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1
00:00:18,724 --> 00:00:22,192
"CONFIDENCE
GOES A LONG WAY
TOWARDS SUCCESS,
2
00:00:22,225 --> 00:00:26,858
"AND THE CONFIDENCE
OF THESE WESTERNERS
IS SUPERB.
3
00:00:26,891 --> 00:00:29,858
"I HAPPENED,
IN SEPTEMBER OF 1883,
4
00:00:29,891 --> 00:00:32,599
"TO BE IN THE CITY
OF BISMARCK IN DAKOTA,
5
00:00:32,849 --> 00:00:34,282
"WHEN THIS
YOUNG SETTLEMENT
6
00:00:34,316 --> 00:00:37,115
"WAS LAYING
THE CORNERSTONE
OF ITS CAPITOL.
7
00:00:37,149 --> 00:00:40,616
"THE TOWN WAS THEN
ONLY SOME FIVE YEARS OLD
8
00:00:40,649 --> 00:00:44,282
"AND WAS GAILY DECORATED
FOR THE OCCASION.
9
00:00:44,316 --> 00:00:46,582
"IN ONE OF THE SPEECHES,
10
00:00:46,616 --> 00:00:50,816
"IT WAS PROVED
THAT AS BISMARCK WAS
THE CENTER OF DAKOTA,
11
00:00:50,849 --> 00:00:53,816
"DAKOTA THE CENTER
OF THE UNITED STATES,
12
00:00:53,849 --> 00:00:57,316
"AND THE UNITED STATES
THE CENTER OF THE WORLD,
13
00:00:57,349 --> 00:00:59,416
"BISMARCK WAS
DESTINED TO BE
14
00:00:59,449 --> 00:01:01,416
"THE METROPOLITAN HEARTH
15
00:01:01,449 --> 00:01:04,983
"OF THE WORLD'S
CIVILIZATION.
16
00:01:05,016 --> 00:01:07,482
"HOWEVER, THE FEATURE
OF THE CEREMONIAL
17
00:01:07,516 --> 00:01:09,616
"WHICH STRUCK
US EUROPEANS MOST
18
00:01:09,649 --> 00:01:12,749
"WAS THE SPOT CHOSEN
FOR THE CAPITOL.
19
00:01:12,783 --> 00:01:14,816
"IT WAS NOT
IN THE CITY,
20
00:01:14,849 --> 00:01:17,549
"NOR EVEN ON THE SKIRTS
OF THE CITY.
21
00:01:17,582 --> 00:01:20,082
"IT WAS NEARLY
A MILE OFF,
22
00:01:20,115 --> 00:01:22,316
"ON THE TOP OF A HILL
23
00:01:22,349 --> 00:01:24,349
"IN THE BROWN
AND DUSTY PRAIRIE.
24
00:01:24,382 --> 00:01:26,082
"WHY HERE? WE ASKED.
25
00:01:26,115 --> 00:01:28,482
"IS IT BECAUSE
YOU MEAN TO ENCLOSE
THE BUILDING
26
00:01:28,516 --> 00:01:30,582
"IN A PUBLIC PARK?
27
00:01:30,616 --> 00:01:33,149
"BY NO MEANS,
WAS THE ANSWER.
28
00:01:33,182 --> 00:01:35,649
"THE CAPITOL
IS INTENDED TO BE
29
00:01:35,683 --> 00:01:37,683
"IN THE CENTER
OF THE CITY.
30
00:01:37,716 --> 00:01:39,182
"IT IS
IN THIS DIRECTION
31
00:01:39,215 --> 00:01:41,549
"THAT THE CITY
IS TO GROW.
32
00:01:41,582 --> 00:01:43,616
"IT IS THE SAME
EVERYWHERE
33
00:01:43,649 --> 00:01:46,082
"FROM THE PACIFIC
TO THE MISSISSIPPI.
34
00:01:46,115 --> 00:01:49,082
"MEN SEEM TO LIVE
IN THE FUTURE
35
00:01:49,115 --> 00:01:51,382
"RATHER THAN
IN THE PRESENT.
36
00:01:51,416 --> 00:01:55,182
"THEY SEE THE COUNTRY
NOT MERELY AS IT IS,
37
00:01:55,215 --> 00:01:59,416
"BUT AS IT WILL BE
20, 50,
38
00:01:59,449 --> 00:02:02,416
A HUNDRED YEARS HENCE."
39
00:02:02,449 --> 00:02:04,249
LORD JAMES BRYCE.
40
00:03:09,916 --> 00:03:11,749
BY 1877,
41
00:03:11,783 --> 00:03:16,816
THE AMERICAN CONQUEST
OF THE WEST WAS NEARLY COMPLETE.
42
00:03:16,849 --> 00:03:21,783
FOR EVERY INDIAN IN THE WEST,
THERE WERE NOW NEARLY 40 WHITES.
43
00:03:21,816 --> 00:03:25,449
AND AS THE INDIAN WARS
DREW TO A CLOSE,
44
00:03:25,482 --> 00:03:30,249
THE LAST OBSTACLES TO AMERICAN
DOMINATION DROPPED AWAY,
45
00:03:30,282 --> 00:03:33,282
AND THE COUNTRY READIED ITSELF
TO ASSERT CONTROL
46
00:03:33,316 --> 00:03:36,349
OVER THE ENTIRE REGION.
47
00:03:39,883 --> 00:03:43,182
BETWEEN 1877 AND 1887,
48
00:03:43,215 --> 00:03:47,649
FOUR AND A HALF MILLION
MORE PEOPLE CAME WEST.
49
00:03:47,683 --> 00:03:51,449
ALMOST HALF SETTLED
ON THE WESTERN PLAINS,
50
00:03:51,482 --> 00:03:55,449
CREATING NEW TOWNS IN A REGION
ONCE THOUGHT TOO HARSH
51
00:03:55,482 --> 00:03:57,916
FOR HUMAN HABITATION--
52
00:03:57,949 --> 00:04:00,349
BISMARCK AND CHAMPION,
53
00:04:00,382 --> 00:04:05,282
EPIPHANY, WAHOO, AND NICODEMUS.
54
00:04:06,449 --> 00:04:08,916
SOME CAME SEEKING FREEDOM,
55
00:04:08,949 --> 00:04:10,416
LAND OF THEIR OWN,
56
00:04:10,449 --> 00:04:12,349
AND OPPORTUNITIES
THEY COULDN'T FIND
57
00:04:12,382 --> 00:04:14,749
IN THE EAST,
58
00:04:14,783 --> 00:04:17,849
WHILE OTHERS FOUND IN THE WEST
59
00:04:17,883 --> 00:04:20,849
A PLACE TO CHANGE THEMSELVES--
60
00:04:20,883 --> 00:04:23,349
BECOME SOMEONE ELSE...
61
00:04:23,382 --> 00:04:25,983
START OVER.
62
00:04:49,916 --> 00:04:52,916
BUT AS MORE AND MORE
AMERICANS ARRIVED,
63
00:04:52,949 --> 00:04:57,316
THERE WAS LESS AND LESS ROOM
FOR THOSE WHO DIDN'T CONFORM.
64
00:04:57,349 --> 00:05:00,416
INDIANS WERE EXPECTED
TO CHANGE OVERNIGHT...
65
00:05:02,016 --> 00:05:05,382
TO FORGET THEIR OLD WAYS
AND MAKE THEMSELVES OVER
66
00:05:05,416 --> 00:05:09,050
IN THE IMAGE
OF THEIR CONQUERORS.
67
00:05:09,082 --> 00:05:12,816
THE CHINESE, WHO HAD DONE
MORE THAN ALMOST ANYONE
68
00:05:12,849 --> 00:05:16,182
TO CONNECT THE WEST
TO THE REST OF THE NATION,
69
00:05:16,215 --> 00:05:19,783
WOULD BE TOLD THAT THEY
WERE NO LONGER WELCOME
70
00:05:19,816 --> 00:05:22,749
ANYWHERE IN THE UNITED STATES.
71
00:05:22,783 --> 00:05:27,249
MEXICAN-AMERICANS WERE
OVERWHELMED BY THE NEWCOMERS,
72
00:05:27,282 --> 00:05:31,349
EVEN IN TOWNS THEY HAD LIVED IN
FOR CENTURIES...
73
00:05:32,549 --> 00:05:35,549
WHILE THE MORMONS
WERE FORCED TO SURRENDER
74
00:05:35,582 --> 00:05:38,082
PART OF THEIR RELIGION
75
00:05:38,115 --> 00:05:41,349
IN ORDER TO SAVE
THE REST OF IT.
76
00:05:44,716 --> 00:05:48,316
BUT EVEN AS AMERICANS
TRIED TO TAME THE WEST,
77
00:05:48,349 --> 00:05:51,416
THEY PREFERRED TO REMEMBER
A GAUDIER VERSION
78
00:05:51,449 --> 00:05:53,883
FULL OF VIOLENCE, ADVENTURE,
79
00:05:53,916 --> 00:05:56,416
AND MOST OF ALL,
ROMANCE--
80
00:05:56,449 --> 00:05:58,416
A WILD WEST.
81
00:06:00,549 --> 00:06:04,382
AND YET BETWEEN 1877 AND 1887,
82
00:06:04,416 --> 00:06:06,883
AMERICANS WOULD COME
TO LEARN FIRSTHAND
83
00:06:06,916 --> 00:06:11,349
JUST HOW WILD THE WEST
COULD REALLY BE...
84
00:06:12,749 --> 00:06:16,349
AND THAT NO CONQUEST
COULD EVER BE COMPLETE.
85
00:06:27,649 --> 00:06:31,549
THE WEST IS ABOUT POSSIBILITIES.
86
00:06:31,582 --> 00:06:33,449
AND SOMETIMES
THE PRICE OF SUCCESS
87
00:06:33,482 --> 00:06:35,449
OF ONE GROUP'S POSSIBILITIES
88
00:06:35,482 --> 00:06:37,349
IS GOING TO BE THE ENDING
OF POSSIBILITIES
89
00:06:37,382 --> 00:06:38,883
FOR ANOTHER GROUP.
90
00:06:38,916 --> 00:06:41,783
AMERICANS AREN'T WRONG
IN SEEING THE WEST
91
00:06:41,816 --> 00:06:43,449
AS THE LAND OF THE FUTURE,
92
00:06:43,482 --> 00:06:47,115
OF SEEING A LAND IN WHICH
ASTONISHING THINGS ARE POSSIBLE.
93
00:06:47,149 --> 00:06:48,916
WHAT THEY OFTEN ARE WRONG ABOUT
94
00:06:48,949 --> 00:06:51,849
IS THAT THERE'S NO PRICE
TO BE PAID FOR THAT--
95
00:06:51,883 --> 00:06:53,282
THAT EVERYBODY CAN SUCCEED
96
00:06:53,316 --> 00:06:57,149
OR THAT EVEN WHAT SUCCEEDS
IS NECESSARILY THE BEST
97
00:06:57,182 --> 00:06:59,616
FOR EVERYONE CONCERNED.
98
00:06:59,649 --> 00:07:02,616
THE WEST IS MUCH MORE
COMPLICATED THAN THAT.
99
00:07:19,516 --> 00:07:23,716
♪ DOWN ON ME ♪
100
00:07:23,749 --> 00:07:28,349
♪ DOWN ON ME ♪
101
00:07:28,382 --> 00:07:33,883
♪ LOOKS LIKE EVERYBODY
IN THE WHOLE ROUND WORLD ♪
102
00:07:33,916 --> 00:07:37,349
♪ DOWN ON ME ♪
103
00:07:37,382 --> 00:07:38,783
"IN A FIT OF MADNESS,
104
00:07:38,816 --> 00:07:41,716
"I ONE DAY SAID
TO THE MAN I WAS
RENTING FROM,
105
00:07:41,749 --> 00:07:44,082
"IT'S NO USE.
I WORKS HARD
106
00:07:44,115 --> 00:07:45,749
"AND RAISES BIG CROPS,
107
00:07:45,783 --> 00:07:47,683
"AND YOU SELL IT
AND KEEPS THE MONEY
108
00:07:47,716 --> 00:07:49,616
"AND BRINGS ME MORE
AND MORE IN DEBT.
109
00:07:49,649 --> 00:07:52,050
"SO I WILL GO
SOMEWHERE ELSE
110
00:07:52,082 --> 00:07:55,516
"AND TRY TO MAKE HEADWAY
LIKE WHITE WORKING MEN.
111
00:07:55,549 --> 00:07:58,149
"SO I TOLD MY WIFE,
AND SHE SAYS,
112
00:07:58,182 --> 00:08:01,316
"LET US TAKE
TO THE WOODS
IN THE NIGHTTIME.
113
00:08:01,349 --> 00:08:03,382
"WELL, WE TOOK
TO THE WOODS,
114
00:08:03,416 --> 00:08:04,783
"MY WIFE
AND FOUR CHILDREN,
115
00:08:04,816 --> 00:08:06,449
"AND WE WAS
THREE WEEKS LIVING
IN THE WOODS
116
00:08:06,482 --> 00:08:09,382
"WAITING FOR A BOAT.
117
00:08:09,416 --> 00:08:11,816
"THEN A GREAT MANY MORE
BLACK PEOPLE CAME,
118
00:08:11,849 --> 00:08:14,149
"AND WE WAS ALL TOGETHER
AT THE LANDING.
119
00:08:14,182 --> 00:08:18,182
"BEFORE LONG,
THE GRAND TOWER
HOVE UP,
120
00:08:18,215 --> 00:08:19,783
"AND WE GOT ON BOARD.
121
00:08:19,816 --> 00:08:22,816
"SAYS THE CAPTAIN,
WHERE'S YOU GOING?
122
00:08:22,849 --> 00:08:25,849
SAYS I, KANSAS."
123
00:08:25,883 --> 00:08:27,849
JOHN SOLOMON LEWIS.
124
00:08:33,182 --> 00:08:39,349
IN 1877, THE LAST FEDERAL TROOPS
WERE WITHDRAWN FROM THE SOUTH,
125
00:08:39,382 --> 00:08:41,749
RECONSTRUCTION COLLAPSED,
126
00:08:41,783 --> 00:08:44,349
AND NEW STATE LAWS
BEGAN TO RESTRICT
127
00:08:44,382 --> 00:08:47,449
THE RIGHTS OF FREED SLAVES.
128
00:08:47,482 --> 00:08:50,816
AFRICAN-AMERICANS FOUND
THEMSELVES ONCE AGAIN
129
00:08:50,849 --> 00:08:54,282
IN THE POWER OF THEIR
FORMER MASTERS.
130
00:08:54,316 --> 00:08:58,416
SOME FAVORED EMIGRATING
TO LIBERIA IN AFRICA
131
00:08:58,449 --> 00:09:01,482
OR NORTHWARD INTO CANADA.
132
00:09:01,516 --> 00:09:04,816
TO OTHERS,
THE OPEN SPACES OF THE WEST
133
00:09:04,849 --> 00:09:08,716
SEEMED TO OFFER
MORE IMMEDIATE HOPE.
134
00:09:08,749 --> 00:09:13,382
"CONDITIONS MIGHT
BE BETTER A HUNDRED
YEARS FROM NOW,
135
00:09:13,416 --> 00:09:16,382
"WHEN ALL THE PRESENT
GENERATION'S DEAD
AND GONE,
136
00:09:16,416 --> 00:09:19,849
"BUT NOT AFORE, SIR,
NOT AFORE.
137
00:09:19,883 --> 00:09:23,416
"AND WHAT'S GOING TO BE
A HUNDRED YEARS FROM NOW
138
00:09:23,449 --> 00:09:25,949
"AIN'T MUCH ACCOUNT
TO US.
139
00:09:25,983 --> 00:09:28,949
"THE WHITES HAS
THE LANDS AND THE SENSE,
140
00:09:28,983 --> 00:09:32,883
"AND THE BLACKS
HAS NOTHING BUT
THEIR FREEDOM,
141
00:09:32,916 --> 00:09:37,916
AND IT'S JUST LIKE
A DREAM TO THEM."
142
00:09:37,949 --> 00:09:39,416
PAP SINGLETON.
143
00:09:41,050 --> 00:09:45,382
BENJAMIN "PAP" SINGLETON WAS
AN EX-SLAVE FROM TENNESSEE
144
00:09:45,416 --> 00:09:48,416
WHO BELIEVED HIMSELF
APPOINTED BY GOD
145
00:09:48,449 --> 00:09:51,382
TO RESCUE HIS PEOPLE.
146
00:09:51,416 --> 00:09:54,916
HE HAD BECOME CONVINCED THAT
THERE WAS NO FUTURE FOR BLACKS
147
00:09:54,949 --> 00:09:57,115
UNLESS THEY LEFT THE SOUTH
148
00:09:57,149 --> 00:09:59,916
AND FORMED THEIR OWN
INDEPENDENT COMMUNITIES
149
00:09:59,949 --> 00:10:01,482
IN THE WEST.
150
00:10:02,849 --> 00:10:04,416
KANSAS SEEMED LIKE
151
00:10:04,449 --> 00:10:06,182
AN IDEAL PLACE
152
00:10:06,215 --> 00:10:08,282
FOR PEOPLE WHO WERE
DISILLUSIONED
153
00:10:08,316 --> 00:10:09,749
WITH THE BLACK CODES
154
00:10:09,783 --> 00:10:12,549
THAT HAD BEEN PASSED
IN THE SOUTH,
155
00:10:12,582 --> 00:10:15,549
THE MEANNESS
OF THE KU KLUX KLAN,
156
00:10:15,582 --> 00:10:17,482
THE MEANNESS
OF THE SHARECROPPERS,
157
00:10:17,516 --> 00:10:21,282
WHO REALLY WEREN'T SHARING
THE WAY THEY HAD AGREED,
158
00:10:21,316 --> 00:10:24,082
AND THESE ARE THE PEOPLE
WHO PAID $5.00,
159
00:10:24,115 --> 00:10:26,115
FIVE BUCKS TO PAP SINGLETON
160
00:10:26,149 --> 00:10:30,149
TO COME UP THE RIVER
TO A NEW LIFE IN KANSAS.
161
00:10:30,182 --> 00:10:32,849
THE WEST HAS ALWAYS BEEN SEEN
162
00:10:32,883 --> 00:10:35,149
AS A PLACE OF OPPORTUNITY,
163
00:10:35,182 --> 00:10:37,683
AND THIS WAS CERTAINLY AS TRUE
FOR PEOPLE OF AFRICAN DESCENT
164
00:10:37,716 --> 00:10:39,849
AS FOR ANYBODY ELSE.
165
00:10:39,883 --> 00:10:41,916
SINGLETON AND OTHER LEADERS
166
00:10:41,949 --> 00:10:46,649
WEREN'T NECESSARILY DOING IT
FOR PURELY ALTRUISTIC REASONS.
167
00:10:46,683 --> 00:10:48,916
LIKE A LOT
OF GREAT WESTERNERS,
168
00:10:48,949 --> 00:10:50,382
THEY WERE SPECULATORS IN LAND
169
00:10:50,416 --> 00:10:52,382
AND HOPED TO MAKE
THEIR FORTUNES.
170
00:10:52,416 --> 00:10:57,949
BUT THEY DID HAVE A VISION
OF A PLACE
171
00:10:57,983 --> 00:11:00,916
WHERE PEOPLE OF COLOR
COULD BREATHE FREE,
172
00:11:00,949 --> 00:11:02,582
COULD BE A PART OF THE WEST
173
00:11:02,616 --> 00:11:05,916
AND ALL OF THOSE THINGS
THAT THE WEST HAS COME TO MEAN
174
00:11:05,949 --> 00:11:08,282
BOTH AT THAT TIME AND SINCE.
175
00:11:11,182 --> 00:11:15,749
THE BLACK EMIGRANTS CALLED
THEMSELVES "EXODUSTERS" BECAUSE,
176
00:11:15,783 --> 00:11:17,816
LIKE THE OLD TESTAMENT HEBREWS,
177
00:11:17,849 --> 00:11:22,349
THEY BELIEVED THEIR SALVATION
LAY IN REACHING A PROMISED LAND.
178
00:11:23,983 --> 00:11:28,849
SOON BLACKS WERE SCATTERED
ACROSS EASTERN KANSAS,
179
00:11:28,883 --> 00:11:30,816
AND THEIR HOPEFUL LETTERS HOME
180
00:11:30,849 --> 00:11:34,649
WERE BEING READ ALOUD
IN BLACK CHURCHES.
