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A ragtag bunch of rebels
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Faces the greatest military superpower of the day.
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It's a war they never should have won.
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This is the secret history of how they did it.
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Daring.
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Leadership.
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New ways of fighting...
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And true American grit.
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We are pioneers and trailblazers.
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We fight for freedom
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We transform our dreams into the truth,
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Our struggles... will become a nation
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- The Story of Us
- Revolution
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New York City.
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Gateway to North America.
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Today the financial capital of the world.
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8 million people.
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In 1776, this is a city of just 20,000.
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It will soon become the battleground
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For the biggest land invasion in American history.
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Three miles from Wall Street,
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Where 23rd Street crosses Lexington Avenue today...
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The Rebels dig in to defend New York
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At Kips Bay.
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Commander of the Rebel Army is General George Washington.
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He has already driven the British out of Boston.
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A surprise victory against superior forces.
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But they'll be back.
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The hour is fast approaching
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On which the honor and success of this army,
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And the safety of our bleeding country depends.
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Joseph Plumb Martin
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Enlisted in the Rebel forces at 15...
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Inspired to fight under Washington's command.
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A farm boy, he joins thousands of untrained volunteers.
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Our Revolutionary Army was quite something.
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It was-- in a nation that wasn't really a nation yet,
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Just starting out,
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And we took on the greatest superpower of the time.
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Washington's ragtag troops
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Are about to face the best-equipped
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And most powerful fighting force in the world.
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June 29th.
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45 British warships mass off Staten Island.
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Bearing down on New York City,
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The ultimate war machine of its day,
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The British ship-of-the-line.
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Each ship is made from over 2,000 century-old trees.
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Each carries hundreds more soldiers
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To the fight against the colonies.
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And each is armed with up to 64 heavy cannons...
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Capable of hurling a 24-pound cannonball
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At the speed of sound,
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Delivering it to targets over a mile away.
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One ship-of-the-line costs the equivalent
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Of a modern aircraft carrier.
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Another 350 British ships
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Are racing across the Atlantic to join them.
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The British want to terrify the Rebels into submission.
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Instead, they inspire them to resist.
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On July 2nd, there's a crisis meeting in Philadelphia.
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50 delegates elected to the Continental Congress
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From the 13 colonies hold an emergency session.
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They include radicals like Ben Franklin,
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Thomas Jefferson and John Adams.
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What they're debating
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Is nothing less than high treason--
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Total independence from Britain.
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The penalty is death.
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We are in the midst of a revolution,
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The most complete
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In the history of the world.
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It's the birth of American democracy.
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We have to expect
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A great expanse of blood to obtain it.
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Some don't believe the Rebels stand a chance.
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We are about to brave the storm
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In a skiff made of paper.
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But the doubters are outnumbered nearly five to one.
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On July 4, 1776,
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The delegates ratify a document
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That will change the world,
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The Declaration of Independence.
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"We hold these truths to be self-evident,"
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"That all men are created equal,"
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"That they are endowed by their Creator"
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"With certain unalienable Rights."
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Now think about that.
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They're saying that your rights come not from the king,
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Not from the government, your rights come from God
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And furthermore, they can't be taken away from you.
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They're inalienable.
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blacks, women, gays--
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Everybody looks to the Declaration
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As a way of saying we are Americans, too.
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So the Declaration is the American creed.
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" ... that among these are Life..."
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"Liberty..."
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"And the pursuit of Happiness."
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You cannot help but be stirred
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When you read those words.
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And you feel the excitement of being
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On the cusp of something so profound.
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We can be free.
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Now soldiers like Plumb Martin
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Have something worth fighting for.
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On July 12th, two British warships
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Open fire on New York City.
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It must have been quite a shock
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Because New York, up to that point,
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Was pretty quiet city.
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It was a business city.
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So you had significant support for the Rebels
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But also significant support
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For the people who were still loyal to the king.
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A month later, Joseph Reed,
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Secretary to George Washington,
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Tracks the British fleet massing off New York.
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Over 400 ships,
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The largest British Naval task force until D-day.
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32,000 British troops
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Prepare to storm Manhattan Island.
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They outnumber Patriot forces two to one.
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Just five of the biggest British ships
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Carry more firepower
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Than all the Patriot guns in the city.
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Reed is awed by the sight.
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When I look down
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And see the prodigious fleet they have collected,
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I cannot help being astonished
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That a people should come 3,000 miles
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At such risk, trouble and expense
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To rob, plunder and destroy another people
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Because they will not lay their lives
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And fortune at their feet.
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It's the biggest attack on New York City
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Until September 11, 2001.
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But the Rebels will stand and fight.
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The difference for me was that the British Army
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Was fighting for a king
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And the Americans were fighting for their lives.
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Plumb Martin is one of 500 men
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Standing guard at Kips Bay.
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Have a look.
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The first thing that saluted our eyes
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Was all 4 ships at anchor
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Within musket shot of us.
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"The Phoenix."
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I could read her name as distinctly as though
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I was directly underneath her stern.
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Pull out your gun!
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The assault begins.
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September 1776.
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New York is under fire.
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In one hour...
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2,500 British cannonballs
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Smash the Rebel defenses at Kips Bay.
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4,000 British troops storm Manhattan.
