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WWW.MY-SUBS.CO
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Bill is on a mission.
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He needs to unlock the mysteries
of the PDP-10 computer.
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But the adults won't share the source code
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with 13-year-old Bill.
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So he enlists his older friend Paul Allen.
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Together they boldly go
where no one has gone before.
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If they find the source code,
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Bill and Paul will finally be able
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to master the computer.
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The two friends are in business.
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Hello, I'm Bill Gates.
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In this video,
you're going to see the future.
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Mr. Bill Gates.
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Forbes Magazine calls Gates
America's richest person.
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Six point three billion dollars.
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- Worth 40 billion dollars.
- One hundred billion dollars.
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Bill Gates is one of the most
remarkable people...
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- Arrogant, greedy.
- ...I've ever met.
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- Predatory, capitalistic brainiac.
- A devil.
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Impatient optimist.
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- Your brain is a CPU?
- Yes.
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He thrives on complexity.
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The smartest person
I’ve ever met.
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He did drop out of college.
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You guys never understood
the first thing about this.
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Greatest American businessman
of his generation.
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He was changing the world
with software.
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Is Bill Gates stifling
technological innovation?
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They’re supposed to be jealous,
supposed to be agitated.
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Bill wants people to think that
he's Edison
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- and he's really Rockefeller.
- I'm done.
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If he were Edison,
he'd be less dangerous.
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Can I just ask you
one more question?
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Will the real Bill Gates...
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- Damn, Bill.
- ...please stand up?
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So the series is called
Inside Bill's Brain.
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- Yes.
- And I'm asking...
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- Why is that funny?
- It just is!
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I don't think of it being that interesting
to be in my husband's brain, right?
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That's very...
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Sorry.
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How would you describe his brain?
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I'm sorry, I'm just not gonna be able
to not laugh through this part.
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- Okay, look...
- Why are you laughing?
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'Cause it's chaos!
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There's so much complexity in there!
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It's chaos!
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All right, here's why I laugh.
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I wouldn't wanna be in that brain, right?
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Why?
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There is so much going on all the time.
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It's moving, moving, moving, moving?
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Yeah. Yeah, it's unbelievable.
It's unbelievable.
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Bill can deal
with a lot of complexity.
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And he likes complexity,
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and he thrives on complexity.
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So when Bill stills and quiets himself,
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all these incredibly complex thoughts
that he's had,
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and these ways he can see the world
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and he can pull ideas together
that other people can't see,
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he thinks his best.
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Why did he go on Think Week?
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He stilled himself
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and he had time to distill and slow down,
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and then write
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and lead in the way he wanted to lead.
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Bill started to take
Think Weeks back in the 90s,
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when he was still running Microsoft.
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He would travel the Hood Canal
and spend one week there alone,
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reading and thinking.
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He'd absorb stacks of books
and technical papers,
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anything that could help him
understand the future.
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That's CPU time.
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It's time that you get
to think about things.
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A CPU is a central processing unit,
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which carries out the instructions
of a computer program.
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Without one, a computer
can't make calculations
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or decide how to function.
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When you write down these things
to think about,
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that's like the code,
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you know,
when will low interest rates end?
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Why isn't the clinic working better?
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Okay, the private sector is good at this,
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do they have capacity?
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How many cities is this going to get into?
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How do we do the safety tests?
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Have we really underestimated this?
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What is in human sewage?
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Then you think, okay, do I need to read
some books about that?
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Who do I need to talk to about that?
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And some things, I say to myself,
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"Hey, I just need to think."
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Your brain is a CPU?
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Yes.
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As I've gotten to know Bill
in this new phase of his life,
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it seems like he's turned his whole life
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into one long, continuous Think Week.
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Only, today, he's focused on other things.
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For more than a decade,
Bill and his partner Melinda
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have been pouring billions of dollars
into eradicating polio.
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But they underestimated
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just how hard it would be.
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For the Western world,
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polio is now a distant memory.
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We forget the terror.
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And the suffering.
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In 1955,
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when the Salk vaccine was introduced,
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we were able to stop polio
in the developed world.
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But kids in poor countries
are still getting the disease,
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which is very contagious,
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and spreads as a result
of poor sanitation.
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It's terrible to have polio.
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It's terrible to be paralyzed.
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It is especially terrible
if you're in a poor country.
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You may not have crutches.
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If you do, they're homemade,
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and so the degree to which you cannot
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participate in society
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if you've had serious polio
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and you're paralyzed in a poor country,
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it's a really terrible disease.
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I see a life that is going to be
super, super limited.
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You know, it's an incredible tragedy
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for the whole family.
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You grew up
in a comfortable world.
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Very.
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- You didn't need anything.
- No, my parents were well off.
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My dad did well as a lawyer.
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Took us on great trips.
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We had a really nice house.
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And I've had so much luck
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in terms of all of these opportunities.
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So where are we?
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Uh, this is Lakeside.
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This is where I spent, uh,
most of 7th grade
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through 12th grade.
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I was in public school through 6th grade,
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and my parents decided
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I should go to a private school.
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And I remember thinking,
did I want to go to this school?
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It was a boys school,
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and I'd been kind of a class clown
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and I didn't know if that niche existed
in this school I was going to,
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because it looked very disciplinarian.
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I remember thinking when I took the exam,
should I pass this exam or not?
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And I just couldn't help myself,
but try and do the best I could...
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But it crossed your mind to sandbag?
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Right, to not do well on the test, uh...
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but I didn't. I...
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- You couldn't help yourself.
- I couldn't help myself.
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Bill is often seen
as a singular figure,
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but his life, in fact, has been defined
by a series of partnerships.
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At Lakeside, Bill's first true friendships
were forged in the computer lab.
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There was a little room
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just off the entrance to the building
and that was the computer room.
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The Lakeside Programmers Group
was founded by two sophomores:
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Paul Allen and Ric Weiland.
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- So, this is Paul Allen here.
- Yeah.
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There I am looking very,
very mature.
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He looks 20 years older than you.
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Absolutely. He's two grades ahead of me.
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Bill and his friend Kent Evans
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joined the club
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when they were only 8th graders.
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Paul actually sought me out
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because I’d done super well
on this nationwide math test.
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I thought that was really cool.
