods of time.
333
00:27:52,014 --> 00:27:55,932
Juliano largely grew up
with an absent father.
334
00:27:56,312 --> 00:27:59,618
His parents could at least
write letters back and forth.
335
00:27:59,688 --> 00:28:03,802
This was, of course, long before
any satellite communication.
336
00:28:05,022 --> 00:28:06,986
Whenever he came home in between,
337
00:28:07,055 --> 00:28:10,744
to see his family and to edit
his photos together with Lélia,
338
00:28:10,815 --> 00:28:14,307
Sebastião appeared
like a great adventurer to his son,
339
00:28:14,383 --> 00:28:17,995
some kind of superhero,
rather than a photographer.
340
00:28:18,067 --> 00:28:19,343
And jump cut...
341
00:28:20,599 --> 00:28:22,977
...to me, 30 years later.
342
00:28:23,631 --> 00:28:27,549
I finally join my father
on one of his missions
343
00:28:27,621 --> 00:28:31,615
to Wrangel, a deserted island
in the Arctic Ocean.
344
00:28:32,762 --> 00:28:37,683
Sebastião was hoping to photograph
the last big congregations of walruses.
345
00:28:38,710 --> 00:28:41,634
I wanted to find out who that man was,
346
00:28:41,703 --> 00:28:44,736
the man I had only known as my father.
347
00:28:47,075 --> 00:28:50,457
I wanted to discover the photographer,
348
00:28:50,566 --> 00:28:52,988
the adventurer, for the first time.
349
00:30:13,177 --> 00:30:15,097
Goddamn bear!
350
00:30:15,172 --> 00:30:16,634
He tricked us.
351
00:30:16,783 --> 00:30:20,472
He drove them all into the water.
Incredible!
352
00:30:57,686 --> 00:30:59,344
What do you think?
353
00:31:00,142 --> 00:31:02,183
What do you think, Dad?
354
00:31:02,252 --> 00:31:05,896
I think it'll be complicated
to get this story.
355
00:31:09,312 --> 00:31:11,123
If this is all we've got...
356
00:31:26,080 --> 00:31:31,766
It's not just a matter of getting close
to a bear and taking a picture.
357
00:31:31,835 --> 00:31:34,377
If the framing is poor...
358
00:31:34,483 --> 00:31:38,247
you'll just show the bear,
but it won't be a photo.
359
00:31:38,895 --> 00:31:41,622
This spot is no good.
360
00:31:41,735 --> 00:31:44,309
There's nothing in the background...
361
00:31:44,382 --> 00:31:47,535
nothing to compose a well-framed picture.
362
00:31:52,709 --> 00:31:55,087
No action, nothing.
363
00:35:21,402 --> 00:35:22,830
Stunning!
364
00:35:22,900 --> 00:35:26,206
All I could see
was the shape of their tusks.
365
00:35:26,276 --> 00:35:29,506
Impossible to make out
the outline of their heads.
366
00:35:29,613 --> 00:35:32,231
It was like being in Dante's Inferno...
367
00:35:32,338 --> 00:35:34,379
with those tusks protruding...
368
00:35:34,487 --> 00:35:36,679
All those shapes... Incredible!
369
00:35:56,972 --> 00:36:00,431
Dad, what happened in 1979?
370
00:36:03,725 --> 00:36:07,414
In '79, Lélia was pregnant
with our second son.
371
00:36:07,524 --> 00:36:09,640
We knew it was a boy.
372
00:36:11,399 --> 00:36:13,591
When Rodrigo was born...
373
00:36:13,701 --> 00:36:18,000
he had all the signs of Down's syndrome.
374
00:36:19,034 --> 00:36:22,526
He was so cute with his slanted eyes...
375
00:36:22,602 --> 00:36:26,410
I felt he was completely normal.
376
00:36:26,479 --> 00:36:28,214
So did Lélia.
377
00:36:28,781 --> 00:36:34,849
The doctor did a lot of tests.
It was three weeks before we knew.
378
00:36:34,920 --> 00:36:36,993
On the day he called...
379
00:36:38,219 --> 00:36:40,946
the tension was such...
380
00:36:41,021 --> 00:36:43,486
that when I heard the results, I cried.
381
00:36:43,553 --> 00:36:45,550
I couldn't stop crying.
382
00:36:50,690 --> 00:36:52,806
My baby brother was never going
383
00:36:52,877 --> 00:36:56,915
to be able to go to school
or learn how to read and write
384
00:36:56,982 --> 00:36:58,215
like I would.
385
00:36:58,287 --> 00:37:02,095
Rodrigo would be isolated in a world
we would never be able to share.
386
00:37:02,853 --> 00:37:05,198
This was very hard on my parents.
387
00:37:05,731 --> 00:37:07,847
But then something happened.
388
00:37:08,686 --> 00:37:12,145
Through his love,
Rodrigo developed a language of his own.
389
00:37:13,137 --> 00:37:15,178
Slowly, as a family,
390
00:37:15,247 --> 00:37:17,865
we learned to decipher
his emotional alphabet
391
00:37:17,932 --> 00:37:20,550
and to communicate without words.
392
00:37:24,724 --> 00:37:28,947
Sometime later, my mum, my brother and I
took an airplane to Brazil.
393
00:37:29,021 --> 00:37:31,672
The military dictatorship had crumbled.
394
00:37:31,746 --> 00:37:34,211
I was five, and I didn't really understand
395
00:37:34,278 --> 00:37:37,355
how important that long trip was going to be.
396
00:37:38,115 --> 00:37:41,268
At some point,
a man opened one of the blinds,
397
00:37:41,338 --> 00:37:44,568
and direct sunlight poured into the airplane.
398
00:37:45,175 --> 00:37:47,826
His voice echoed through the cabin,
399
00:37:47,899 --> 00:37:49,940
"We're flying over Brazil."
400
00:37:50,010 --> 00:37:53,392
My mum looked through the window
and went silent.
401
00:37:53,463 --> 00:37:58,417
She was seeing her own country
for the first time, after so many years.
402
00:37:58,489 --> 00:38:02,559
It was such a happy moment,
and yet, when she turned to me,
403
00:38:02,633 --> 00:38:04,400
she was crying.
404
00:38:07,238 --> 00:38:11,461
As for my father, he was in French Guiana
and was going to join us later.
405
00:38:12,380 --> 00:38:16,024
It was December 31,
I'd returned to Brazil!
406
00:38:16,101 --> 00:38:18,981
It was great to be home...
407
00:38:19,670 --> 00:38:22,626
after ten and a half years abroad.
408
00:38:23,314 --> 00:38:27,962
It was a shock.
Lélia's hometown wasn't the same.
409
00:38:28,648 --> 00:38:32,183
Vitória had changed a lot.
Everything was different.
410
00:38:33,368 --> 00:38:35,746
My region had changed a lot too.
411
00:38:35,824 --> 00:38:41,128
When I left my parents,
they were young and strong.
412
00:38:41,195 --> 00:38:45,461
Upon returning, I found an old man.
My father had aged a lot.
413
00:38:46,414 --> 00:38:47,603
But at that time...
414
00:38:47,680 --> 00:38:50,942
I wanted to explore Brazil more deeply.
415
00:38:51,478 --> 00:38:53,900
My sister lent me a car...
416
00:38:55,085 --> 00:38:58,315
and I made a six-month journey
in the North-East of Brazil.
417
00:38:58,423 --> 00:39:00,420
I didn't know the North-East.
418
00:39:00,495 --> 00:39:03,681
I'd always dreamt of that part of Brazil.
419
00:39:25,474 --> 00:39:28,201
These people were going to a funeral.
420
00:39:28,889 --> 00:39:32,883
I stopped by the roadside
and went with them.
421
00:39:34,606 --> 00:39:39,942
Infant mortality was very high
in the North-East of Brazil.
422
00:39:40,016 --> 00:39:42,820
These children died
before they were baptized.
423
00:39:45,389 --> 00:39:48,542
They believe that children
who are not baptized...
424
00:39:49,379 --> 00:39:52,183
don't have the right to go to heaven.
425
00:39:52,717 --> 00:39:55,215
They stay in an in-between realm...
426
00:39:55,288 --> 00:39:56,750
called limbo.
427
00:39:58,396 --> 00:40:02,967
If a child dies with its eyes closed
it's because it was baptized.
428
00:40:03,076 --> 00:40:04,691
If its eyes are open...
429
00:40:04,765 --> 00:40:08,102
they leave them open
so it can find its way.
430
00:40:08,216 --> 00:40:12,055
Otherwise it will wander for eternity.
431
00:40:20,757 --> 00:40:24,902
Back then, there was a service
for renting coffins at the church.
432
00:40:25,014 --> 00:40:27,282
You could rent a coffin cheaply.
433
00:40:28,159 --> 00:40:30,885
It'd be used dozens of times.
434
00:40:37,709 --> 00:40:41,046
There you can see
such a coffin rental service.
435
00:40:44,343 --> 00:40:46,383
And yes, those are shoes.
436
00:40:46,452 --> 00:40:50,792
They sold everything:
shoes, coffins, bananas, vegetables...
437
00:40:50,901 --> 00:40:53,398
ice-cream, everything...
438
00:40:54,775 --> 00:40:59,192
It's a region
where life and death are very close.
439
00:41:03,442 --> 00:41:07,401
Here's a group saying prayers...
440
00:41:07,469 --> 00:41:10,620
and learning about politics
at the same time.