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Tough and battle-hardened,
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A British redcoat has six times
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More combat experience than a Patriot Army recruit.
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Get back in your lines!
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Washington watches his army collapse.
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Hold the line, men!
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They retreat along an ancient Native American path
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That will later be known as Broadway.
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September 20th.
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New York, now in British hands, burns.
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No one knows who starts the fire...
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But over two days
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It destroys 1/4 of the city.
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It gives you a sense of the people
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Who wanted to be free,
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How much they were willing to endure.
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The city being burned, the city being occupied.
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Gives you a sense of how much they wanted freedom.
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More than 3,000 Patriot POWs
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Are thrown into prison ships in New York Harbor.
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The most notorious is the HMS Jersey,
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Nicknamed "Hell."
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One prisoner, Robert Sheffield,
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Escaped to tell the tale.
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The air was so foul that at times
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A lamp could not be kept burning,
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By reason of which the bodies were not missed
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Until they had been dead ten days.
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Nine in ten prisoners die.
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There is a memorial over in Brooklyn
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To those that died on British prison ships
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In New York Harbor.
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Thousands of Americans.
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Over the course of the war,
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12,000 Patriot POWs will die in the prison ships,
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Three times more than are killed in battle.
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The loss of New York is Washington's
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First defeat as commander in chief.
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The overwhelming British force crushes the Rebel Army.
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Washington's only hope now
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Rests hundreds of miles inland,
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With men the British know nothing about.
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A new type of soldier with new weapons...
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And new rules of war.
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Let's go kill us some redcoats.
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By June, a new British Army of 8,000 men
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Heads south from loyalist Canada.
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Its objective:
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Kill off the American Revolution once and for all.
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They're led by General John Burgoyne.
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An aristocrat, politician, and art lover,
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He's also one of the best cavalry officers
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In the British military.
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Burgoyne pushes south,
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Following the Hudson River.
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His army is like a mobile city.
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The redcoats are accompanied by 2,000 servants,
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Wives and mistresses.
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200 supply wagons
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Carry 84 tons of powder and shot,
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As well as silver and porcelain tableware
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For the officers' meals.
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Burgoyne's plan is simple.
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He's traveling from St. John's in Canada
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170 miles south to Saratoga,
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Deep in the interior of the New York Colony.
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Then, he'll link up with the victorious British Army
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In New York City,
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Cutting the colonies into two parts.
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But the American frontier
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Becomes the British Army's worst enemy.
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The problem is they're in
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What we might call
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A counterinsurgency kind of campaign,
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Where their passage through the land
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And the offense that they give to farmers
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Creates enemies wherever they go.
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Now Washington unleashes revolutionary new tactics
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And a totally new type of soldier.
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Men who learned their skills on the frontier.
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So this army came together--
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An army of militia, an army of woodsmen,
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An army of sharpshooters,
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And we didn't play by the rules.
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British redcoats are trained for open battlefields.
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Now they face Rebel sharpshooters
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Hidden in dense cover.
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Leading them, Daniel Morgan.
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Hard drinker, gambler, brawler.
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And now the colonel of an elite corps of 500 riflemen.
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He was a self-made man
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And he was a-- although not educated at a great school--
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Was a smart guy, was a tough guy,
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And was ready and willing
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To step up when the time called.
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He was the perfect guy to show up at the perfect time.
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Burgoyne's route takes him through dense forest
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Over five times larger than all of England.
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Trees once intended to build British ships...
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Now become Rebel roadblocks.
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The British are sitting ducks.
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Their advance slows to just a mile a day.
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The march south becomes a six-week nightmare.
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The sharpshooters know the land...
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And have technology on their side.
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Morgan's men are armed with American long rifles.
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They're lightweight,
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With a slender barrel at least 40 inches long
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And fire a 50-caliber shot a half-inch wide.
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Based on a German hunting weapon,
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The guns have a unique American innovation...
271
00:20:08,375 --> 00:20:11,545
Grooves inside the barrel that spin the shot,
272
00:20:11,587 --> 00:20:15,632
Stabilizing it, giving it deadly accuracy.
273
00:20:15,674 --> 00:20:17,217
Armed with this rifle,
274
00:20:17,259 --> 00:20:19,428
Patriot marksman can hit a target
275
00:20:19,469 --> 00:20:22,264
250 yards away,
276
00:20:22,306 --> 00:20:24,850
More than three times the average distance
277
00:20:24,892 --> 00:20:27,436
Of a modern FBI sniper shot,
278
00:20:27,477 --> 00:20:30,063
And twice the range of the British muskets.
279
00:20:33,859 --> 00:20:36,778
The tide of the war is about to change.
280
00:20:46,288 --> 00:20:47,748
Morgan's plan:
281
00:20:47,789 --> 00:20:52,419
First take out Burgoyne's Native American scouts.
282
00:20:52,461 --> 00:20:55,172
400 have allied themselves with the British
283
00:20:55,214 --> 00:20:59,343
To preserve their ancestral lands.
284
00:20:59,384 --> 00:21:01,470
But Morgan and his men now use
285
00:21:01,512 --> 00:21:04,348
Traditional Native American tactics against them.
286
00:21:06,808 --> 00:21:09,603
They attack using speed, stealth,
287
00:21:09,645 --> 00:21:11,355
And surprise.