181
00:11:34,683 --> 00:11:38,816
THEN, IN THE SPRING OF 1879,
182
00:11:38,849 --> 00:11:41,849
A RUMOR RACED THROUGH
AFRICAN-AMERICAN COMMUNITIES
183
00:11:41,883 --> 00:11:43,449
THROUGHOUT THE DEEP SOUTH
184
00:11:43,482 --> 00:11:47,916
THAT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
HAD SET ASIDE ALL OF KANSAS
185
00:11:47,949 --> 00:11:49,616
FOR FORMER SLAVES,
186
00:11:49,649 --> 00:11:52,916
PROVIDING EVERY BLACK FAMILY
THAT COULD GET THERE
187
00:11:52,949 --> 00:11:56,549
WITH FREE LAND AND $500.
188
00:11:56,582 --> 00:11:59,449
IT WASN'T TRUE,
BUT IT WAS ENOUGH
189
00:11:59,482 --> 00:12:03,883
TO CONVINCE SOME 6,000 PEOPLE
TO START WEST.
190
00:12:03,916 --> 00:12:07,816
SOME WENT BY RIVERBOAT
AS FAR AS ST. LOUIS.
191
00:12:07,849 --> 00:12:10,849
OTHERS, TOO POOR
TO PAY THEIR PASSAGE,
192
00:12:10,883 --> 00:12:12,849
WALKED THE WHOLE WAY.
193
00:12:16,215 --> 00:12:18,382
♪ SHINE, SHINE, SHINE ♪
194
00:12:18,416 --> 00:12:20,749
♪ SHINE LIKE A STAR
IN THE MORNING ♪
195
00:12:20,783 --> 00:12:23,149
♪ SHINE, SHINE, SHINE ♪
196
00:12:23,182 --> 00:12:25,316
♪ ALL AROUND
THE SON OF GOD ♪
197
00:12:34,249 --> 00:12:36,516
♪ SHINE, SHINE, SHINE ♪
198
00:12:36,549 --> 00:12:38,849
♪ SHINE LIKE A STAR
IN THE MORNING ♪
199
00:12:38,883 --> 00:12:41,115
♪ SHINE, SHINE, SHINE ♪
200
00:12:41,149 --> 00:12:43,249
♪ ALL AROUND
THE SON OF GOD ♪
201
00:12:43,282 --> 00:12:45,349
♪ SHINE, SHINE, SHINE ♪
202
00:12:45,382 --> 00:12:47,916
♪ SHINE LIKE A STAR
IN THE MORNING ♪
203
00:12:47,949 --> 00:12:50,249
♪ SHINE, SHINE, SHINE ♪
204
00:12:50,282 --> 00:12:54,916
♪ ALL AROUND
THE SON OF GOD ♪
205
00:12:54,949 --> 00:12:58,816
"GOVERNOR'S MANSION,
TOPEKA, KANSAS.
206
00:12:58,849 --> 00:13:01,883
"LAST SATURDAY,
I HAD A CALL FROM
A DELEGATION
207
00:13:01,916 --> 00:13:03,349
"OF A HUNDRED LEADING
COLORED MEN
208
00:13:03,382 --> 00:13:07,282
"FROM THE STATES
OF MISSISSIPPI
AND ALABAMA.
209
00:13:07,316 --> 00:13:09,149
"THEY SAID THAT
THEY HAD RATHER DIE
210
00:13:09,182 --> 00:13:10,849
"IN THE ATTEMPT
TO REACH THE LAND
211
00:13:10,883 --> 00:13:12,783
"WHERE THEY CAN BE FREE
212
00:13:12,816 --> 00:13:16,816
THAN TO LIVE
AND DIE IN THE SOUTH
ANY LONGER."
213
00:13:16,849 --> 00:13:20,649
GOVERNOR
JOHN P. ST. JOHN.
214
00:13:22,249 --> 00:13:26,783
BY 1880, MORE THAN
15,000 AFRICAN-AMERICANS
215
00:13:26,816 --> 00:13:29,249
HAD MIGRATED TO KANSAS.
216
00:13:29,282 --> 00:13:33,349
MOST OF THEM SETTLED ON FARMS
AND IN SMALL COMMUNITIES
217
00:13:33,382 --> 00:13:35,816
LIKE JUNIPER TOWN, DUNLAP,
218
00:13:35,849 --> 00:13:39,716
RATTLEBONE HOLLOW,
AND NICODEMUS.
219
00:13:45,883 --> 00:13:48,916
"WHEN I LANDED
ON THE SOIL OF KANSAS,
220
00:13:48,949 --> 00:13:50,616
"I LOOKED ON THE GROUND,
221
00:13:50,649 --> 00:13:53,883
"AND I SAYS,
THIS IS FREE GROUND.
222
00:13:53,916 --> 00:13:56,249
"THEN I LOOKED
ON THE HEAVENS, AND I SAYS,
223
00:13:56,282 --> 00:13:59,249
"THEM IS FREE
AND BEAUTIFUL HEAVENS.
224
00:13:59,282 --> 00:14:03,282
"THEN I LOOKED WITHIN MY
HEART, AND I SAYS TO MYSELF,
225
00:14:03,316 --> 00:14:06,416
I WONDER WHY
I WAS NEVER FREE BEFORE?"
226
00:14:08,416 --> 00:14:10,849
"I SAID, LET US HOLD
A LITTLE PRAYER MEETING
227
00:14:10,883 --> 00:14:12,316
"ON THE RIVERBANK.
228
00:14:12,349 --> 00:14:14,849
"IT WAS RAINING, BUT THE DROPS
FELL FROM HEAVEN
229
00:14:14,883 --> 00:14:16,316
"ON A FREE FAMILY,
230
00:14:16,349 --> 00:14:19,849
"AND THE MEETING WAS
JUST AS GOOD AS SUNSHINE.
231
00:14:19,883 --> 00:14:21,816
"WE WAS THANKFUL TO GOD,
232
00:14:21,849 --> 00:14:26,316
"AND WE PRAYED FOR THOSE
WHO COULD NOT COME.
233
00:14:26,349 --> 00:14:29,849
"I ASKED MY WIFE DID SHE KNOW
THE GROUND SHE STANDS ON.
234
00:14:29,883 --> 00:14:31,749
"SHE SAID NO.
235
00:14:31,783 --> 00:14:34,849
"I SAID,
IT IS FREE GROUND,
236
00:14:34,883 --> 00:14:37,349
AND SHE CRIED FOR JOY."
237
00:14:54,282 --> 00:14:58,416
THE WEST HAS ALWAYS BEEN
AND WILL ALWAYS BE
238
00:14:58,449 --> 00:15:02,215
A PLACE WHERE THERE'S
A STRUGGLE TO SURVIVE
239
00:15:02,249 --> 00:15:05,983
AND WHERE NATURE STRIKES
HEAVY BLOWS AT YOU,
240
00:15:06,016 --> 00:15:07,516
BUT I THINK THAT'S...
241
00:15:07,549 --> 00:15:09,482
THAT'S PART OF THE WEST.
242
00:15:09,516 --> 00:15:10,883
THAT'S...
243
00:15:10,916 --> 00:15:12,816
THAT'S GEOGRAPHY,
244
00:15:12,849 --> 00:15:16,683
AND I THINK PART OF THAT
CONQUERING OF THE WEST
245
00:15:16,716 --> 00:15:20,349
SEEPED INTO
THE AMERICAN CHARACTER.
246
00:15:20,382 --> 00:15:21,816
IN MANY WAYS,
247
00:15:21,849 --> 00:15:25,349
THE WEST HAS BEEN
A GEOGRAPHY OF HOPE
248
00:15:25,382 --> 00:15:27,849
FOR THE COUNTRY AS A WHOLE.
249
00:15:33,215 --> 00:15:36,816
FOR 40 YEARS,
AS AMERICANS MOVED WEST,
250
00:15:36,849 --> 00:15:40,849
THE WESTERN PLAINS OF KANSAS,
NEBRASKA, AND THE DAKOTAS
251
00:15:40,883 --> 00:15:42,816
WERE PASSED OVER.
252
00:15:42,849 --> 00:15:45,316
WITH BETTER LAND
AVAILABLE ELSEWHERE,
253
00:15:45,349 --> 00:15:48,916
THEY WERE CONSIDERED TOO DRY
FOR HOMESTEADING.
254
00:15:48,949 --> 00:15:51,249
BUT NOW, THE HUNGER FOR LAND
255
00:15:51,282 --> 00:15:55,149
REACHED EVEN INTO THESE
INHOSPITABLE PLACES.
256
00:15:55,182 --> 00:15:58,916
THE RAILROADS AND THE STATES
OUTDID THEMSELVES
257
00:15:58,949 --> 00:16:01,449
TO LURE NEW SETTLERS.
258
00:16:01,482 --> 00:16:05,516
IT WAS ONE OF THE GREATEST
CON JOBS IN HISTORY.
259
00:16:05,549 --> 00:16:08,115
THEY HAD A PROMOTIONAL
CAMPAIGN IN NEBRASKA
260
00:16:08,149 --> 00:16:11,916
THAT I THINK WAS SPENDING
A MILLION BUCKS A YEAR,
261
00:16:11,949 --> 00:16:15,983
BACK WHEN YOU COULD BUY A FANCY
FIVE-COURSE DINNER FOR $1.25.
262
00:16:16,016 --> 00:16:17,616
I MEAN, IT WAS ADVERTISING.
263
00:16:17,649 --> 00:16:20,649
THEY HAD THEIR OWN MAGAZINES,
BROCHURES.
264
00:16:20,683 --> 00:16:22,683
THEY HAD JOURNALISTS
ON THE TAKE.
265
00:16:22,716 --> 00:16:24,983
I MEAN, IT WAS A PHENOMENON.
266
00:16:28,516 --> 00:16:30,249
AND, UH, IN ORDER TO SELL IT,
267
00:16:30,282 --> 00:16:34,449
THEY DESCRIBED THESE--THESE,
UH, YOU KNOW,
268
00:16:34,482 --> 00:16:37,149
BEAUTIFUL REGIONS WHERE YOU
COULD RAISE A BOUNTIFUL HARVEST
269
00:16:37,182 --> 00:16:38,716
OF PRACTICALLY ANYTHING,
270
00:16:38,749 --> 00:16:40,215
AND, UH, SUMMER LINGERED
INTO NOVEMBER,
271
00:16:40,249 --> 00:16:42,716
AND BY FEBRUARY
IT WAS ALREADY SPRING,
272
00:16:42,749 --> 00:16:45,683
AND WE'RE TALKING ABOUT NEBRASKA
AND PLACES LIKE THAT.
273
00:16:47,416 --> 00:16:49,249
AS IT HAPPENED,
274
00:16:49,282 --> 00:16:51,783
THE 1870s AND EARLY 1880s
275
00:16:51,816 --> 00:16:54,949
WERE UNUSUALLY WET YEARS
IN THE WEST.
276
00:16:54,983 --> 00:16:58,549
THE PRAIRIES, PLOWED AND PLANTED
FOR THE FIRST TIME,
277
00:16:58,582 --> 00:17:01,050
YIELDED BUMPER CROPS.
278
00:17:01,082 --> 00:17:03,382
PROMOTERS MADE THE MOST OF IT.
279
00:17:03,416 --> 00:17:07,050
THE PLAINS MIGHT ONCE HAVE BEEN
DESERT-LIKE, THEY SAID,
280
00:17:07,082 --> 00:17:08,749
BUT NO LONGER.
281
00:17:08,783 --> 00:17:10,916
THE CLIMATE ITSELF,
THEY PROMISED,
282
00:17:10,949 --> 00:17:13,783
HAD CHANGED FOR GOOD,
283
00:17:13,816 --> 00:17:16,883
AND IT WAS THE VERY PRESENCE
OF SETTLERS
284
00:17:16,916 --> 00:17:19,050
THAT HAD CHANGED IT.
285
00:17:19,082 --> 00:17:22,382
"THE PLOW
WILL GO FORWARD.
286
00:17:22,416 --> 00:17:24,115
"GOD SPEED THE PLOW.
287
00:17:24,149 --> 00:17:26,416
"BY THIS WONDERFUL
PROVISION,
288
00:17:26,449 --> 00:17:29,816
"WHICH IS ONLY MAN'S
MASTERY OVER NATURE,
289
00:17:29,849 --> 00:17:33,349
"THE CLOUDS
ARE DISPENSING
COPIOUS RAINS.
290
00:17:33,382 --> 00:17:36,316
"THE PLOW IS MORE
POWERFUL IN PEACE
291
00:17:36,349 --> 00:17:38,316
"THAN THE SWORD IN WAR,
292
00:17:38,349 --> 00:17:41,983
"THE INSTRUMENT WHICH
SEPARATES CIVILIZATION
FROM SAVAGERY
293
00:17:42,016 --> 00:17:46,449
"AND CONVERTS A DESERT
INTO A FARM OR GARDEN.
294
00:17:46,482 --> 00:17:48,449
"TO BE MORE CONCISE,
295
00:17:48,482 --> 00:17:51,949
RAIN FOLLOWS THE PLOW."
296
00:17:51,983 --> 00:17:54,482
CHARLES DANA WILBER.
297
00:17:54,516 --> 00:17:58,416
WITHIN 10 YEARS,
NEARLY TWO MILLION PEOPLE
298
00:17:58,449 --> 00:18:01,549
MIGRATED FARTHER
ONTO THE PLAINS.
299
00:18:01,582 --> 00:18:05,916
THE POPULATIONS OF COLORADO
AND NEBRASKA DOUBLED--
300
00:18:05,949 --> 00:18:11,249
SOUTH DAKOTA'S, MONTANA'S,
AND WYOMING'S TRIPLED.
301
00:18:14,416 --> 00:18:16,316
BUT AS IT TURNED OUT,
302
00:18:16,349 --> 00:18:19,416
RAIN DID NOT FOLLOW THE PLOW.
303
00:18:22,449 --> 00:18:25,683
THE WET YEARS CAME TO AN END.
304
00:18:25,716 --> 00:18:28,949
MANY PLACES
ON THE HIGH PLAINS EMPTIED
305
00:18:28,983 --> 00:18:32,983
JUST AS QUICKLY AS THEY HAD
FILLED WITH HOMESTEADERS...
306
00:18:33,016 --> 00:18:37,482
BUT SOME STUBBORNLY HUNG ON.
307
00:18:37,516 --> 00:18:40,449
THERE'S NO QUESTION IN MY MIND
308
00:18:40,482 --> 00:18:42,482
THAT THE SETTLERS
ARE THE REAL HEROES.
309
00:18:42,516 --> 00:18:45,316
YES. YES, INDEED.
310
00:18:45,349 --> 00:18:46,716
IN THIS HARSH COUNTRY--
311
00:18:46,749 --> 00:18:51,349
MUCH OF IT HARSH AND FORBIDDING
AND DEMANDING, TOUGH COUNTRY--
312
00:18:51,382 --> 00:18:54,449
UH, THE FACT THAT PEOPLE
COULD GO THERE
313
00:18:54,482 --> 00:18:58,883
AND ESTABLISH COMMUNITIES
AND MAKE A LIVING FOR THEMSELVES
314
00:18:58,916 --> 00:19:00,983
AND BUILD UP SOCIETIES.
315
00:19:01,016 --> 00:19:03,482
I THINK THAT'S--
THAT WAS A REAL TRIUMPH.
316
00:19:06,416 --> 00:19:08,149
IN A YEAR'S TIME,
317
00:19:08,182 --> 00:19:09,849
A HOMESTEADER WOULD ENCOUNTER
318
00:19:09,883 --> 00:19:12,949
A CATALOGUE
OF METEOROLOGICAL DISASTERS.
319
00:19:12,983 --> 00:19:16,115
IN THE SPRINGTIME,
THERE'D BE THE FLOODS
320
00:19:16,149 --> 00:19:17,849
AND THE TORNADOES
THAT WOULD MAKE IT DIFFICULT
321
00:19:17,883 --> 00:19:21,016
TO GET INTO THE FIELDS
TO PLANT A CROP.
322
00:19:21,050 --> 00:19:22,416
ONCE THE CROP WAS PLANTED,
323
00:19:22,449 --> 00:19:24,949
YOU MIGHT GO FOR SIX,
EIGHT WEEKS AT A TIME
324
00:19:24,983 --> 00:19:26,416
WITH NO RAIN AT ALL,
325
00:19:26,449 --> 00:19:28,783
AND THEN IT WAS BAD ENOUGH
THAT THE RAIN WAS HALF
326
00:19:28,816 --> 00:19:30,449
OF WHAT THE HOMESTEADER
MIGHT HAVE EXPECTED
327
00:19:30,482 --> 00:19:31,916
IN HIS HOMELAND.
328
00:19:31,949 --> 00:19:34,449
HERE, IT WOULD FALL
ALL IN ONE DAY
329
00:19:34,482 --> 00:19:37,316
AND FLOOD OUT THAT WHICH HAD
MANAGED TO SURVIVE
330
00:19:37,349 --> 00:19:38,849
THROUGH THE DROUGHT.
331
00:19:38,883 --> 00:19:40,449
THERE WERE
THE GRASSHOPPER STORMS
332
00:19:40,482 --> 00:19:41,849
AND THE WIND STORMS.
333
00:19:41,883 --> 00:19:44,282
HAIL STORMS WOULD POUND A CROP
INTO THE GROUND,
334
00:19:44,316 --> 00:19:46,449
IN SOME CASES
FREEZING A CROP IN JULY
335
00:19:46,482 --> 00:19:48,416
WHEN YOU THOUGHT
THERE WAS NO CHANCE
336
00:19:48,449 --> 00:19:50,516
OF ANYTHING HAPPENING
LIKE THAT AT ALL.
337
00:19:50,549 --> 00:19:53,416
IN THE FALL AT HARVEST TIME,
338
00:19:53,449 --> 00:19:57,516
FIRE COULD TAKE IT AS THE FIRE
SWEPT ACROSS THE GRASSLANDS.
339
00:19:57,549 --> 00:20:01,649
THROUGH THE WINTER, IT WOULD BE
A MATTER OF SURVIVING THE COLD.
340
00:20:01,683 --> 00:20:03,616
AND THEN IN THE SPRING,
341
00:20:03,649 --> 00:20:07,282
YOU STARTED THE WHOLE MESS
ALL OVER AGAIN.
342
00:20:09,416 --> 00:20:10,949
WE LOOK AT THESE PEOPLE
343
00:20:10,983 --> 00:20:13,349
SITTING IN FRONT
OF THEIR SOD HOUSES,
344
00:20:13,382 --> 00:20:17,050
AND WE THINK, "WHAT SQUALOR,
LIVING IN A DIRT HOUSE."
345
00:20:17,082 --> 00:20:20,482
WE SEE WOMEN IN MAYBE
AN ELEGANT DRESS
346
00:20:20,516 --> 00:20:22,282
BUT WITHOUT SHOES ON,
347
00:20:22,316 --> 00:20:26,683
AND WE THINK,
"THESE PEOPLE WERE POOR,"
348
00:20:26,716 --> 00:20:31,416
BUT WHAT I SEE IS PRIDE.
349
00:20:31,449 --> 00:20:33,382
WHAT THEY'RE REALLY SAYING IS,
350
00:20:33,416 --> 00:20:35,449
"LOOK HOW RICH WE ARE.
351
00:20:35,482 --> 00:20:37,849
"WE'RE STINKING RICH.
352
00:20:37,883 --> 00:20:40,783
"OUR MUSKMELONS ARE THIS BIG.
353
00:20:40,816 --> 00:20:43,849
"WE HAVE TWO HORSES,
WE HAVE A COW,
354
00:20:43,883 --> 00:20:46,016
AND THERE SHE IS
PEGGED RIGHT BACK THERE."
355
00:20:46,050 --> 00:20:49,249
THEY'RE SHOWING US
THAT THEY'VE MADE IT.
356
00:20:49,282 --> 00:20:53,382
THESE ARE NOT PEOPLE WHO ARE
EMBARRASSED BY THEIR SITUATION.
357
00:20:53,416 --> 00:20:57,050
THEY ARE DRENCHED IN PRIDE.