441
00:41:12,033 --> 00:41:14,988
In Brazil there was, and still is...
442
00:41:15,063 --> 00:41:18,139
a big movement
called the "Landless Workers".
443
00:41:18,208 --> 00:41:22,625
Many of them came from here...
444
00:41:23,500 --> 00:41:25,877
from the North-East of Brazil.
445
00:41:32,551 --> 00:41:33,510
These people...
446
00:41:33,625 --> 00:41:36,395
have a moral strength...
447
00:41:36,462 --> 00:41:39,232
a physical force...
448
00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:43,062
even though they're frail and eat poorly.
449
00:41:44,479 --> 00:41:47,739
Look how arid this region is.
450
00:41:49,118 --> 00:41:52,346
It's like a piece of the Sahel in Brazil.
451
00:41:55,677 --> 00:41:57,596
Here, on the road...
452
00:41:57,671 --> 00:42:00,397
people are leaving, never to return.
453
00:42:01,160 --> 00:42:03,810
Sometimes it's so dry,
so difficult here...
454
00:42:03,884 --> 00:42:06,534
that people migrate
to the southern cities.
455
00:42:06,606 --> 00:42:09,638
For them it's over,
they abandon the land.
456
00:42:36,137 --> 00:42:37,751
For many years now...
457
00:42:37,824 --> 00:42:42,011
we've been suffering
from a lack of rain.
458
00:42:51,593 --> 00:42:56,589
There were a lot of cattle here before...
459
00:42:56,655 --> 00:42:58,802
but they're all gone now.
460
00:42:59,800 --> 00:43:01,643
There have been severe droughts.
461
00:43:01,717 --> 00:43:05,284
The pastures are gone,
it doesn't pay anymore.
462
00:43:05,936 --> 00:43:08,051
Why has it gone, Grandfather?
463
00:43:08,122 --> 00:43:10,313
Because of the drought.
464
00:43:12,494 --> 00:43:16,681
We replanted,
but there's not a blade of grass left.
465
00:43:16,790 --> 00:43:18,709
It wasn't that long ago.
466
00:43:19,397 --> 00:43:21,544
Your dad and I...
467
00:43:21,660 --> 00:43:24,539
we spent more than 20,000.
468
00:43:24,997 --> 00:43:26,075
Where did it go?
469
00:43:27,950 --> 00:43:29,946
This land was so plentiful.
470
00:43:30,595 --> 00:43:35,089
There were lots of birds...
471
00:43:35,160 --> 00:43:38,269
canaries and ticoticos...
472
00:43:39,340 --> 00:43:40,801
blackbirds...
473
00:43:42,178 --> 00:43:45,820
There used to be a great forest
on that hill...
474
00:43:45,898 --> 00:43:49,465
and another forest over that hill.
475
00:43:50,500 --> 00:43:53,193
There has been a lot of erosion.
476
00:43:53,262 --> 00:43:55,072
The hills are now barren.
477
00:43:55,141 --> 00:43:57,605
When it rains...
478
00:43:57,671 --> 00:44:01,204
there's nothing to hold back the water.
479
00:44:01,315 --> 00:44:03,234
It's a disaster.
480
00:44:04,076 --> 00:44:06,072
I have no idea...
481
00:44:06,646 --> 00:44:09,449
how to stop it.
482
00:44:17,537 --> 00:44:20,765
Grandpa, were you happy on this farm?
483
00:44:20,836 --> 00:44:21,795
Sorry?
484
00:44:21,871 --> 00:44:24,335
Were you happy here?
485
00:44:26,588 --> 00:44:27,820
Was I happy'?
486
00:44:27,892 --> 00:44:30,739
I was, because I was able
to provide an education...
487
00:44:30,807 --> 00:44:33,883
for my seven daughters...
488
00:44:33,951 --> 00:44:36,219
and Sebastião.
489
00:44:36,330 --> 00:44:39,406
I raised my children,
it was tough...
490
00:44:39,474 --> 00:44:40,978
but I'm happy I did it.
491
00:44:44,115 --> 00:44:48,031
I earned 100,000 from the woods alone...
492
00:44:48,104 --> 00:44:50,251
to put the children through school.
493
00:44:50,328 --> 00:44:52,018
They were all brought up well...
494
00:44:52,092 --> 00:44:55,396
well fed, properly dressed...
495
00:45:01,219 --> 00:45:02,953
Since I first came to Brazil,
496
00:45:03,022 --> 00:45:05,366
my grandfather's land
had always been this way,
497
00:45:05,937 --> 00:45:08,205
burnt and dried out.
498
00:45:09,465 --> 00:45:14,034
When Sebastião came back to the farm
after his journeys through North-East Brazil,
499
00:45:14,106 --> 00:45:18,555
the place was hardly the paradise
he had known as a child.
500
00:45:18,631 --> 00:45:21,586
But he had something else on his mind,
501
00:45:21,660 --> 00:45:24,736
the suffering he had witnessed changed him.
502
00:45:25,650 --> 00:45:29,107
His role as a photographer
took on a whole new meaning.
503
00:45:29,216 --> 00:45:32,248
We understood the urgency he felt to leave.
504
00:45:34,086 --> 00:45:36,158
I still missed him a lot.
505
00:45:37,615 --> 00:45:39,458
But I understood.
506
00:45:50,386 --> 00:45:54,912
For his next project, which would take him
to the Sahel region of Africa,
507
00:45:54,988 --> 00:45:58,598
Sebastião started to work
with Doctors Without Borders.
508
00:46:03,463 --> 00:46:06,539
I worked in Ethiopia in 1984...
509
00:46:07,490 --> 00:46:12,092
and continued across the Sahel
in '85 and '86.
510
00:46:12,169 --> 00:46:15,856
I spent almost two years in that region...
511
00:46:15,966 --> 00:46:19,226
reporting on the famine.
512
00:46:22,409 --> 00:46:24,556
There were refugee camps...
513
00:46:24,634 --> 00:46:27,633
the largest ever seen in human history.
514
00:46:28,161 --> 00:46:30,964
And I really wanted to show that.
515
00:46:31,038 --> 00:46:35,030
To show that a large part of humanity...
516
00:46:35,142 --> 00:46:37,989
was suffering from great distress...
517
00:46:38,056 --> 00:46:41,589
due to a problem of sharing...
518
00:46:42,160 --> 00:46:45,388
and not just a natural disaster.
519
00:46:48,142 --> 00:46:50,759
This was a Coptic region.
520
00:46:50,866 --> 00:46:54,825
They are very strict Christians,
the Northern Ethiopians.
521
00:46:54,893 --> 00:46:57,466
They have great humility.
522
00:46:57,539 --> 00:47:00,156
Even with a dying child...
523
00:47:00,262 --> 00:47:02,835
they wouldn't get in front of others.
524
00:47:02,908 --> 00:47:04,215
They'd rather wait.
525
00:47:11,000 --> 00:47:13,072
Look at the state of the people.
526
00:47:15,602 --> 00:47:18,372
At that stage, they've no strength left.
527
00:47:19,514 --> 00:47:22,851
They say people die of famine.
528
00:47:22,927 --> 00:47:26,384
Famine weakens the body...
529
00:47:26,494 --> 00:47:29,264
but it's the parallel diseases that kill.
530
00:47:31,326 --> 00:47:35,590
When you catch cholera,
the dehydration is so fast...
531
00:47:35,659 --> 00:47:40,032
that you lose 12 liters of water
a day from diarrhea.
532
00:47:40,723 --> 00:47:42,686
You die in two or three days.
533
00:47:47,702 --> 00:47:49,588
Such young faces...
534
00:47:50,617 --> 00:47:54,150
aged from so much suffering.
535
00:47:54,835 --> 00:47:58,063
If you look at his forehead,
he's not an old man.
536
00:47:58,134 --> 00:48:01,133
What's old about him
is the emptiness in his eyes.
537
00:48:01,892 --> 00:48:05,043
Look how young she is,
look at their baby!
538
00:48:05,612 --> 00:48:07,039
He's her husband.
539
00:48:11,672 --> 00:48:13,744
Most deaths were at night...
540
00:48:13,858 --> 00:48:15,165
from the cold.
541
00:48:18,613 --> 00:48:22,452
Dying here
was really a continuation of life.
542
00:48:22,525 --> 00:48:24,291
The people were used to dying.
543
00:48:27,012 --> 00:48:29,389
A husband is washing his wife to bury her.
544
00:48:33,148 --> 00:48:36,910
In his mountain clothes, his goat skin...
545
00:48:41,086 --> 00:48:42,438
A very young woman.
546
00:48:48,144 --> 00:48:50,107
In the Coptic ritual...
547
00:48:50,176 --> 00:48:54,058
the body has to be clean
when it comes before God.
548
00:48:54,165 --> 00:48:57,120
You have to wash it all over...
549
00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:00,072
even if there's very little water.
550
00:49:03,714 --> 00:49:07,204
With each dying person
a piece of everyone else dies.
551
00:49:15,987 --> 00:49:18,680
A father is preparing his son for burial...
552
00:49:18,747 --> 00:49:21,048
saying his last goodbye.
553
00:49:24,194 --> 00:49:26,997
Family members usually prepare their dead.
554
00:49:34,894 --> 00:49:36,398
Knowing that a government...
555
00:49:36,466 --> 00:49:41,145
is withholding food from its people...
556
00:49:41,222 --> 00:49:44,101
as was the actual case here...