288
00:21:13,148 --> 00:21:15,359
After months of guerrilla warfare,
289
00:21:15,400 --> 00:21:17,653
All the scouts are dead
290
00:21:17,694 --> 00:21:20,155
Or desert behind enemy lines.
291
00:21:22,491 --> 00:21:24,952
Any knowledge the redcoats had of the terrain
292
00:21:24,993 --> 00:21:26,703
Goes with them.
293
00:21:29,373 --> 00:21:33,919
The Rebels are rewriting the rules of war,
294
00:21:33,919 --> 00:21:36,171
and they're about to do it again.
295
00:21:44,221 --> 00:21:46,682
1777.
296
00:21:46,682 --> 00:21:48,475
The American War of Independence
297
00:21:48,517 --> 00:21:50,644
Is in its second year.
298
00:21:50,686 --> 00:21:52,896
New York and many parts of the colonies
299
00:21:52,938 --> 00:21:54,648
Are in British hands.
300
00:21:56,984 --> 00:21:59,778
The Rebels have been driven into the wilderness.
301
00:22:02,447 --> 00:22:04,867
But the fight back has begun.
302
00:22:09,079 --> 00:22:11,707
Patriot sharpshooters target a British Army
303
00:22:11,748 --> 00:22:15,043
Under General John Burgoyne.
304
00:22:15,085 --> 00:22:16,712
They've already picked off Burgoyne's
305
00:22:16,753 --> 00:22:18,630
Native American guides.
306
00:22:24,303 --> 00:22:27,222
Now the two armies meet near Saratoga.
307
00:22:27,264 --> 00:22:31,518
Here the Rebels break the rules of 18th-century warfare
308
00:22:31,560 --> 00:22:35,272
And start targeting British officers.
309
00:22:35,314 --> 00:22:38,525
Leave the foot soldiers leaderless.
310
00:22:39,943 --> 00:22:42,529
Your officers tended to be your most educated guy.
311
00:22:42,571 --> 00:22:44,281
They understood the communications line,
312
00:22:44,323 --> 00:22:46,783
They understood exactly what the orders were.
313
00:22:46,783 --> 00:22:48,202
They were the source of trying to get
314
00:22:48,243 --> 00:22:50,037
Something done on a battle space.
315
00:22:52,039 --> 00:22:53,999
In Britain's 53rd regiment,
316
00:22:54,041 --> 00:22:57,544
All but one of its 11 officers are killed or wounded.
317
00:23:04,801 --> 00:23:07,179
The tactic of assassinating officers
318
00:23:07,221 --> 00:23:09,306
Appalls the British.
319
00:23:13,435 --> 00:23:15,521
On the defensive, the British regroup under
320
00:23:15,562 --> 00:23:18,732
General Simon Fraser.
321
00:23:18,774 --> 00:23:20,400
He brings fresh spirit
322
00:23:20,442 --> 00:23:23,403
To the beleaguered British Army.
323
00:23:23,445 --> 00:23:24,530
Daniel Morgan,
324
00:23:24,571 --> 00:23:27,199
Commander of the sharpshooters acts fast.
325
00:23:27,241 --> 00:23:29,576
Shimmy on up that tree
326
00:23:29,618 --> 00:23:32,996
And take out the redcoat on his high horse.
327
00:23:32,996 --> 00:23:35,582
His best shooter is an illiterate frontiersman
328
00:23:35,624 --> 00:23:38,293
From Ireland, Tim Murphy.
329
00:23:41,463 --> 00:23:44,550
This shot will turn the tide of the war.
330
00:23:50,806 --> 00:23:52,516
The first shot misses.
331
00:23:52,558 --> 00:23:54,685
This left.
332
00:23:58,856 --> 00:24:00,566
The second skims his horse.
333
00:24:00,607 --> 00:24:02,025
Too high! Reload!
334
00:24:02,067 --> 00:24:03,861
Come on, take him out!
335
00:24:13,495 --> 00:24:15,789
The third hits home.
336
00:24:22,129 --> 00:24:24,089
You could argue
337
00:24:24,131 --> 00:24:26,758
That whoever fired the bullet
338
00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:29,720
That took out Simon Fraser
339
00:24:29,720 --> 00:24:33,098
Did as much as any Founding Father
340
00:24:33,140 --> 00:24:36,560
To establish American independence.
341
00:24:36,602 --> 00:24:40,230
Without leadership, the British lose 1,000 men.
342
00:24:43,901 --> 00:24:46,111
Twice as many as the Patriots.
343
00:24:53,660 --> 00:24:57,206
On October 17, 1777,
344
00:24:57,247 --> 00:25:00,209
General Burgoyne surrenders.
345
00:25:00,250 --> 00:25:03,253
It's a turning point.
346
00:25:03,295 --> 00:25:05,881
The victory persuades Britain's greatest rival,
347
00:25:05,923 --> 00:25:10,469
France, to join the war on America's side.
348
00:25:10,511 --> 00:25:12,930
Now the French Navy will force the British
349
00:25:12,971 --> 00:25:15,265
To fight a war on two fronts,
350
00:25:15,307 --> 00:25:17,476
Land and sea.