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Paul was certainly cooler than I was.
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He had a corduroy kinda jacket
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and then a black leather jacket,
that was the cool jacket.
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Paul captivated
the middle schoolers
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with computers and coding.
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He was the one who came to me
and explained to me about chips
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and the magic of putting more and more
capability on chips.
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The boys were so good at coding
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that a local company hired them
to program its payroll.
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But the older kids
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didn't know what to do
with the younger Bill and Kent.
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You know, I'm sure their friends
thought it was weird
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that we were coming around at all.
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- And...
- So they were getting shit
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- for working with the middle schoolers?
- Yeah.
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And then they decide
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they just wanna do it.
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- Paul and Ric?
- Paul and Ric.
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And so, they kicked both Kent and I
off the project.
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And I said, "I think you're
underestimating how hard this is.
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If you ask me to come back,
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I am going to be totally in charge of this
and anything you ever ask me to do again."
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After weeks of work,
Paul realized Bill was right.
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So he asked for his help,
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and Bill took over.
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It was just more natural for me
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to be in charge.
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But wait, at this point, Kent, not Paul,
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- was your best friend, right?
- Yes. Yeah.
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And you're hanging out
at each other's houses?
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Uh, and talking on the phone
ridiculous amounts.
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Now, I still know Kent's phone number.
Uh...
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- What's his phone number?
- 525-7851.
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Kent always had the big briefcase,
you know,
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more like a lawyer's briefcase
with tons of stuff in it...
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magazines and different things.
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He was the best student in our class.
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He was clever, he read different things.
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We're always scheming about, okay,
what we'd be doing
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five, six years from then,
and everybody else was like,
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"Why aren't you just hanging out
at the dance?"
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Kent had an interest in business
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and so he got me reading Fortune Magazine.
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And thinking about,
if you went into the civil service,
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what did you make?
Should we go be CEOs?
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What kind of impact could you have?
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Should we go be generals?
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Should we go be ambassadors?
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And this idea that some people
were super successful,
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that was interesting.
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I mean, what did they know?
What did they do?
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What drove those kinds of successes?
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And why did some industries
have few big companies
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and other industries
have lots of small companies?
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The two best friends
believed that someday
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they would do extraordinary things
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together.
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Okay, Bill and I have not discussed
what system.
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- Well, we'll play your system, Warren.
- Okay, well...
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Tell me about bridge,
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- and why you and him love it.
- I consider it the ultimate game.
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It's a partnership game,
which is unlike a great many games,
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00:12:04,724 --> 00:12:07,893
so you have to work with another person.
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For one reason or another,
if you don't connect well with him or her,
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you know, it isn't gonna work.
You can't do it by yourself.
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00:12:16,944 --> 00:12:19,280
- One spade.
- Pass.
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Bridge partners must
communicate without even speaking.
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The only way to win
is to mind-meld with your partner.
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Are you and Bill partners?
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Oh yeah, we’re partners.
Well, we’re partners in a big way,
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in philanthropy and we’re actually,
in a certain sense, partners in business
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because the fate of Berkshire
is an important part of the resources
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of the Gates Foundation over time.
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If Berkshire does well,
the Foundation does well?
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Gonna do better, yeah!
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In 1991, when Bill’s mother
said he should meet Warren Buffet,
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the world’s most successful stock trader,
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00:12:51,604 --> 00:12:53,939
Bill told her he was too busy.
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His mother insisted.
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So I said, "Okay, I'll take a helicopter,
come out there,
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but after like 90 minutes,
I have to go work on software."
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When the two men
eventually did sit down,
251
00:13:07,453 --> 00:13:08,829
they talked for hours.
252
00:13:09,955 --> 00:13:11,957
He was asking me questions about
253
00:13:12,249 --> 00:13:14,752
why couldn't IBM beat Microsoft?
254
00:13:14,835 --> 00:13:16,712
What were the economics of Microsoft?
255
00:13:16,796 --> 00:13:19,173
How did we find smart people
in the things we did?
256
00:13:19,256 --> 00:13:20,549
How did we price our stuff?
257
00:13:20,633 --> 00:13:24,720
I always expected to run into people
who would ask me those questions,
258
00:13:24,804 --> 00:13:26,222
but he was the first one.
259
00:13:27,306 --> 00:13:29,666
Bill has only met
a handful of people in his life
260
00:13:29,725 --> 00:13:31,811
with minds that operate like his own.
261
00:13:34,021 --> 00:13:37,316
It's enormously important
that you do have the right friends.
262
00:13:38,359 --> 00:13:41,237
If they make you a better person
than you otherwise would be,
263
00:13:41,445 --> 00:13:42,613
that's the ultimate gift.
264
00:13:42,696 --> 00:13:45,741
After decades amassing
one of the largest fortunes ever,
265
00:13:46,283 --> 00:13:48,077
Warren pledged more than half of it,
266
00:13:48,452 --> 00:13:50,287
31 billion dollars,
267
00:13:50,371 --> 00:13:52,039
to Bill and Melinda's Foundation.
268
00:13:53,249 --> 00:13:55,169
Warren, how'd you come
to the decision
269
00:13:55,251 --> 00:13:56,770
to give all this money
to Bill and Melinda?
270
00:13:56,794 --> 00:14:01,298
Well, once you have the premise
that every human life is of equal value...
271
00:14:01,549 --> 00:14:04,677
I mean that directs
272
00:14:05,052 --> 00:14:06,095
lot of what you,
273
00:14:06,178 --> 00:14:09,765
both your money and your efforts,
and the people you attract,
274
00:14:09,849 --> 00:14:11,976
and all sorts of things involved in that.
275
00:14:13,561 --> 00:14:17,106
Bill, do you feel pressure to do right
by Warren's gift?
276
00:14:17,815 --> 00:14:18,815
Oh, absolutely.
277
00:14:18,858 --> 00:14:19,858
In some ways,
278
00:14:20,317 --> 00:14:23,237
messing up with my own money,
279
00:14:23,320 --> 00:14:25,364
uh... I'd feel less guilty about
280
00:14:25,447 --> 00:14:27,533
than if I mess up with Warren's money.
