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When we're learning about map design,
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it's important to know about map elements.
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Those are basically the building blocks
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of the typical things that you would see in the map.
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So, here's a list of map elements,
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more or less in the order that they would be applied to a map when you're creating it.
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So, I'll go through each of these.
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I'll show you an example of a map so that it's
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clear what these things mean, but essentially,
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you're starting with a Frame Line that goes around the entire map,
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then you put the mapped area on next,
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then the Title and Subtitle,
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Legend, scale, and so on.
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So, part of this is that you're doing it based on the size of the things.
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So literally, the Frame Line goes around everything else in the map,
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so it's the biggest things.
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So, it's going to contain everything so put that on first,
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then the Mapped Area which is the next biggest thing.
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Then the title and a subtitle which is more to do with importance,
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and then the Legend and scale which are of decreasing importance.
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So, it's a good guideline.
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It's not that I can tell or someone else
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could tell necessarily what order you put them on,
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but it'll increase the efficiency of your map design if you start with the big things,
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and then work your way down to the smaller things,
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and then you can find places to put them.
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So, let's just have a look at a map that shows us what those things are.
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Okay, here's our map with our map elements.
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The first thing is the Frame Line,
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so that's a line that goes around everything else on the map.
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You can think of it like a picture frame if you want,
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that's for some reason always comes to mind when I'm thinking about it.
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You'll notice that everything else is included.
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For some reason, some people want to put their name or
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some other information outside the Frame Line, that's not really the idea.
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The whole idea is that, it's containing everything else.
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So, put everything else inside that Frame Line.
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The Neatline is the line that contains the actual mapped area.
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So, I'll just put that on here now as well.
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The mapped area just means literally,
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the main subject of your map.
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The Neatline is the line that goes around that area.
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So, you don't always necessarily have a Neatline.
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For example, if I didn't have Lake Ontario,
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if that wasn't there and this wasn't there,
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and if I just had Toronto floating on its own,
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with white space around it,
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you wouldn't necessarily have to have a Neatline.
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In fact, that might detract from it if you had it.
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But when you have your mapped area that goes right up to the edge of the rectangle,
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then it's important to have a Neatline,
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because it does tidy things up and makes it neater.
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So, if you're trying to remember the difference,
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the Frame Line is like a picture frame around everything.
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The Neatline keeps things neat and tidy, if that works for you.
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Then you add your Title and Subtitle.
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Just a tip here, it's a rookie mistake that people
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often make is that they'll make their title,
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Map of City of Toronto, blah blah blah.
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You don't have to put the Map all in there, it's redundant.
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You wouldn't write a book and then title it like book of such and such.
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So, it's normal you wouldn't do that,
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maybe it's a book of spells or something I don't know.
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So, the idea is that,
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you don't need to put Map of it in there,
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but for some reason when people start out,
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they really want to put that in there.
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So, don't do that.
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What you should focus on in the title is the usual things,
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who, what, when, where, and why.
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Not all of those things all the time but here,
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it's obvious that it's the City of Toronto.
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We're talking about population density,
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what are those areas that we're looking at, their census tracks,
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when was the data collected in 2016.
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So, that's just nice and simple,
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and clear in the title.
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I've used a subtitle here to add a little extra information,
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instead of trying to fit it all into the title.
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So, you can work with those things.
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You can add the Legend.
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There's a few things here that I could mention.
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So, by default the software wants to put in a title for the Legend that says Legend,
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that often is not necessary.
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A map like this which is really a thematic map,
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it's pretty straightforward, it's pretty simple,
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it's clear from the title that we're talking about population density.
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So, you don't really need to tell people that this box here is a Legend.
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I think that's fairly obvious.
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If you have a reference map,
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if there's a whole bunch of stuff in that Legend,
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then sure fine, it makes sense to put that in there.
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It's not like it's a horrible mistake,
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it's just kind of redundant in a map like this, you don't really need it.
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What would be better is to change that title to something more informative like here,
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I put people per square kilometer.