351
00:25:25,067 --> 00:25:27,444
But first, Washington must face
352
00:25:27,486 --> 00:25:29,821
His greatest challenge as leader.
353
00:25:33,283 --> 00:25:36,328
He makes his winter camp in Pennsylvania
354
00:25:36,370 --> 00:25:38,830
At a place called Valley Forge.
355
00:25:42,960 --> 00:25:44,503
In freezing temperatures,
356
00:25:44,545 --> 00:25:48,632
The Rebels build 900 huts in just 40 days.
357
00:25:48,674 --> 00:25:51,635
Each houses a dozen men.
358
00:25:51,677 --> 00:25:54,388
He has an army of 14,000 men
359
00:25:54,429 --> 00:25:56,098
And no houses,
360
00:25:56,139 --> 00:25:58,267
And the Continental Congress has failed to
361
00:25:58,308 --> 00:26:00,894
Provide him with resources,
362
00:26:00,936 --> 00:26:03,772
And by willpower, by courage,
363
00:26:03,814 --> 00:26:06,149
By leadership, by cajoling,
364
00:26:06,191 --> 00:26:07,901
He has to hold the army together
365
00:26:07,943 --> 00:26:09,528
In the middle of a terrible winter.
366
00:26:14,032 --> 00:26:15,784
Joseph Plumb Martin,
367
00:26:15,826 --> 00:26:17,703
Veteran of The Battle of New York,
368
00:26:17,744 --> 00:26:19,663
Is at Valley Forge.
369
00:26:19,705 --> 00:26:21,748
It's a desolate place.
370
00:26:21,790 --> 00:26:25,210
We are now in a truly forlorn condition.
371
00:26:25,252 --> 00:26:29,256
No clothing, no provisions
372
00:26:29,298 --> 00:26:32,843
And as disheartened as can be.
373
00:26:32,885 --> 00:26:36,638
Our prospect is indeed dreary.
374
00:26:36,638 --> 00:26:37,931
All right, soldier.
375
00:26:37,973 --> 00:26:39,516
This is gonna hurt a bit, all right?
376
00:26:39,558 --> 00:26:41,560
You just grit your teeth.
377
00:26:41,602 --> 00:26:43,812
Surgeon Albigence Waldo
378
00:26:43,854 --> 00:26:47,566
Watches Washington's army head toward crisis.
379
00:26:47,566 --> 00:26:50,694
The army, which has been surprisingly healthy,
380
00:26:50,736 --> 00:26:53,030
Now begins to grow sickly from the fatigues
381
00:26:53,030 --> 00:26:55,991
They have suffered from this campaign.
382
00:26:56,033 --> 00:26:57,284
If we don't keep this clean,
383
00:26:57,326 --> 00:26:59,036
You're gonna be right back in here.
384
00:27:00,954 --> 00:27:03,874
1/5 of the soldiers have no shoes.
385
00:27:05,834 --> 00:27:07,294
With little clean water,
386
00:27:07,336 --> 00:27:10,130
Dysentery spreads through the camp.
387
00:27:14,259 --> 00:27:17,262
Within weeks,
2,000 men are sick
388
00:27:17,304 --> 00:27:20,224
And they run out of meat.
389
00:27:20,265 --> 00:27:23,185
Down to their last 25 barrels of flour,
390
00:27:23,227 --> 00:27:25,604
The men survive on "Fire cake,"
391
00:27:25,604 --> 00:27:27,689
A mixture of flour and water.
392
00:27:35,989 --> 00:27:38,408
The Rebel Army is a melting pot.
393
00:27:41,870 --> 00:27:45,290
As many as 60% of recruits are convicts,
394
00:27:45,332 --> 00:27:47,417
Freed slaves and immigrants.
395
00:27:52,506 --> 00:27:54,383
But Washington's leadership
396
00:27:54,424 --> 00:27:58,095
Inspires unruly men to stay in line.
397
00:27:58,136 --> 00:28:00,681
What he had was a confidence
398
00:28:00,722 --> 00:28:02,641
That if you want freedom,
399
00:28:02,683 --> 00:28:04,518
This is what it's gonna take.
400
00:28:04,560 --> 00:28:07,271
It's gonna take sacrifice, it's gonna take blood.
401
00:28:07,312 --> 00:28:10,566
It's gonna take cold winters at Valley Forge.
402
00:28:10,607 --> 00:28:12,276
It's gonna take losses.
403
00:28:12,317 --> 00:28:14,653
General Washington, he was a great general,
404
00:28:14,695 --> 00:28:17,906
To be able to uplift his army during Valley Forge
405
00:28:17,948 --> 00:28:20,701
During that winter and still be able to fight.
406
00:28:20,742 --> 00:28:21,785
I wish I would have been there,
407
00:28:21,827 --> 00:28:23,161
I wish I could have fought for him,
408
00:28:23,203 --> 00:28:25,247
Because I damn sure would have.
409
00:28:28,625 --> 00:28:31,044
But Washington's army soon faces an enemy
410
00:28:31,086 --> 00:28:33,589
Far more lethal than the British.
411
00:28:36,300 --> 00:28:39,720
Smallpox.
412
00:28:39,761 --> 00:28:41,263
The revolution breaks out
413
00:28:41,305 --> 00:28:45,475
During the worst smallpox epidemic in US history.