557
00:49:44,175 --> 00:49:46,945
in this camp in Northern Ethiopia...
558
00:49:47,012 --> 00:49:51,232
That was brutal political dishonesty.
559
00:50:05,766 --> 00:50:09,986
I returned to Ethiopia
at the end of 1984.
560
00:50:10,483 --> 00:50:14,856
The guerillas knew the government
was about to drive these people out...
561
00:50:14,970 --> 00:50:18,002
so they started evacuating people
towards Sudan.
562
00:50:18,728 --> 00:50:21,301
They left from all over Tigray.
563
00:50:25,172 --> 00:50:27,636
We were attacked by two helicopters.
564
00:50:27,780 --> 00:50:31,347
Mi-24s.
Very fast combat helicopters.
565
00:50:31,461 --> 00:50:33,838
They shot at the people with machine-guns.
566
00:50:35,259 --> 00:50:37,560
I took a photo and then I ran.
567
00:50:41,510 --> 00:50:43,701
There were many pregnant women...
568
00:50:43,772 --> 00:50:49,073
hoping that when they'd arrive
they'd find food and water.
569
00:50:49,141 --> 00:50:51,791
That they'd finally reach
the promised land.
570
00:50:56,159 --> 00:50:58,045
I must have spent...
571
00:50:59,227 --> 00:51:01,070
at least two months there.
572
00:51:01,989 --> 00:51:03,832
And when I arrived in Sudan...
573
00:51:03,907 --> 00:51:07,135
I did a lot of work
on the arrival of these people.
574
00:51:11,424 --> 00:51:13,648
This man had come from Ethiopia.
575
00:51:13,724 --> 00:51:16,875
His camel had reached its limit.
Maybe it was dead.
576
00:51:16,946 --> 00:51:19,443
But the man was holding on and on...
577
00:51:19,516 --> 00:51:22,439
Yet when he reached the doctors,
his child was dead.
578
00:51:24,655 --> 00:51:26,236
After such a long march.
579
00:51:34,435 --> 00:51:37,511
Doctors Without Borders
had to give up this camp.
580
00:51:38,116 --> 00:51:40,842
Water is essential in these camps...
581
00:51:40,915 --> 00:51:42,681
and it had become a huge problem.
582
00:51:42,757 --> 00:51:45,833
So they had to move the camp
as fast as possible.
583
00:51:49,967 --> 00:51:54,187
People were crammed into UN trucks...
584
00:51:54,261 --> 00:51:57,489
to take them to a new camp...
585
00:51:57,598 --> 00:52:00,902
on a beautiful and fertile piece of land...
586
00:52:00,973 --> 00:52:03,437
on the banks of the Blue Nile.
587
00:52:04,387 --> 00:52:07,724
I rode on this truck
for at least 300 or 400 kilometers.
588
00:52:11,865 --> 00:52:14,209
These are two friends...
589
00:52:14,281 --> 00:52:18,349
pretending it was
a normal Sunday afternoon...
590
00:52:18,423 --> 00:52:21,346
sitting under a tree, telling stories...
591
00:52:25,402 --> 00:52:30,233
There's lots of water by the Nile,
but that's where the people died...
592
00:52:30,925 --> 00:52:32,157
because“.
593
00:52:32,689 --> 00:52:34,652
There was nothing to eat.
594
00:52:34,723 --> 00:52:37,493
They were in the final stages
of their distress.
595
00:52:41,126 --> 00:52:45,238
They'd forgotten to bring food,
or hadn't been able to.
596
00:52:45,345 --> 00:52:48,071
The food distribution had gone wrong.
597
00:52:48,184 --> 00:52:50,331
These people had held on so long...
598
00:52:50,407 --> 00:52:53,133
but when they got there,
they could no more.
599
00:53:04,483 --> 00:53:06,140
I went to Mali.
600
00:53:07,282 --> 00:53:09,626
There was a severe drought there too.
601
00:53:11,654 --> 00:53:14,380
The skin becomes like tree bark...
602
00:53:15,068 --> 00:53:18,252
like a tree marked by the desert wind...
603
00:53:19,133 --> 00:53:21,859
by sandstorm after sandstorm...
604
00:53:31,712 --> 00:53:33,675
There were only women and kids.
605
00:53:33,745 --> 00:53:36,362
The men had left to work in Libya...
606
00:53:36,429 --> 00:53:41,305
or headed for the Ivory Coast,
looking for work...
607
00:53:41,414 --> 00:53:45,176
promising to return
and bring food for the family.
608
00:53:45,289 --> 00:53:47,436
But very few came back.
609
00:53:57,599 --> 00:53:59,485
They were all saved...
610
00:53:59,555 --> 00:54:02,358
because Doctors Without Borders
did great work.
611
00:54:02,431 --> 00:54:05,615
They brought assistance
to this whole area.
612
00:54:08,108 --> 00:54:11,565
This is a friend, Luc, a Belgian doctor.
613
00:54:12,517 --> 00:54:16,934
Measuring a kid, weighing him.
614
00:54:19,344 --> 00:54:22,834
In two or three weeks
these children completely recover.
615
00:54:22,910 --> 00:54:25,331
They're marked by it, all their lives...
616
00:54:25,404 --> 00:54:29,134
having experienced
such deprivation while growing up.
617
00:54:34,685 --> 00:54:36,909
This boy was alone...
618
00:54:36,986 --> 00:54:40,095
with his instrument,
his little guitar, in his hand...
619
00:54:40,169 --> 00:54:43,779
With his rag of a shirt
still hanging on him.
620
00:54:43,850 --> 00:54:45,616
No trousers, nothing.
621
00:54:46,880 --> 00:54:50,642
Look at his determination, his posture.
622
00:54:50,716 --> 00:54:54,096
He knew where he was going.
623
00:54:54,167 --> 00:54:58,049
Looking for other groups,
looking for a village...
624
00:54:59,344 --> 00:55:00,576
with his dog...
625
00:55:00,648 --> 00:55:03,069
A boy of eight or nine.
626
00:55:08,817 --> 00:55:14,609
Sebastião became very attached
to the people in the Sahel region of Africa.
627
00:55:14,685 --> 00:55:16,800
He returned over and over again.
628
00:55:18,213 --> 00:55:22,782
His photographs, the book and the exhibition
that Lelia edited and put together
629
00:55:22,854 --> 00:55:27,773
called worldwide attention to these droughts
and their threats to millions of lives,
630
00:55:27,839 --> 00:55:29,376
and opened questions.
631
00:55:29,450 --> 00:55:32,176
What had caused these conditions
in the first place?
632
00:55:33,976 --> 00:55:38,470
Afterwards, Sebastião turned to a subject
that would take another six years
633
00:55:38,578 --> 00:55:42,614
and countless journeys
to almost 30 countries all over the globe.
634
00:55:42,682 --> 00:55:46,641
Workers, the third huge volume
of photographs
635
00:55:46,708 --> 00:55:48,976
he and Lélia conceived together.
636
00:55:49,047 --> 00:55:52,460
I wanted to pay homage...
637
00:55:53,036 --> 00:55:56,952
to all the men and women
who built the world around us.
638
00:55:57,753 --> 00:55:59,977
An archeology of the industrial era.
639
00:56:00,860 --> 00:56:03,936
Sebastião and Lelia did extended research
640
00:56:04,004 --> 00:56:06,654
and planned Workers meticulously.
641
00:56:06,727 --> 00:56:11,024
And then he traveled again,
to the four corners of the world,
642
00:56:11,099 --> 00:56:14,556
photographing steelworkers
in the Soviet Union,
643
00:56:14,628 --> 00:56:17,354
living with ship breakers in Bangladesh,
644
00:56:17,427 --> 00:56:21,114
going to sea with fishermen
in Galicia and Sicily,
645
00:56:21,186 --> 00:56:24,109
showing the mechanical production
of cars in Calcutta,
646
00:56:24,178 --> 00:56:29,664
observing tea pickers in Rwanda,
a country he had first gone as an economist.
647
00:56:29,738 --> 00:56:33,730
He came on a different mission now,
with a changed view,
648
00:56:33,841 --> 00:56:36,065
but he was still the same man,
649
00:56:36,143 --> 00:56:39,633
driven by the same empathy
for the human condition.
650
00:56:40,438 --> 00:56:42,782
Each of these chapters of Workers
651
00:56:42,855 --> 00:56:45,658
meant that Sebastião
would immerse completely
652
00:56:45,731 --> 00:56:48,457
in that particular field of manual labor.
653
00:56:49,029 --> 00:56:52,945
Like the weeks he spent
with the gold diggers at the Serra-Pelada.
654
00:56:54,628 --> 00:56:58,161
In 1991, at the end of the first Gulf War,
655
00:56:58,233 --> 00:57:01,384
if you remember, the Iraqi troops withdrew
656
00:57:01,455 --> 00:57:05,337
and Saddam Hussein set fire
to hundreds of oil wells.
657
00:57:05,405 --> 00:57:07,978
An army of firefighters
from all over the world
658
00:57:08,051 --> 00:57:10,472
moved to the burning oil fields.
659
00:57:10,544 --> 00:57:13,653
Sebastião just had to go as well,
660
00:57:13,727 --> 00:57:16,878
driven by a curiosity
for this explosive profession.
661
00:57:25,692 --> 00:57:29,225
As soon as I saw the first images on
662
00:57:29,872 --> 00:57:32,216
I felt the urge to cover this story.