281
00:14:33,330 --> 00:14:34,665
A few years ago,
282
00:14:34,748 --> 00:14:37,918
I showed my daughter a polio video
283
00:14:38,002 --> 00:14:39,503
'cause I wanted her to understand,
284
00:14:39,587 --> 00:14:42,172
you know, this was this big risky thing
we were doing
285
00:14:42,256 --> 00:14:44,717
to help lead polio eradication.
286
00:14:45,259 --> 00:14:47,136
And the video ends with a girl
287
00:14:47,344 --> 00:14:49,096
who's got the paralysis
288
00:14:49,179 --> 00:14:52,641
limping down the road with the, you know,
crummy wood crutch.
289
00:14:52,975 --> 00:14:54,852
And so my daughter said to me,
290
00:14:54,935 --> 00:14:56,270
"Well, what did you do?"
291
00:14:56,353 --> 00:14:58,113
And I said,
"Well, we're gonna eradicate it."
292
00:14:58,188 --> 00:15:00,024
She says, "No, what did you do for her?"
293
00:15:05,654 --> 00:15:07,114
Melinda and I often,
294
00:15:08,240 --> 00:15:11,076
you know, just find it very tough
295
00:15:11,535 --> 00:15:14,496
when you're seeing a few kids dying.
296
00:15:16,665 --> 00:15:18,834
But then there's millions like that.
297
00:15:19,710 --> 00:15:22,296
It should be a million times
more emotional,
298
00:15:22,671 --> 00:15:25,966
but, you know,
nobody can be a million times more sad
299
00:15:26,050 --> 00:15:28,302
than when you're sitting there
seeing that one case.
300
00:15:31,847 --> 00:15:34,099
But the emotional connection
is always retail.
301
00:15:34,725 --> 00:15:37,978
Even though, if you really wanna
make a dent in this thing,
302
00:15:38,062 --> 00:15:40,773
you better think wholesale in, you know,
303
00:15:40,856 --> 00:15:43,984
ten to the sixth, ten to the seventh
type magnitudes.
304
00:15:44,860 --> 00:15:46,880
Hearing you say you're
getting into this because
305
00:15:46,904 --> 00:15:50,282
there's more bang for your buck...
is not inspiring, Bill.
306
00:15:51,617 --> 00:15:52,660
Well, that's too bad.
307
00:15:52,743 --> 00:15:54,954
I'm the... You know, it's not my goal
to be inspiring.
308
00:15:55,037 --> 00:15:57,665
The world has limited resources.
309
00:15:57,748 --> 00:15:59,875
So if you're not doing things
to be inspiring,
310
00:15:59,959 --> 00:16:01,418
what are you doing things for?
311
00:16:01,502 --> 00:16:02,628
Optimization.
312
00:16:07,466 --> 00:16:10,052
With, uh, disease eradication,
313
00:16:10,177 --> 00:16:13,514
if you get to zero, that's magic.
314
00:16:13,597 --> 00:16:16,475
Because then,
for all the years after that,
315
00:16:16,558 --> 00:16:20,187
you don't have
any of the prevention costs.
316
00:16:20,270 --> 00:16:23,857
You don't have any of the treatment.
You don't have the tragedy at all.
317
00:16:23,941 --> 00:16:28,821
But if you try to eradicate and fail,
318
00:16:29,446 --> 00:16:31,740
that's very bad because you tarnish
319
00:16:32,074 --> 00:16:34,451
the entire reputation and credibility
320
00:16:34,535 --> 00:16:36,495
of the whole global health effort.
321
00:16:38,205 --> 00:16:41,792
Smallpox is the only disease
that has ever been eradicated.
322
00:16:43,419 --> 00:16:46,171
After it was wiped off
the face of the planet in 1980,
323
00:16:46,463 --> 00:16:49,675
a group of organizations
decided polio would be next.
324
00:16:51,343 --> 00:16:53,721
When Bill and Melinda's foundation
joined the fight,
325
00:16:53,804 --> 00:16:55,556
hundreds of millions of dollars
326
00:16:55,639 --> 00:16:58,475
have been spent
to save hundreds of thousands of lives.
327
00:16:59,393 --> 00:17:02,312
But progress flatlined, and in Nigeria,
328
00:17:02,521 --> 00:17:06,483
the number of polio cases
had nearly tripled in just one year.
329
00:17:08,610 --> 00:17:10,237
So there was a fork in the road of...
330
00:17:10,738 --> 00:17:13,449
do we just say this isn't gonna succeed?
331
00:17:15,034 --> 00:17:17,077
At the foundation's next budget meeting,
332
00:17:17,244 --> 00:17:19,663
the polio team asked Bill
to double his spending.
333
00:17:21,790 --> 00:17:27,421
And I said, "I think you just asked for
the most you thought you could ask for,
334
00:17:27,504 --> 00:17:29,089
you didn't ask for
335
00:17:29,173 --> 00:17:32,760
what it's really going to take
to have a high probability of success."
336
00:17:33,802 --> 00:17:35,322
They asked for 200 million.
337
00:17:36,722 --> 00:17:38,265
Bill raised it to 400,
338
00:17:39,433 --> 00:17:42,102
but said he wanted to see the program
for himself.
339
00:17:47,941 --> 00:17:50,652
Religious leaders had been
stirring up rumors
340
00:17:50,736 --> 00:17:52,654
that vaccines were a plot
341
00:17:52,738 --> 00:17:56,241
by Western nations to sterilize kids,
342
00:17:56,325 --> 00:17:59,953
calling the people supporting polio
modern-day Hitlers.
343
00:18:00,329 --> 00:18:02,998
And the campaigns were halted.
344
00:18:05,459 --> 00:18:07,961
When Bill arrived
at the Sultan of Sokoto's palace,
345
00:18:08,128 --> 00:18:10,255
he sat with leaders
from across the region.
346
00:18:10,756 --> 00:18:12,674
He listened and answered questions.
347
00:18:17,096 --> 00:18:19,056
Hours later, they agreed to help.
348
00:18:22,893 --> 00:18:25,413
But there was another problem.
349
00:18:25,437 --> 00:18:28,107
Even in areas where vaccinators
were allowed to go,
350
00:18:28,190 --> 00:18:29,525
kids were still getting polio.
351
00:18:31,860 --> 00:18:33,445
Bill wanted to find out why.