414
00:28:45,517 --> 00:28:47,311
The deadly airborne virus
415
00:28:47,311 --> 00:28:50,856
Spreads through the British prison ships.
416
00:28:50,898 --> 00:28:53,400
Isolated from the disease for generations,
417
00:28:53,442 --> 00:28:56,987
The American colonists have little resistance to it--
418
00:28:57,029 --> 00:28:59,948
And there's no cure.
419
00:28:59,948 --> 00:29:04,328
Victims break out in blisters and sores.
420
00:29:04,369 --> 00:29:06,955
The virus spreads through the blood,
421
00:29:06,997 --> 00:29:10,167
Invading healthy cells, which it kills,
422
00:29:10,209 --> 00:29:13,170
Producing more of the virus in the process.
423
00:29:13,170 --> 00:29:15,422
Four in ten victims die.
424
00:29:20,260 --> 00:29:24,223
Once smallpox arrives at Valley Forge,
425
00:29:24,264 --> 00:29:27,351
It spreads through the cramped huts like wildfire.
426
00:29:29,394 --> 00:29:32,856
Washington survived smallpox as a child.
427
00:29:32,898 --> 00:29:37,694
Now he decides to take a gamble...
428
00:29:37,736 --> 00:29:40,155
With one of the most daring experiments
429
00:29:40,197 --> 00:29:42,491
In US military history.
430
00:29:43,992 --> 00:29:45,994
Surgeons have learned about inoculation
431
00:29:46,036 --> 00:29:49,748
From African slaves.
432
00:29:49,790 --> 00:29:52,918
They harvest pus from a smallpox victim...
433
00:30:00,509 --> 00:30:02,219
... and smear the live virus
434
00:30:02,261 --> 00:30:05,681
Into cuts on the skin of a healthy patient.
435
00:30:05,722 --> 00:30:08,350
The inoculation spreads the infection,
436
00:30:08,392 --> 00:30:12,020
But at a slower rate.
437
00:30:12,062 --> 00:30:14,189
A week after exposure, the victim's
438
00:30:14,231 --> 00:30:17,442
White blood cells create antibodies.
439
00:30:17,484 --> 00:30:21,321
These attack and kill the virus that causes smallpox
440
00:30:21,363 --> 00:30:23,615
Before the disease can spread.
441
00:30:25,325 --> 00:30:29,079
But it's a dangerous race against time.
442
00:30:29,121 --> 00:30:31,123
To survive, the patient's immune system
443
00:30:31,164 --> 00:30:33,667
Has to work faster than the virus,
444
00:30:33,709 --> 00:30:35,627
Or it will run out of control.
445
00:30:39,506 --> 00:30:43,051
One in 50 of those inoculated will die.
446
00:30:51,518 --> 00:30:54,521
But Washington's gamble pays off.
447
00:30:54,563 --> 00:30:56,273
New cases of smallpox
448
00:30:56,315 --> 00:31:00,235
Fall from several thousand to just a few dozen.
449
00:31:05,782 --> 00:31:08,243
But to win the war against the British,
450
00:31:08,285 --> 00:31:11,121
Washington turns to an unlikely hero
451
00:31:11,163 --> 00:31:14,082
Who will transform his ragtag militia?
452
00:31:14,124 --> 00:31:17,127
Into a formidable fighting machine.
453
00:31:23,467 --> 00:31:27,221
1778.
454
00:31:27,262 --> 00:31:31,642
George Washington's Patriot Army survives a hard winter
455
00:31:31,683 --> 00:31:36,021
And an outbreak of smallpox at Valley Forge.
456
00:31:36,063 --> 00:31:39,441
Now Washington introduces a new recruit
457
00:31:39,441 --> 00:31:41,902
Who will change the course of the war.
458
00:31:44,071 --> 00:31:48,784
Baron von Steuben is an ex-Prussian Army officer,
459
00:31:48,825 --> 00:31:50,244
An elite soldier
460
00:31:50,285 --> 00:31:52,037
Whose career is said to have been ruined
461
00:31:52,079 --> 00:31:54,164
By his homosexuality.
462
00:31:58,168 --> 00:31:59,586
But Washington makes him
463
00:31:59,586 --> 00:32:02,256
One of the most powerful men in his command.
464
00:32:03,507 --> 00:32:05,843
Washington was a genius in taking people in
465
00:32:05,884 --> 00:32:08,554
Who didn't seem like they could achieve great things,
466
00:32:08,595 --> 00:32:11,223
But under him, they rose to the challenge,
467
00:32:11,265 --> 00:32:12,724
They rose to the occasion.
468
00:32:12,766 --> 00:32:15,352
And that's what great leaders do.
469
00:32:15,352 --> 00:32:17,104
Von Steuben's task:
470
00:32:17,145 --> 00:32:19,773
Reinvent the demoralized Patriot Army
471
00:32:19,815 --> 00:32:23,527
So they can take on the British in a close fight.
472
00:32:23,569 --> 00:32:26,113
Our arms are in horrible condition,
473
00:32:26,154 --> 00:32:28,782
Covered with rust.
474
00:32:28,824 --> 00:32:31,076
Our men are literally naked,
475
00:32:31,118 --> 00:32:34,496
Some to the fullest extent of the word.