663
00:57:34,360 --> 00:57:37,392
It was like working in a huge theater.
664
00:57:38,079 --> 00:57:40,456
500 oil wells burning.
665
00:57:40,534 --> 00:57:43,610
A giant stage, the size of the planet.
666
00:57:45,252 --> 00:57:48,251
No restrictions,
you could go where you wanted.
667
00:57:50,697 --> 00:57:54,689
There was a discharge
of heavy oil smoke.
668
00:57:55,184 --> 00:57:59,329
The smoke was so dense,
the sun couldn't cut through.
669
00:58:00,477 --> 00:58:06,345
There were days
when it was dark for 24 hours straight.
670
00:58:12,749 --> 00:58:14,439
Once a fire was put out...
671
00:58:14,513 --> 00:58:17,360
the earth was still very hot.
672
00:58:17,429 --> 00:58:21,388
They had to pour a huge amount
of water on to cool it.
673
00:58:21,494 --> 00:58:25,530
If not, the oil would just re-ignite.
674
00:58:27,476 --> 00:58:29,013
But despite that...
675
00:58:29,087 --> 00:58:32,271
there'd sometimes be an explosion,
like a cannon shot.
676
00:58:34,187 --> 00:58:36,334
The noise was so deafening...
677
00:58:36,450 --> 00:58:39,329
it was like working next to a jet engine.
678
00:58:40,899 --> 00:58:42,818
Now I'm a little deaf.
679
00:58:43,316 --> 00:58:45,235
That's where my deafness began.
680
00:59:01,417 --> 00:59:02,844
These are Canadians...
681
00:59:02,913 --> 00:59:05,214
a unit of firefighters from Calgary.
682
00:59:06,978 --> 00:59:09,475
They'd brought a beautiful red truck.
683
00:59:09,547 --> 00:59:12,884
And it was their rule,
once they'd put out a fire...
684
00:59:12,999 --> 00:59:16,031
to wash the truck every evening.
685
00:59:16,105 --> 00:59:19,333
And in the morning
it'd be covered in oil again.
686
00:59:25,042 --> 00:59:26,808
A hellish job!
687
00:59:30,027 --> 00:59:33,287
I put off my departure
at least 2 or 3 times...
688
00:59:33,363 --> 00:59:35,587
until I really had to leave.
689
00:59:35,664 --> 00:59:38,815
But it broke my heart...
690
00:59:38,886 --> 00:59:42,419
to abandon this vast spectacle.
691
00:59:44,409 --> 00:59:46,252
I roamed around.
692
00:59:46,326 --> 00:59:48,976
And very close to the end...
693
00:59:49,049 --> 00:59:52,811
we were driving by this long wall...
694
00:59:52,885 --> 00:59:56,572
- That day I was with a journalist
from The New York Times -
695
00:59:56,643 --> 01:00:01,442
Since it was a no-man's-land,
ruined by war...
696
01:00:01,513 --> 01:00:03,356
we broke down the gate.
697
01:00:03,431 --> 01:00:04,783
And inside...
698
01:00:05,541 --> 01:00:08,005
we found a sort of...
699
01:00:08,071 --> 01:00:09,532
paradise...
700
01:00:09,606 --> 01:00:11,602
that had turned into hell.
701
01:00:12,252 --> 01:00:16,091
It was a garden
belonging to the Kuwaiti royal family...
702
01:00:17,429 --> 01:00:20,384
with horses, thoroughbreds...
703
01:00:20,459 --> 01:00:23,916
that had gone completely,
desperately insane.
704
01:00:25,100 --> 01:00:28,633
Animals are the first
to flee from a catastrophe...
705
01:00:28,704 --> 01:00:30,700
when they're free to leave.
706
01:00:31,466 --> 01:00:33,232
But here, they weren't.
707
01:00:34,649 --> 01:00:37,497
There were birds there too,
it was an oasis...
708
01:00:37,565 --> 01:00:39,637
very well irrigated.
709
01:00:40,403 --> 01:00:44,899
Birds who couldn't fly anymore
as their feathers were stuck together.
710
01:00:47,961 --> 01:00:51,604
The Kuwaitis fled
when they felt the disaster approaching...
711
01:00:52,412 --> 01:00:55,368
leaving behind the imprisoned animals...
712
01:00:55,443 --> 01:00:58,934
and the Bedouins
whom they didn't really consider as humans.
713
01:01:00,430 --> 01:01:04,881
Workers finally united the economist
in Sebastião Salgado
714
01:01:04,957 --> 01:01:07,608
and the artist he had become.
715
01:01:07,680 --> 01:01:10,790
The pictures appeared
in most of the great magazines,
716
01:01:10,866 --> 01:01:12,982
the exhibition traveled all over the world,
717
01:01:13,052 --> 01:01:15,277
and the book came out in many languages.
718
01:01:16,888 --> 01:01:19,615
But Sebastião and Lélia wouldn't rest.
719
01:01:20,495 --> 01:01:25,220
They immediately started to work
on another major phase of his photography.
720
01:01:25,290 --> 01:01:29,173
They realized that one of
the burning subjects of our times
721
01:01:29,241 --> 01:01:32,351
was the displacement of entire populations
722
01:01:32,426 --> 01:01:35,884
by wars, famines
or the rules of the global marketplace.
723
01:01:37,069 --> 01:01:40,637
So while Europe was starting
to close its borders,
724
01:01:40,712 --> 01:01:44,749
Sebastião was trying to shine a light
on the fates of the outcast.
725
01:01:46,237 --> 01:01:50,536
Again, he and Lelia
did all the research and planning together,
726
01:01:50,611 --> 01:01:52,651
and again, she was the driving force
727
01:01:52,721 --> 01:01:56,943
behind this new chapter in their lives,
which they called “Exodus?
728
01:01:59,435 --> 01:02:03,548
It created a worldwide awareness
for the fate of all these refugees
729
01:02:03,617 --> 01:02:05,765
in India, Vietnam, the Philippines,
730
01:02:05,842 --> 01:02:09,530
South America, Palestine, Iraq
and many other places.
731
01:02:10,484 --> 01:02:12,600
But Sebastião, over and over,
732
01:02:12,671 --> 01:02:17,199
returned to the continent that had
caught his imagination for so long already,
733
01:02:18,157 --> 01:02:19,891
to Africa.
734
01:02:30,165 --> 01:02:33,198
I was doing my project
on the displacement of peoples...
735
01:02:33,273 --> 01:02:35,192
in 1994...
736
01:02:35,766 --> 01:02:38,952
when the president of Rwanda...
737
01:02:39,488 --> 01:02:41,407
his plane was shot down.
738
01:02:42,173 --> 01:02:45,326
That started a huge exodus
towards Tanzania...
739
01:02:45,396 --> 01:02:49,389
due to the brutal repression
of the Tutsis in Rwanda.
740
01:02:51,803 --> 01:02:54,651
I was one of the first to arrive there.
741
01:02:55,486 --> 01:02:57,788
The catastrophe was everywhere.
742
01:02:57,865 --> 01:03:00,287
People were fleeing to Burundi...
743
01:03:00,358 --> 01:03:02,660
to the Congo, to Uganda...
744
01:03:02,737 --> 01:03:04,885
They were leaving in all directions.
745
01:03:08,568 --> 01:03:12,299
The roads were already full of people...
746
01:03:15,474 --> 01:03:17,622
People sleeping by the roadsides...
747
01:03:17,700 --> 01:03:21,388
carrying all their belongings on bicycles...
748
01:03:21,497 --> 01:03:24,301
fleeing with whatever they could take.
749
01:03:25,871 --> 01:03:28,719
We headed in the opposite direction...
750
01:03:28,787 --> 01:03:31,897
towards the border.
751
01:03:31,971 --> 01:03:34,665
There was no border control whatsoever.
752
01:03:34,733 --> 01:03:38,376
I entered Rwanda, and it was terrifying.
753
01:03:38,992 --> 01:03:42,603
The number of dead bodies
I saw on that road...
754
01:03:45,706 --> 01:03:47,625
Here, a grenade had exploded.
755
01:03:48,391 --> 01:03:51,805
Those not killed by the grenade
were killed with machetes.
756
01:03:53,378 --> 01:03:56,759
There, I began to sense...
757
01:03:56,831 --> 01:04:00,245
the sheer scale of the disaster
I was witnessing.
758
01:04:01,205 --> 01:04:03,507
A genocide was in progress here.
759
01:04:06,806 --> 01:04:11,531
It was 150 kilometers by road to Kigali...
760
01:04:11,602 --> 01:04:13,980
150 kilometers of dead bodies...
761
01:04:22,343 --> 01:04:25,573
I turned back,
because my story was about people.
762
01:04:25,681 --> 01:04:29,674
I was doing my book on refugees,
I was working on Exodus.
763
01:04:29,748 --> 01:04:32,366
I started going into the camps...
764
01:04:32,434 --> 01:04:34,016
and I began to see...
765
01:04:34,122 --> 01:04:37,733
the sheer number of people
leaving Rwanda.
766
01:04:39,608 --> 01:04:42,564
Hell was taking the place of paradise.
767
01:04:43,789 --> 01:04:45,937
It was frightening...
768
01:04:46,015 --> 01:04:49,506
to see, on such a beautiful savanna...
769
01:04:49,583 --> 01:04:52,583
this mega city springing up.
770
01:04:54,916 --> 01:04:58,330
Within days,
there were almost a million people here.