352
00:18:38,033 --> 00:18:39,660
Some settlements, he learned,
353
00:18:39,910 --> 00:18:42,037
had been completely missed by vaccinators
354
00:18:42,121 --> 00:18:43,163
for years.
355
00:18:44,206 --> 00:18:47,209
And that was definitely shocking to me.
356
00:18:47,376 --> 00:18:51,922
The campaign was very much off track.
357
00:18:55,050 --> 00:18:56,802
When Bill and Kent
were juniors,
358
00:18:57,136 --> 00:19:00,764
Lakeside's principal called them
with a problem no one could solve.
359
00:19:01,348 --> 00:19:03,159
Lakeside had just merged...
360
00:19:03,183 --> 00:19:04,893
...with a local all-girls school.
361
00:19:05,310 --> 00:19:09,314
With a bigger student body spread out
across two different campuses,
362
00:19:09,398 --> 00:19:12,401
no one could figure out
how to make the class schedules work.
363
00:19:12,734 --> 00:19:15,654
I've been in schools in my early career
where it was done by hand.
364
00:19:15,737 --> 00:19:19,616
It would take a couple of guys
the entire summer just working through it.
365
00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:21,785
So they asked Bill and Kent,
366
00:19:21,910 --> 00:19:23,245
two teenagers,
367
00:19:23,328 --> 00:19:25,998
to sort the schedules
of more than 400 students.
368
00:19:26,290 --> 00:19:28,709
The number ofconstraints
was unbelievable.
369
00:19:32,421 --> 00:19:34,214
You've got whatever number of courses
370
00:19:34,298 --> 00:19:36,458
that the school offers
in both middle and upper school.
371
00:19:40,762 --> 00:19:43,682
You couldn't have drum upstairs
when you had choir downstairs
372
00:19:43,765 --> 00:19:45,767
because the soundproofing
wasn't good enough.
373
00:19:47,144 --> 00:19:48,854
Everyone wants
their first choice.
374
00:19:48,937 --> 00:19:51,481
The kids are taking between
five and seven classes.
375
00:19:51,773 --> 00:19:53,609
They'll tell you:
don't put this kid
376
00:19:53,692 --> 00:19:55,110
in the same section with this kid
377
00:19:55,527 --> 00:19:58,530
Or a teacher never teaching
four classes in a row.
378
00:19:59,114 --> 00:20:00,824
There has to be lunch in there.
379
00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:02,927
They have to be done at 3:15.
380
00:20:03,994 --> 00:20:07,998
They would put 48 people
into a three-section class
381
00:20:08,081 --> 00:20:10,751
and guarantee the parents
that there were never more than 16.
382
00:20:10,834 --> 00:20:14,171
Kent and I were worried
we'd be going back to them
383
00:20:14,588 --> 00:20:16,131
and instead of telling them,
384
00:20:16,215 --> 00:20:18,217
"Hey, this guy can't take drums,"
385
00:20:18,300 --> 00:20:20,177
I'd be saying,
"This guy can't take physics,
386
00:20:20,260 --> 00:20:23,347
'cause I can't figure out how to get him
into a physics class,
387
00:20:23,430 --> 00:20:26,558
and the graduation requirements
require he take physics."
388
00:20:27,142 --> 00:20:29,811
And I thought about it for a few weeks,
and I said, "No,
389
00:20:30,312 --> 00:20:33,190
uh, that's a really hard problem."
390
00:20:34,524 --> 00:20:37,236
So, how come you and Kent
didn't keep working together?
391
00:20:38,028 --> 00:20:39,696
Well, we would've kept working together.
392
00:20:39,780 --> 00:20:43,116
Uh, you know, I'm sure we would have gone
to college together.
393
00:20:45,202 --> 00:20:48,163
You know, Kent was, even, you know,
394
00:20:48,247 --> 00:20:50,707
less oriented towards athletics,
more geeky.
395
00:20:50,791 --> 00:20:53,669
And then he took
a mountain climbing course.
396
00:20:53,752 --> 00:20:55,921
It was kind of this classic Kent thing,
397
00:20:56,004 --> 00:20:58,006
where he’d... he'd broaden his world view
398
00:20:58,090 --> 00:20:59,675
and decided that, you know,
399
00:20:59,758 --> 00:21:01,134
being a little bit physical
400
00:21:01,218 --> 00:21:03,679
was something that, you know,
was valuable.
401
00:21:03,762 --> 00:21:08,725
So he goes and he signs up for, uh,
a mountain climbing course.
402
00:21:10,143 --> 00:21:13,021
And as part of that
when they were practicing,
403
00:21:13,105 --> 00:21:16,692
he... he fell down the hill and was killed.
404
00:21:22,614 --> 00:21:24,374
That must've just been shattering.
405
00:21:26,034 --> 00:21:27,619
It was, it was so...
406
00:21:31,164 --> 00:21:34,751
unexpected, so, you know, unusual.
407
00:21:40,590 --> 00:21:42,509
People didn't know what to say...
408
00:21:43,635 --> 00:21:45,887
to me or to Kent's parents.
409
00:21:48,807 --> 00:21:52,519
I remember crying at the chapel,
410
00:21:52,602 --> 00:21:55,731
and the art teacher at the school,
411
00:21:56,189 --> 00:21:57,566
guy named Bob Fulghum,
412
00:21:57,649 --> 00:21:59,693
was incredibly eloquent.
413
00:21:59,818 --> 00:22:02,863
And so I remember being...
414
00:22:03,071 --> 00:22:06,158
...consoled by him in front of the chapel.
415
00:22:07,534 --> 00:22:09,214
But you and Kent had big plans.
416
00:22:09,244 --> 00:22:11,288
You had... You had dreams.
417
00:22:11,538 --> 00:22:14,291
Did it make you wanna throw up your hands
and just quit?
418
00:22:15,250 --> 00:22:16,835
No, I...
419
00:22:18,337 --> 00:22:21,381
I sorta thought, hey, okay,
now I'm gonna do these things
420
00:22:21,465 --> 00:22:23,133
Kent and I talked about but...
421
00:22:24,343 --> 00:22:26,553
I'll do it without Kent.
422
00:22:34,519 --> 00:22:37,564
It was this big hole,
I think, for him.