358
00:20:57,082 --> 00:20:59,516
♪ AH, NEBRASKA LAND ♪
359
00:20:59,549 --> 00:21:02,115
♪ SWEET NEBRASKA LAND ♪
360
00:21:02,149 --> 00:21:06,449
♪ UPON THY BURNING SOIL
I STAND ♪
361
00:21:06,482 --> 00:21:10,916
♪ AND I LOOK AWAY
ACROSS THE PLAINS ♪
362
00:21:10,949 --> 00:21:15,382
♪ AND I WONDER WHY
IT NEVER RAINS ♪
363
00:21:19,849 --> 00:21:22,549
WHAT'S REMARKABLE TO ME
IS THAT THEY WERE SINGING
364
00:21:22,582 --> 00:21:25,449
AND THAT THEY WERE LAUGHING
WHILE THEY WERE SINGING.
365
00:21:25,482 --> 00:21:27,449
"WELL, WE'VE REACHED THE LAND
OF DESERT SWEET
366
00:21:27,482 --> 00:21:29,849
"WHERE NOTHING GROWS
FOR MAN TO EAT.
367
00:21:29,883 --> 00:21:32,282
"THE WIND, IT BLOWS
WITH FEVERISH HEAT,
368
00:21:32,316 --> 00:21:34,449
ACROSS THESE PLAINS
SO HARD TO BEAT."
369
00:21:34,482 --> 00:21:36,115
BUT THAT'S NOT A SAD SONG.
370
00:21:36,149 --> 00:21:38,115
IT SOUNDS LIKE THE BLUES
WHEN I SAY IT,
371
00:21:38,149 --> 00:21:40,349
BUT IT WAS A SONG OF LAUGHTER
AND REJOICING
372
00:21:40,382 --> 00:21:42,749
BECAUSE THEY WERE
LAUGHING AT THEMSELVES
373
00:21:42,783 --> 00:21:45,449
IN THIS CRAZY SITUATION
THEY WERE IN.
374
00:21:45,482 --> 00:21:46,983
"WE DO NOT LIVE.
375
00:21:47,016 --> 00:21:50,382
WE ONLY STAY 'CAUSE WE'RE
TOO POOR TO MOVE AWAY."
376
00:21:50,416 --> 00:21:51,916
♪ WE HAVE NO WHEAT ♪
377
00:21:51,949 --> 00:21:53,516
♪ WE HAVE NO OATS ♪
378
00:21:53,549 --> 00:21:56,382
♪ WE HAVE NO CORN
TO FEED OUR SHOATS ♪
379
00:21:56,416 --> 00:21:59,549
♪ OUR CHICKENS
ARE SO VERY POOR ♪
380
00:21:59,582 --> 00:22:02,849
♪ THEY BEG FOR CRUMBS
OUTSIDE OUR DOOR ♪
381
00:22:02,883 --> 00:22:04,516
♪ IN NEBRASKA LAND ♪
382
00:22:04,549 --> 00:22:06,050
♪ SWEET NEBRASKA LAND ♪
383
00:22:06,082 --> 00:22:09,215
♪ UPON THY BURNING SOIL
I STAND ♪
384
00:22:09,249 --> 00:22:11,983
♪ AND I LOOK AWAY
ACROSS THE PLAINS ♪
385
00:22:12,016 --> 00:22:16,115
♪ AND I WONDER WHY
IT NEVER RAINS ♪
386
00:22:29,883 --> 00:22:32,282
THE NOBLEST PART OF THE WEST
387
00:22:32,316 --> 00:22:35,349
IS THE FACT THAT
IT GAVE HOPE TO PEOPLE
388
00:22:35,382 --> 00:22:38,883
IN WAYS THAT WE HAD NOT
BEEN ABLE TO HAVE BEFORE.
389
00:22:41,883 --> 00:22:44,382
IT WAS A FORCE IN THE SHAPING
OF THE NATIONAL CHARACTER,
390
00:22:44,416 --> 00:22:46,916
AND AN IMPORTANT ONE.
391
00:22:46,949 --> 00:22:50,949
AND I THINK WHEN
AND IF WE EVER LOSE
392
00:22:50,983 --> 00:22:54,916
THAT SENSE OF HOPE
THAT THE WEST HOLDS FOR US,
393
00:22:54,949 --> 00:22:56,849
WE WILL HAVE LOST
BY JUST THAT MUCH
394
00:22:56,883 --> 00:23:00,249
OUR SENSE OF OURSELVES
AS AMERICANS.
395
00:23:00,282 --> 00:23:04,449
BUT WHAT WE DID WHEN WE CROSSED
THE MISSISSIPPI
396
00:23:04,482 --> 00:23:08,149
AND ENTERED THIS LAND
AND TOOK IT AS OUR OWN
397
00:23:08,182 --> 00:23:13,382
WAS TO TURN OUR BACKS
ON OUR OWN BEST HISTORY.
398
00:23:15,482 --> 00:23:19,649
THERE IS VERY LITTLE
THAT IS PRESUMABLY DEAR
399
00:23:19,683 --> 00:23:21,382
TO THE AMERICAN PSYCHE
400
00:23:21,416 --> 00:23:23,416
IN TERMS OF THE CONSTITUTION,
401
00:23:23,449 --> 00:23:24,983
IN TERMS OF CIVIL RIGHTS,
402
00:23:25,016 --> 00:23:27,783
IN TERMS OF OUR HIGHEST IDEALS,
403
00:23:27,816 --> 00:23:29,349
THAT WAS NOT AT ONE TIME
OR ANOTHER
404
00:23:29,382 --> 00:23:32,816
SYSTEMATICALLY VIOLATED DURING
THE HISTORY OF THE WEST.
405
00:23:32,849 --> 00:23:34,282
AND SOMETIMES IN WAYS
406
00:23:34,316 --> 00:23:36,783
THAT HAD NEVER
BEEN MATCHED BEFORE--
407
00:23:36,816 --> 00:23:39,649
AT AN INTENSITY,
AT A LEVEL OF VIOLENCE,
408
00:23:39,683 --> 00:23:41,382
AT A LEVEL OF...
409
00:23:41,416 --> 00:23:43,249
OF, UH, THOUGHTLESSNESS.
410
00:23:53,916 --> 00:23:57,416
"THE FARTHER
MY PEOPLE KEEP AWAY
FROM THE WHITES,
411
00:23:57,449 --> 00:24:00,549
"THE BETTER I SHALL
BE SATISFIED.
412
00:24:00,582 --> 00:24:03,382
"THE WHITE PEOPLE
ARE WICKED.
413
00:24:03,416 --> 00:24:07,883
"I WANT YOU
TO TEACH MY PEOPLE
TO READ AND WRITE,
414
00:24:07,916 --> 00:24:11,616
"BUT THEY MUST NOT
BECOME WHITE PEOPLE
IN THEIR WAYS.
415
00:24:11,649 --> 00:24:14,349
"IT IS TOO BAD
A LIFE.
416
00:24:14,382 --> 00:24:17,849
"I COULD NOT
LET THEM DO IT.
417
00:24:17,883 --> 00:24:20,382
"I WOULD RATHER DIE
AN INDIAN
418
00:24:20,416 --> 00:24:23,382
THAN LIVE A WHITE MAN."
419
00:24:23,416 --> 00:24:24,649
SITTING BULL.
420
00:24:35,316 --> 00:24:37,783
BY THE SPRING OF 1881,
421
00:24:37,816 --> 00:24:39,716
THE INDIANS
OF THE NORTHERN PLAINS
422
00:24:39,749 --> 00:24:43,783
HAD ALL BUT LOST THEIR STRUGGLE
TO REMAIN FREE.
423
00:24:43,816 --> 00:24:47,916
ONLY SITTING BULL AND FEWER THAN
200 OF HIS FOLLOWERS,
424
00:24:47,949 --> 00:24:51,449
MANY OF THEM MEMBERS
OF HIS OWN FAMILY,
425
00:24:51,482 --> 00:24:54,983
REMAINED DEFIANT, IN CANADA.
426
00:24:55,016 --> 00:24:59,416
BUT ON JULY 19, 1881,
427
00:24:59,449 --> 00:25:01,482
HE LED A HANDFUL
OF HIS HUNGRY PEOPLE
428
00:25:01,516 --> 00:25:05,449
SOUTH ACROSS THE BORDER
AND GAVE UP.
429
00:25:12,816 --> 00:25:14,949
"I SURRENDER
THIS RIFLE TO YOU
430
00:25:14,983 --> 00:25:17,349
"THROUGH MY YOUNG SON,
431
00:25:17,382 --> 00:25:20,849
"WHOM I NOW DESIRE TO TEACH
IN THIS MANNER
432
00:25:20,883 --> 00:25:24,849
"THAT HE HAS BECOME A FRIEND
OF THE AMERICANS.
433
00:25:24,883 --> 00:25:28,849
"I WISH HIM TO LEARN
THE HABITS OF THE WHITES
434
00:25:28,883 --> 00:25:33,349
"AND TO BE EDUCATED
AS THEIR SONS ARE EDUCATED.
435
00:25:33,382 --> 00:25:36,516
"THIS BOY HAS GIVEN
MY RIFLE TO YOU,
436
00:25:36,549 --> 00:25:38,849
"AND HE NOW WANTS TO KNOW
437
00:25:38,883 --> 00:25:41,382
HOW HE IS GOING
TO MAKE A LIVING."
438
00:25:44,316 --> 00:25:46,416
SITTING BULL STILL WANTED
439
00:25:46,449 --> 00:25:48,082
THE RIGHT TO CROSS
BACK AND FORTH
440
00:25:48,115 --> 00:25:50,282
INTO CANADA AT WILL,
441
00:25:50,316 --> 00:25:54,382
TO LIVE ON THE LITTLE MISSOURI,
NEAR THE BLACK HILLS,
442
00:25:54,416 --> 00:25:57,316
AND TO HUNT WHEREVER HE WISHED.
443
00:25:58,916 --> 00:26:03,549
THE ARMY GRANTED NONE
OF SITTING BULL'S REQUESTS.
444
00:26:03,582 --> 00:26:05,282
THEY EVENTUALLY ORDERED HIM
445
00:26:05,316 --> 00:26:08,349
TO GO TO THE STANDING ROCK
RESERVATION,
446
00:26:08,382 --> 00:26:11,783
HUNDREDS OF MILES TO THE EAST
IN NORTH DAKOTA,
447
00:26:11,816 --> 00:26:14,916
AND LIVE THERE
AS HIS PEOPLE LIVED.
448
00:26:14,949 --> 00:26:16,449
AT STANDING ROCK,
449
00:26:16,482 --> 00:26:18,949
HE WAS REUNITED
WITH HIS DAUGHTER
450
00:26:18,983 --> 00:26:22,883
AND WEPT TO SEE AGAIN
THOSE WHO HAD BEEN WITH HIM
451
00:26:22,916 --> 00:26:24,382
AT THE LITTLE BIGHORN.
452
00:26:25,783 --> 00:26:31,050
THE LIFESTYLE OF THE LAKOTA
PEOPLE HAD CHANGED SO MUCH.
453
00:26:31,082 --> 00:26:32,783
HERE YOU HAD
THIS FREE-ROAMING PEOPLE
454
00:26:32,816 --> 00:26:34,482
THAT WERE DEPENDENT UPON
THE BUFFALO
455
00:26:34,516 --> 00:26:36,883
FOR A WAY OF LIFE, UM...
456
00:26:36,916 --> 00:26:38,616
AND ALL OF A SUDDEN,
457
00:26:38,649 --> 00:26:41,449
NOW THEY ARE CONFINED
IN THESE SMALL AREAS,
458
00:26:41,482 --> 00:26:43,883
THEY'RE LIVING OFF OF RATIONS,
459
00:26:43,916 --> 00:26:46,582
AND PEOPLE ARE STARVING.
460
00:26:46,616 --> 00:26:48,849
IT'S ALMOST LIKE BEING
IN A PRISON CELL.
461
00:26:48,883 --> 00:26:51,349
EVEN THOUGH RESERVATIONS WERE
A PRETTY GOOD SIZE,
462
00:26:51,382 --> 00:26:53,449
THE IDEA OF COMPACTING PEOPLE
INTO THAT AREA
463
00:26:53,482 --> 00:26:55,382
AND SAYING "YOU CAN'T MOVE
OUTSIDE THIS AREA,
464
00:26:55,416 --> 00:26:57,416
"YOU CAN'T TRAVEL
OUTSIDE THIS AREA,
465
00:26:57,449 --> 00:27:00,349
AND IF YOU DO,
YOU NEED A PASS."
466
00:27:00,382 --> 00:27:03,449
THE WHOLE IDEA OF CONFINING
LAKOTA PEOPLE
467
00:27:03,482 --> 00:27:05,949
WAS SO DEVASTATING TO THEM.
468
00:27:07,949 --> 00:27:11,883
IT WAS LIKE
BEING CONFINED TO
469
00:27:11,916 --> 00:27:14,816
A TINY ISLAND
470
00:27:14,849 --> 00:27:18,949
WITH NO WAY TO NAVIGATE
471
00:27:18,983 --> 00:27:25,749
AMONG THIS ENORMOUS SEA
OF WHITE STRANGERS.
472
00:27:27,883 --> 00:27:29,449
EVERY TWO WEEKS,
473
00:27:29,482 --> 00:27:32,816
A FEW SCRAWNY STEERS
WERE BROUGHT TO THE RESERVATION,
474
00:27:32,849 --> 00:27:35,849
WHERE MEN WHO ONLY
A FEW YEARS EARLIER
475
00:27:35,883 --> 00:27:38,316
HAD HUNTED BUFFALO
ON THE OPEN PLAINS
476
00:27:38,349 --> 00:27:41,549
NOW SHOT CATTLE FOR THEIR FOOD.
477
00:27:58,416 --> 00:28:01,916
"ANY INDIAN
WHO SHALL ENGAGE
IN THE SUN DANCE,
478
00:28:01,949 --> 00:28:03,916
"SCALP DANCE,
OR WAR DANCE
479
00:28:03,949 --> 00:28:06,883
"SHALL BE DEEMED GUILTY
OF AN OFFENSE,
480
00:28:06,916 --> 00:28:08,349
"AND UPON
CONVICTION THEREOF
481
00:28:08,382 --> 00:28:11,349
"SHALL BE PUNISHED
BY WITHHOLDING
OF HIS RATIONS
482
00:28:11,382 --> 00:28:13,849
NOT EXCEEDING 10 DAYS."
483
00:28:13,883 --> 00:28:16,749
BUREAU OF
INDIAN AFFAIRS.
484
00:28:16,783 --> 00:28:20,349
LIKE INDIANS
ON ALL THE OTHER RESERVATIONS,
485
00:28:20,382 --> 00:28:23,349
THE LAKOTAS WERE ORDERED
TO GIVE UP THEIR LANGUAGE
486
00:28:23,382 --> 00:28:25,416
AND SPEAK ENGLISH,
487
00:28:25,449 --> 00:28:27,449
ABANDON THEIR FAITH,
488
00:28:27,482 --> 00:28:30,716
PUT BEHIND THEM
ALL THEIR RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS.
489
00:28:41,316 --> 00:28:44,916
LAKOTA MEN WERE RECRUITED
TO SERVE AS POLICE,
490
00:28:44,949 --> 00:28:47,916
EMPOWERED TO HELP
KEEP THE PEACE
491
00:28:47,949 --> 00:28:50,916
AND TO ENFORCE
THE NEW RULES.
492
00:28:50,949 --> 00:28:54,482
WELL, THE IDEA WAS
IF WE COULDN'T PRAY,
493
00:28:54,516 --> 00:28:56,482
IF WE COULDN'T
BEHAVE THE WAY WE DO--
494
00:28:56,516 --> 00:28:59,082
HAVE OUR SOCIAL CUSTOMS--
AND WE COULDN'T SPEAK,
495
00:28:59,115 --> 00:29:01,416
WE'D VERY QUICKLY
BECOME WHITE PEOPLE,
496
00:29:01,449 --> 00:29:05,316
AND WE WOULD NO LONGER
BE A MILITARY PROBLEM.
497
00:29:05,349 --> 00:29:08,416
SO THE IDEA WAS CORRUPT THEM
FROM THE INSIDE.
498
00:29:08,449 --> 00:29:11,816
YOU KNOW, MAKE THEM
GIVE UP WHO THEY ARE.
499
00:29:11,849 --> 00:29:13,949
IF THEY DON'T TALK
THEIR LANGUAGE,
500
00:29:13,983 --> 00:29:17,749
THEY WON'T PRACTICE
THEIR CULTURE AND RELIGION.
501
00:29:22,816 --> 00:29:25,783
WHAT AMERICANS
WERE TRYING TO DO INITIALLY
502
00:29:25,816 --> 00:29:28,949
WAS TO MOVE INDIANS
OUT OF THE WAY,
503
00:29:28,983 --> 00:29:31,016
BUT AT THE SAME TIME,
504
00:29:31,050 --> 00:29:34,082
THEY'VE PROMISED INDIANS
A PERMANENT EXISTENCE.
505
00:29:34,115 --> 00:29:36,949
RESERVATIONS WERE
GOING TO BE A PLACE
506
00:29:36,983 --> 00:29:40,282
IN WHICH INDIAN PEOPLES
WERE GOING TO BE ALLOWED
507
00:29:40,316 --> 00:29:45,215
TO SLOWLY ADJUST TO THE LARGER
WHITE SOCIETY AROUND THEM.
508
00:29:45,249 --> 00:29:47,949
THE LAKOTAS LIVED
IN LOG CABINS NOW
509
00:29:47,983 --> 00:29:50,449
AS WELL AS TEEPEES,
510
00:29:50,482 --> 00:29:53,416
AND THEY WERE
EXPECTED TO FARM.
511
00:29:53,449 --> 00:29:56,449
EVEN SITTING BULL
FOUND HIMSELF AT WORK,
512
00:29:56,482 --> 00:29:59,082
HOE IN HAND.
513
00:30:00,482 --> 00:30:02,849
IN AUGUST OF 1883,
514
00:30:02,883 --> 00:30:07,282
A DELEGATION OF UNITED STATES
SENATORS VISITED STANDING ROCK
515
00:30:07,316 --> 00:30:10,449
WITH A PLAN FOR OPENING
PART OF THE RESERVATION
516
00:30:10,482 --> 00:30:12,115
TO WHITE SETTLEMENT.
517
00:30:12,149 --> 00:30:15,716
SITTING BULL
PROTESTED BITTERLY.
518
00:30:15,749 --> 00:30:18,849
"DO YOU KNOW WHO I AM?
519
00:30:18,883 --> 00:30:21,616
"I WANT TO TELL YOU
THAT IF THE GREAT SPIRIT
520
00:30:21,649 --> 00:30:24,883
"HAS CHOSEN ANYONE
TO BE THE CHIEF
OF THIS COUNTRY,
521
00:30:24,916 --> 00:30:28,349
IT IS MYSELF."
522
00:30:28,382 --> 00:30:30,849
"YOU WERE NOT APPOINTED
BY THE GREAT SPIRIT.
523
00:30:30,883 --> 00:30:34,349
"APPOINTMENTS ARE NOT
MADE THAT WAY.
524
00:30:34,382 --> 00:30:38,349
"YOU HAVE NO FOLLOWING,
NO POWER, NO CONTROL,
525
00:30:38,382 --> 00:30:40,849
"AND NO RIGHT
TO ANY CONTROL.
526
00:30:40,883 --> 00:30:43,349
"IF IT WERE NOT FOR
THE GOVERNMENT,
527
00:30:43,382 --> 00:30:45,449
"YOU WOULD BE FREEZING
AND STARVING TODAY
528
00:30:45,482 --> 00:30:47,449
IN THE MOUNTAINS."
529
00:31:00,382 --> 00:31:03,783
JUST ACROSS
THE GRAND RIVER FROM HIS CABIN,
530
00:31:03,816 --> 00:31:07,115
SITTING BULL COULD SEE THE SPOT
WHERE HE HAD BEEN BORN
531
00:31:07,149 --> 00:31:09,949
INTO AN ENTIRELY
DIFFERENT WORLD.
532
00:31:09,983 --> 00:31:15,849
TO FILL THE EMPTY HOURS,
HE COMPOSED HIS OWN SONG.
533
00:31:15,883 --> 00:31:18,883
"A WARRIOR I HAVE BEEN,"
HE SANG.
534
00:31:18,916 --> 00:31:21,382
"NOW IT IS ALL OVER.
535
00:31:21,416 --> 00:31:24,249
A HARD TIME I HAVE."
536
00:31:41,883 --> 00:31:44,849
"UNLEARNED
AS YOU MAY THINK US TO BE,
537
00:31:44,883 --> 00:31:48,949
"WE ARE NOT WHOLLY
IGNORANT OF YOUR HISTORY.