771
01:05:05,235 --> 01:05:09,118
Among all this distress,
one thing that really moved me...
772
01:05:09,226 --> 01:05:12,488
was the relationship
between this mother and her child...
773
01:05:12,564 --> 01:05:16,098
and the child's trust in its mother.
774
01:05:28,945 --> 01:05:30,483
Violence...
775
01:05:31,132 --> 01:05:32,747
and brutality...
776
01:05:32,820 --> 01:05:36,082
are not the monopoly...
777
01:05:36,158 --> 01:05:38,121
of remote countries.
778
01:05:38,191 --> 01:05:41,301
It happened right here, in Europe,
in ex-Yugoslavia.
779
01:05:41,375 --> 01:05:43,447
It was very shocking.
780
01:05:45,864 --> 01:05:49,704
A bus coming from Krajina
through Croatia...
781
01:05:50,852 --> 01:05:53,197
a person was killed through that hole.
782
01:05:53,268 --> 01:05:57,108
The Croats killed lots of people too
as they left Krajina.
783
01:05:57,833 --> 01:05:59,567
Violence was everywhere.
784
01:05:59,637 --> 01:06:02,942
But what disgusted me most...
785
01:06:03,013 --> 01:06:06,701
was to see how contagious hatred was.
786
01:06:07,464 --> 01:06:10,191
These people too saw violence.
787
01:06:10,264 --> 01:06:11,540
Entire families...
788
01:06:11,645 --> 01:06:14,950
the whole Serbian population
of Krajina was expelled.
789
01:06:17,554 --> 01:06:20,325
And overnight, they found themselves...
790
01:06:20,393 --> 01:06:24,310
evicted from their homes,
looking for a place to go...
791
01:06:24,382 --> 01:06:27,796
having their next-door neighbors
shooting at them.
792
01:06:42,989 --> 01:06:45,760
These were refugee camps
not far from Tuzla...
793
01:06:46,404 --> 01:06:49,328
in central Bosnia.
794
01:06:49,396 --> 01:06:52,352
These families had left
the enclave of Zepa...
795
01:06:52,427 --> 01:06:56,234
where Serbs
murdered thousands of young men.
796
01:06:57,185 --> 01:07:01,713
We were there at the very moment
when the families were arriving...
797
01:07:02,709 --> 01:07:05,251
in a state of great distress.
798
01:07:16,098 --> 01:07:18,716
There were only women, old men...
799
01:07:19,628 --> 01:07:20,817
and children.
800
01:07:20,932 --> 01:07:24,892
The younger men
had all been held and murdered.
801
01:07:31,061 --> 01:07:33,985
It was strange
that this was happening in Europe...
802
01:07:34,091 --> 01:07:36,939
at the end of the 20th century.
803
01:07:37,429 --> 01:07:38,891
From the cars alone...
804
01:07:38,963 --> 01:07:42,770
you can see these people
had a standard of living...
805
01:07:42,839 --> 01:07:45,031
a European standard of living...
806
01:07:45,102 --> 01:07:47,873
a European intellectual level...
807
01:07:47,941 --> 01:07:50,166
a European infrastructure.
808
01:07:50,243 --> 01:07:52,053
And they lost everything.
809
01:07:55,959 --> 01:07:59,690
Hundreds of kilometers,
crowded with people and cars.
810
01:08:03,786 --> 01:08:05,476
We are a ferocious animal.
811
01:08:05,550 --> 01:08:08,277
We humans are terrible animals.
812
01:08:09,733 --> 01:08:13,344
Here in Europe, in Africa,
in South America, everywhere...
813
01:08:13,453 --> 01:08:15,995
we are extremely violent.
814
01:08:22,623 --> 01:08:24,739
Our history is a history of wars.
815
01:08:31,638 --> 01:08:33,176
It's an endless story...
816
01:08:33,250 --> 01:08:35,290
a story of repression...
817
01:08:35,360 --> 01:08:36,975
a tale of madness.
818
01:08:45,565 --> 01:08:48,336
The situation in Rwanda kept changing.
819
01:08:48,404 --> 01:08:52,364
The Hutu army, which was ruling
the country, was defeated...
820
01:08:52,433 --> 01:08:57,234
and retreated into the Congo,
to the Goma region.
821
01:08:58,571 --> 01:09:02,946
First, the Tutsis had fled
the Hutu barbarity.
822
01:09:03,059 --> 01:09:04,902
And then, the Hutus...
823
01:09:04,978 --> 01:09:07,443
fled the Tutsi occupation.
824
01:09:07,509 --> 01:09:09,549
So everybody fled, in turn.
825
01:09:12,612 --> 01:09:14,422
In just a few days...
826
01:09:14,492 --> 01:09:17,372
in July 1994...
827
01:09:17,446 --> 01:09:18,754
the Goma region...
828
01:09:18,828 --> 01:09:21,708
received more than 2 million people.
829
01:09:23,239 --> 01:09:25,737
It was a disaster in the making.
830
01:09:28,611 --> 01:09:31,415
Diseases such as cholera
started spreading...
831
01:09:31,488 --> 01:09:35,525
and the people began to die like ants.
832
01:09:35,592 --> 01:09:38,516
12 to 15 thousand died every day.
833
01:09:42,537 --> 01:09:45,308
I was taking photos
of these piles of corpses...
834
01:09:45,874 --> 01:09:48,754
when I saw the dad coming with his kid.
835
01:09:48,828 --> 01:09:50,290
He threw him on the pile...
836
01:09:50,363 --> 01:09:54,552
and left with his friend,
chatting as if nothing had happened.
837
01:10:00,952 --> 01:10:03,985
They couldn't bury all the people.
838
01:10:04,942 --> 01:10:07,898
So a bulldozer came from the French army...
839
01:10:07,973 --> 01:10:11,736
which took dozens at a time...
840
01:10:11,809 --> 01:10:13,805
laid them out on the ground...
841
01:10:13,881 --> 01:10:16,499
and covered them with earth.
842
01:10:33,140 --> 01:10:35,834
Everybody should see these images...
843
01:10:35,902 --> 01:10:38,706
to see how terrible our species is.
844
01:10:45,071 --> 01:10:48,257
Orphan kids, who were on the road.
845
01:10:50,135 --> 01:10:51,520
Three children...
846
01:10:51,631 --> 01:10:55,089
the two with the livelier eyes
would live.
847
01:10:55,161 --> 01:10:59,001
The one whose eyes are clouded was dying.
848
01:11:01,568 --> 01:11:04,448
When I got out of there, I was ill...
849
01:11:04,522 --> 01:11:06,987
my body was very sick.
850
01:11:07,054 --> 01:11:10,622
I didn't have any infectious diseases...
851
01:11:10,699 --> 01:11:12,585
but my soul was sick.
852
01:11:17,260 --> 01:11:21,177
I went back to Rwanda
one year after the disaster...
853
01:11:21,249 --> 01:11:26,278
to cover the return of the Hutus
who'd been in the Congo...
854
01:11:26,390 --> 01:11:27,895
and had nowhere to go.
855
01:11:27,963 --> 01:11:32,305
The United Nations
started forcing them to return.
856
01:11:42,849 --> 01:11:46,842
You felt the whole planet
was covered with refugee tents.
857
01:11:59,499 --> 01:12:01,495
After working there...
858
01:12:01,571 --> 01:12:05,990
the Tutsi authorities
suggested that I should see...
859
01:12:06,059 --> 01:12:09,822
a few of the places
where the massacres had occurred.
860
01:12:16,265 --> 01:12:20,946
People had fled to a church,
believing they'd be safe.
861
01:12:21,713 --> 01:12:24,015
All murdered!
862
01:12:30,382 --> 01:12:32,760
Here, it happened in a school.
863
01:12:32,915 --> 01:12:37,486
You can still see what was written
on the blackboard that day.
864
01:12:37,595 --> 01:12:39,558
It was terrifying.
865
01:12:52,942 --> 01:12:57,011
The people who had left Rwanda,
about 2 million refugees...
866
01:12:57,085 --> 01:12:59,659
some went back to Rwanda...
867
01:12:59,732 --> 01:13:02,350
but others were afraid of the repression.
868
01:13:02,417 --> 01:13:07,338
So a column of about 250,000 people
left the city of Goma...
869
01:13:07,405 --> 01:13:09,597
and entered the Congo forest.
870
01:13:12,584 --> 01:13:13,817
We lost track of them.
871
01:13:13,889 --> 01:13:17,729
Everybody knew
there were 250,000 lost people.
872
01:13:17,840 --> 01:13:19,683
Nobody knew where they were.
873
01:13:22,214 --> 01:13:24,100
Six months later...
874
01:13:24,631 --> 01:13:29,082
they started appearing near Kisangani,
in the center of the Congo.
875
01:13:31,382 --> 01:13:34,916
They'd lived in the forest for 6 months.
876
01:13:35,987 --> 01:13:40,940
So the UN took me there.
877
01:13:42,164 --> 01:13:45,120
There was a train and I took it.
878
01:13:46,230 --> 01:13:49,460
It was dropping off food,
then heading back.
879
01:13:49,529 --> 01:13:51,372
But I said, "I'm staying."
880
01:13:56,780 --> 01:14:01,613
I spent three days with these people,
who kept arriving.
881
01:14:01,729 --> 01:14:04,194
Columns and columns of them...
882
01:14:06,563 --> 01:14:09,825
To think that when they left
they were 250,000...