423
00:22:41,151 --> 00:22:45,781
But, uh, Bill could be very, um...
focused.
424
00:22:47,199 --> 00:22:49,576
So I suppose in that way he could hide it.
425
00:22:55,540 --> 00:22:57,125
I've heard him talk about
426
00:22:57,209 --> 00:22:58,377
his thinking sometimes,
427
00:22:58,460 --> 00:23:00,504
and moving things around in his mind
428
00:23:00,587 --> 00:23:03,131
and pulling things out of different
compartments.
429
00:23:05,217 --> 00:23:08,178
He's curious about lots
of topics, but then what he does is,
430
00:23:08,261 --> 00:23:10,180
he makes a framework in his mind
431
00:23:10,263 --> 00:23:11,306
and then he starts
432
00:23:11,390 --> 00:23:13,141
slotting in the information.
433
00:23:14,518 --> 00:23:15,644
In Nigeria,
434
00:23:15,727 --> 00:23:18,897
you would find polio in one place,
respond aggressively there.
435
00:23:19,022 --> 00:23:21,441
It would appear to get rid of it
in that location,
436
00:23:21,525 --> 00:23:24,903
but then polio would appear
several districts over.
437
00:23:25,404 --> 00:23:28,073
There was almost a whack-a-mole problem.
438
00:23:29,866 --> 00:23:32,786
For any pair of classes,
is there a common student?
439
00:23:33,495 --> 00:23:35,122
It's all about conflicts.
440
00:23:36,248 --> 00:23:37,707
In many places,
441
00:23:38,250 --> 00:23:41,253
the most recent map you could find
of Northern Nigeria
442
00:23:41,336 --> 00:23:44,047
was something made by the British
back in 1945.
443
00:23:47,050 --> 00:23:49,803
What's the optimal algorithm?
Or the schedule?
444
00:23:52,931 --> 00:23:55,725
These vaccinators,
they've gotta get to every house
445
00:23:55,809 --> 00:23:56,977
where there are children,
446
00:23:57,352 --> 00:23:59,896
and the only maps they had
were hand-drawn.
447
00:24:00,564 --> 00:24:03,358
I could build the conflict matrix
one time.
448
00:24:03,859 --> 00:24:06,611
You can see, "Is there a common student?"
449
00:24:06,987 --> 00:24:09,787
There's only so many vaccinators,
so you have to make sure that
450
00:24:09,823 --> 00:24:12,659
we get them at exactly
to where they're needed the most.
451
00:24:13,743 --> 00:24:15,787
It's a resource constraint problem.
452
00:24:20,125 --> 00:24:23,545
It's like Bill has a giant Excel
spreadsheet in his head,
453
00:24:23,879 --> 00:24:25,714
and everything has a spot.
454
00:24:31,845 --> 00:24:34,931
He tends to look at problems
with some very unusual angles.
455
00:24:38,393 --> 00:24:41,563
Bill thought he'd found a way
to crack the class schedule problem.
456
00:24:42,439 --> 00:24:44,232
But he knew he couldn't do it alone.
457
00:24:44,608 --> 00:24:46,610
And so I called Paul
458
00:24:46,860 --> 00:24:49,070
and say, "Hey, I need your help."
459
00:24:51,281 --> 00:24:53,158
He and Paul
didn't have much time.
460
00:24:55,577 --> 00:24:57,829
School's starting in just two weeks.
461
00:25:00,290 --> 00:25:04,711
It turned out to be a little harder
than I expected.
462
00:25:05,712 --> 00:25:07,592
They moved cots
into the computer lab
463
00:25:08,006 --> 00:25:09,883
and started working around the clock.
464
00:25:19,184 --> 00:25:20,584
He's an amazing programmer.
465
00:25:20,644 --> 00:25:22,364
There were times
where he would fall asleep,
466
00:25:22,395 --> 00:25:25,232
literally put his head on the keyboard
and fall asleep.
467
00:25:25,440 --> 00:25:28,610
And then he'd kind of groggily wake up
and look at the screen
468
00:25:28,693 --> 00:25:31,279
and then he'd start typing
right where he left off.
469
00:25:32,280 --> 00:25:34,115
Paul would be
changing Bill's code.
470
00:25:34,199 --> 00:25:35,784
Bill would be changing Paul's code.
471
00:25:35,867 --> 00:25:39,996
They had
a very collaborative relationship.
472
00:25:41,456 --> 00:25:44,626
With just hours to spare,
they got their program running.
473
00:25:44,709 --> 00:25:46,878
The schedules were finished.
474
00:25:53,802 --> 00:25:56,030
Soon other schools wanted help
with their schedules.
475
00:25:57,472 --> 00:25:59,599
We had a lot of fun. I'd never gotten...
476
00:26:00,976 --> 00:26:04,354
drunk and Paul got me drunk,
and all sorts of, uh...
477
00:26:04,437 --> 00:26:06,606
- And it was...
- Wait, let's talk about that.
478
00:26:06,690 --> 00:26:09,693
- Why does he wanna get you drunk?
- Well, Paul was into Jimi Hendrix,
479
00:26:09,776 --> 00:26:12,487
and so, you know, there was the song
"Are You Experienced?"
480
00:26:15,574 --> 00:26:17,158
Paul always sorta wanted to see,
481
00:26:17,242 --> 00:26:19,744
okay, here's Bill drunk,
here's Bill on pot.
482
00:26:21,621 --> 00:26:23,957
They wrote software
to analyze traffic patterns.
483
00:26:25,542 --> 00:26:27,669
The night that he got me
drunk on scotch,
484
00:26:27,752 --> 00:26:28,753
I didn't want to go home,
485
00:26:28,837 --> 00:26:32,465
so I just slept in the chapel
at Lakeside School.
486
00:26:32,632 --> 00:26:35,594
When a hydroelectric company
couldn't computerize its system...
487
00:26:35,802 --> 00:26:37,971
Somebody said,
"Well, there's Gates and Allen."
488
00:26:41,099 --> 00:26:42,809
We’d come in to interview
and they’re like,
489
00:26:42,892 --> 00:26:44,603
"Wait! These are children!"
490
00:26:44,686 --> 00:26:46,366
Bill left school for a semester
491
00:26:46,396 --> 00:26:48,523
and moved with Paul
to Vancouver, Washington
492
00:26:48,607 --> 00:26:51,109
to program the computer
for the water and power company.