538
00:31:48,983 --> 00:31:51,416
"WE CHINESE ARE TAUGHT
TO BELIEVE
539
00:31:51,449 --> 00:31:54,349
"THAT YOUR GOVERNMENT
IS FOUNDED AND CONDUCTED
540
00:31:54,382 --> 00:31:57,649
"UPON PRINCIPLES
OF PURE JUSTICE
541
00:31:57,683 --> 00:32:01,416
"AND THAT ALL OF EVERY
RACE AND CREED ARE HERE
542
00:32:01,449 --> 00:32:05,949
SURELY PROTECTED IN PERSON,
LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY."
543
00:32:05,983 --> 00:32:07,449
CHUNG SUN.
544
00:32:10,883 --> 00:32:13,449
IN OCTOBER OF 1871,
545
00:32:13,482 --> 00:32:17,883
AN EAGER AND AMBITIOUS YOUNG
CHINESE MAN NAMED CHUNG SUN
546
00:32:17,916 --> 00:32:19,482
ARRIVED IN THE WEST.
547
00:32:19,516 --> 00:32:22,282
HE CARRIED $600 WITH HIM
548
00:32:22,316 --> 00:32:24,816
AND DREAMED OF STARTING
A TEA PLANTATION
549
00:32:24,849 --> 00:32:26,816
IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,
550
00:32:26,849 --> 00:32:28,282
BUT ALMOST IMMEDIATELY,
551
00:32:28,316 --> 00:32:31,316
HE FOUND HIMSELF CAUGHT UP
IN A RIOT IN LOS ANGELES.
552
00:32:33,349 --> 00:32:37,949
IT STARTED AS A QUARREL BETWEEN
TWO CHINESE MEN OVER A WOMAN
553
00:32:37,983 --> 00:32:40,849
BUT QUICKLY TURNED INTO
AN ARMED STRUGGLE
554
00:32:40,883 --> 00:32:42,983
BETWEEN THE SMALL
CHINESE COMMUNITY
555
00:32:43,016 --> 00:32:45,649
AND THE REST OF THE CITY.
556
00:32:45,683 --> 00:32:47,449
BEFORE IT WAS OVER,
557
00:32:47,482 --> 00:32:49,849
AT LEAST 23 CHINESE IMMIGRANTS
558
00:32:49,883 --> 00:32:53,816
HAD BEEN HANGED OR STABBED
OR SHOT TO DEATH.
559
00:32:53,849 --> 00:32:59,149
CHUNG SUN WAS BEATEN
AND ROBBED OF HIS SAVINGS.
560
00:33:01,382 --> 00:33:04,883
THERE WERE MORE THAN
300,000 CHINESE IN THE COUNTRY
561
00:33:04,916 --> 00:33:07,816
BY THE TIME CHUNG SUN ARRIVED--
562
00:33:07,849 --> 00:33:11,849
HELPING TO BUILD
THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD,
563
00:33:11,883 --> 00:33:15,149
RUNNING LAUNDRIES
AND RESTAURANTS,
564
00:33:15,182 --> 00:33:16,949
PLANTING VINEYARDS,
565
00:33:16,983 --> 00:33:21,816
AND OPERATING FISHING FLEETS
UP AND DOWN THE PACIFIC COAST,
566
00:33:21,849 --> 00:33:24,215
BUT WHEN DEPRESSION STRUCK,
567
00:33:24,249 --> 00:33:28,449
WHITE WORKERS CAME TO BLAME
THE CHINESE FOR THEIR TROUBLES.
568
00:33:28,482 --> 00:33:32,382
"WE INTEND TO TRY
AND VOTE THE CHINAMAN OUT,
569
00:33:32,416 --> 00:33:34,883
"TO FRIGHTEN HIM OUT,
AND IF THIS WON'T DO,
570
00:33:34,916 --> 00:33:37,316
"TO KILL HIM OUT,
571
00:33:37,349 --> 00:33:39,382
"AND WHEN THE BLOW COMES,
572
00:33:39,416 --> 00:33:42,349
"WE WON'T LEAVE A FRAGMENT
FOR THE THIEVES TO PICK UP.
573
00:33:42,382 --> 00:33:46,149
"THE HEATHEN SLAVES MUST
LEAVE THIS COAST,
574
00:33:46,182 --> 00:33:50,449
IF IT COSTS 10,000 LIVES."
575
00:33:50,482 --> 00:33:53,949
DENIS KEARNEY,
THE WORKINGMEN'S PARTY.
576
00:33:56,016 --> 00:34:01,582
ANTI-CHINESE VIOLENCE
BROKE OUT ALL ACROSS THE WEST.
577
00:34:03,316 --> 00:34:09,416
IN ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING,
WHITES MURDERED 28 CHINESE.
578
00:34:09,449 --> 00:34:12,883
IN TACOMA, STATE MILITIAMEN
HAD TO BE CALLED IN
579
00:34:12,916 --> 00:34:14,783
TO RESTORE ORDER.
580
00:34:14,816 --> 00:34:18,382
THE CHINESE IN SEATTLE
WERE ROUNDED UP,
581
00:34:18,416 --> 00:34:19,883
PUSHED ONTO BOATS,
582
00:34:19,916 --> 00:34:22,115
AND FORCED OUT TO SEA.
583
00:34:29,382 --> 00:34:32,849
THE LOS ANGELES RIOT HAD LEFT
CHUNG SUN PENNILESS,
584
00:34:32,883 --> 00:34:35,716
BUT HE HADN'T GIVEN UP.
585
00:34:35,749 --> 00:34:38,849
HE MADE HIS WAY NORTH TO
THE LITTLE TOWN OF WATSONVILLE,
586
00:34:38,883 --> 00:34:41,783
WHERE HE MANAGED TO
FIND A JOB DIGGING DITCHES
587
00:34:41,816 --> 00:34:45,883
AND LAYING A GAS LINE
FOR $1.50 A DAY.
588
00:34:45,916 --> 00:34:49,449
"BEING A MAN OF
EDUCATION AND CULTURE,
589
00:34:49,482 --> 00:34:53,416
"I AM CAPABLE OF OTHER WORK
THAN DIGGING IN THE STREETS,
590
00:34:53,449 --> 00:34:55,949
"BUT MY PHILOSOPHY
TEACHES ME
591
00:34:55,983 --> 00:35:00,416
"ANY USEFUL WORK IS MORE
HONORABLE THAN IDLENESS.
592
00:35:00,449 --> 00:35:03,449
"I SHALL, THEREFORE,
WITH PATIENCE,
593
00:35:03,482 --> 00:35:07,849
CONTINUE TO DIG
WITH AN ABIDING HOPE
FOR SOMETHING BETTER."
594
00:35:07,883 --> 00:35:10,416
BUT WHEN THE DITCH
WAS FINISHED,
595
00:35:10,449 --> 00:35:13,382
CHUNG SUN COULD NOT
FIND ANOTHER JOB.
596
00:35:13,416 --> 00:35:16,316
NO ONE WOULD HIRE HIM.
597
00:35:16,349 --> 00:35:22,115
A NEW CALIFORNIA LAW MADE HIRING
A CHINESE WORKER ILLEGAL,
598
00:35:22,149 --> 00:35:26,182
PUNISHABLE BY FINES
AND JAIL TERMS.
599
00:35:26,215 --> 00:35:29,349
THEN, IN 1882,
600
00:35:29,382 --> 00:35:32,215
WESTERN POLITICIANS
AND LABOR UNIONS
601
00:35:32,249 --> 00:35:38,282
MANAGED TO PERSUADE CONGRESS TO
PASS THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT.
602
00:35:38,316 --> 00:35:40,349
FOR THE FIRST TIME
603
00:35:40,382 --> 00:35:42,349
IN THE HISTORY
OF THE UNITED STATES,
604
00:35:42,382 --> 00:35:48,949
THE GOVERNMENT DECIDED
TO EXCLUDE A GROUP OF IMMIGRANTS
605
00:35:48,983 --> 00:35:52,182
ON THE BASIS OF RACE,
606
00:35:52,215 --> 00:35:55,916
AND IT SET A PRECEDENT NOW
BECAUSE FOR THE FIRST TIME,
607
00:35:55,949 --> 00:35:59,749
YOU HAVE THIS NEW
THINKING INTRODUCED--
608
00:35:59,783 --> 00:36:01,949
WELL, WE CAN
NOT ONLY DETERMINE
609
00:36:01,983 --> 00:36:04,549
WHO COULD BECOME CITIZENS
IN THIS COUNTRY,
610
00:36:04,582 --> 00:36:08,549
BUT WE COULD DETERMINE
WHO COULD COME TO THIS COUNTRY.
611
00:36:09,816 --> 00:36:12,783
THE YEAR BEFORE
THE EXCLUSION ACT PASSED,
612
00:36:12,816 --> 00:36:17,282
NEARLY 40,000 CHINESE
ENTERED THE UNITED STATES.
613
00:36:17,316 --> 00:36:21,115
THE NEXT YEAR,
JUST 23 WERE ALLOWED IN.
614
00:36:22,816 --> 00:36:25,983
BUT CHUNG SUN HAD
HAD ENOUGH OF AMERICA.
615
00:36:28,416 --> 00:36:32,349
HE SET SAIL FOR HOME.
616
00:36:32,382 --> 00:36:34,849
"I HOPE YOU WILL PARDON
617
00:36:34,883 --> 00:36:38,215
"MY EXPRESSING A PAINFUL
DISAPPOINTMENT.
618
00:36:38,249 --> 00:36:41,382
"THE ILL TREATMENT
OF MY OWN COUNTRYMEN
619
00:36:41,416 --> 00:36:43,416
"MAY PERHAPS BE EXCUSED
620
00:36:43,449 --> 00:36:45,115
"ON THE GROUNDS OF RACE,
621
00:36:45,149 --> 00:36:46,849
"COLOR, LANGUAGE,
AND RELIGION,
622
00:36:46,883 --> 00:36:51,016
BUT SUCH PREJUDICE CAN ONLY
PREVAIL AMONG THE IGNORANT."
623
00:36:52,649 --> 00:36:55,916
"IN CIVILITY
AND POLITE MANNERS,
624
00:36:55,949 --> 00:36:58,416
"AMERICANS ARE WHOLLY
WANTING
625
00:36:58,449 --> 00:37:02,050
AND ARE VERY
PROPERLY STYLED BARBARIANS."
626
00:37:15,716 --> 00:37:19,849
AT 2:00 IN THE MORNING
ON SEPTEMBER 8, 1883,
627
00:37:19,883 --> 00:37:23,115
A 24-YEAR-OLD
NEW YORK ASSEMBLYMAN
628
00:37:23,149 --> 00:37:26,349
STEPPED DOWN FROM THE TRAIN
AT THE LITTLE MISSOURI RIVER
629
00:37:26,382 --> 00:37:29,249
IN THE HEART
OF DAKOTA TERRITORY.
630
00:37:29,282 --> 00:37:32,716
HE HAD ALREADY
EARNED A REPUTATION
FOR HIMSELF BACK EAST
631
00:37:32,749 --> 00:37:36,582
AS A NOISY
BUT ENERGETIC REFORMER.
632
00:37:36,616 --> 00:37:38,849
NOW HE HAD COME WEST
633
00:37:38,883 --> 00:37:41,849
TO BUILD HIMSELF UP
AFTER A BOUT OF CHOLERA,
634
00:37:41,883 --> 00:37:44,282
AND HE WAS DETERMINED
TO SHOOT A BUFFALO
635
00:37:44,316 --> 00:37:47,316
BEFORE
THE SPECIES DISAPPEARED.
636
00:37:47,349 --> 00:37:50,382
HIS NAME WAS
THEODORE ROOSEVELT,
637
00:37:50,416 --> 00:37:53,449
AND HE SEEMED
THE QUINTESSENTIAL DUDE--
638
00:37:53,482 --> 00:37:55,616
SHRILL, NEARSIGHTED,
639
00:37:55,649 --> 00:37:58,449
HARVARD-EDUCATED,
WHEEZING WITH ASTHMA,
640
00:37:58,482 --> 00:38:02,983
AND INSISTENT UPON
BEING CALLED MR. ROOSEVELT.
641
00:38:03,016 --> 00:38:08,783
STILL, DESPITE DAY AFTER DAY
OF COLD RAIN SO FIERCE
642
00:38:08,816 --> 00:38:12,783
THAT EVEN HIS SEASONED GUIDE
URGED HIM TO ABANDON THE CHASE,
643
00:38:12,816 --> 00:38:16,249
HE FOUND AND SHOT
HIS BUFFALO.
644
00:38:19,182 --> 00:38:21,949
ROOSEVELT FELL IN LOVE
WITH THE WEST
645
00:38:21,983 --> 00:38:24,282
AND WITH THE PROSPECT
OF QUICK RICHES
646
00:38:24,316 --> 00:38:28,382
IT SEEMED TO OFFER
VIRTUALLY FREE OF CHARGE.
647
00:38:30,349 --> 00:38:32,482
HE WAS JUST ONE OF HUNDREDS
648
00:38:32,516 --> 00:38:33,983
OF EAGER ENTREPRENEURS
649
00:38:34,016 --> 00:38:35,482
HOPING TO CASH IN
650
00:38:35,516 --> 00:38:37,149
ON THE BEEF BOOM
651
00:38:37,182 --> 00:38:39,349
ON THE NORTHERN PLAINS.
652
00:38:39,382 --> 00:38:43,349
EVERYTHING SEEMED TO SUGGEST
IT WAS A SURE THING.
653
00:38:43,382 --> 00:38:45,749
"A GOOD-SIZED STEER,
654
00:38:45,783 --> 00:38:47,916
"WHEN IT IS FIT
FOR THE BUTCHER MARKET,
655
00:38:47,949 --> 00:38:51,082
"WILL BRING FROM
$45 TO $60.
656
00:38:51,115 --> 00:38:54,983
"THE SAME ANIMAL
AT ITS BIRTH WAS
WORTH BUT $5.00.
657
00:38:55,016 --> 00:38:57,449
"HE HAS RUN ON THE PLAINS
658
00:38:57,482 --> 00:38:59,449
"AND CROPPED THE GRASS
FROM THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
659
00:38:59,482 --> 00:39:01,416
"FOR FOUR OR FIVE YEARS,
660
00:39:01,449 --> 00:39:04,949
"AND NOW, WITH SCARCELY
ANY EXPENSE TO ITS OWNER,
661
00:39:04,983 --> 00:39:06,949
"IS WORTH $40 MORE
662
00:39:06,983 --> 00:39:10,416
THAN WHEN HE STARTED
ON HIS PILGRIMAGE."
663
00:39:10,449 --> 00:39:13,916
ALL ONE NEEDED TO DO
WAS BUY A HERD
664
00:39:13,949 --> 00:39:16,349
AND TURN IT LOOSE
ON GRASSLANDS
665
00:39:16,382 --> 00:39:20,282
THAT SEEMED AS LIMITLESS
AS THE PROFITS THEY PROMISED.
666
00:39:20,316 --> 00:39:22,916
"COTTON WAS ONCE
CROWNED KING,"
667
00:39:22,949 --> 00:39:24,949
WROTE A WESTERN
NEWSPAPER EDITOR,
668
00:39:24,983 --> 00:39:27,349
"BUT GRASS IS NOW."
669
00:39:30,749 --> 00:39:34,849
FORTUNE-SEEKERS FROM
ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, AND EUROPE
670
00:39:34,883 --> 00:39:37,282
INVESTED AFTER
READING NEWSPAPER STORIES
671
00:39:37,316 --> 00:39:41,849
THAT PROCLAIMED ROUTINE PROFITS
OF 40 CENTS ON THE DOLLAR.
672
00:39:41,883 --> 00:39:44,916
MARSHALL FIELD,
THE CHICAGO DRY GOODS KING,
673
00:39:44,949 --> 00:39:46,416
BOUGHT A HERD.
674
00:39:46,449 --> 00:39:49,949
SO DID WILLIAM K. VANDERBILT,
THE RAILROAD MAGNATE,
675
00:39:49,983 --> 00:39:54,050
AND JOSEPH GLIDDEN, THE MAN
WHO MANUFACTURED BARBED WIRE.
676
00:39:55,282 --> 00:39:56,949
"RICH MEN'S SONS
FROM THE EAST
677
00:39:56,983 --> 00:39:58,949
"WERE NOTHING NEW
AS FAR AS I WAS CONCERNED.
678
00:39:58,983 --> 00:40:01,783
"THE RANGE IN THE EIGHTIES
WAS AS FULL OF THEM
679
00:40:01,816 --> 00:40:03,349
"AS A DOG'S HAIR OF FLEAS,
680
00:40:03,382 --> 00:40:04,983
"AND SOME OF THEM
WERE GOOD FELLOWS,
681
00:40:05,016 --> 00:40:07,316
AND SOME WERE DAMN FOOLS."
682
00:40:07,349 --> 00:40:09,749
TEDDY BLUE ABBOTT.
683
00:40:13,883 --> 00:40:15,716
BUT FOR THEODORE ROOSEVELT,
684
00:40:15,749 --> 00:40:19,349
THE WEST WAS MUCH MORE
THAN A CHANCE TO GET RICH.
685
00:40:19,382 --> 00:40:24,382
IT WAS ALSO A CHANCE TO ESCAPE
THE SORROWS OF HIS PRIVATE LIFE.
686
00:40:24,416 --> 00:40:25,849
IN 1884,
687
00:40:25,883 --> 00:40:29,215
WHEN HIS MOTHER AND WIFE DIED
WITHIN HOURS OF ONE ANOTHER,
688
00:40:29,249 --> 00:40:33,382
HE DEALT WITH HIS GRIEF
IN LONG, SOLITARY RIDES
689
00:40:33,416 --> 00:40:34,883
ACROSS THE BADLANDS.
690
00:40:38,849 --> 00:40:43,382
"NOWHERE ELSE DOES ONE FEEL
SO FAR OFF FROM MANKIND.
691
00:40:43,416 --> 00:40:45,916
"THE PLAINS STRETCH OUT
692
00:40:45,949 --> 00:40:48,416
"IN DEATHLESS
AND MEASURELESS EXPANSE,
693
00:40:48,449 --> 00:40:50,416
"AND AS HE JOURNEYS
OVER THEM,
694
00:40:50,449 --> 00:40:52,115
"THEY WILL,
FOR MANY MILES,
695
00:40:52,149 --> 00:40:54,916
"BE LACKING
IN ALL SIGNS OF LIFE.
696
00:40:54,949 --> 00:40:58,149
"BLACK CARE RARELY SITS
BEHIND A RIDER
697
00:40:58,182 --> 00:41:00,416
WHOSE PACE IS FAST ENOUGH."
698
00:41:10,349 --> 00:41:12,649
OVER THE COURSE
OF THREE SUMMERS
699
00:41:12,683 --> 00:41:14,349
ON HIS DAKOTA RANCHES,
700
00:41:14,382 --> 00:41:18,716
ROOSEVELT ROUNDED UP CATTLE,
HUNTED DOWN RUSTLERS,
701
00:41:18,749 --> 00:41:21,382
AND REVELED
IN THE RUGGED LANDSCAPE
702
00:41:21,416 --> 00:41:23,716
AND EQUALLY RUGGED LIFE.
703
00:41:23,749 --> 00:41:29,349
"LIKE ALL AMERICANS,
I LIKE BIG THINGS--
704
00:41:29,382 --> 00:41:32,849
"BIG PRAIRIES,
BIG FORESTS AND MOUNTAINS,
705
00:41:32,883 --> 00:41:37,849
"BIG WHEAT FIELDS, RAILROADS,
AND HERDS OF CATTLE, TOO.
706
00:41:37,883 --> 00:41:40,349
"I AM, MYSELF,
AT HEART
707
00:41:40,382 --> 00:41:43,983
AS MUCH A WESTERNER
AS AN EASTERNER."
708
00:41:44,016 --> 00:41:49,649
IN THE WEST, ROOSEVELT
HAD TRANSFORMED HIMSELF.
709
00:41:49,683 --> 00:41:52,349
"HERE," HE SAID LATER,
710
00:41:52,382 --> 00:41:54,916
"THE ROMANCE
OF MY LIFE BEGAN."