883
01:14:09,901 --> 01:14:12,825
and only 40,000 made it here!
884
01:14:12,893 --> 01:14:16,461
210,000 people were missing!
885
01:14:26,244 --> 01:14:28,709
Yet at the same time, life went on.
886
01:14:28,777 --> 01:14:32,814
A guy cutting hair...
887
01:14:33,994 --> 01:14:36,372
Or even this Congolese guy...
888
01:14:36,488 --> 01:14:38,222
with his calculator...
889
01:14:39,173 --> 01:14:42,129
who was trying to collect...
890
01:14:42,242 --> 01:14:46,082
the few dollars
he was sure people had on them...
891
01:14:46,156 --> 01:14:49,799
which he was trying to exchange,
in the middle of nowhere!
892
01:14:49,878 --> 01:14:52,802
In the middle of a remote forest.
893
01:14:59,660 --> 01:15:00,773
At that time...
894
01:15:01,425 --> 01:15:05,800
the pro-Tutsi guerilla movement
that had seized Kisangani...
895
01:15:05,875 --> 01:15:08,449
began to expel these people again...
896
01:15:08,523 --> 01:15:09,985
to send them back.
897
01:15:10,058 --> 01:15:14,324
Six months to get there,
and now back to Rwanda!
898
01:15:14,392 --> 01:15:16,508
They began to kill some of them.
899
01:15:17,462 --> 01:15:21,608
There, I met people
who just couldn't take any more.
900
01:15:22,449 --> 01:15:25,143
Who started to be delirious...
901
01:15:25,249 --> 01:15:27,135
losing their minds...
902
01:15:27,206 --> 01:15:28,668
They were driven mad.
903
01:15:33,766 --> 01:15:37,257
In fact, those people who were expelled...
904
01:15:37,411 --> 01:15:39,680
were never heard from again.
905
01:15:40,979 --> 01:15:43,357
I believe they were all murdered.
906
01:15:50,801 --> 01:15:55,950
That was my last trip,
that disastrous time in Rwanda.
907
01:15:59,395 --> 01:16:01,314
When I left there...
908
01:16:02,886 --> 01:16:07,490
I no longer believed in anything,
in any salvation for the human species.
909
01:16:07,566 --> 01:16:10,184
You couldn't survive such a thing.
910
01:16:10,252 --> 01:16:11,986
We didn't deserve to live.
911
01:16:12,093 --> 01:16:13,936
No one deserved to live.
912
01:16:23,718 --> 01:16:28,476
How many times did I lay my cameras down
to cry over what I'd seen?
913
01:16:34,575 --> 01:16:38,066
Sebastião had seen
into the heart of darkness
914
01:16:38,680 --> 01:16:42,411
and deeply questioned his work
as a social photographer
915
01:16:42,479 --> 01:16:45,021
and a witness of the human condition.
916
01:16:45,778 --> 01:16:49,116
What was left for him to do after Rwanda?
917
01:16:56,712 --> 01:17:00,475
In that time,
my grandfather's health had worsened.
918
01:17:01,737 --> 01:17:05,468
My parents had to return to Brazil
to take care of the farm.
919
01:17:06,226 --> 01:17:08,724
It was nothing but a wasteland.
920
01:17:08,797 --> 01:17:11,219
They didn't know what to do with it.
921
01:17:11,827 --> 01:17:15,973
The birds, the alligators
and the majestic forests were gone.
922
01:17:16,047 --> 01:17:19,930
There was nothing left
from Sebastião's childhood memories.
923
01:17:23,567 --> 01:17:26,872
And then Lélia came up
with a surprising idea.
924
01:17:26,982 --> 01:17:31,095
"Why don't we replant the forest
that was here before?"
925
01:17:33,427 --> 01:17:37,998
The forest that was there before
and had once spread over all these hills
926
01:17:38,069 --> 01:17:41,757
was Mata Atlântica, the Atlantic rain forest.
927
01:17:42,903 --> 01:17:45,401
Nobody had ever tried to replant it,
928
01:17:45,473 --> 01:17:48,703
let alone on a scale of 600 hectares.
929
01:17:49,578 --> 01:17:52,916
Lélia's suggestion was probably
driven by the impulse
930
01:17:52,993 --> 01:17:55,295
of lifting up the family spirit.
931
01:17:55,371 --> 01:17:58,142
Yet, they actually started doing it.
932
01:17:58,901 --> 01:18:01,246
And in the following 10 years,
933
01:18:01,318 --> 01:18:05,660
nothing else than a full-blown miracle
took place on this land
934
01:18:05,730 --> 01:18:08,960
that has since then become
the lnstituto Terra.
935
01:18:15,321 --> 01:18:18,431
I remember, during the first plantation...
936
01:18:18,582 --> 01:18:22,345
I sometimes dreamt
that everything had died.
937
01:18:23,876 --> 01:18:27,945
Because the soil was so bad here,
so damaged...
938
01:18:28,020 --> 01:18:30,944
that I asked myself, "Will it ever grow?"
939
01:18:31,626 --> 01:18:35,619
The Mata Atlântica
has 400 different species.
940
01:18:35,693 --> 01:18:38,497
Of course,
we don't have all 400 of them...
941
01:18:38,570 --> 01:18:40,795
but each time, we plant...
942
01:18:40,949 --> 01:18:41,908
it's 100 species...
943
01:18:41,984 --> 01:18:43,292
150 species...
944
01:18:43,365 --> 01:18:47,325
After the first planting we lost 60%.
945
01:18:48,238 --> 01:18:51,042
After the second, we lost 40%.
946
01:18:51,116 --> 01:18:54,302
We had no book to teach us how to replant...
947
01:18:54,377 --> 01:18:55,882
a Mata Atlântica.
948
01:19:14,249 --> 01:19:16,092
I love coming up here...
949
01:19:16,743 --> 01:19:19,470
to see all these trees together...
950
01:19:19,543 --> 01:19:21,768
this mass of green forest.
951
01:19:22,728 --> 01:19:26,765
You can imagine
what it took to plant all these trees.
952
01:19:30,401 --> 01:19:32,244
When I was a kid...
953
01:19:32,320 --> 01:19:34,785
we had a little waterfall.
954
01:19:35,695 --> 01:19:38,543
All year long, it cascaded down there.
955
01:19:38,611 --> 01:19:42,910
My sisters and I would walk here
to the waterfall, for picnics.
956
01:19:44,020 --> 01:19:46,714
There was still an enormous forest.
957
01:19:46,783 --> 01:19:47,786
Later...
958
01:19:48,317 --> 01:19:51,655
the forest was cut down
and the water vanished.
959
01:19:52,691 --> 01:19:55,921
Our forest is still young,
it needs a lot of water.
960
01:19:57,793 --> 01:20:01,982
But in 10, 15 years,
when this growth has stabilized...
961
01:20:02,052 --> 01:20:05,936
I'm sure we'll have
a beautiful waterfall once more.
962
01:20:27,068 --> 01:20:28,181
You can see...
963
01:20:29,140 --> 01:20:31,256
lots of little paths...
964
01:20:31,328 --> 01:20:33,476
hundreds of them...
965
01:20:34,358 --> 01:20:36,169
That's where the cows walk.
966
01:20:36,968 --> 01:20:41,234
Each cow's hoof,
as it touches the ground...
967
01:20:41,303 --> 01:20:44,609
presses down with 200 or 250 kilos
on one small space.
968
01:20:44,680 --> 01:20:48,019
The soil flattens, it dries out...
969
01:20:48,094 --> 01:20:50,090
and nothing grows on it anymore.
970
01:20:50,166 --> 01:20:53,166
It's interesting to see the difference...
971
01:20:53,849 --> 01:20:58,345
between what the lnstituto Terra
was before, meadows like that...
972
01:20:58,416 --> 01:21:01,875
and what it is today,
a completely rebuilt eco-system...
973
01:21:01,945 --> 01:21:04,017
with our 2 million trees.
974
01:21:25,159 --> 01:21:26,512
Here you can see...
975
01:21:26,578 --> 01:21:30,615
a cicada that sang until it died.
976
01:21:31,719 --> 01:21:35,134
I'm sure its body
wasn't enclosed in the tree like that.
977
01:21:35,250 --> 01:21:38,819
The termites have built around it,
assimilated it.
978
01:21:38,933 --> 01:21:40,853
It'll be buried in there.
979
01:21:49,714 --> 01:21:54,285
You look at a tree and you think only
of its verticality, its beauty...
980
01:21:54,357 --> 01:21:59,464
But everything depends on the tree,
our water, our oxygen...
981
01:21:59,575 --> 01:22:01,571
It's everyone's home.
982
01:22:01,647 --> 01:22:04,724
Ants, small insects, cicadas...
983
01:22:04,794 --> 01:22:06,299
they're all in there.
984
01:22:07,403 --> 01:22:11,931
It feels good to hold
a tree you've helped to plant.
985
01:22:12,007 --> 01:22:15,499
It's already deeply rooted,
firm in the ground...
986
01:22:15,575 --> 01:22:18,914
Thirty years from now, it'll be like this.
987
01:22:18,990 --> 01:22:21,870
It's still quite young, still growing.
988
01:22:23,019 --> 01:22:26,052
These are even younger ones, tiny ones.
989
01:22:26,127 --> 01:22:28,014
Maybe they sprouted last night...
990
01:22:28,736 --> 01:22:31,966
like Alice entering Wonderland.