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So, the title tells us that it's population density,
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so I didn't really need to put that in the Legend title as well,
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but I did put in people per square kilometer,
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so that people know if map readers know what those numbers are referring to.
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Then actually, I even put in by quantiles so that it's clear how I divided up
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the data into these different groups or classes, okay? What else?
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If I did not have Lake Ontario here.
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If this was just white space,
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and the Legend was white as well,
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then you don't really need to put a box around the Legend.
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Often again that's something that's
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done by default or people feel like there should be a box around it.
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The box is only there to differentiate or separate the Legend from something around it.
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So, in this case, where it's a different color than the background,
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I didn't really want to make the Legend blue like
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the water because then it looks like it's floating in the water that's no good.
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So, in this case,
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I put a box around it because I want to make it very clear.
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Not only that, I actually made the color of
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the box line similar to the color of the water.
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So, it kind of blends in but it's a little bit darker so there's a differentiation there.
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I thought that was just a nice subtle touch.
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It's important to include other things that are on the map.
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So, the fact that these are census tracks outside the study area,
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just so people know what they are.
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One thing that I kind of wrestle with a bit is that,
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part of me wants to say that anything that's on your map should be in the Legend.
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But you'll notice here that I didn't put water in the Legend.
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There's no box here that says water, right?
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I think in this case,
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because I've labeled it Lake Ontario,
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because it's Toronto and I think most people would know what's on the Great Lakes,
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I don't think it's really necessary to put water on there.
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I hesitate only that when you're starting out,
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it's important to have a good practice
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to include all the information you think is important.
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But if there's a point where you think that something is really obvious,
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if it's a road map, and you put roads,
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it says road map of such and such and you've got a few lines on the map.
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Maybe you don't need to put something in it that says roads because maybe it's obvious.
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So, some of that is a bit subjective,
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open to a bit of interpretation.
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You don't necessarily have to have everything on there,
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but generally you may want to err on
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the side of caution and include things if you're not sure.
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You should include a scale on your map.
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Here I've gone for one that's fairly simple and straightforward.
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I find that people tend to want to put some more elaborate scales in there,
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but there's not really a need for it,
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especially a map like this that's meant to be really straightforward,
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kind of technical maybe,
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something you might see in a city website or something like that.
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Just keep it straightforward.
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The units that you use will depend on where you are, and who you are.
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In Canada we use the metric system so it's in kilometers.
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If you're working in United States perhaps you would use miles.
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Orientation just refers to having a north arrow.
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Something that's funny that comes up from time to time is that
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some people really feel strongly that the north arrow must always points straight up.
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Especially, I think when you're new to map making it's like wait a minute.
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The map arrows pointing straight up that's wrong,
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and it's not wrong it all depends on the map and
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the situation for example here in Toronto.
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The street network in the city really is tilted to one side,
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and so if I was to make a map with north straight up,
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then I would have to make the city a bit smaller in order to fit it onto a page.
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So, if I just rotate it a few degrees as
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much as you can see here in terms of the orientation of that north arrow,
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then I can make the area that I'm mapping larger and fit
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a little more detail into it on the same size page.
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So, don't feel as though it must always be pointing directly north.
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You can adjust it if makes sense to do so,if you have a good reason to do it.
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In this case it's not too far off north I think it's pretty obvious to people
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how this map works and where it is and so on.
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If you're radically off north,
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if you've rotated the map say 180 degrees or something that's okay to,
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there may be a good reason for that but it should be for a specific purpose and
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definitely then you want to make sure that there's
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some north arrow or some way of indicating to people,
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the north isn't where they expect it to be.
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Sometimes that could be a useful effect to get people's attention.
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But you should do it intentionally
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and make sure it's clear to people what it is that they're looking at.
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Make sure that you include the data source and authorship.
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So,the data source is Where did you get the data from,
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that's included on the map and it's important for people to be
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able to judge the quality of the data and of the map.