711
00:42:19,883 --> 00:42:22,449
"IT WAS THE CUSTOM
OF THE TOWN OF LOS ANGELES
712
00:42:22,482 --> 00:42:25,449
"IN ALL OF THE FAMILIES
OF THE EARLY SETTLERS,
713
00:42:25,482 --> 00:42:28,582
"FOR THE OLDEST MEMBER
OF THE FAMILY
714
00:42:28,616 --> 00:42:31,949
"TO RISE EVERY MORNING
AT THE RISING OF
THE MORNING STAR
715
00:42:31,983 --> 00:42:35,949
"AND AT ONCE
TO STRIKE UP A HYMN.
716
00:42:35,983 --> 00:42:38,883
"FROM HOUSE TO HOUSE,
STREET TO STREET,
717
00:42:38,916 --> 00:42:41,349
"THE SINGING SPREAD,
718
00:42:41,382 --> 00:42:44,382
"AND THE VOLUME OF
MUSICAL SOUND SWELLED
719
00:42:44,416 --> 00:42:50,215
UNTIL IT WAS AS IF
THE WHOLE TOWN SANG."
720
00:42:50,249 --> 00:42:55,382
TO THE CASUAL VISITOR,
LOS ANGELES IN THE 1870s
721
00:42:55,416 --> 00:42:57,916
SEEMED MUCH AS IT HAD BEEN
722
00:42:57,949 --> 00:43:02,949
WHEN THE UNITED STATES HAD TAKEN
CALIFORNIA FROM MEXICO IN 1846--
723
00:43:02,983 --> 00:43:05,349
AN OLD HISPANIC FARMING TOWN
724
00:43:05,382 --> 00:43:10,582
WITH A POPULATION OF
FEWER THAN 10,000 PEOPLE.
725
00:43:17,149 --> 00:43:19,282
BUT LIFE FOR ITS
NATIVE INHABITANTS
726
00:43:19,316 --> 00:43:21,616
HAD ALREADY BEGUN
TO CHANGE.
727
00:43:21,649 --> 00:43:25,349
BULLFIGHTS AND BEARBAITING
HAD BEEN OUTLAWED.
728
00:43:25,382 --> 00:43:28,783
BASEBALL HAD BECOME
THE CITY'S MOST POPULAR SPORT.
729
00:43:28,816 --> 00:43:32,282
POLITICAL POWER
HAD LONG SINCE PASSED
730
00:43:32,316 --> 00:43:34,883
FROM THE OLD
CALIFORNIO FAMILIES
731
00:43:34,916 --> 00:43:37,916
INTO THE HANDS OF ANGLOS.
732
00:43:37,949 --> 00:43:41,883
THEN THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC
RAILROAD
733
00:43:41,916 --> 00:43:43,282
AND ITS COMPETITOR,
734
00:43:43,316 --> 00:43:45,349
THE ATCHISON, TOPEKAbr/& SANTA FE,
735
00:43:45,382 --> 00:43:48,416
BUILT THE FIRST RAILROAD LINES
INTO LOS ANGELES
736
00:43:48,449 --> 00:43:51,983
AND IMMEDIATELY
BEGAN A FARE WAR.
737
00:43:52,016 --> 00:43:54,849
FOR A TIME, PASSENGERS
COULD MAKE IT
738
00:43:54,883 --> 00:43:57,849
ALL THE WAY TO LOS ANGELES
FROM ST. LOUIS
739
00:43:57,883 --> 00:44:00,549
FOR AS LITTLE
AS ONE DOLLAR.
740
00:44:00,582 --> 00:44:05,683
"THE PURITY OF THE AIR
OF LOS ANGELES IS REMARKABLE.
741
00:44:05,716 --> 00:44:08,849
"VEGETATION DRIES UP
BEFORE IT DIES
742
00:44:08,883 --> 00:44:12,382
"AND HARDLY EVER
SEEMS TO DECAY.
743
00:44:12,416 --> 00:44:16,382
"MEAT SUSPENDED
IN THE SUN DRIES UP,
744
00:44:16,416 --> 00:44:17,949
"BUT NEVER ROTS.
745
00:44:17,983 --> 00:44:20,349
"THE AIR, WHEN INHALED,
746
00:44:20,382 --> 00:44:23,849
"GIVES TO THE INDIVIDUAL
A STIMULUS AND VITAL FORCE
747
00:44:23,883 --> 00:44:26,382
"WHICH ONLY
AN ATMOSPHERE SO PURE
748
00:44:26,416 --> 00:44:29,616
CAN EVER COMMUNICATE."
749
00:44:29,649 --> 00:44:32,783
NOW EASTERNERS
AND MIDWESTERNERS,
750
00:44:32,816 --> 00:44:36,783
DRAWN BY REPORTS OF
WARM SUNSHINE AND CHEAP LAND,
751
00:44:36,816 --> 00:44:41,082
BEGAN ARRIVING IN
LARGER AND LARGER NUMBERS--
752
00:44:41,115 --> 00:44:46,115
120,000 IN 1887 ALONE.
753
00:44:46,149 --> 00:44:48,449
SPECULATORS POURED IN--
754
00:44:48,482 --> 00:44:51,849
SO MANY, THE HOTELS
RAN OUT OF BEDS
755
00:44:51,883 --> 00:44:55,382
AND RENTED THEM
BATHTUBS TO SLEEP IN.
756
00:44:55,416 --> 00:44:58,349
IN JUST TWO AND A HALF YEARS,
757
00:44:58,382 --> 00:45:02,849
60 NEW TOWNS WERE FOUNDED
IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
758
00:45:02,883 --> 00:45:07,349
BY 1890, THE ANGLO POPULATION
OF LOS ANGELES
759
00:45:07,382 --> 00:45:12,282
WAS FIVE TIMES LARGER THAN IT
HAD BEEN JUST 10 YEARS BEFORE,
760
00:45:12,316 --> 00:45:14,883
AND THE TOWN'S
MEXICAN-AMERICAN HEART,
761
00:45:14,916 --> 00:45:16,883
NOW KNOWN AS THE BARRIO,
762
00:45:16,916 --> 00:45:18,916
HAD BEEN SURROUNDED.
763
00:45:23,316 --> 00:45:27,482
THE CHANGE WAS SO DRASTIC,
764
00:45:27,516 --> 00:45:30,349
WE HAD TO TURN INWARD
765
00:45:30,382 --> 00:45:34,649
AND FIND THE STRENGTH
WITHIN OUR FAMILIES--
766
00:45:34,683 --> 00:45:36,783
A CIRCLE OF SAFETY
767
00:45:36,816 --> 00:45:40,683
TO PRESERVE
OUR TRADITIONAL WAYS,
768
00:45:40,716 --> 00:45:42,349
AND ONE WAY TO DO THAT
769
00:45:42,382 --> 00:45:45,449
IS TO FALL BACK
INTO THE COMMUNITY,
770
00:45:45,482 --> 00:45:48,349
INTO THE FAMILY,
INTO THE BARRIO,
771
00:45:48,382 --> 00:45:52,382
AND TRY TO HANG ON TO
WHAT YOU HAVE OF YOUR HISTORY.
772
00:45:54,883 --> 00:45:58,382
THERE IS MUSIC.
PEOPLE WALK IN THE STREETS.
773
00:45:58,416 --> 00:46:00,883
PEOPLE KNOW EACH OTHER.
774
00:46:02,983 --> 00:46:05,883
YOU BELONG IN A BARRIO,
775
00:46:05,916 --> 00:46:09,649
AND YOU'RE PROUD
OF YOUR BARRIO.
776
00:46:09,683 --> 00:46:12,949
WHAT'S OUTSIDE
IS AN ALIEN LAND,
777
00:46:12,983 --> 00:46:16,215
WHERE THE COLOR OF YOUR SKIN
MAKES A DIFFERENCE,
778
00:46:16,249 --> 00:46:19,916
WHERE THE WAY YOU
SPEAK MAKES A DIFFERENCE.
779
00:46:19,949 --> 00:46:23,249
IN THE BARRIO,
THAT DOESN'T MATTER, YOU KNOW.
780
00:46:23,282 --> 00:46:28,749
YOU'RE ACCEPTED, AND, UH,
OUT THERE IS ANOTHER WORLD.
781
00:46:44,949 --> 00:46:46,916
"I TELL YOU
THAT MORMONISM
782
00:46:46,949 --> 00:46:49,416
"IS ONE GREAT SURGE
OF LICENTIOUSNESS.
783
00:46:49,449 --> 00:46:51,949
"IT IS THE BROTHEL
OF THE NATION.
784
00:46:51,983 --> 00:46:54,716
"IT IS HELL ENTHRONED.
785
00:46:54,749 --> 00:46:57,416
"THIS MISERABLE CORPSE
OF MORMONISM
786
00:46:57,449 --> 00:46:59,416
"HAS BEEN ROTTING
IN THE SUN
787
00:46:59,449 --> 00:47:02,616
"AND ROTTING AND ROTTING
FOR 40 YEARS,
788
00:47:02,649 --> 00:47:04,916
"AND THE UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT
789
00:47:04,949 --> 00:47:07,949
HAS NOT HAD THE COURAGE
TO BURY IT."
790
00:47:07,983 --> 00:47:11,716
REVEREND T. DeWITT TALMAGE.
791
00:47:14,883 --> 00:47:16,416
THE SAME YEAR THAT
792
00:47:16,449 --> 00:47:18,949
THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT
WAS PASSED,
793
00:47:18,983 --> 00:47:23,115
CONGRESS ALSO TOOK ACTION
AGAINST THE MORMONS OF UTAH.
794
00:47:23,149 --> 00:47:25,282
FOR NEARLY HALF A CENTURY,
795
00:47:25,316 --> 00:47:27,282
THEY HAD STRUGGLED
TO CARVE OUT
796
00:47:27,316 --> 00:47:29,783
THEIR OWN UNIQUE SOCIETY
IN THE WEST,
797
00:47:29,816 --> 00:47:33,349
RESISTING FEDERAL CONTROL
AT EVERY TURN.
798
00:47:33,382 --> 00:47:36,883
THE CHURCH OWNED THE TERRITORY'S
BIGGEST BUSINESSES,
799
00:47:36,916 --> 00:47:39,349
HAD ITS OWN POLITICAL PARTY,
800
00:47:39,382 --> 00:47:43,349
AND OFTEN CARRIED OUT
ITS OWN LAWS AND PUNISHMENTS
801
00:47:43,382 --> 00:47:46,449
IN DEFIANCE
OF FEDERAL JUDGES.
802
00:47:46,482 --> 00:47:48,949
BUT CONGRESS' MAIN TARGET
803
00:47:48,983 --> 00:47:52,115
WAS THE MORMON PRACTICE
OF PLURAL MARRIAGE.
804
00:47:52,149 --> 00:47:56,783
NOW POLYGAMY WAS DECLARED
A FEDERAL CRIME.
805
00:47:56,816 --> 00:48:00,949
POLYGAMISTS WERE BARRED
FROM VOTING, HOLDING OFFICE,
806
00:48:00,983 --> 00:48:03,716
AND SERVING ON JURIES,
807
00:48:03,749 --> 00:48:06,416
AND THOSE FOUND GUILTY
OF THE PRACTICE
808
00:48:06,449 --> 00:48:10,482
COULD BE SENTENCED
TO FIVE YEARS IN PRISON.
809
00:48:10,516 --> 00:48:15,482
MANY MORMON FAMILIES
FLED TO CANADA OR TO MEXICO.
810
00:48:15,516 --> 00:48:19,783
OTHERS STAYED AT HOME
AND TOOK THEIR CHANCES.
811
00:48:21,149 --> 00:48:23,349
THE THING
TO KEEP IN MIND IS THAT
812
00:48:23,382 --> 00:48:27,649
POLYGAMY WAS
A SACRED CALLING,
813
00:48:27,683 --> 00:48:30,449
THAT THIS WAS
A COMMANDMENT OF GOD,
814
00:48:30,482 --> 00:48:34,382
THAT THEY WERE FULFILLING A VERY
IMPORTANT CHURCH PRINCIPLE
815
00:48:34,416 --> 00:48:35,783
IN DOING THIS,
816
00:48:35,816 --> 00:48:38,449
AND THAT WAS MORE IMPORTANT
THAN THE LAW.
817
00:48:38,482 --> 00:48:40,883
NOT THAT THEY HAD CONTEMPT
FOR THE LAW,
818
00:48:40,916 --> 00:48:42,849
BUT THEY WOULD DO IT
819
00:48:42,883 --> 00:48:44,983
BECAUSE THEY BELIEVED
IT WAS RIGHT.
820
00:48:47,883 --> 00:48:51,349
TWO MONTHS AFTER
POLYGAMY BECAME A FELONY,
821
00:48:51,382 --> 00:48:54,949
DAVID KING UDALL,
A PROMINENT 30-YEAR-OLD MORMON
822
00:48:54,983 --> 00:48:57,449
IN CHARGE OF A NEW COLONY
IN ARIZONA,
823
00:48:57,482 --> 00:49:01,282
MARRIED HIS SECOND WIFE,
IDA HUNT.
824
00:49:01,316 --> 00:49:04,449
"TODAY I HAVE MADE
THE MOST SOLEMN VOWS
825
00:49:04,482 --> 00:49:06,616
"AND OBLIGATIONS OF MY LIFE.
826
00:49:06,649 --> 00:49:09,916
"MARRIAGE UNDER
ORDINARY CIRCUMSTANCES
827
00:49:09,949 --> 00:49:12,416
"IS A GRAVE
AND IMPORTANT STEP,
828
00:49:12,449 --> 00:49:14,783
"BUT ENTERING INTO
PLURAL MARRIAGE
829
00:49:14,816 --> 00:49:19,449
IN THESE PERILOUS TIMES
IS DOUBLY SO."
830
00:49:19,482 --> 00:49:21,282
IDA HUNT UDALL.
831
00:49:24,449 --> 00:49:27,449
"THE PERSECUTIONS
BECAME UNBEARABLE.
832
00:49:27,482 --> 00:49:31,449
"A NEWSPAPER WAS PUBLISHED
WHOSE SOLE MISSION
833
00:49:31,482 --> 00:49:34,449
"WAS TO MISREPRESENT
AND VILIFY OUR PEOPLE.
834
00:49:34,482 --> 00:49:38,449
"EVERY ISSUE CONTAINED
LOW, VULGAR ARTICLES.
835
00:49:38,482 --> 00:49:41,949
"MY NAME FREQUENTLY CAME OUT
IN GLOWING COLORS,
836
00:49:41,983 --> 00:49:46,050
CALLING ME A PROSTITUTE,
MISTRESS, ET CETERA."
837
00:49:49,016 --> 00:49:52,416
ON JULY 10, 1884,
838
00:49:52,449 --> 00:49:55,416
TWO MONTHS AFTER LEARNING
SHE WAS PREGNANT,
839
00:49:55,449 --> 00:49:59,149
IDA WAS TOLD THAT FEDERAL
MARSHALS WERE IN ARIZONA
840
00:49:59,182 --> 00:50:02,883
ARRESTING MEN AND SERVING
THEIR PLURAL WIVES
841
00:50:02,916 --> 00:50:04,916
WITH SUBPOENAS.
842
00:50:06,482 --> 00:50:08,883
UNDER COVER OF DARKNESS,
843
00:50:08,916 --> 00:50:10,783
SHE SLIPPED OUT OF TOWN
844
00:50:10,816 --> 00:50:13,449
AND ENTERED WHAT THE MORMONS
CALLED "THE UNDERGROUND"--
845
00:50:13,482 --> 00:50:16,883
SHUTTLING FROM ONE
HIDING PLACE TO ANOTHER,
846
00:50:16,916 --> 00:50:19,349
OFTEN USING ASSUMED NAMES
847
00:50:19,382 --> 00:50:22,382
WHILE SHE WAS HARBORED
BY CHURCH MEMBERS.
848
00:50:26,816 --> 00:50:28,816
AFTER BEING SEPARATED
FROM HER FAMILY
849
00:50:28,849 --> 00:50:30,783
FOR MORE THAN HALF A YEAR,
850
00:50:30,816 --> 00:50:34,783
SHE LEARNED THROUGH A NEWSPAPER
THAT HER MOTHER HAD DIED.
851
00:50:34,816 --> 00:50:38,349
THAT SAME DAY,
SHE GAVE BIRTH TO A DAUGHTER.
852
00:50:41,883 --> 00:50:46,783
"DEAR DAVID,
TODAY I HAVE HAD A LETTER
853
00:50:46,816 --> 00:50:50,416
"SAYING THAT THE APOSTLES
WILL NOT CONSENT
854
00:50:50,449 --> 00:50:52,749
"FOR ME TO RETURN
TO ARIZONA
855
00:50:52,783 --> 00:50:57,449
AND SAY THAT I MUST
LOSE MYSELF AGAIN
IF POSSIBLE."
856
00:51:00,449 --> 00:51:04,949
"OH, DADE...I NEVER
MISSED YOU
857
00:51:04,983 --> 00:51:07,949
AS I DO TONIGHT.
858
00:51:07,983 --> 00:51:10,449
THE WORLD SEEMS SO LONELY,
859
00:51:10,482 --> 00:51:13,050
SO LOVELESS WITHOUT YOU."
860
00:51:15,349 --> 00:51:18,382
"HOW LONG WILL
THE LORD REQUIRE
HIS POOR, WEAK CHILDREN
861
00:51:18,416 --> 00:51:20,016
TO BE THUS TRIED?"
862
00:51:24,883 --> 00:51:26,949
"MY DEAR GIRL,
863
00:51:26,983 --> 00:51:30,349
"BETTER THAT I HAD
SUFFERED IMPRISONMENT
864
00:51:30,382 --> 00:51:32,916
"THAN TO HAVE YOU
GOING BY ANOTHER NAME
865
00:51:32,949 --> 00:51:38,582
"AND RUNNING HERE
AND THERE FOR FEAR
OF BEING KNOWN.
866
00:51:38,616 --> 00:51:42,149
"IT TOUCHES THE MANLY
FEELINGS OF ANY MAN
867
00:51:42,182 --> 00:51:46,983
TO SUCH A DEGREE THAT IT
IS ALMOST UNBEARABLE."
868
00:51:48,816 --> 00:51:51,349
"GOD BLESS YOU
IN YOUR WANDERING."
869
00:51:55,816 --> 00:51:58,916
"FEBRUARY 26, 1886.
870
00:51:58,949 --> 00:52:01,849
"AS I WRITE, PAULINE
IS LAYING IN BED,
871
00:52:01,883 --> 00:52:05,916
"LAUGHING, TALKING,
AND BITING HER TOES.
872
00:52:05,949 --> 00:52:11,282
"DEAR LITTLE REFUGEE--
HOW SHE WOULD LOVE HER PAPA
873
00:52:11,316 --> 00:52:13,883
"IF SHE COULD EVER
HAVE THE PRIVILEGE
874
00:52:13,916 --> 00:52:16,849
"OF MAKING HIS ACQUAINTANCE.
875
00:52:16,883 --> 00:52:20,449
"BUT HOW UTTERLY SHE
IS EXILED FROM HIS HEART,
876
00:52:20,482 --> 00:52:23,382
"FOR IT IS IMPOSSIBLE
TO LOVE A CHILD
877
00:52:23,416 --> 00:52:25,883
WHOM YOU NEVER SEE."
878
00:52:29,215 --> 00:52:32,316
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
INTENSIFIED ITS PRESSURE
879
00:52:32,349 --> 00:52:33,783
ON THE MORMONS.
880
00:52:33,816 --> 00:52:36,449
MORE LEADERS
WERE SENT TO JAIL.
881
00:52:36,482 --> 00:52:39,349
ALL MORMONS,
POLYGAMISTS OR NOT,
882
00:52:39,382 --> 00:52:41,849
WERE TO BE PROHIBITED
FROM VOTING.
883
00:52:41,883 --> 00:52:46,449
FEDERAL MARSHALS THREATENED
TO CONFISCATE CHURCH PROPERTY.
884
00:52:46,482 --> 00:52:51,716
THE CHURCH WAS BEING
DRIVEN TOWARDS BANKRUPTCY.
885
00:52:51,749 --> 00:52:54,783
IT WAS CLEAR THEY HAD TO
MAKE A CHANGE,
886
00:52:54,816 --> 00:52:59,349
AND I THINK THIS WAS A VERY
PRAGMATIC DECISION TO SAY,
887
00:52:59,382 --> 00:53:01,983
"POLYGAMY IS DRAGGING
THE CHURCH DOWN,
888
00:53:02,016 --> 00:53:04,783
AND WE'RE GOING TO
HAVE TO GIVE IT UP."