493
00:26:51,192 --> 00:26:52,837
There was a black neighborhood, Alameda,
494
00:26:52,861 --> 00:26:54,779
where we’d go to the theater there.
495
00:26:54,863 --> 00:26:56,943
And we’d often be the only white guys
in the theater,
496
00:26:56,990 --> 00:26:59,534
and watch films like Super Fly.
497
00:26:59,618 --> 00:27:01,911
I can't imagine two whiter guys
watching Super...
498
00:27:01,995 --> 00:27:05,206
Oh, we were the whitest guys ever.
We went to see Taxi Driver together.
499
00:27:05,290 --> 00:27:06,875
"Who? You talking to me?"
500
00:27:06,958 --> 00:27:09,794
"Who the... you think you're talking to?"
501
00:27:11,921 --> 00:27:13,923
Is he like the corrupting older brother?
502
00:27:14,299 --> 00:27:16,718
Oh yeah,
there's definitely an element of that.
503
00:27:16,801 --> 00:27:18,470
I was good friends with Paul.
504
00:27:19,638 --> 00:27:21,473
Before that, you know,
I'd been to his house,
505
00:27:21,556 --> 00:27:22,766
gone to movies with him,
506
00:27:22,849 --> 00:27:25,894
but the real intensification
of our relationship
507
00:27:26,186 --> 00:27:28,063
was through this summer,
508
00:27:28,521 --> 00:27:30,857
Paul became my best friend.
509
00:27:33,652 --> 00:27:35,695
Bill knew polio eradication
would fail
510
00:27:36,196 --> 00:27:39,616
without additional volunteers,
but they needed accurate maps.
511
00:27:41,326 --> 00:27:43,578
Using high-resolution satellite imagery,
512
00:27:43,953 --> 00:27:46,373
algorithms, and increased computing power,
513
00:27:46,456 --> 00:27:49,209
Bills team helps create detailed maps
of Nigeria.
514
00:27:51,878 --> 00:27:54,506
Finally, they could see
what the country looked like.
515
00:27:56,216 --> 00:27:59,052
We realized that the people
who lived on the boundaries
516
00:27:59,135 --> 00:28:01,262
of these districts were being missed
517
00:28:01,346 --> 00:28:04,140
because this district thought
the other guy was doing that place
518
00:28:04,224 --> 00:28:06,142
and this guy thought they were doing it.
519
00:28:06,226 --> 00:28:09,688
We actually saw your chance
of getting paralyzed was high
520
00:28:09,771 --> 00:28:11,940
if you lived on one of these
political borders.
521
00:28:13,358 --> 00:28:14,401
On the ground,
522
00:28:14,484 --> 00:28:17,404
vaccinators were now armed
with precise micro plans.
523
00:28:19,489 --> 00:28:21,491
Bill kept pushing for more efficiencies.
524
00:28:22,742 --> 00:28:25,620
Targeting high-risk areas first
would save lives.
525
00:28:27,956 --> 00:28:31,292
One of the big questions was,
how can we use quantitative analysis
526
00:28:31,376 --> 00:28:33,211
to understand how to get from...
527
00:28:34,254 --> 00:28:36,297
low polio to zero polio?
528
00:28:37,841 --> 00:28:40,885
Bill asked the team if they
could predict future outbreaks.
529
00:28:42,929 --> 00:28:45,181
So they crunched
massive amounts of data...
530
00:28:45,265 --> 00:28:46,909
...vaccination rates
531
00:28:46,933 --> 00:28:48,560
and shifts in population.
532
00:28:49,227 --> 00:28:52,313
to pinpoint areas
where healthcare workers should go first.
533
00:28:53,523 --> 00:28:55,024
And it was very accurate.
534
00:28:55,942 --> 00:28:57,819
Still to come
on Eyewitness News,
535
00:28:57,902 --> 00:29:01,364
Benjamin Franklin never dreamed
a typewriter keyboard would do this.
536
00:29:02,240 --> 00:29:04,826
There's a lot of people
who are, uh, forecasting
537
00:29:04,909 --> 00:29:07,954
that there'll be software stores
just like there are record stores today,
538
00:29:08,037 --> 00:29:10,707
and that there'll be thousands
and thousands of those,
539
00:29:10,790 --> 00:29:12,390
and I think I'd have to agree with that.
540
00:29:13,918 --> 00:29:15,879
It was Bill's sophomore year at Harvard
541
00:29:15,962 --> 00:29:17,505
when Paul handed him a copy
542
00:29:17,589 --> 00:29:19,716
of Popular Electronics magazine.
543
00:29:19,841 --> 00:29:23,011
On the cover, it featured
a now legendary computer.
544
00:29:23,303 --> 00:29:25,555
It looks like the revolution
is starting without us.
545
00:29:25,638 --> 00:29:28,475
Bill and Paul set out to write software
for the new machine.
546
00:29:30,685 --> 00:29:34,063
And so, we work day and night,
and then a few months later,
547
00:29:34,147 --> 00:29:36,941
we punch it out on a paper tape.
548
00:29:37,066 --> 00:29:39,626
When Paul flew to Albuquerque
to demo the new software
549
00:29:39,652 --> 00:29:41,070
to the makers of the Altair,
550
00:29:41,613 --> 00:29:43,239
he realized there was a problem.
551
00:29:43,990 --> 00:29:46,326
They had forgotten to write
a bootstrap loader.
552
00:29:46,659 --> 00:29:50,497
Without one, he couldn't upload
the software to the new computer.
553
00:29:51,039 --> 00:29:53,458
So he writes that on the plane.
554
00:29:54,209 --> 00:29:55,376
Paul sits down,
555
00:29:55,460 --> 00:29:57,462
keys in all these instructions.
556
00:29:58,004 --> 00:30:00,465
If we'd made any mistake,
it wouldn't have worked.
557
00:30:05,470 --> 00:30:09,307
Everyone watched as Paul
loaded the code into the Altair.
558
00:30:10,934 --> 00:30:13,686
He then typed "two plus two,"
559
00:30:14,020 --> 00:30:16,147
a simple command to test the software.
560
00:30:23,738 --> 00:30:25,073
The printer wrote four.