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If you have an authoritative source like I have here which is, Statistics Canada,
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a government agency, I think most people would trust that data and
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say that's pretty good data then therefore this is something I can rely on.
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If the data source was my uncle
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Bob who doesn't work for Statistics Canada or whatever, I'm just making it up.
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If it's some source where it's not really that authoritative.
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It's important that people know that it's not to say that it's automatically
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a bad map but they want to be able to judge it based on where that data came from.
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So, do included it.
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The format of the way that it's written can vary depending on the map.
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I'm using a fairly simple straightforward format here.
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You can use a formal citation method just like you
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would like if you were referencing a journal article or something like that.
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That depends a bit on who you're making them out for,
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whether it's going to be published.
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Are there standards that are expected for a particular type of map.
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So, keep those in mind but definitely make sure to include the map data source on there,
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so that people can judge that map data accordingly.
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Of course include your authorship,
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your name so that people know who made this map.
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So, that they can give you the applause
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and attention that you so well-deserved for your wonderful map.
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This may seem like a really small detail but it's super important to always remember
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to align the map elements the objects that are in your map layout.
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I'm not talking about moving the actual locations of cities running like that,
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I'm just saying the legend,
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and the scale bar and the title and all those things
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whenever you can try to get them to line up correctly.
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Your brain is incredibly good at detecting
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even small variations where things are just a little
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bit out of alignment and it's something that's distracting.
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It makes your map look less polished,
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less finished and you don't want to have that.
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I spent an enormous amount of time when I'm making my PowerPoint slides for example,
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making sure that things are all aligned,
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centered to whatever way is best so that they look
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really polished and complete and I think it's important that,
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it only takes a few extra seconds in the software,
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to right-click on something and say align to margins,
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align this object to that object.
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So, I'm just trying to emphasize
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that attention detail I think is rewarded in a map that just looks so much better.
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There's really not a lot to this you have no alignment here you can align to the bottom,
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to the center, to the top.
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It all depends on what it is that you're trying to do the look that you're going for.
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You can also align things vertically by left center right,
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there's not necessarily one hard and fast rule that will always work for everything,
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sometimes you have to take into consideration the shape or the size of
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different objects or the location of them what it is you're trying to achieve.
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But the main point really am trying to get across here is that you do think about it.
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You do try to notice these things and apply these alignments whenever you can.
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This may seem super pedantic but it's something that I really
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think is important to just pay attention to these little details,
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it just takes like two seconds to fix and it makes your map look better,
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and it's just more correct and more rigorous.
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So, I'm just going to point this so quickly is from
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a great blog post from Ezri and was written by Eileen Buckley
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in 2016 and she's just pointing out here common error that people make with GIS data.
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So, what happens is you get a data-set say for roads.
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Okay, and so the name of the file is roads,
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you added into your map and then the software
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helpfully automatically puts the legend entry as being the same name,
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as the file name which is roads.
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Okay, what could be wrong with that?
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Because a legend is actually meant to show you
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an example of the thing on the map and so if you have
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say a red line in your legend that indicates
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a road and you've put roads there it's not more than one road in the legend.
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Okay, you've shown one example of a road in the legend and so that is a road.
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No s on the end.
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Okay, you're not saying here's all the roads on my map you're saying,
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here's an example of a road.
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So, the text, the label that's included for that should be singular not plural.
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Okay. It's again I know it sounds really pedantic
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maybe it is but why not just do it correctly and it's
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a common thing because I find a lot of data-sets are
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plural because people are saying well this data-set contains all the roads which is fine.
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But when you're creating your legend makes sure that it's singular.
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Unless there is a good reason to do it otherwise.
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If for example your legend entry has more than one thing,
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whether it's picnic tables.
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If you have three tables in the symbol,
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then you can say tables because that's plural.
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So, I don't want to belabor the point too much but
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it's again one of these little details that I notice on a well-designed map,
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versus one that maybe is not as well designed as
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these little technical details are nit-picky things.
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Now that you know about it hopefully you'll avoid those little mistakes along the way.24192
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