889
00:53:06,316 --> 00:53:10,416
FINALLY THE CHURCH
PRESIDENT, WILFORD WOODRUFF,
890
00:53:10,449 --> 00:53:12,883
RETIRED TO HIS STUDY
IN SALT LAKE CITY
891
00:53:12,916 --> 00:53:15,949
AND EMERGED WITH A REVELATION.
892
00:53:15,983 --> 00:53:19,849
HE ADVISED ALL MORMONS
TO OBEY CONGRESS
893
00:53:19,883 --> 00:53:23,416
AND REFRAIN FROM ENTERING
INTO PLURAL MARRIAGES.
894
00:53:23,449 --> 00:53:27,349
HE AND THE OTHER MORMON LEADERS
NOW BELIEVED
895
00:53:27,382 --> 00:53:30,883
THEIR BEST HOPE
LAY IN STATEHOOD.
896
00:53:30,916 --> 00:53:32,316
TO WIN IT,
897
00:53:32,349 --> 00:53:34,883
THEY DISBANDED
THE CHURCH'S POLITICAL PARTY,
898
00:53:34,916 --> 00:53:39,182
DIVESTED THEMSELVES OF MOST
OF THE CHURCH'S BUSINESSES,
899
00:53:39,215 --> 00:53:42,282
AND DREW UP
A STATE CONSTITUTION
900
00:53:42,316 --> 00:53:45,449
THAT FINALLY SEPARATED
CHURCH FROM STATE
901
00:53:45,482 --> 00:53:48,349
AND OUTLAWED POLYGAMY.
902
00:53:49,983 --> 00:53:53,316
ON JANUARY 6, 1896,
903
00:53:53,349 --> 00:53:57,849
UTAH, WHICH HAD BEEN FOUNDED AS
A REFUGE FROM THE UNITED STATES,
904
00:53:57,883 --> 00:54:02,016
WAS ADMITTED TO THE UNION
AS THE 45th STATE.
905
00:54:07,883 --> 00:54:12,849
IDA HUNT UDALL SPENT
TWO AND A HALF YEARS IN EXILE.
906
00:54:12,883 --> 00:54:16,883
DAVID, WHO REFUSED TO GIVE UP
EITHER OF HIS WIVES,
907
00:54:16,916 --> 00:54:18,916
HAD GONE TO JAIL FOR A TIME,
908
00:54:18,949 --> 00:54:23,382
BUT HIS AND IDA'S COMMITMENT
TO THEIR BELIEFS AND EACH OTHER
909
00:54:23,416 --> 00:54:26,115
NEVER WAVERED.
910
00:54:26,149 --> 00:54:29,349
THEY WERE FINALLY REUNITED
911
00:54:29,382 --> 00:54:31,749
AND HAD FIVE MORE
CHILDREN TOGETHER--
912
00:54:31,783 --> 00:54:34,382
THREE OF THEM
AFTER THE MORMON CHURCH
913
00:54:34,416 --> 00:54:36,316
RENOUNCED POLYGAMY.
914
00:54:38,382 --> 00:54:40,349
"THE CHURCH
COULD NOT UNDO
915
00:54:40,382 --> 00:54:42,883
"WHAT HAD BEEN DONE IN
PRACTICING PLURAL MARRIAGE.
916
00:54:42,916 --> 00:54:45,416
"THE LORD TOOK CARE OF US
917
00:54:45,449 --> 00:54:48,416
"AND WILL CONTINUE
TO CARE FOR US.
918
00:54:48,449 --> 00:54:51,416
"THOSE WHO LIVED THAT ORDER
OF MARRIAGE RIGHTEOUSLY
919
00:54:51,449 --> 00:54:54,783
WILL HAVE GLORY
ADDED TO THEIR POSTERITY."
920
00:55:05,816 --> 00:55:07,182
THERE'S A SENSE
921
00:55:07,215 --> 00:55:08,849
IN THE WHOLE LATE
19th-CENTURY UNITED STATES
922
00:55:08,883 --> 00:55:11,716
THAT, UM, THE COUNTRY
CAN BE MADE INTO
923
00:55:11,749 --> 00:55:15,482
A SINGLE, UNIFIED,
COHERENT PLACE,
924
00:55:15,516 --> 00:55:16,883
AND AT THE SAME TIME,
925
00:55:16,916 --> 00:55:18,382
THERE'S A SENSE THAT
YOU CAN MAKE IT INTO--
926
00:55:18,416 --> 00:55:20,416
IN THIS 19th-CENTURY PHRASE--
927
00:55:20,449 --> 00:55:22,449
A WHITE MAN'S COUNTRY,
928
00:55:22,482 --> 00:55:25,416
AND THE WEST IS
A VERY MIXED PLACE.
929
00:55:25,449 --> 00:55:29,349
IT'S FULL OF CHINESE.
IT'S FULL OF MORMONS.
930
00:55:29,382 --> 00:55:32,449
IT'S FULL OF MEXICANS WHO HAVE
BECOME MEXICAN-AMERICANS.
931
00:55:32,482 --> 00:55:34,582
IT'S FULL OF INDIAN PEOPLES.
932
00:55:34,616 --> 00:55:36,449
AND THE QUESTION BECOMES,
933
00:55:36,482 --> 00:55:38,883
WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO
DO ABOUT THEM?
934
00:55:53,449 --> 00:55:57,416
"LET US FORGET ONCE
AND FOREVER THE WORD INDIAN
935
00:55:57,449 --> 00:56:00,716
AND ALL THAT IT HAS
SIGNIFIED IN THE PAST..."
936
00:56:03,282 --> 00:56:05,416
"AND REMEMBER ONLY
THAT WE ARE DEALING WITH
937
00:56:05,449 --> 00:56:08,949
SO MANY CHILDREN
OF A COMMON FATHER."
938
00:56:08,983 --> 00:56:10,983
CHARLES C. PAINTER.
939
00:56:12,683 --> 00:56:15,449
IN THE AUTUMN OF 1883,
940
00:56:15,482 --> 00:56:19,649
A GROUP OF WHITE PEOPLE GATHERED
AT THE MOHONK MOUNTAIN HOUSE
941
00:56:19,683 --> 00:56:21,783
IN UPSTATE NEW YORK.
942
00:56:21,816 --> 00:56:26,949
THEY WERE CLERGYMEN, GOVERNMENT
OFFICIALS, SOCIAL WORKERS,
943
00:56:26,983 --> 00:56:29,816
AND ALTHOUGH SOME OF THEM
HAD NEVER BEEN TO THE WEST
944
00:56:29,849 --> 00:56:32,349
OR ACTUALLY MET AN INDIAN,
945
00:56:32,382 --> 00:56:36,349
THEY WERE CONVINCED THEY KNEW
HOW TO BRING NATIVE AMERICANS
946
00:56:36,382 --> 00:56:38,783
INTO THE MAINSTREAM
OF AMERICAN LIFE.
947
00:56:38,816 --> 00:56:42,349
THE DECISIONS THEY WOULD MAKE
WOULD CHANGE THE LIVES
948
00:56:42,382 --> 00:56:46,549
OF ALL THE INDIAN PEOPLES
OF THE WEST... FOREVER.
949
00:56:49,215 --> 00:56:51,949
THE NAME REFORMERS
HAD FOR THEMSELVES WAS
950
00:56:51,983 --> 00:56:53,916
"FRIENDS OF THE INDIANS."
951
00:56:53,949 --> 00:56:56,449
IT'S A VERY REVEALING NAME.
952
00:56:56,482 --> 00:56:58,849
WHAT THEY SAW
THEMSELVES AS DOING
953
00:56:58,883 --> 00:57:01,416
WAS SHARING THE BLESSINGS
OF CHRISTIANITY
954
00:57:01,449 --> 00:57:03,783
AND THE BLESSINGS
OF MODERN CIVILIZATION
955
00:57:03,816 --> 00:57:06,849
WITH PEOPLE WHO DID NOT
YET HAVE IT.
956
00:57:06,883 --> 00:57:08,849
THEY WERE GOING TO
PROTECT THEIR RIGHTS.
957
00:57:08,883 --> 00:57:10,983
THEY WERE GOING TO RAISE THEM UP
TO THE LEVEL OF OTHERS
958
00:57:11,016 --> 00:57:12,983
IN AMERICAN SOCIETY,
959
00:57:13,016 --> 00:57:14,949
AND THEY WERE GOING TO
TRY TO ABSORB THEM
960
00:57:14,983 --> 00:57:16,783
INTO WHAT THEY SAW AS
THE BEST QUALITIES
961
00:57:16,816 --> 00:57:19,349
OF AMERICAN
PROTESTANT CIVILIZATION.
962
00:57:19,382 --> 00:57:21,816
AND AS THEY SAW IT,
WHO COULD ARGUE WITH THAT?
963
00:57:23,816 --> 00:57:25,716
THE FRIENDS OF THE INDIAN
964
00:57:25,749 --> 00:57:28,316
WANTED TO TRANSFORM
THE YOUNGEST GENERATION
965
00:57:28,349 --> 00:57:31,082
AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE.
966
00:57:31,115 --> 00:57:33,849
INDIAN CHILDREN
AS YOUNG AS 5
967
00:57:33,883 --> 00:57:36,282
WERE TO BE TAKEN
FROM THEIR FAMILIES
968
00:57:36,316 --> 00:57:39,449
AND SENT
HALFWAY ACROSS THE CONTINENT
969
00:57:39,482 --> 00:57:43,816
TO THE UNITED STATES INDIAN
TRAINING AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
970
00:57:43,849 --> 00:57:46,849
AT CARLISLE, PENNSYLVANIA.
971
00:57:46,883 --> 00:57:49,916
IT WAS A MILITARY SCHOOL,
972
00:57:49,949 --> 00:57:54,616
AND THEY WERE TRYING TO
MAKE WHITE PEOPLE OUT OF THEM.
973
00:57:54,649 --> 00:57:58,582
THEN WHEN THEY TOOK THE CHILDREN
AWAY FROM THE MOTHERS,
974
00:57:58,616 --> 00:58:02,416
THEY JUST KNEW THEY'D NEVER
SEE THEIR CHILDREN ANYMORE.
975
00:58:02,449 --> 00:58:05,449
AND THEN THEY DIDN'T
THINK ABOUT SCHOOL.
976
00:58:05,482 --> 00:58:07,082
THEY WERE THINKING--
977
00:58:07,115 --> 00:58:10,382
THEY DIDN'T KNOW WHETHER OR NOT
THEY REALLY WENT TO SCHOOL
978
00:58:10,416 --> 00:58:12,215
OR WERE GOING TO BE KILLED.
979
00:58:13,883 --> 00:58:15,949
"OUR BELONGINGS
WERE TAKEN FROM US,
980
00:58:15,983 --> 00:58:19,883
"EVEN THE LITTLE MEDICINE
BAGS OUR MOTHERS HAD GIVEN US
981
00:58:19,916 --> 00:58:21,949
"TO PROTECT US FROM HARM.
982
00:58:21,983 --> 00:58:26,983
EVERYTHING WAS PLACED
IN A HEAP AND SET AFIRE."
983
00:58:27,016 --> 00:58:29,115
LONE WOLF.
984
00:58:32,382 --> 00:58:34,683
"ALL THE BOYS IN OUR SCHOOL
985
00:58:34,716 --> 00:58:36,382
"WERE GIVEN ENGLISH NAMES
986
00:58:36,416 --> 00:58:38,115
"BECAUSE THEIR INDIAN NAMES
987
00:58:38,149 --> 00:58:41,649
"WERE DIFFICULT FOR
THE TEACHERS TO PRONOUNCE.
988
00:58:41,683 --> 00:58:44,215
"BESIDES,
THE ABORIGINAL NAMES
989
00:58:44,249 --> 00:58:47,416
"WERE CONSIDERED BY THE
MISSIONARIES AS HEATHENISH,
990
00:58:47,449 --> 00:58:51,949
"AND SO, IN THE PLACE OF
TAE-NOO-GA-WA-ZHE
991
00:58:51,983 --> 00:58:54,016
"CAME PHILIP SHERIDAN,
992
00:58:54,050 --> 00:58:59,582
AND THAT OF WA-PAH-DAE,
ULYSSES S. GRANT."
993
00:59:03,016 --> 00:59:04,649
HALT!
994
00:59:08,783 --> 00:59:10,416
WITHIN 20 YEARS,
995
00:59:10,449 --> 00:59:15,949
THERE WERE 24 OTHER
OFF-RESERVATION SCHOOLS
LIKE CARLISLE
996
00:59:15,983 --> 00:59:18,416
AND 81 BOARDING SCHOOLS
997
00:59:18,449 --> 00:59:22,849
AND 147 DAY SCHOOLS
ON THE RESERVATIONS--
998
00:59:22,883 --> 00:59:27,449
DOG CREEK,
FOREST GROVE, POCATELLO,
999
00:59:27,482 --> 00:59:31,582
FORT DEFIANCE, FORT CONCHO.
1000
00:59:31,616 --> 00:59:33,949
DESPITE THEIR GRIM REALITY,
1001
00:59:33,983 --> 00:59:37,449
MANY INDIANS SAW THEM
AS THE BEST AVAILABLE WAY
1002
00:59:37,482 --> 00:59:38,916
TO PREPARE THEIR CHILDREN
1003
00:59:38,949 --> 00:59:42,716
FOR A NEW LIFE
IN THE WHITE MAN'S WORLD.
1004
00:59:42,749 --> 00:59:47,382
EVEN SITTING BULL MADE SURE HIS
CHILDREN WERE SENT TO SCHOOL,
1005
00:59:47,416 --> 00:59:49,582
INCLUDING HIS SON CROW FOOT,
1006
00:59:49,616 --> 00:59:52,816
WHO HAD SURRENDERED
HIS FATHER'S RIFLE TO THE ARMY
1007
00:59:52,849 --> 00:59:54,983
AT FORT BUFORD.
1008
00:59:55,016 --> 00:59:59,582
ALL INDIAN SCHOOLS
SHARED THE SAME GOAL--
1009
00:59:59,616 --> 01:00:01,849
"EDUCATION,"
SAID ONE REFORMER,
1010
01:00:01,883 --> 01:00:04,983
"SHOULD SEEK THE DISINTEGRATION
OF THE TRIBES.
1011
01:00:05,016 --> 01:00:07,949
"THEY SHOULD BE EDUCATED
NOT AS INDIANS,
1012
01:00:07,983 --> 01:00:10,115
BUT AS AMERICANS."
1013
01:00:16,683 --> 01:00:20,182
EVEN IF ONE WAS SUCCESSFUL
AT INDIAN SCHOOL--
1014
01:00:20,215 --> 01:00:22,115
LET'S SAY THAT ONE
WENT OFF TO CARLISLE
1015
01:00:22,149 --> 01:00:24,316
AND GRADUATED
AND CAME BACK--
1016
01:00:24,349 --> 01:00:26,616
WHAT PLACE
DID THAT MAN HAVE
1017
01:00:26,649 --> 01:00:30,149
IN A SOCIETY THAT--
NOT CHANGED,
1018
01:00:30,182 --> 01:00:32,282
THAT DIDN'T NEED
TO HAVE SOMEBODY
1019
01:00:32,316 --> 01:00:34,382
THAT KNEW HOW TO PLAY
THE FRENCH HORN
1020
01:00:34,416 --> 01:00:36,349
OR DO THE IRISH JIG.
1021
01:00:36,382 --> 01:00:39,783
THEY HAD NO VALUE
IN THAT SOCIETY.
1022
01:00:39,816 --> 01:00:42,849
I THINK
ONE OF THE CONTRASTS WAS,
1023
01:00:42,883 --> 01:00:45,082
WHAT KIND OF SHOE
DO YOU WEAR?
1024
01:00:45,115 --> 01:00:47,849
YOU KNOW,
DO YOU WEAR A MOCCASIN,
1025
01:00:47,883 --> 01:00:49,549
OR DO YOU WEAR
THE WHITE MAN'S SHOE?
1026
01:00:52,416 --> 01:00:55,482
YES, THEY TOOK
OUR DIALECT AWAY.
1027
01:00:55,516 --> 01:00:58,949
WHEN I WENT TO CONCHO,
MY LITTLE FRIENDS,
1028
01:00:58,983 --> 01:01:01,849
WE ALL SPOKE OUR DIALECT,
1029
01:01:01,883 --> 01:01:04,949
AND WE WERE TOLD
NOT TO TALK IT.
1030
01:01:04,983 --> 01:01:06,549
SPEAK ENGLISH.
1031
01:01:06,582 --> 01:01:10,649
SO OUR MATRON,
A BIG, HUSKY WHITE LADY--
1032
01:01:10,683 --> 01:01:13,382
HER NAME WAS GARRETT--
1033
01:01:13,416 --> 01:01:16,649
AND SOMEBODY SAID,
"MOTHER GARRETT'S COMING!"
1034
01:01:16,683 --> 01:01:18,883
WELL, WE ALL TRIED
TO KEEP QUIET,
1035
01:01:18,916 --> 01:01:21,616
BUT SHE HEARD ME.
1036
01:01:21,649 --> 01:01:25,683
MOTHER GARRETT JERKED ME
BY MY COLLAR OF MY DRESS
1037
01:01:25,716 --> 01:01:28,115
AND DRUG ME IN THE BATHROOM.
1038
01:01:28,149 --> 01:01:31,382
THAT LYE SOAP
WAS ABOUT THAT BIG
1039
01:01:31,416 --> 01:01:33,382
AND ABOUT THAT HIGH.
1040
01:01:33,416 --> 01:01:36,282
SHE BROKE OFF A PIECE,
1041
01:01:36,316 --> 01:01:39,416
AND SHE WASHED MY MOUTH
WITH LYE SOAP.
1042
01:01:39,449 --> 01:01:42,249
SHE SAID, "DON'T YOU
EVER SPEAK INDIAN AGAIN,
1043
01:01:42,282 --> 01:01:46,349
OR I'M GOING TO
WASH YOUR MOUTH AGAIN."
1044
01:01:46,382 --> 01:01:50,449
AND MY TONGUE GOT BLISTERED
FROM THAT LYE.
1045
01:02:39,883 --> 01:02:44,416
"THE ZUNI FAITH IS
AS A DROP OF OIL IN WATER,
1046
01:02:44,449 --> 01:02:47,016
"SURROUNDED AND TOUCHED
AT EVERY POINT,
1047
01:02:47,050 --> 01:02:49,783
"YET IN NO PLACE
PENETRATED
1048
01:02:49,816 --> 01:02:52,649
"OR CHANGED INWARDLY BY
THE FLOOD OF ALIEN BELIEF
1049
01:02:52,683 --> 01:02:54,916
"THAT DESCENDED UPON IT.
1050
01:02:54,949 --> 01:02:58,449
"THE ZUNI ADJUSTS
OTHER BELIEFS AND OPINIONS
1051
01:02:58,482 --> 01:03:00,416
"TO HIS OWN
1052
01:03:00,449 --> 01:03:04,683
"BUT NEVER HIS OWN BELIEFS
AND OPINIONS TO OTHERS.
1053
01:03:04,716 --> 01:03:06,649
"IN RELIGIOUS CULTURE,
1054
01:03:06,683 --> 01:03:08,783
"THE ZUNI IS
ALMOST THE SAME
1055
01:03:08,816 --> 01:03:11,883
AS ERE HIS LAND
WAS DISCOVERED."
1056
01:03:11,916 --> 01:03:13,883
FRANK CUSHING.
1057
01:03:20,249 --> 01:03:24,883
IN 1879, A FRAIL
BUT EAGER 22-YEAR-OLD
1058
01:03:24,916 --> 01:03:27,115
NAMED FRANK HAMILTON CUSHING
1059
01:03:27,149 --> 01:03:31,082
ARRIVED AT THE ZUNI PUEBLO
IN NEW MEXICO.
1060
01:03:31,115 --> 01:03:33,582
THREE AND A HALF CENTURIES
EARLIER,
1061
01:03:33,616 --> 01:03:36,783
THE ZUNIS HAD BEEN AMONG
THE FIRST INDIANS OF THE WEST
1062
01:03:36,816 --> 01:03:40,182
TO MEET A EUROPEAN,
THE EXPLORER CORONADO,
1063
01:03:40,215 --> 01:03:43,883
WHO HAD STORMED THEIR VILLAGE
IN 1540.
