All language subtitles for ch 1 p4

Now we're going to look at some actual geological

formations where oil may be found.

Previously i described geological formations that

geologist look for when searching for oil with in

these layers of brought that extent over a large area.

Structures develop.

A structure is a distortion of a rock formation.

Let's go back to divergent convergent and transform

plate margin movement.

These different movements cause crustal defamation.

The earth's crust benz or breaks.

The energy released by these movements puts the

crust under such stress that it bends or breaks.

This is how rock structures are formed.

There are three types of geological structures.

Joints faults fold.

We fight oil in all three.

Joints are nothing but fractures or cracks

sometimes when iraq is under high stress.

It starts to crack and causes a change in the rock

characteristic fault or caused when the rock breaks.

It moves away or apart relative to the other side.

They are caused by stress created by the movement of

the plate margins.

With joints the rock formation and shape does not

change it merely cracks in fault.

However there is a change in the formation and shape.

This has caused when the rock breaks and moves.

We are three different types of faults in faults

caused by divergent and convergent played margin movement.

You can have high dip or load dip.

Dip refers to the angle of the fault plane road to to

the horizontal plane.

In the faults caused by transform they move sideways

or lateral.

His fault of two sides we identify the different

sides by naming them the hanging wall and the football.

The hanging wall is above the fault line or on top of

the angle and the football is below the fault line or

below the angle.

Hanging wall and foot wall our names that come from

early miners looking for gold long ago.

Since minerals including gold is found and faults

the minors dog down to the fall and moved across to

extracting the gold.

The side where they hung the light or lantern was

called hanging wall and the side where they stood was

called the foot wall where you put your feet.

These expressions are now standard geological terms.

The movement of the fall can be measured in the x

direction right or left.

This is called the heave when the movement is

measured in the why direction up and down we call that

movement the throw.

To measure the left or right movement we measure the

he to measure the up or down movement.

We measure the throw.

A normal fault is caused by divergent plate margin movement.

Remember divergent means pulling apart.

You might also hear words like extension.

Or tension but they all mean divergent.

These faults can range in size from a few centimeters too.

Many kilometers.

In a normal fault the hanging while goes down.

It's fault plane cuts through the hang wall and the

foot wall at the dip angle.

Here you can see.

They are white and to illustrate their heave and

throw movements.

Geologist you sound waves called seismic grams to

measure the location and types of faults.

This is an example of a seismic graham.

If you look closely you can see fault.

Here is the hanging wall.

This one went down in this one went up.

So when we see a hanging while we know some kind of

distortion some kind of extension happened.

It pulled apart.

The second type of fault is caused by convergent

played margin movement.

It is called a reverse fault.

During the formation of this fault the played

margins where pushed together or compressed now the

hanging wall goes up.

Reverse faults are always formed under compression.

The fault plane causes the hanging wall to go up.

This is the reverse of a normal fault where the

extension forces it to go down.

With in reverse faults we have two types.

They are called reverse fault and thrust for.

The only difference between these two kinds of

reverse fault is between the dip angles.

The high angle greater than thirty degrees is called

a reverse fault and a low angle.

Less than thirty degrees is called a thrust fault.

Some low angle trust faults can literally be zero

which is what you see here.

Divergent and convergent plate margin movements

cause normal and reverse faults.

Transform plate margin movement causes strike slip faults.

When the whole plate moves it is called a transform.

But one there is movement on only a small segment from

a couple of kilometers to a few meters.

We call these strike slip faults.

There are two types of strike slip faults.

Strike slip left where the movement is to the left and

strike slip up right where the movement is to the right.

So how do we tell the difference.

Let's say you are standing next to this telephone

poll on the slide.

When you feel the earthquake you look across the fall

to the other side.

If it all moves to the right it is a right strike slip fault.

If everything moves to the left it is called a left

strike slip fault.

With laughter right it doesn't matter which side

you're on.

The movement will always be left or right relative to

your position.

Which side is actually moving.

We don't always know.

They are moving relative to each other.

You might be on the one that's moving or you could be

standing still the opposite side moves right from

where you are standing.

Then.

It is a right strike slip fault.

The third structural defamation is called folds.

Fold are bent plane or structures caused by ductile defamation.

Tile mean something you can ban and then it will hold.

It's new shape.

Copper wire is an example of ductile defamation.

You can bend it and it will stay in the new shape.

Remember doctor means that it bends.

It doesn't break into two or more pieces.

Surprisingly andre enough heat and pressure rocks

will bend.

Rockfalls that are formed where the center goes up

are called anna climb folds.

Where the centerfold down.

We call these same kind fold.

While his found only in the and decline folds.

Here's an example of an antique line.

The flags are bent downward force in older rocks up to

feel the inside of the fall.

In same climb folds the flags band upward pushing

against older rocks on the outside.

We never find oil in a sin climb.

If you look at and and decline fault you can see here

where the oil can get trapped.

It accumulates up into this area beneath the fold.

If the cap rock is impermissible then it gets trapped.

And decline folds can run from a few millimeters to

tens of kilometers long.

In the big oil fields these underground anna klein's

run for kilometers and are very large structures.

Here is an example of a simple symmetrical and decline.

But nature does not always give us symmetrical structures.

There are three other types asymmetrical an incline

angular and klein and plunging and klein.

When something has occurred to make the two sides

different then we refer to these and to close as

asymmetrical meaning.

One side is different than the other.

In this example you can see that one side is far more

bent than the other side.

This is an angular and decline.

The top of the fold makes a sharp angle.

It is not rounded like in a symmetrical and declined something.

Violent happened here to twist the structure.

He did not break so it still can be called a full.

Another type of and a client is a plunging an incline.

Sometimes when mounds are formed by uplifting

forces they are pushed up.

This mountaintop as a sharp and decline structure it

got pushed up.

Everything else fell down around it.

In this model we see examples of anna klein and sin klein.

Many times they appear together.

The area where the an acclaimed structure runs into

as incline structure is called a limb.

The hinge line is the maximum point at the top of the

and claim it runs parallel to the top of the curb.

This line is important because it shows closure a

place to hole oil.

This concludes chapter one.

We've talked about how the earth was formed the

theory of plate tectonics.

The internal divisions of the earth and it's

geological structures.

It is important for us in the oil industry to

understand how the earth's formations and

structures were formed.

Weekend then apply this knowledge to help us locate

oil fields and better develop existing ones.

Oh.