991
01:22:32,035 --> 01:22:37,339
It's incredible that they'll become trees
40 meters or so high...
992
01:22:37,408 --> 01:22:40,212
and will live for 400 or 500 years.
993
01:22:40,976 --> 01:22:42,558
What power!
994
01:22:47,153 --> 01:22:51,342
To think that these three-month-old trees...
995
01:22:51,411 --> 01:22:53,789
will reach their apex in 400 years.
996
01:22:54,942 --> 01:22:59,393
Perhaps from there we could try to grasp...
997
01:22:59,507 --> 01:23:01,655
the concept of eternity.
998
01:23:01,733 --> 01:23:03,958
Maybe eternity is measurable.
999
01:23:06,875 --> 01:23:09,602
When I first said, "Let's plant a forest"...
1000
01:23:09,675 --> 01:23:14,508
I thought that from a seed
I'd grow a small tree, a small plant...
1001
01:23:14,625 --> 01:23:17,658
Well, this isn't one small plant,
it's a million!
1002
01:23:19,076 --> 01:23:20,614
And it's not only for here.
1003
01:23:20,688 --> 01:23:24,377
It's for the whole region,
and further each time.
1004
01:23:24,486 --> 01:23:27,639
What's wonderful is that an idea...
1005
01:23:29,627 --> 01:23:31,775
can develop and grow.
1006
01:23:31,891 --> 01:23:35,153
And it's no longer one person's idea,
it's everyone's.
1007
01:23:36,764 --> 01:23:40,376
Our technology
can be reproduced almost everywhere.
1008
01:23:40,447 --> 01:23:42,716
Of course, species differ.
1009
01:23:42,788 --> 01:23:45,406
But the know-how is the same...
1010
01:23:45,972 --> 01:23:47,816
for every tropical forest.
1011
01:24:00,476 --> 01:24:03,782
The land healed Sebastião's despair.
1012
01:24:03,852 --> 01:24:06,546
The joy of seeing the trees grow again,
1013
01:24:06,615 --> 01:24:08,611
the springs coming back to life,
1014
01:24:08,687 --> 01:24:14,099
it all jump-started Sebastião's calling
as a photographer once more.
1015
01:24:14,174 --> 01:24:16,672
Only that he and Lelia knew
they couldn't possibly
1016
01:24:16,745 --> 01:24:19,396
return to what they'd done before.
1017
01:24:19,468 --> 01:24:21,126
We came to the conclusion...
1018
01:24:21,195 --> 01:24:24,884
that I could do a new project
related to the environment.
1019
01:24:24,993 --> 01:24:28,070
Of course, I first thought...
1020
01:24:28,140 --> 01:24:30,867
of denouncing
the destruction of the forests...
1021
01:24:30,940 --> 01:24:33,438
or the pollution of the oceans...
1022
01:24:33,511 --> 01:24:34,470
whatever.
1023
01:24:34,548 --> 01:24:38,160
Then we thought
we'd do a different sort of project.
1024
01:24:38,845 --> 01:24:41,037
We'd pay a tribute to the planet.
1025
01:24:41,108 --> 01:24:43,726
And we were very surprised to discover...
1026
01:24:43,794 --> 01:24:46,674
that almost half of the planet is still...
1027
01:24:46,749 --> 01:24:49,127
like at the time of creation.
1028
01:24:51,736 --> 01:24:56,078
Many of my friends said,
"No, you shouldn't take that route.
1029
01:24:56,226 --> 01:24:59,718
"It's risky. You're known
as a social photographer...
1030
01:24:59,794 --> 01:25:03,483
"And you're venturing into the field...
1031
01:25:03,554 --> 01:25:07,362
"of landscape, or wildlife photography."
1032
01:25:07,429 --> 01:25:09,731
I said, "I don't care, let's do it!
1033
01:25:09,808 --> 01:25:13,223
"L have to learn
to photograph that as well."
1034
01:25:13,300 --> 01:25:15,264
And I started my first story.
1035
01:25:15,372 --> 01:25:18,252
I wanted it to be Galapagos.
1036
01:25:18,326 --> 01:25:22,472
I wanted to understand
what Darwin had understood.
1037
01:25:23,659 --> 01:25:25,426
The same species...
1038
01:25:25,501 --> 01:25:28,611
in very different ecosystems...
1039
01:25:28,724 --> 01:25:31,026
will evolve very differently.
1040
01:25:33,367 --> 01:25:36,400
Looking at this detail of an iguana's paw...
1041
01:25:36,475 --> 01:25:39,781
I can't help thinking...
1042
01:25:39,851 --> 01:25:42,884
of the hand of a medieval knight...
1043
01:25:42,959 --> 01:25:46,451
with those metallic scales to protect him.
1044
01:25:49,750 --> 01:25:51,594
Looking at the paw's bone structure...
1045
01:25:51,669 --> 01:25:55,128
I see that the iguana is also my cousin.
1046
01:25:55,813 --> 01:25:58,431
That we came from the same cell.
1047
01:26:01,721 --> 01:26:05,639
When you're in front
of a creature of that age...
1048
01:26:05,712 --> 01:26:07,632
you're facing a real authority...
1049
01:26:07,707 --> 01:26:10,281
with all those wrinkles,
all that knowledge.
1050
01:26:11,121 --> 01:26:12,626
When Darwin came here...
1051
01:26:12,694 --> 01:26:16,883
that turtle
would already have been an adult.
1052
01:26:16,953 --> 01:26:19,069
Maybe it saw Darwin.
Who knows?
1053
01:26:21,251 --> 01:26:23,869
One day I was very tired...
1054
01:26:23,937 --> 01:26:29,120
as we'd been walking a long time
across some lava fields.
1055
01:26:29,193 --> 01:26:31,113
I lay down on the beach to rest...
1056
01:26:31,995 --> 01:26:34,951
and I felt something touch my leg.
1057
01:26:35,025 --> 01:26:37,949
I looked and it was a sea lion.
1058
01:26:38,019 --> 01:26:39,939
Another one came up beside us.
1059
01:26:40,014 --> 01:26:42,283
We were three sea lions!
1060
01:26:42,968 --> 01:26:46,776
They didn't see man as a predator,
nor as a threat.
1061
01:26:49,068 --> 01:26:51,948
That was my first nature report...
1062
01:26:52,100 --> 01:26:55,100
the first time
I photographed other animals.
1063
01:26:58,507 --> 01:27:02,151
For eight years,
I took my time observing.
1064
01:27:03,726 --> 01:27:05,766
The main thing was to understand...
1065
01:27:05,874 --> 01:27:09,682
that I'm as much a part of nature
as a turtle, or a tree...
1066
01:27:09,749 --> 01:27:11,177
or a pebble.
1067
01:28:25,067 --> 01:28:26,987
Amazing how he looks at us...
1068
01:28:27,062 --> 01:28:28,753
Indeed“.
1069
01:28:30,016 --> 01:28:32,056
There's depth in there!
1070
01:28:32,127 --> 01:28:35,007
He was coming closer,
I was photographing him...
1071
01:28:35,082 --> 01:28:36,544
his hand in his mouth...
1072
01:28:37,077 --> 01:28:40,569
He was seeing himself in a mirror
for the first time...
1073
01:28:40,645 --> 01:28:42,260
the front of the lens.
1074
01:28:42,371 --> 01:28:45,219
He was taking his finger out,
putting it back...
1075
01:28:45,288 --> 01:28:46,903
realizing that it was him.
1076
01:28:46,976 --> 01:28:51,974
He was becoming aware of his image,
and I sensed total identification.
1077
01:29:06,083 --> 01:29:08,079
They are families like ours...
1078
01:29:08,155 --> 01:29:11,079
with grandfathers, fathers,
grandchildren.
1079
01:29:13,566 --> 01:29:16,828
They respect each other.
1080
01:29:16,904 --> 01:29:21,432
And when you visit them,
you have to be polite...
1081
01:29:21,547 --> 01:29:24,045
to stand in a certain way...
1082
01:29:24,117 --> 01:29:26,811
you have to respect their territory.
1083
01:29:26,879 --> 01:29:29,181
And then you're welcomed.
1084
01:29:30,793 --> 01:29:34,175
I also befriended a whale.
1085
01:29:38,083 --> 01:29:40,275
These are whales...
1086
01:29:41,804 --> 01:29:43,112
in Argentina.
1087
01:29:45,641 --> 01:29:49,100
An adult like this is 35 meters long,
weighs about 40 tons.
1088
01:29:50,246 --> 01:29:52,515
She came so close to the boat...
1089
01:29:52,625 --> 01:29:54,697
I could touch her.
1090
01:29:54,774 --> 01:29:57,392
And it was incredible.
Such sensitive skin!
1091
01:29:57,460 --> 01:29:58,998
As I was caressing her...
1092
01:29:59,071 --> 01:30:03,337
I could see her tail, 35 meters away,
trembling.
1093
01:30:03,407 --> 01:30:04,945
Incredible sensitivity.
1094
01:30:05,556 --> 01:30:09,700
We had a small boat, just 7 meters long.
1095
01:30:10,196 --> 01:30:12,813
She knew she could have sunk us.
1096
01:30:12,880 --> 01:30:15,606
But she never once hit the boat. Not once!
1097
01:30:15,679 --> 01:30:18,677
As we left,
she began tapping her tail...
1098
01:31:00,701 --> 01:31:02,925
That's like another planet!