1064
01:03:45,883 --> 01:03:48,916
CUSHING HAD ARRIVED FOR
AN ENTIRELY DIFFERENT REASON.
1065
01:03:48,949 --> 01:03:52,616
HE HAD BEEN FASCINATED
BY TALES OF INDIANS
1066
01:03:52,649 --> 01:03:54,916
EVER SINCE HE HAD
DISCOVERED AN ARROWHEAD
1067
01:03:54,949 --> 01:03:58,816
NEAR HIS HOME
IN CENTRAL NEW YORK AS A BOY.
1068
01:03:58,849 --> 01:04:01,582
NOW HE WAS PART
OF THE FIRST EXPEDITION
1069
01:04:01,616 --> 01:04:05,916
OF THE NEWLY FORMED
U.S. BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY,
1070
01:04:05,949 --> 01:04:09,616
SENT TO SURVEY INDIAN TRIBES
AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE
1071
01:04:09,649 --> 01:04:13,382
ON THE BELIEF THAT NATIVE
AMERICANS AND THEIR CUSTOMS
1072
01:04:13,416 --> 01:04:16,050
WERE ABOUT TO DISAPPEAR.
1073
01:04:16,082 --> 01:04:19,249
TO THE SHOCK
OF HIS EASTERN COMPANIONS,
1074
01:04:19,282 --> 01:04:22,783
CUSHING IMMEDIATELY MOVED
INTO ONE OF THE INDIANS' HOMES
1075
01:04:22,816 --> 01:04:26,149
AND ANNOUNCED
HE INTENDED TO STAY.
1076
01:04:26,182 --> 01:04:29,149
"THE BEST WAY TO
UNDERSTAND INDIANS," HE SAID,
1077
01:04:29,182 --> 01:04:32,516
"WAS TO LIVE
THE WAY THEY DID."
1078
01:04:33,949 --> 01:04:37,349
CUSHING LEARNED
POTTERY MAKING, COOKING,
1079
01:04:37,382 --> 01:04:39,382
AND THE ZUNIS' LANGUAGE.
1080
01:04:44,883 --> 01:04:48,916
HE WORE ZUNI CLOTHING,
GREW HIS HAIR LONG,
1081
01:04:48,949 --> 01:04:53,082
HAD HIS EARS PIERCED,
AND ADOPTED A ZUNI NAME:
1082
01:04:53,115 --> 01:04:54,949
TENATSALI--
1083
01:04:54,983 --> 01:04:56,449
MEDICINE FLOWER.
1084
01:05:00,949 --> 01:05:02,416
THE ZUNIS
ACCEPTED CUSHING
1085
01:05:02,449 --> 01:05:05,316
INTO THEIR SACRED
PRIESTHOOD OF THE BOW
1086
01:05:05,349 --> 01:05:06,783
BUT ONLY AFTER
HE WENT THROUGH
1087
01:05:06,816 --> 01:05:09,783
THE LENGTHY
AND TORTUROUS INITIATION,
1088
01:05:09,816 --> 01:05:11,716
WHICH INCLUDED
DAYS OF FASTING,
1089
01:05:11,749 --> 01:05:15,316
SITTING MOTIONLESS
ON A HILL OF FIRE ANTS,
1090
01:05:15,349 --> 01:05:17,816
AND TAKING
AN ENEMY'S SCALP.
1091
01:05:19,482 --> 01:05:22,949
CUSHING WAS NOW AN INFLUENTIAL
MEMBER OF THE TRIBE.
1092
01:05:22,983 --> 01:05:25,516
HE TOOK PART
IN THEIR COUNCILS,
1093
01:05:25,549 --> 01:05:29,050
AND HE JOINED A WAR PARTY
AGAINST NAVAJO RAIDERS,
1094
01:05:29,082 --> 01:05:31,883
ENRAGING THE NAVAJOS'
INDIAN AGENT.
1095
01:05:35,149 --> 01:05:38,149
"MR. GALEN EASTMAN,
NAVAJO INDIAN AGENCY,
1096
01:05:38,182 --> 01:05:40,883
"FORT DEFIANCE,
ARIZONA TERRITORY.
1097
01:05:40,916 --> 01:05:42,949
"SIR, IT IS QUITE TRUE
1098
01:05:42,983 --> 01:05:46,115
"THAT I FIRED NOT TWICE,
BUT THREE TIMES
1099
01:05:46,149 --> 01:05:48,783
"INTO TWO DIFFERENT BANDS
OF HORSES
1100
01:05:48,816 --> 01:05:51,849
"BELONGING TO
THE NAVAJO INDIANS.
1101
01:05:51,883 --> 01:05:54,849
"IT IS POSSIBLE
THAT, AS I INTENDED,
1102
01:05:54,883 --> 01:05:57,349
"I KILLED
ONE OR TWO OF THEM,
1103
01:05:57,382 --> 01:06:00,482
"ALTHOUGH OF THIS
I CANNOT BE CERTAIN.
1104
01:06:00,516 --> 01:06:02,449
"REST ASSURED, SIR,
1105
01:06:02,482 --> 01:06:04,449
"THAT WHEN ALL
OF OUR GRIEVANCES
1106
01:06:04,482 --> 01:06:06,949
"ARE SET RIGHT
BY THE NAVAJOS,
1107
01:06:06,983 --> 01:06:09,949
"WE SHALL BE THEN
VERY READY TO SAY AMEN
1108
01:06:09,983 --> 01:06:13,883
"AND TO ACT ALL THINGS
ARIGHT ON OUR SIDE.
1109
01:06:13,916 --> 01:06:17,416
"VERY RESPECTFULLY
YOUR OBEDIENT SERVANT,
1110
01:06:17,449 --> 01:06:18,849
"F.H. CUSHING,
1111
01:06:18,883 --> 01:06:20,783
"FIRST WAR CHIEF OF ZUNI,
1112
01:06:20,816 --> 01:06:25,249
U.S. ASSISTANT
ETHNOLOGIST."
1113
01:06:25,282 --> 01:06:28,215
CUSHING CONTINUED TO QUARREL
1114
01:06:28,249 --> 01:06:30,349
WITH MISSIONARIES
AND INDIAN AGENTS
1115
01:06:30,382 --> 01:06:32,783
INTENT ON CHANGING
THE ZUNIS.
1116
01:06:32,816 --> 01:06:35,282
BUT WHEN HE EXPOSED
A SCHEME
1117
01:06:35,316 --> 01:06:38,349
BY RELATIVES
OF A POWERFUL U.S. SENATOR
1118
01:06:38,382 --> 01:06:41,282
TO BUILD A RANCH
ON ZUNI LAND,
1119
01:06:41,316 --> 01:06:44,582
HIS SUPERIORS
ORDERED HIM BACK HOME.
1120
01:06:44,616 --> 01:06:47,616
HE HAD BEEN SENT
TO STUDY THE ZUNIS,
1121
01:06:47,649 --> 01:06:49,849
NOT BECOME ONE.
1122
01:06:49,883 --> 01:06:54,883
IN 1884, CUSHING
RETURNED TO WASHINGTON.
1123
01:07:00,382 --> 01:07:04,916
MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY LATER,
IN 1938,
1124
01:07:04,949 --> 01:07:07,949
AN ARCHAEOLOGIST REPORTED
THAT OLDER ZUNI PEOPLE,
1125
01:07:07,983 --> 01:07:11,783
NOT KNOWING THAT
CUSHING HAD DIED IN 1900,
1126
01:07:11,816 --> 01:07:15,883
STILL WONDERED WHY THEIR
GOOD FRIEND MEDICINE FLOWER
1127
01:07:15,916 --> 01:07:17,883
HAD NEVER RETURNED.
1128
01:07:33,382 --> 01:07:35,349
"IN 1886,
1129
01:07:35,382 --> 01:07:37,349
"THE ONLY NEW RANGE
LEFT IN MONTANA
1130
01:07:37,382 --> 01:07:39,382
"WAS NORTH OF
THE MISSOURI RIVER.
1131
01:07:39,416 --> 01:07:40,949
"THE NORTHERN PACIFIC
1132
01:07:40,983 --> 01:07:42,849
"WAS RUNNING THROUGH
CENTRAL MONTANA,
1133
01:07:42,883 --> 01:07:44,849
"AND THE SETTLERS
HAD COME IN SO THICK,
1134
01:07:44,883 --> 01:07:47,783
"THEY WAS CROWDING
THE CATTLEMEN EVERYWHERE,
1135
01:07:47,816 --> 01:07:50,449
CAUSING THE RANGE
TO BE OVERSTOCKED."
1136
01:07:50,482 --> 01:07:52,716
TEDDY BLUE ABBOTT.
1137
01:07:52,749 --> 01:07:55,683
BY THE SUMMER OF 1886,
1138
01:07:55,716 --> 01:07:59,449
THE ONCE-BOOMING CATTLE BUSINESS
WAS IN TROUBLE.
1139
01:08:06,382 --> 01:08:11,115
7.5 MILLION HUNGRY CATTLE
WERE NOW COMPETING FOR GRASSES
1140
01:08:11,149 --> 01:08:14,716
WHICH EVERY YEAR GREW
LESS PLENTIFUL FROM OVERGRAZING.
1141
01:08:14,749 --> 01:08:17,783
IN SOME PLACES
WHERE IT HAD ONCE TAKEN
1142
01:08:17,816 --> 01:08:21,382
JUST 5 ACRES OF LAND
TO SUPPORT A STEER,
1143
01:08:21,416 --> 01:08:24,050
IT NOW TOOK MORE THAN 90.
1144
01:08:26,883 --> 01:08:28,716
BIG HERDS OF VORACIOUS SHEEP
1145
01:08:28,749 --> 01:08:30,783
WERE BEGINNING TO MOVE
ACROSS THE LANDSCAPE,
1146
01:08:30,816 --> 01:08:35,349
AND FARMERS WERE APPEARING,
TURNING GRASSLANDS INTO FIELDS,
1147
01:08:35,382 --> 01:08:38,349
PUTTING UP
BARBED WIRE FENCES,
1148
01:08:38,382 --> 01:08:41,816
DRIVING CATTLE
FROM THEIR CROPS.
1149
01:08:41,849 --> 01:08:46,716
MEANWHILE, BEEF PRICES
WERE DROPPING.
1150
01:08:48,949 --> 01:08:53,416
THE SUMMER OF 1886
WAS HOT AND DRY.
1151
01:08:53,449 --> 01:08:58,449
ON THE OVERGRAZED RANGES,
THE CATTLE GREW THIN AND WEAK.
1152
01:08:59,983 --> 01:09:02,449
THEN CAME WINTER.
1153
01:09:06,416 --> 01:09:09,416
"IN NOVEMBER, WE HAD
SEVERAL SNOWSTORMS,
1154
01:09:09,449 --> 01:09:11,215
"AND I SAW
THE FIRST WHITE OWLS
1155
01:09:11,249 --> 01:09:12,883
"I HAVE EVER SEEN.
1156
01:09:12,916 --> 01:09:15,683
"THE INDIANS SAID
THEY WERE A BAD SIGN--
1157
01:09:15,716 --> 01:09:18,916
"HEAP SNOW COMING,
VERY COLD.
1158
01:09:18,949 --> 01:09:21,916
"IT GOT COLDER
AND COLDER.
1159
01:09:21,949 --> 01:09:24,949
IT WAS HELL
WITHOUT THE HEAT."
1160
01:09:27,616 --> 01:09:29,016
ON THE NORTHERN PLAINS,
1161
01:09:29,050 --> 01:09:33,416
IT BEGAN SNOWING
ON NOVEMBER 13, 1886,
1162
01:09:33,449 --> 01:09:36,349
AND DID NOT STOP
FOR A MONTH.
1163
01:09:36,382 --> 01:09:38,883
THE CATTLE STRUGGLED
TO STAY ALIVE,
1164
01:09:38,916 --> 01:09:40,849
NOSING THROUGH THE SNOW
1165
01:09:40,883 --> 01:09:43,683
IN SEARCH OF
WHAT LITTLE GRASS REMAINED.
1166
01:09:48,949 --> 01:09:52,816
JANUARY 1887 WAS
THE COLDEST MONTH
1167
01:09:52,849 --> 01:09:55,949
ANYONE ON THE NORTHERN PLAINS
COULD RECALL.
1168
01:09:55,983 --> 01:10:00,449
"THE SNOW FELL SO HARD
DURING ONE 72-HOUR BLIZZARD,"
1169
01:10:00,482 --> 01:10:02,482
A SURVIVOR WROTE,
1170
01:10:02,516 --> 01:10:06,016
"THAT IT SEEMED
AS IF ALL THE WORLD'S ICE
1171
01:10:06,050 --> 01:10:07,616
"FROM TIME'S BEGINNINGS
1172
01:10:07,649 --> 01:10:10,949
"HAD COME ON A WIND
WHICH HOWLED AND SCREAMED
1173
01:10:10,983 --> 01:10:13,382
WITH THE FURY
OF DEMONS."
1174
01:10:19,149 --> 01:10:22,449
"IT WAS ALL SO SLOW...
1175
01:10:22,482 --> 01:10:25,382
PLUNGING AFTER THEM
THROUGH THE DEEP SNOW
THAT WAY."
1176
01:10:27,916 --> 01:10:30,382
"THE HORSES' FEET
WERE CUT AND BLEEDING
1177
01:10:30,416 --> 01:10:31,849
"FROM THE HEAVY CRUST,
1178
01:10:31,883 --> 01:10:34,282
"AND THE CATTLE HAD THE HAIR
AND HIDE WORE OFF THEIR LEGS
1179
01:10:34,316 --> 01:10:37,050
"TO THE KNEES
AND THE HOCKS.
1180
01:10:37,082 --> 01:10:40,849
"IT WAS SURELY HELL TO SEE
BIG 4-YEAR-OLD STEERS
1181
01:10:40,883 --> 01:10:43,382
JUST ABLE
TO STAGGER ALONG."
1182
01:10:48,816 --> 01:10:52,449
THE UNSHELTERED,
HELPLESS CATTLE BEGAN TO DIE.
1183
01:10:52,482 --> 01:10:55,115
SOME, TOO WEAK TO STAND,
1184
01:10:55,149 --> 01:10:59,316
WERE SIMPLY BLOWN OVER
BY THE SAVAGE WIND.
1185
01:10:59,349 --> 01:11:02,449
OTHERS, THEIR FEET
FROZEN INTO THE ICE,
1186
01:11:02,482 --> 01:11:04,949
DIED LIKE STATUES.
1187
01:11:18,816 --> 01:11:22,349
WHEN THE SNOW AND ICE
FINALLY BEGAN TO MELT,
1188
01:11:22,382 --> 01:11:25,349
CATTLEMEN UNDERSTOOD
FOR THE FIRST TIME
1189
01:11:25,382 --> 01:11:27,883
THE MAGNITUDE
OF WHAT HAD HAPPENED.
1190
01:11:32,382 --> 01:11:34,282
DEAD ANIMALS
WERE EVERYWHERE,
1191
01:11:34,316 --> 01:11:36,616
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
OF THEM
1192
01:11:36,649 --> 01:11:41,883
SPRAWLED ACROSS THE HILLSIDES
AND ALONG FENCE LINES,
1193
01:11:41,916 --> 01:11:44,449
HEAPED AT THE BOTTOM
OF COULEES,
1194
01:11:44,482 --> 01:11:46,783
WHERE THE SNOW
HAD TRAPPED THEM,
1195
01:11:46,816 --> 01:11:50,849
SWOLLEN AND BOBBING
IN THE RUSHING RIVERS.
1196
01:11:53,449 --> 01:11:56,783
"I SAW COUNTLESS
CARCASSES OF CATTLE
1197
01:11:56,816 --> 01:11:58,449
"GOING DOWN
WITH THE ICE,
1198
01:11:58,482 --> 01:12:01,449
"ROLLING OVER AND OVER
AS THEY WENT,
1199
01:12:01,482 --> 01:12:04,382
"SOMETIMES WITH ALL FOUR
STIFFENED LEGS
1200
01:12:04,416 --> 01:12:06,683
"POINTED SKYWARD.
1201
01:12:06,716 --> 01:12:08,449
"FOR DAYS ON END,
1202
01:12:08,482 --> 01:12:11,416
"TEARING DOWN WITH
THE GRINDING ICE CAKES,
1203
01:12:11,449 --> 01:12:14,382
WENT DEATH'S
CATTLE ROUNDUP."
1204
01:12:16,816 --> 01:12:20,949
RANCHERS SCOURED
THE PRAIRIES FOR SURVIVORS.
1205
01:12:20,983 --> 01:12:24,215
"THE FIRST DAY I RODE OUT,"
ONE REMEMBERED,
1206
01:12:24,249 --> 01:12:27,382
"I NEVER SAW
A LIVE ANIMAL."
1207
01:12:32,816 --> 01:12:36,883
CATTLEMEN WOULD REMEMBER
THE WINTER OF 1886-1887
1208
01:12:36,916 --> 01:12:39,449
AS THE GREAT DIE-UP.
1209
01:12:39,482 --> 01:12:43,282
IN THE END, THE ONLY MEN
WHO MADE MUCH MONEY
1210
01:12:43,316 --> 01:12:46,149
ON THE NORTHERN CATTLE RANGES
THAT SPRING
1211
01:12:46,182 --> 01:12:47,849
WERE SCAVENGERS,
1212
01:12:47,883 --> 01:12:51,949
GATHERING BONES TO SELL
TO FERTILIZER COMPANIES.
1213
01:12:54,883 --> 01:12:57,282
LIKE THE HOMESTEADERS
WHO WOULD LEARN
1214
01:12:57,316 --> 01:13:00,916
THAT THEY COULD NOT CHANGE
THE CLIMATE OF THE WEST,
1215
01:13:00,949 --> 01:13:04,115
THE RANCHERS WHO HAD RUSHED IN
DURING THE BEEF BONANZA
1216
01:13:04,149 --> 01:13:07,449
HAD LEARNED
THEY COULD NOT IGNORE IT.
1217
01:13:16,349 --> 01:13:17,949
"IN ITS PRESENT FORM,
1218
01:13:17,983 --> 01:13:20,949
"STOCK-RAISING
ON THE PLAINS IS DOOMED
1219
01:13:20,983 --> 01:13:24,316
"AND CAN HARDLY OUTLAST
THE CENTURY.
1220
01:13:24,349 --> 01:13:28,115
"AND WE WHO HAVE FELT
THE CHARM OF THE LIFE
1221
01:13:28,149 --> 01:13:30,849
"AND HAVE EXULTED
IN ITS ABOUNDING VIGOR
1222
01:13:30,883 --> 01:13:33,582
"AND ITS BOLD,
RESTLESS FREEDOM
1223
01:13:33,616 --> 01:13:35,783
"MUST ALSO FEEL
REAL SORROW
1224
01:13:35,816 --> 01:13:38,082
"THAT THOSE
WHO COME AFTER US
1225
01:13:38,115 --> 01:13:40,783
"ARE NOT TO SEE
AS WE HAVE SEEN
1226
01:13:40,816 --> 01:13:42,849
"WHAT IS PERHAPS
THE PLEASANTEST,
1227
01:13:42,883 --> 01:13:45,449
"HEALTHIEST,
AND MOST EXCITING PHASE
1228
01:13:45,482 --> 01:13:47,949
OF AMERICAN EXISTENCE."
1229
01:13:47,983 --> 01:13:49,949
THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
1230
01:14:09,949 --> 01:14:11,883
"THE SHOW
IS WORTH SEEING.
1231
01:14:11,916 --> 01:14:13,949
"IT IS WORTH
ANYBODY'S WHILE
1232
01:14:13,983 --> 01:14:15,416
"TO PUT HIMSELF
INTO SOME TROUBLE
1233
01:14:15,449 --> 01:14:17,616
"TO GO AND SEE IT.
1234
01:14:17,649 --> 01:14:21,949
"A BETTER IDEA OF THE
DANGERS PIONEERS CONFRONT,
1235
01:14:21,983 --> 01:14:25,449
"OF THE RESOURCES AND SKILL
THAT DIFFICULTIES BRING OUT,
1236
01:14:25,482 --> 01:14:26,783
"OF THE WAY
IN WHICH THE WILD WEST
1237
01:14:26,816 --> 01:14:29,182
"HAS BEEN SETTLED
AND CIVILIZED
1238
01:14:29,215 --> 01:14:31,182
"CAN BE OBTAINED
FROM ONE VISIT
1239
01:14:31,215 --> 01:14:32,783
"TO THIS EXHIBITION...