476
00:32:34,538 --> 00:32:36,874
Von Steuben starts by drilling discipline
477
00:32:36,915 --> 00:32:39,918
Into Washington's ragtag recruits.
478
00:32:42,963 --> 00:32:47,301
The men are unlike any he has ever trained before.
479
00:32:48,802 --> 00:32:50,470
The genius of this nation
480
00:32:50,470 --> 00:32:52,598
Is not in the least to be compared with that of
481
00:32:52,639 --> 00:32:55,767
The Prussians or Austrians or French.
482
00:32:55,809 --> 00:32:57,352
You say to your soldier,
483
00:32:57,394 --> 00:32:59,479
"Do this," and he does it.
484
00:32:59,479 --> 00:33:02,691
But here, I am obliged to say,
485
00:33:02,733 --> 00:33:05,235
"This is the reason why you ought to do that,"
486
00:33:05,277 --> 00:33:07,404
And then he does it.
487
00:33:11,033 --> 00:33:12,743
Von Steuben brings order,
488
00:33:12,784 --> 00:33:16,288
Discipline and hygiene to Valley Forge.
489
00:33:16,330 --> 00:33:19,917
He moves latrines away from living quarters,
490
00:33:19,958 --> 00:33:23,462
Rebuilds the kitchens on the opposite side of the camp,
491
00:33:23,504 --> 00:33:24,922
And organizes housing
492
00:33:24,963 --> 00:33:29,301
According to regiments and companies.
493
00:33:29,343 --> 00:33:31,220
His biggest contribution,
494
00:33:31,220 --> 00:33:34,097
He writes a manual on military training,
495
00:33:34,139 --> 00:33:37,476
With methods that are still in use today.
496
00:33:37,518 --> 00:33:39,478
Faster!
497
00:33:39,520 --> 00:33:42,147
Von Steuben's drills European battle tactics
498
00:33:42,189 --> 00:33:46,068
Into an elite corps of 100 men.
499
00:33:46,109 --> 00:33:48,445
Up, soldier!
500
00:33:48,445 --> 00:33:50,656
Move!
501
00:33:50,697 --> 00:33:54,701
Each will train 100 more.
502
00:33:54,743 --> 00:33:57,663
He also teaches them a new and deadly weapon...
503
00:34:00,624 --> 00:34:01,708
the bayonet.
504
00:34:04,628 --> 00:34:06,797
Bayonet fighting will prove pivotal
505
00:34:06,839 --> 00:34:08,715
In the battles ahead.
506
00:34:10,717 --> 00:34:13,637
Bayonets allow rifles to double as spears,
507
00:34:13,679 --> 00:34:15,681
Making close hand-to-hand combat
508
00:34:15,722 --> 00:34:19,434
Possible without reloading.
509
00:34:19,476 --> 00:34:21,728
But it's not just new weapons and skills
510
00:34:21,770 --> 00:34:25,232
Von Steuben gives the Patriots,
511
00:34:25,274 --> 00:34:27,943
It's a new attitude.
512
00:34:27,943 --> 00:34:30,279
You know, we can talk about weapons
513
00:34:30,320 --> 00:34:33,115
And how certain weapons change the face of warfare,
514
00:34:33,156 --> 00:34:35,284
Which is absolutely true,
515
00:34:35,284 --> 00:34:38,412
But the greatest weapon that you can ever have
516
00:34:38,453 --> 00:34:40,038
Is right up here.
517
00:34:40,080 --> 00:34:42,958
Men like Plumb Martin leave Valley Forge
518
00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:45,335
Highly skilled killers.
519
00:34:48,630 --> 00:34:50,007
While they retrain,
520
00:34:50,007 --> 00:34:51,884
Another secret war has been raging
521
00:34:51,884 --> 00:34:54,344
In British-occupied New York.
522
00:34:59,057 --> 00:35:01,602
Here, a network of spies has been busy
523
00:35:01,643 --> 00:35:04,021
Passing information to the Rebels.
524
00:35:06,190 --> 00:35:10,402
Their leader is George Washington himself.
525
00:35:10,402 --> 00:35:13,947
A man who's come down to us in history
526
00:35:13,947 --> 00:35:17,534
As someone who is incapable of telling a lie,
527
00:35:17,576 --> 00:35:21,121
Succeeds as a commander in no small measure
528
00:35:21,163 --> 00:35:23,540
Because of his capacity for deception.
529
00:35:25,584 --> 00:35:28,962
A British general will later claim that Washington
530
00:35:29,004 --> 00:35:32,591
Did not outfight his enemies, but out-spy them.
531
00:35:35,344 --> 00:35:39,097
Now his French allies come under deadly threat,
532
00:35:39,139 --> 00:35:41,642
And only his secret army of spies
533
00:35:41,683 --> 00:35:44,061
Can save them from disaster.
534
00:35:45,896 --> 00:35:48,982
In New York, an estimated 20%
Of the population
535
00:35:49,024 --> 00:35:52,569
Is still loyal to the British.
536
00:35:52,611 --> 00:35:55,656
Food costs are up 800%.
537
00:35:55,697 --> 00:35:58,909
One young woman in five is a prostitute.
538
00:36:01,995 --> 00:36:04,831
To the British, New York merchant Robert Townsend
539
00:36:04,831 --> 00:36:07,584
Is a loyalist.