561
00:30:25,532 --> 00:30:26,699
Worked perfectly.
562
00:30:26,783 --> 00:30:30,036
It worked perfectly the very first time.
563
00:30:30,578 --> 00:30:32,330
No one had ever
successfully run
564
00:30:32,413 --> 00:30:33,540
commercial software
565
00:30:33,623 --> 00:30:35,124
on a personal computer.
566
00:30:35,458 --> 00:30:36,835
Microsoft was born.
567
00:30:39,796 --> 00:30:42,882
Bill dropped out of Harvard,
and he and Paul moved to Albuquerque.
568
00:30:42,966 --> 00:30:45,635
We get an apartment,
which is a crummy apartment.
569
00:30:45,718 --> 00:30:48,096
Then, you know, we squeeze
a couple more people in there.
570
00:30:48,179 --> 00:30:49,556
That was not a good idea.
571
00:30:50,932 --> 00:30:52,732
It was pretty much a flophouse,
really.
572
00:30:53,268 --> 00:30:55,228
Well, I don't remember
doing any laundry.
573
00:30:55,311 --> 00:30:57,313
I don't think anybody did any laundry.
574
00:30:57,856 --> 00:31:00,149
Bill had a bedroom.
Paul had a bedroom.
575
00:31:00,233 --> 00:31:02,110
And guess what? I got the couch.
576
00:31:02,735 --> 00:31:04,904
Paul had his little electric guitar.
577
00:31:04,988 --> 00:31:08,283
Bill would kinda get sick
of all the Jimi Hendrix music...
578
00:31:08,366 --> 00:31:10,785
...and want anything but Hendrix.
579
00:31:13,454 --> 00:31:14,873
We were bursting with excitement.
580
00:31:14,956 --> 00:31:15,957
We barely slept.
581
00:31:16,040 --> 00:31:18,710
We would take breaks off for fast food
582
00:31:18,793 --> 00:31:20,628
and go back to work
until 3:00 in the morning.
583
00:31:24,215 --> 00:31:25,884
We were hardcore about,
584
00:31:25,967 --> 00:31:28,595
hey, if you're working on a piece of code,
just get it done.
585
00:31:28,678 --> 00:31:30,805
Don't... Don't worry about sleep.
586
00:31:32,265 --> 00:31:35,101
Back then,
some amount of adrenaline or something...
587
00:31:35,184 --> 00:31:36,603
I would buy a bottle of Tang,
588
00:31:36,686 --> 00:31:39,314
which is a orange sugary drink
589
00:31:39,397 --> 00:31:40,607
that they took to the moon
590
00:31:40,690 --> 00:31:42,650
that you know, instead of going to meals,
591
00:31:42,734 --> 00:31:44,944
I would just pour orange Tang in my hand
592
00:31:45,028 --> 00:31:47,822
and lick it off my hand
as I was working on things.
593
00:31:47,906 --> 00:31:50,825
And so my face would be covered
in this orange stuff, and...
594
00:31:50,909 --> 00:31:54,621
You’re supposed to put it in
a cup with water and stir it around
595
00:31:54,704 --> 00:31:55,704
and drink it.
596
00:31:56,039 --> 00:31:59,709
But you can just skip the water
‘cause your body already has water in it,
597
00:31:59,792 --> 00:32:01,711
and just lick it off your hands.
598
00:32:01,794 --> 00:32:03,274
And these keys didn't get all orange?
599
00:32:03,338 --> 00:32:05,423
Uh, that's a problem. Yeah.
600
00:32:06,007 --> 00:32:11,512
I love going into work and,
you know, that work is my whole life.
601
00:32:11,596 --> 00:32:13,196
But Paul had other interests.
602
00:32:13,264 --> 00:32:16,601
Paul loved all these things
that fell so far outside of,
603
00:32:16,684 --> 00:32:19,145
you know, where the company was focused.
604
00:32:19,228 --> 00:32:22,190
I mean, he was deep into science fiction.
605
00:32:22,273 --> 00:32:23,691
He read obsessively.
606
00:32:23,775 --> 00:32:25,360
Very into Shakespeare.
607
00:32:25,443 --> 00:32:29,155
And he was an accomplished guitarist.
I mean, he played at all hours.
608
00:32:29,238 --> 00:32:33,284
A key advantage I had
was being fanatical,
609
00:32:33,368 --> 00:32:36,496
that is, taking all my capabilities,
610
00:32:36,913 --> 00:32:38,122
day and night,
611
00:32:38,206 --> 00:32:41,834
and just focusing on,
okay, how do you write good software?
612
00:32:42,627 --> 00:32:44,504
I loved being fanatic.
613
00:32:44,796 --> 00:32:46,381
Eventually I reveled in it.
614
00:32:46,631 --> 00:32:50,301
I didn't believe in weekends.
I didn't believe in vacation.
615
00:32:51,803 --> 00:32:55,556
Bill had more intensity and drive
than anybody I know.
616
00:32:57,600 --> 00:33:00,603
For a lot of people
it wasn't an ideal place to work.
617
00:33:00,687 --> 00:33:03,189
We were pretty frantic and demanding.
618
00:33:03,815 --> 00:33:06,401
If you said it would take
a week to do something,
619
00:33:06,484 --> 00:33:09,237
"I can do that in a day.
Why aren't you working as much as I am?"
620
00:33:09,320 --> 00:33:12,782
No, no, no, no, somebody's confused.
Somebody's just not thinking.
621
00:33:12,865 --> 00:33:14,659
I was famous for saying,
622
00:33:15,034 --> 00:33:16,452
"That's the stupidest idea
623
00:33:16,536 --> 00:33:17,776
I've ever heard."
624
00:33:17,829 --> 00:33:20,349
And, you know, of course,
people were like, but how could it be?
625
00:33:20,373 --> 00:33:22,917
It was only two hours ago,
he heard this other one.
626
00:33:23,001 --> 00:33:27,422
Is this one really stupider than
all those other ideas he heard before?
627
00:33:27,505 --> 00:33:29,757
That ridiculous. I'm not using this thing.
628
00:33:29,841 --> 00:33:32,281
Bill used to say, you know,
the best thing about Microsoft is,
629
00:33:32,343 --> 00:33:33,928
is everyone can work part time.