1240
01:14:32,816 --> 01:14:34,983
"THAN BY READING
A SCORE OF HISTORIES
1241
01:14:35,016 --> 01:14:37,282
AND A CARTLOAD
OF DESCRIPTIONS."
1242
01:14:40,516 --> 01:14:41,983
FOR 30 YEARS,
1243
01:14:42,016 --> 01:14:45,416
TWICE A DAY,
SIX DAYS A WEEK,
1244
01:14:45,449 --> 01:14:46,949
FROM CHICAGO
TO PHILADELPHIA,
1245
01:14:46,983 --> 01:14:49,649
PARIS TO MUNICH,
1246
01:14:49,683 --> 01:14:53,749
BUFFALO BILL BROUGHT HIS
GAUDY VERSION OF THE WILD WEST
1247
01:14:53,783 --> 01:14:56,416
TO THE WORLD.
1248
01:14:56,449 --> 01:14:59,416
WILLIAM F. CODY HAD DONE
NEARLY EVERYTHING
1249
01:14:59,449 --> 01:15:02,516
A MAN COULD DO
IN THE WEST.
1250
01:15:02,549 --> 01:15:04,382
HE'D BEEN A GOLD-SEEKER,
1251
01:15:04,416 --> 01:15:05,883
BUFFALO HUNTER,
1252
01:15:05,916 --> 01:15:07,449
CATTLE RANCHER,
1253
01:15:07,482 --> 01:15:09,416
AND INDIAN FIGHTER.
1254
01:15:09,449 --> 01:15:13,215
BUT MOST OF ALL,
HE WAS A SUPERB PROMOTER
1255
01:15:13,249 --> 01:15:17,082
OF THE WEST
AND OF HIMSELF.
1256
01:15:17,115 --> 01:15:19,282
ON STATEN ISLAND
ONE SUMMER,
1257
01:15:19,316 --> 01:15:22,683
A MILLION PEOPLE
ATTENDED HIS SHOWS.
1258
01:15:22,716 --> 01:15:25,716
ANOTHER MILLION PAID
TO SEE HIM THAT WINTER
1259
01:15:25,749 --> 01:15:28,516
AT MADISON SQUARE GARDEN.
1260
01:15:28,549 --> 01:15:32,883
"EACH SCENE IS INSTRUCTIVE,"
ONE ADVERTISEMENT PROMISED.
1261
01:15:32,916 --> 01:15:37,282
"A YEAR'S VISIT WEST
IN THREE HOURS."
1262
01:15:40,082 --> 01:15:42,416
IN EVERY PERFORMANCE,
1263
01:15:42,449 --> 01:15:46,249
A WAGON TRAIN
WAS RAIDED BY INDIANS
1264
01:15:46,282 --> 01:15:49,916
AND SAVED BY BUFFALO BILL.
1265
01:15:49,949 --> 01:15:53,215
A SETTLER'S CABIN
WAS ATTACKED
1266
01:15:53,249 --> 01:15:56,249
AND SAVED BY BUFFALO BILL.
1267
01:15:56,282 --> 01:16:00,449
THERE WERE PONY EXPRESS RIDERS,
A BUFFALO HUNT,
1268
01:16:00,482 --> 01:16:03,916
MEXICAN VAQUEROS DISPLAYING
THEIR SKILL WITH THE LASSO,
1269
01:16:03,949 --> 01:16:06,949
AND THE AUTHENTIC
DEADWOOD STAGECOACH
1270
01:16:06,983 --> 01:16:10,282
SURROUNDED BY INDIANS
AND SAVED
1271
01:16:10,316 --> 01:16:12,716
BY BUFFALO BILL.
1272
01:16:16,883 --> 01:16:19,783
BUT THE GRAND FINALE
WAS A RE-ENACTMENT
1273
01:16:19,816 --> 01:16:22,349
OF THE BATTLE
OF THE LITTLE BIGHORN,
1274
01:16:22,382 --> 01:16:24,382
"SHOWING WITH
HISTORICAL ACCURACY,"
1275
01:16:24,416 --> 01:16:26,316
THE HANDBILLS CLAIMED,
1276
01:16:26,349 --> 01:16:29,382
"THE SCENE
OF CUSTER'S LAST STAND."
1277
01:16:35,549 --> 01:16:39,115
AND AT THE END,
THERE WAS BUFFALO BILL HIMSELF
1278
01:16:39,149 --> 01:16:41,516
IN THE CENTER
OF THE BATTLEFIELD
1279
01:16:41,549 --> 01:16:44,516
WHILE BEHIND HIM
THE WORDS "TOO LATE"
1280
01:16:44,549 --> 01:16:46,883
WERE PROJECTED
ONTO A SCREEN.
1281
01:16:46,916 --> 01:16:50,649
CROWDS COULDN'T GET
ENOUGH OF IT.
1282
01:16:54,949 --> 01:16:56,616
EVEN LIBBY CUSTER,
1283
01:16:56,649 --> 01:16:59,949
WHO HAD BEEN WIDOWED
BY THE ACTUAL EVENT,
1284
01:16:59,983 --> 01:17:01,416
PROCLAIMED IT
1285
01:17:01,449 --> 01:17:03,783
"THE MOST REALISTIC
AND FAITHFUL REPRESENTATION
1286
01:17:03,816 --> 01:17:07,215
OF A WESTERN LIFE
THAT HAS CEASED TO BE."
1287
01:17:07,249 --> 01:17:10,616
SHE CAME BACK TO SEE IT
MANY TIMES.
1288
01:17:18,016 --> 01:17:20,783
"IT WAS,"
THE SHOWMAN BOASTED,
1289
01:17:20,816 --> 01:17:24,382
"A NOISY, RATTLING,
GUNPOWDER ENTERTAINMENT."
1290
01:17:25,716 --> 01:17:28,683
FOR MILLIONS OF PEOPLE
ALL OVER THE WORLD,
1291
01:17:28,716 --> 01:17:32,549
WILLIAM F. CODY HAD BECOME
THE EMBODIMENT OF THE WEST.
1292
01:17:35,883 --> 01:17:37,482
BUFFALO BILL, I THINK,
1293
01:17:37,516 --> 01:17:38,849
IS THE ONE TRUE GENIUS
1294
01:17:38,883 --> 01:17:42,749
THE 19th-CENTURY WEST
REALLY PRODUCED.
1295
01:17:42,783 --> 01:17:45,883
BUFFALO BILL IS
AN INCREDIBLE SELF-CREATION.
1296
01:17:45,916 --> 01:17:48,916
WHAT BUFFALO BILL KNEW
ABOUT THE WEST
1297
01:17:48,949 --> 01:17:50,316
IS THAT, IN FACT,
1298
01:17:50,349 --> 01:17:52,849
IT GAVE YOU THE OPPORTUNITY
TO MAKE YOURSELF OVER,
1299
01:17:52,883 --> 01:17:57,949
AND THEN ONCE YOU'VE MADE A ROLE
FOR YOURSELF, TO INHABIT IT.
1300
01:17:57,983 --> 01:18:00,883
THE LINES BETWEEN REALITY,
1301
01:18:00,916 --> 01:18:03,050
THE LIVED EXPERIENCE
IN THE WEST,
1302
01:18:03,082 --> 01:18:04,215
AND THE MYTHIC WEST
1303
01:18:04,249 --> 01:18:06,916
THAT BUFFALO BILL PORTRAYED
FOR A LIVING
1304
01:18:06,949 --> 01:18:09,716
BECOME VERY,
VERY BLURRED.
1305
01:18:12,616 --> 01:18:17,883
IN 1885,
SITTING BULL HIMSELF
JOINED THE ENTOURAGE.
1306
01:18:19,849 --> 01:18:22,783
BILLED AS THE SLAYER
OF GENERAL CUSTER,
1307
01:18:22,816 --> 01:18:24,783
HE WAS PAID $50 A WEEK
1308
01:18:24,816 --> 01:18:27,616
AND RESERVED THE RIGHT
TO PROFIT DIRECTLY
1309
01:18:27,649 --> 01:18:30,883
FROM THE SALE OF AUTOGRAPHS
AND PICTURES OF HIMSELF.
1310
01:18:32,549 --> 01:18:35,282
THE AGING CHIEF
WAS REQUIRED
1311
01:18:35,316 --> 01:18:38,783
ONLY TO RIDE AROUND THE ARENA
ONCE A SHOW
1312
01:18:38,816 --> 01:18:43,215
AND AFTERWARDS TO SIGN HIS NAME
FOR THE AWESTRUCK VISITORS
1313
01:18:43,249 --> 01:18:47,416
WHO CAME TO PEER AT HIM
IN HIS TEEPEE.
1314
01:18:47,449 --> 01:18:49,949
IT'S INTERESTING
FOR SITTING BULL
1315
01:18:49,983 --> 01:18:51,449
BECAUSE FIRST OF ALL,
1316
01:18:51,482 --> 01:18:53,115
IT'S A CHANCE FOR HIM
TO SEE THE REST OF THE WORLD
1317
01:18:53,149 --> 01:18:55,016
AND SEE WHAT AMERICA
IS ABOUT
1318
01:18:55,050 --> 01:18:57,182
AND A LOT OF INDIAN PEOPLE
THAT WENT WITH HIM,
1319
01:18:57,215 --> 01:18:59,182
INTERPRETERS AND EVERYTHING,
1320
01:18:59,215 --> 01:19:01,349
AND THEY REALIZED THAT
THE WORLD HAS CHANGED
1321
01:19:01,382 --> 01:19:03,416
AND THEIR WAY OF LIFE
HAS CHANGED,
1322
01:19:03,449 --> 01:19:05,316
AND WHAT'S HAPPENING
ON THE RESERVATIONS
1323
01:19:05,349 --> 01:19:08,616
ISN'T NECESSARILY INDICATIVE
OF WHAT AMERICA COULD BE ABOUT.
1324
01:19:11,316 --> 01:19:14,716
I THINK HE WAS
PROBABLY IN TURNS
1325
01:19:14,749 --> 01:19:18,449
AMUSED AND HUMILIATED
BY THE EXPERIENCE.
1326
01:19:20,983 --> 01:19:26,883
THIS WAS SO MUCH UNLIKE
THE REALITY THAT HE HAD LIVED
1327
01:19:26,916 --> 01:19:29,282
AS A YOUNG MAN,
1328
01:19:29,316 --> 01:19:31,449
AND YET IT WAS
A BIZARRE REFLECTION
1329
01:19:31,482 --> 01:19:32,949
OF THAT REALITY, TOO,
1330
01:19:32,983 --> 01:19:34,949
SO HE MUST HAVE SEEN
HIS EXPERIENCE
1331
01:19:34,983 --> 01:19:36,349
FROM A DIFFERENT ANGLE
1332
01:19:36,382 --> 01:19:38,683
WHEN HE WAS
IN THE WILD WEST SHOW.
1333
01:19:38,716 --> 01:19:42,382
SITTING BULL
LIKED BUFFALO BILL,
1334
01:19:42,416 --> 01:19:44,249
WHO GAVE HIM
A HANDSOME HAT
1335
01:19:44,282 --> 01:19:46,716
AND THE GRAY HORSE
HE'D RIDDEN IN THE SHOW
1336
01:19:46,749 --> 01:19:48,449
AS GIFTS.
1337
01:19:48,482 --> 01:19:50,282
BUT HE COULD NOT UNDERSTAND
1338
01:19:50,316 --> 01:19:52,649
WHY BEGGARS WERE LEFT
TO DRIFT ABOUT THE STREETS
1339
01:19:52,683 --> 01:19:54,349
OF BIG CITIES,
1340
01:19:54,382 --> 01:19:56,349
AND HE GAVE MUCH
OF HIS PAY AWAY
1341
01:19:56,382 --> 01:19:59,816
TO NEWSBOYS AND HOBOS
HE MET ON THE TOUR.
1342
01:20:03,449 --> 01:20:05,449
THIS IS A SHOW ABOUT CONQUEST.
1343
01:20:05,482 --> 01:20:07,849
THIS IS A SHOW ABOUT
THE CONQUEST OF THE WEST.
1344
01:20:07,883 --> 01:20:10,416
BUT EVERYTHING
THAT THE AUDIENCE SEES
1345
01:20:10,449 --> 01:20:12,616
IS INDIANS
ATTACKING WHITES.
1346
01:20:12,649 --> 01:20:15,916
THIS IS THE STRANGE STORY
OF AN INVERTED CONQUEST.
1347
01:20:15,949 --> 01:20:17,949
IT'S A CELEBRATION
OF CONQUEST
1348
01:20:17,983 --> 01:20:21,082
IN WHICH THE CONQUERORS
ARE THE VICTIMS.
1349
01:20:21,115 --> 01:20:23,050
AND THERE'S SOMETHING
AT ONE LEVEL
1350
01:20:23,082 --> 01:20:26,016
THAT STILL IS DEEPLY WEIRD
ABOUT THIS.
1351
01:20:26,050 --> 01:20:29,783
WHAT IS GOING ON
WHEN YOU CELEBRATE A CONQUEST
1352
01:20:29,816 --> 01:20:33,082
AND YOU ONLY SHOW YOURSELF
BEING VICTIMIZED?
1353
01:20:33,115 --> 01:20:36,449
IT'S CONQUEST WON
WITHOUT THE GUILT.
1354
01:20:36,482 --> 01:20:37,983
WE DIDN'T PLAN IT.
1355
01:20:38,016 --> 01:20:40,382
THEY ATTACKED US,
AND WHEN WE ENDED UP,
1356
01:20:40,416 --> 01:20:42,683
WE HAD THE WHOLE CONTINENT.
1357
01:20:44,382 --> 01:20:47,549
BUFFALO BILL SAYS
THE WILD WEST IS OVER,
1358
01:20:47,582 --> 01:20:49,449
IT'S FINISHED,
IT'S DONE.
1359
01:20:49,482 --> 01:20:52,783
THE CONQUEST OF THE WEST
HAS NOW TAKEN PLACE,
1360
01:20:52,816 --> 01:20:55,916
AND ALL HE CAN DO
IS RE-ENACT IT FOR YOU.
1361
01:20:55,949 --> 01:20:57,382
THE WEST IS
STILL OUT THERE,
1362
01:20:57,416 --> 01:20:58,849
BUT IT'S NOT
THE SAME WEST
1363
01:20:58,883 --> 01:21:01,616
THAT IT WOULD HAVE BEEN
10 OR 20 YEARS AGO.
1364
01:21:10,382 --> 01:21:13,783
AFTER FOUR MONTHS
WITH THE WILD WEST SHOW,
1365
01:21:13,816 --> 01:21:15,716
SITTING BULL RETURNED
TO HIS HOME
1366
01:21:15,749 --> 01:21:18,382
AT THE STANDING ROCK
RESERVATION.
1367
01:21:18,416 --> 01:21:20,215
THERE HE HAD ANOTHER
1368
01:21:20,249 --> 01:21:24,582
OF HIS MYSTICAL VISIONS
ABOUT THE FUTURE.
1369
01:21:31,616 --> 01:21:35,115
IN 1876,
ONE VISION HAD WARNED HIM
1370
01:21:35,149 --> 01:21:38,382
THAT THE ARMY WAS MARCHING
AGAINST THE LAKOTA.
1371
01:21:44,883 --> 01:21:46,916
ANOTHER VISION
HAD PREDICTED
1372
01:21:46,949 --> 01:21:49,683
THAT CUSTER'S SOLDIERS
AT THE LITTLE BIGHORN
1373
01:21:49,716 --> 01:21:52,949
WOULD FALL INTO HIS VILLAGE
UPSIDE DOWN.
1374
01:21:57,382 --> 01:22:00,616
BUT NOW HE HAD
A NEW VISION.
1375
01:22:00,649 --> 01:22:02,949
THIS ONE
WAS EQUALLY CLEAR.
1376
01:22:06,382 --> 01:22:09,349
WANDERING ALONE
NEAR HIS HOME ONE MORNING,
1377
01:22:09,382 --> 01:22:13,382
HE WATCHED A MEADOWLARK
FLUTTER DOWN ONTO A HILLOCK.
1378
01:22:15,349 --> 01:22:18,449
THEN THE BIRD SPOKE TO HIM.
1379
01:22:18,482 --> 01:22:23,549
IT SAID, "YOUR OWN PEOPLE,
LAKOTAS, WILL KILL YOU."
1380
01:22:26,382 --> 01:22:30,349
SITTING BULL HAD FAITH
IN HIS VISIONS.
1381
01:22:30,382 --> 01:22:33,883
THEY HAD ALWAYS
PROVED TRUE BEFORE.
1382
01:22:41,449 --> 01:22:47,115
♪ AH, NEBRASKA LAND,
SWEET NEBRASKA LAND ♪
1383
01:22:47,149 --> 01:22:51,016
♪ UPON THY BURNING SOIL
I STAND ♪
1384
01:22:51,050 --> 01:22:55,716
♪ AND I LOOK AWAY
ACROSS THE PLAINS ♪
1385
01:22:55,749 --> 01:23:00,716
♪ AND I WONDER WHY
IT NEVER RAINS ♪
1386
01:23:04,816 --> 01:23:07,516
♪ WE'VE REACHED THE LAND
OF DESERT SWEET ♪
1387
01:23:07,549 --> 01:23:10,482
♪ WHERE NOTHING GROWS
FOR MAN TO EAT ♪
1388
01:23:10,516 --> 01:23:13,449
♪ AND THE WIND,
IT BLOWS WITH FEVERISH HEAT ♪
1389
01:23:13,482 --> 01:23:15,082
♪ ACROSS THOSE PLAINS ♪
1390
01:23:15,115 --> 01:23:16,983
♪ SO HARD TO BEAT ♪
1391
01:23:17,016 --> 01:23:18,749
♪ THAT'S NEBRASKA LAND ♪
1392
01:23:18,783 --> 01:23:20,316
♪ SWEET NEBRASKA LAND ♪
1393
01:23:20,349 --> 01:23:23,416
♪ UPON THY BURNING SOIL
I STAND ♪
1394
01:23:23,449 --> 01:23:26,416
♪ AND I LOOK AWAY
ACROSS THE PLAINS ♪
1395
01:23:26,449 --> 01:23:30,749
♪ AND I WONDER WHY
IT NEVER RAINS ♪
1396
01:23:34,849 --> 01:23:37,549
♪ WE HAVE NO WHEAT,
WE HAVE NO OATS ♪
1397
01:23:37,582 --> 01:23:40,582
♪ WE HAVE NO CORN
TO FEED OUR SHOATS ♪
1398
01:23:40,616 --> 01:23:43,382
♪ OUR CHICKENS
ARE SO VERY POOR ♪
1399
01:23:43,416 --> 01:23:47,215
♪ THEY BEG FOR CRUMBS
OUTSIDE OUR DOOR ♪
1400
01:23:47,249 --> 01:23:50,482
♪ IN NEBRASKA LAND,
SWEET NEBRASKA LAND ♪
1401
01:23:50,516 --> 01:23:53,482
♪ UPON THY BURNING SOIL
I STAND ♪
1402
01:23:53,516 --> 01:23:56,516
♪ AND I LOOK AWAY
ACROSS THE PLAINS ♪
1403
01:23:56,549 --> 01:24:00,716
♪ AND I WONDER WHY
IT NEVER RAINS ♪
1404
01:24:04,683 --> 01:24:07,516
♪ OUR HORSES ARE
A BRONCO RACE ♪
1405
01:24:07,549 --> 01:24:10,516
♪ STARVATION STARES THEM
IN THE FACE ♪
1406
01:24:10,549 --> 01:24:13,249
♪ WE DO NOT LIVE,
WE ONLY STAY ♪
1407
01:24:13,282 --> 01:24:16,849
♪ 'CAUSE WE'RE TOO POOR
TO MOVE AWAY ♪
1408
01:24:16,883 --> 01:24:19,883
♪ FROM NEBRASKA LAND,
SWEET NEBRASKA LAND ♪
1409
01:24:19,916 --> 01:24:22,849
♪ UPON THY BURNING SOIL
I STAND ♪
1410
01:24:22,883 --> 01:24:25,749
♪ AND I LOOK AWAY
ACROSS THE PLAINS ♪
1411
01:24:25,783 --> 01:24:30,382
♪ AND I WONDER WHY
IT NEVER RAINS ♪
107829
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