540
00:36:07,626 --> 00:36:09,628
A member of the loyalist militia,
541
00:36:09,628 --> 00:36:11,713
He writes for the loyalist press.
542
00:36:13,841 --> 00:36:15,884
But to Washington's spy network,
543
00:36:15,926 --> 00:36:18,679
His code name is "Culper Jr.,"
544
00:36:18,720 --> 00:36:21,723
A fact that was only discovered in 1939.
545
00:36:27,312 --> 00:36:30,524
Culper's gang will change the course of the war.
546
00:36:37,906 --> 00:36:40,242
By July 1781,
547
00:36:40,284 --> 00:36:42,744
New York is buzzing with rumor.
548
00:36:44,246 --> 00:36:48,417
A French fleet has been sighted off Rhode Island.
549
00:36:48,458 --> 00:36:50,794
News leaks out that the British
550
00:36:50,836 --> 00:36:53,255
Plan to send warships from New York
551
00:36:53,297 --> 00:36:55,257
For a surprise attack.
552
00:37:02,264 --> 00:37:04,600
Culper must get word to Washington
553
00:37:04,641 --> 00:37:07,936
To somehow stop the British fleet.
554
00:37:07,978 --> 00:37:10,981
The spies use invisible ink.
555
00:37:10,981 --> 00:37:14,026
An advanced formula unknown to the British,
556
00:37:14,067 --> 00:37:16,820
The ink is made from garlic acid.
557
00:37:16,862 --> 00:37:19,114
It can only be revealed by brushing the paper
558
00:37:19,156 --> 00:37:21,074
In liquid iron sulfate.
559
00:37:39,468 --> 00:37:42,638
The next link in the chain is Austin Roe,
560
00:37:42,679 --> 00:37:45,015
A tavern owner from Long Island.
561
00:38:00,739 --> 00:38:03,242
His contact, Abraham Woodhull,
562
00:38:03,283 --> 00:38:06,537
Picks up the message and buries it at a secret drop.
563
00:38:11,917 --> 00:38:14,586
Another agent, Ann Smith Strong,
564
00:38:14,628 --> 00:38:17,840
Then uses her laundry as a secret code.
565
00:38:20,676 --> 00:38:23,136
It signals a sailor who picks up the message
566
00:38:23,178 --> 00:38:25,055
And takes it to Washington.
567
00:38:32,771 --> 00:38:35,357
Washington moves troops towards New York,
568
00:38:35,399 --> 00:38:37,109
Threatening the city,
569
00:38:37,109 --> 00:38:41,572
Forcing the British fleet to stay put in New York Harbor.
570
00:38:41,613 --> 00:38:45,367
The French fleet sails out of danger.
571
00:38:45,409 --> 00:38:47,160
It will play a critical role
572
00:38:47,202 --> 00:38:49,288
In the next stage of the war.
573
00:38:50,539 --> 00:38:53,083
Now, with a spy network and a modern army
574
00:38:53,125 --> 00:38:55,294
Backed by French naval power,
575
00:38:55,335 --> 00:38:58,881
Washington is ready for a final showdown.
576
00:38:58,922 --> 00:39:00,424
Come on!
577
00:39:04,636 --> 00:39:07,347
October 1781.
578
00:39:07,389 --> 00:39:09,141
Six years into a war the British
579
00:39:09,183 --> 00:39:11,351
Thought would last six months,
580
00:39:11,393 --> 00:39:14,354
The American Revolution comes to a head
581
00:39:14,396 --> 00:39:16,398
At Yorktown, Virginia.
582
00:39:22,738 --> 00:39:26,074
In trenches around the fortified city,
583
00:39:26,116 --> 00:39:28,785
Plumb Martin, now a sergeant,
584
00:39:28,827 --> 00:39:31,914
Waits with 8,000 other Patriot soldiers
585
00:39:31,955 --> 00:39:35,000
For the signal to attack.
586
00:39:35,042 --> 00:39:39,004
Washington's army has reinvented itself...
587
00:39:39,046 --> 00:39:40,464
With sharpshooters...
588
00:39:40,506 --> 00:39:42,007
Left!
589
00:39:43,759 --> 00:39:46,678
With training, discipline
590
00:39:46,678 --> 00:39:50,349
And new weapons...
591
00:39:50,390 --> 00:39:54,102
And with a spy network that has saved the French fleet,
592
00:39:54,144 --> 00:39:56,772
Giving the Rebels dominance at sea.
593
00:40:01,068 --> 00:40:03,320
What remains of the British Army
594
00:40:03,362 --> 00:40:05,781
Is under siege in Yorktown.
595
00:40:07,908 --> 00:40:09,368
Trapped in the city,
596
00:40:09,409 --> 00:40:12,079
The redcoats wait for reinforcements,
597
00:40:12,120 --> 00:40:16,083
But back in Britain, the war is unpopular
598
00:40:16,124 --> 00:40:18,126
And costing far too much money.
599
00:40:19,670 --> 00:40:22,256
This is a case of hanging on
600
00:40:22,297 --> 00:40:25,259
In the face of the--
The British actions
601
00:40:25,300 --> 00:40:27,636
Long enough to where the British literally
602
00:40:27,636 --> 00:40:29,221
Would grow weary of this
603
00:40:29,263 --> 00:40:31,723
And realize that it was endless.