1099
01:31:03,002 --> 01:31:05,226
It's quite incredible.
1100
01:31:05,302 --> 01:31:09,796
Let me see if I have another photo
of the Nenets.
1101
01:31:11,016 --> 01:31:14,778
See, everything a Nenet owns is here.
1102
01:31:16,155 --> 01:31:17,430
That's their house.
1103
01:31:21,792 --> 01:31:25,359
I'd been planning this work
on the Nenets for a long time.
1104
01:31:26,356 --> 01:31:30,423
About eighteen people,
with six thousand reindeer...
1105
01:31:30,497 --> 01:31:32,568
constantly migrating.
1106
01:31:34,678 --> 01:31:37,632
This must be
about seven in the evening.
1107
01:31:37,707 --> 01:31:40,705
At about eight in the evening
they'd light a fire...
1108
01:31:40,775 --> 01:31:43,425
and cook the only hot meal of the day.
1109
01:31:44,303 --> 01:31:47,607
After the meal, we'd chat a bit.
Everybody talked.
1110
01:31:47,678 --> 01:31:49,139
They'd put out the fire.
1111
01:31:49,212 --> 01:31:54,970
While the fire was burning,
it was 15 to 20 degrees, quite nice.
1112
01:31:55,079 --> 01:31:57,500
Two hours later, it was minus thirty.
1113
01:32:00,602 --> 01:32:03,862
They're the real cowboys of Siberia.
1114
01:32:03,938 --> 01:32:06,555
They always have their lasso...
1115
01:32:06,622 --> 01:32:09,620
made of reindeer skin,
around their necks.
1116
01:32:10,495 --> 01:32:15,141
They have boots made of silver-fox skin.
1117
01:32:15,941 --> 01:32:19,278
They sleep with them.
Those boots last a lifetime.
1118
01:32:33,926 --> 01:32:37,110
The Ob is a very special river...
1119
01:32:37,186 --> 01:32:38,952
a huge Siberian river.
1120
01:32:39,909 --> 01:32:43,399
At this spot,
it's about 47 kilometers wide.
1121
01:32:46,314 --> 01:32:50,272
Once past the Ob,
you're in the Arctic Circle.
1122
01:32:52,219 --> 01:32:54,716
There's no horizon, there's nothing.
1123
01:32:54,788 --> 01:32:59,128
You are on a white plate,
as wide as the universe.
1124
01:33:10,627 --> 01:33:12,546
Genesis took Sebastião
1125
01:33:12,621 --> 01:33:16,460
around the globe once more
for almost a decade.
1126
01:33:16,532 --> 01:33:21,101
It was gonna show us nature,
animals, places and peoples
1127
01:33:21,172 --> 01:33:23,975
that were like at the beginning of time.
1128
01:33:24,048 --> 01:33:25,891
A much more optimistic view
1129
01:33:25,966 --> 01:33:29,117
of the same planet
than Sebastião had witnessed for so long
1130
01:33:29,187 --> 01:33:31,149
as damaged and destroyed.
1131
01:33:32,869 --> 01:33:37,820
Genesis was gonna be their opus magnus,
a love letter to the planet.
1132
01:33:50,624 --> 01:33:55,925
There were accounts of the Zo'é
in 16th-century Jesuit writings.
1133
01:33:55,993 --> 01:33:59,330
They went to Amazonia
and spoke about these people...
1134
01:33:59,406 --> 01:34:02,360
who wore a tube of wood
inside their lower lip.
1135
01:34:02,436 --> 01:34:05,620
These Indians were never seen again.
1136
01:34:05,695 --> 01:34:08,039
It was believed to be a fairytale...
1137
01:34:08,111 --> 01:34:10,379
or an invention by the Jesuits...
1138
01:34:10,450 --> 01:34:12,827
until the end of the eighties...
1139
01:34:12,943 --> 01:34:15,484
when these Indians
were contacted again.
1140
01:35:41,452 --> 01:35:43,720
These Indians really live in a paradise.
1141
01:35:44,827 --> 01:35:47,051
It's the only place I've found...
1142
01:35:47,127 --> 01:35:50,158
where the women
have 3 or 4 or 5 husbands...
1143
01:35:50,733 --> 01:35:53,197
and the husbands have as many wives.
1144
01:35:54,414 --> 01:35:56,333
Each woman has a hunting husband...
1145
01:35:56,983 --> 01:35:58,869
a fishing husband...
1146
01:35:58,939 --> 01:36:01,862
a farming husband...
1147
01:36:02,468 --> 01:36:06,579
one who's a handyman,
who helps around the house...
1148
01:36:06,724 --> 01:36:08,992
The women have enormous power.
1149
01:36:09,063 --> 01:36:12,750
They have an influence over
some of the men...
1150
01:36:12,821 --> 01:36:14,402
that's quite considerable.
1151
01:36:45,801 --> 01:36:49,988
One thing I always found interesting
about all these peoples...
1152
01:36:50,058 --> 01:36:53,625
was their perfect consciousness
of their appearance.
1153
01:36:54,276 --> 01:36:56,577
When I was about to take a photo...
1154
01:36:56,654 --> 01:37:00,493
they'd know I was going to make
a representation of their image.
1155
01:37:01,448 --> 01:37:04,632
At first they'd be eager,
then, they'd lose interest.
1156
01:37:06,049 --> 01:37:08,164
It wasn't their world.
1157
01:37:08,235 --> 01:37:11,615
On the other hand,
they were very interested in my knife.
1158
01:37:11,725 --> 01:37:16,219
My friend Ypô made me swear
to give him my knife.
1159
01:37:16,289 --> 01:37:18,862
But the National Indian Foundation...
1160
01:37:18,935 --> 01:37:22,392
made me promise not to give
any of my objects to the Indians...
1161
01:37:22,462 --> 01:37:25,570
to protect their purity.
1162
01:37:26,221 --> 01:37:28,522
So he said, "Let's make a deal.
1163
01:37:28,637 --> 01:37:30,523
"They day you leave...
1164
01:37:30,592 --> 01:37:33,133
"throw your knife
out of the airplane window.
1165
01:37:33,200 --> 01:37:35,577
"I'll follow the plane's path...
1166
01:37:35,655 --> 01:37:37,465
"and I'll find your knife!"
1167
01:37:55,059 --> 01:37:57,480
These plants are very old.
1168
01:37:57,552 --> 01:38:00,168
They've been here for 40 or 50 years.
1169
01:38:04,452 --> 01:38:06,567
They're wonderful plants...
1170
01:38:07,634 --> 01:38:09,094
samambaia.
1171
01:38:09,168 --> 01:38:13,278
A plant of the shade,
from the heart of our forest...
1172
01:38:13,346 --> 01:38:15,493
from the highest parts.
1173
01:38:16,835 --> 01:38:18,982
It reminds me of my mother's hair.
1174
01:38:19,058 --> 01:38:21,707
My mother was very beautiful.
1175
01:38:24,272 --> 01:38:26,888
These were her plants,
and after she died...
1176
01:38:27,914 --> 01:38:30,716
Dad took care of them
until he passed away.
1177
01:38:30,789 --> 01:38:32,598
Then, we brought them here.
1178
01:38:38,571 --> 01:38:40,489
Look, it's raining.
1179
01:38:40,564 --> 01:38:41,796
Beautiful rain.
1180
01:38:59,311 --> 01:39:02,647
This land is extremely important to us.
1181
01:39:03,489 --> 01:39:06,639
We're completing a cycle with this land.
1182
01:39:07,361 --> 01:39:10,927
Within this cycle,
we have spent our lives.
1183
01:39:11,003 --> 01:39:12,768
The lives of my parents...
1184
01:39:12,843 --> 01:39:15,840
the lives of my sisters...
1185
01:39:15,910 --> 01:39:18,482
a large part of my life...
1186
01:39:19,130 --> 01:39:23,884
And today,
we're living our lives here again...
1187
01:39:23,960 --> 01:39:25,496
Lélia and I.
1188
01:39:26,528 --> 01:39:28,795
This land continues to tell our story.
1189
01:39:28,867 --> 01:39:32,747
It formed my childhood
and accompanies my old age.
1190
01:39:32,816 --> 01:39:35,356
And when I die...
1191
01:39:35,422 --> 01:39:39,989
this forest will once again be
like when I was born.
1192
01:39:40,061 --> 01:39:42,524
And the cycle will be complete.
1193
01:39:43,167 --> 01:39:45,162
It's the story of my life.
1176
01:40:05,921 --> 01:40:08,758
The man whose photographs have told us
1177
01:40:08,879 --> 01:40:10,878
thousands of stories about our planet,
1178
01:40:10,999 --> 01:40:13,116
It leaves us a great history and a great dream:
1179
01:40:13,239 --> 01:40:15,237
the destruction of nature can be reversed.
1180
01:40:18,197 --> 01:40:22,794
More than a thousand fountains watering again "Terra Institute".
1181
01:40:22,917 --> 01:40:26,034
There are already planted 2.5 million trees.
1182
01:40:26,155 --> 01:40:28,592
The wildlife has returned, even jaguars.
1183
01:40:30,554 --> 01:40:33,712
The earth is no longer possession of Salgado,
1184
01:40:33,833 --> 01:40:36,030
now a national park that belongs to everyone.
1185
01:40:36,153 --> 01:40:39,990
Is the demonstration that devastated lands anywhere
1186
01:40:40,113 --> 01:40:42,230
they can return to forest.94755
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