604
00:40:31,765 --> 00:40:35,185
This is Washington's chance to end the war
605
00:40:35,227 --> 00:40:37,354
With one decisive blow.
606
00:40:37,396 --> 00:40:39,731
He committed to this idea
607
00:40:39,773 --> 00:40:42,860
Of being able to stand on your own.
608
00:40:42,901 --> 00:40:44,653
See, America is a dream,
609
00:40:44,653 --> 00:40:47,614
And the only way to go get that dream
610
00:40:47,614 --> 00:40:49,074
Is to show up
611
00:40:49,074 --> 00:40:51,159
And bring your very best to that moment
612
00:40:51,159 --> 00:40:52,411
And not stop
613
00:40:52,452 --> 00:40:55,706
Until you bring that dream into existence.
614
00:41:00,169 --> 00:41:01,461
Plumb Martin will be
615
00:41:01,503 --> 00:41:03,630
One of the first over the top.
616
00:41:03,672 --> 00:41:05,299
Godspeed.
617
00:41:16,059 --> 00:41:17,477
How are you doing, my friend?
618
00:41:17,519 --> 00:41:19,521
Good, how are you?
619
00:41:27,738 --> 00:41:29,781
I better check it out.
620
00:41:42,044 --> 00:41:43,921
Behind Yorktown's defenses,
621
00:41:43,921 --> 00:41:47,299
9,000 battle-hardened British troops are waiting.
622
00:41:54,097 --> 00:41:57,059
They're protected by a series of outlying cannon forts
623
00:41:57,100 --> 00:42:00,229
Called redoubts.
624
00:42:00,270 --> 00:42:03,941
By October 14th, just two remain.
625
00:42:03,982 --> 00:42:07,319
If they're captured and their guns turned on Yorktown,
626
00:42:07,361 --> 00:42:09,947
The British will be forced to surrender.
627
00:42:12,074 --> 00:42:14,159
How's it look up there?
628
00:42:16,286 --> 00:42:17,746
It's time.
629
00:42:24,878 --> 00:42:27,965
All the batteries in our line lay silent.
630
00:42:28,006 --> 00:42:30,342
We lay anxiously waiting for the signal.
631
00:42:50,904 --> 00:42:53,699
Patriots race 100 yards to the British lines
632
00:42:53,740 --> 00:42:56,201
Under fire and a hail of hand grenades.
633
00:43:11,091 --> 00:43:12,718
Come on!
634
00:43:14,052 --> 00:43:15,929
Come on!
635
00:43:15,971 --> 00:43:17,973
A force of 400
Break through
636
00:43:18,015 --> 00:43:20,142
And storm the British fort.
637
00:43:24,104 --> 00:43:26,481
Fighting in close combat with bayonets,
638
00:43:26,523 --> 00:43:28,650
They beat the redcoats back.
639
00:43:58,013 --> 00:44:01,308
Immediately after the fighting had ceased,
640
00:44:01,350 --> 00:44:04,186
I went out to see what had become of my wounded friend.
641
00:44:11,068 --> 00:44:12,653
He was dead.
642
00:44:16,114 --> 00:44:21,703
34 of Martin's comrades lie dead or wounded...
643
00:44:21,703 --> 00:44:25,999
But they've breached Yorktown's defenses.
644
00:44:26,041 --> 00:44:29,461
Two days later, the British surrender
645
00:44:29,503 --> 00:44:31,797
And begin negotiations for peace.
646
00:44:35,968 --> 00:44:37,928
For the past six years,
647
00:44:37,970 --> 00:44:40,931
Leadership... training,
648
00:44:40,973 --> 00:44:43,350
Weapons and intelligence have been vital.
649
00:44:45,769 --> 00:44:48,438
The Rebels have achieved the impossible.
650
00:44:50,482 --> 00:44:53,360
The United States is the only country
651
00:44:53,402 --> 00:44:56,363
To win independence from the British in war.
652
00:44:59,032 --> 00:45:01,743
On April 30, 1789,
653
00:45:01,785 --> 00:45:03,704
Washington is inaugurated
654
00:45:03,745 --> 00:45:06,456
First president of the United States of America
655
00:45:06,456 --> 00:45:08,834
Under the new constitution.
656
00:45:12,754 --> 00:45:16,175
But liberty comes at a price.
657
00:45:16,216 --> 00:45:19,678
Over 25,000 men have lost their lives
658
00:45:19,678 --> 00:45:24,683
in the battle for independence...
659
00:45:24,725 --> 00:45:27,269
But a new nation is born.
660
00:45:29,646 --> 00:45:32,941
We hold these truths to be self-evident,
661
00:45:32,941 --> 00:45:36,278
That all men are created equal,
662
00:45:36,320 --> 00:45:39,114
That they are endowed by their Creator
663
00:45:39,156 --> 00:45:42,451
With certain unalienable Rights,
664
00:45:42,492 --> 00:45:45,245
That among these are Life,
665
00:45:45,287 --> 00:45:47,539
Liberty...
666
00:45:47,581 --> 00:45:49,541
And the pursuit of Happiness.
667
00:45:50,305 --> 00:46:50,559
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