630
00:33:34,012 --> 00:33:36,472
And you get to choose
which 12 hours you’re in the office.
631
00:33:36,556 --> 00:33:38,993
No, you don’t understand. You didn’t...
632
00:33:39,017 --> 00:33:40,577
You guys never understood.
633
00:33:40,601 --> 00:33:43,146
You never understood
the first thing about this.
634
00:33:43,229 --> 00:33:45,690
I could just be so,
so extreme.
635
00:33:46,315 --> 00:33:48,776
You know, it was like,
I knew everybody’s license plate,
636
00:33:48,860 --> 00:33:51,320
so I could walk through the parking lot
637
00:33:51,404 --> 00:33:53,656
and say,
okay, who’s here and who’s not here?
638
00:34:01,080 --> 00:34:02,582
In April 1981,
639
00:34:03,041 --> 00:34:06,044
as America awaited the launch
of the very first space shuttle,
640
00:34:06,127 --> 00:34:08,379
Bill and Paul were writing software
for IBM,
641
00:34:08,880 --> 00:34:10,757
the world's largest computer company.
642
00:34:11,215 --> 00:34:12,759
Things were definitely getting big.
643
00:34:13,176 --> 00:34:15,053
But when it was time to deliver,
644
00:34:15,136 --> 00:34:16,471
they missed their first deadline.
645
00:34:16,721 --> 00:34:18,973
I'd been pushing Paul to work harder.
646
00:34:19,348 --> 00:34:22,060
But Paul kept going on and on
about the shuttle launch.
647
00:34:22,560 --> 00:34:25,938
I knew guys were talking about,
"Oh, that would be very fun to watch."
648
00:34:26,022 --> 00:34:26,856
Well,
649
00:34:26,939 --> 00:34:30,735
Paul did not come and ask me
whether he could disappear for three days
650
00:34:30,818 --> 00:34:31,944
and go and watch it.
651
00:34:32,737 --> 00:34:34,489
'Cause I would have said no.
652
00:34:35,490 --> 00:34:38,534
But Paul went off
and watched the shuttle launch.
653
00:34:40,870 --> 00:34:42,663
After long nights coding,
654
00:34:42,747 --> 00:34:44,207
Bill delivered to IBM.
655
00:34:44,290 --> 00:34:46,125
...two... one...
656
00:34:47,376 --> 00:34:48,836
The launch was a success.
657
00:34:50,171 --> 00:34:52,924
MS-DOS became a blockbuster
for Microsoft,
658
00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:55,593
reaching millions and millions of people.
659
00:34:58,930 --> 00:35:01,808
Vaccinators were reaching critical areas
across Nigeria.
660
00:35:03,976 --> 00:35:06,896
The work of Bill and his team
was making a real difference.
661
00:35:08,272 --> 00:35:10,274
It’s amazing how willing and brave
662
00:35:10,358 --> 00:35:14,320
the local people, which is mostly women,
had been to join these teams.
663
00:35:14,403 --> 00:35:17,323
In 2010,
eradication was so close.
664
00:35:19,242 --> 00:35:22,203
Soon, India,
a country with more than a billion people,
665
00:35:22,745 --> 00:35:25,331
a region everyone said
was impossible to tackle,
666
00:35:25,915 --> 00:35:27,166
would be polio free.
667
00:35:30,753 --> 00:35:34,841
And in Nigeria, the number of kids
getting the disease was plummeting.
668
00:35:46,269 --> 00:35:47,309
That September,
669
00:35:47,353 --> 00:35:50,940
fifty armed militants raided Bauchi Prison
in Northern Nigeria.
670
00:35:53,568 --> 00:35:58,489
They freed nearly 150 members
of the terrorist organization, Boko Haram.
671
00:36:00,950 --> 00:36:03,619
A new wave of terrorism
swept through Nigeria.
672
00:36:07,456 --> 00:36:09,417
In Northern Nigeria,
673
00:36:09,500 --> 00:36:14,172
there can be Boko Haram guys
at a checkpoint who will kill you.
674
00:36:16,757 --> 00:36:19,802
Boko Haram had seized control
of villages and roads,
675
00:36:20,094 --> 00:36:21,470
restricting access,
676
00:36:21,554 --> 00:36:23,556
and more importantly, information.
677
00:36:24,473 --> 00:36:26,559
So then one of the things
we would estimate is,
678
00:36:26,642 --> 00:36:29,395
well, what was the size
of the total population
679
00:36:29,645 --> 00:36:31,939
that was effectively in this bubble?
680
00:36:32,398 --> 00:36:35,193
And the answer is it could have been
as many as two million people.
681
00:36:36,652 --> 00:36:38,863
Despite all the systems
Bill put into place,
682
00:36:39,238 --> 00:36:41,365
outbreaks of polio were still happening.
683
00:36:43,159 --> 00:36:44,410
They just didn't see it.
684
00:36:46,913 --> 00:36:50,791
We should have predicted
it's these terrorist controlled,
685
00:36:50,875 --> 00:36:54,420
unstable places would be
the last places on earth
686
00:36:54,503 --> 00:36:56,005
that you'd have polio.
687
00:36:56,088 --> 00:36:57,608
And it wasn't just Nigeria.
688
00:36:59,133 --> 00:37:01,052
In Pakistan and Afghanistan,
689
00:37:01,427 --> 00:37:03,596
the resurgent Taliban
threatened the effort.
690
00:37:07,350 --> 00:37:10,394
In much of the world,
people view outsiders
691
00:37:10,478 --> 00:37:11,896
through this prism of suspicion.
692
00:37:11,979 --> 00:37:15,858
The polio vaccination
is just so much more difficult,
693
00:37:15,942 --> 00:37:18,986
unless one can get full buy-in
from these communities.
694
00:37:19,904 --> 00:37:21,739
It was conflict that enabled
695
00:37:21,822 --> 00:37:23,324
polio to persist.
696
00:37:25,034 --> 00:37:28,454
Bill watched as
the unimaginable began to unfold.
697
00:37:31,040 --> 00:37:33,334
A roadside bombing killed vaccinators.
698
00:37:34,585 --> 00:37:37,630
A policeman guarding polio workers
was gunned down.
699
00:37:41,300 --> 00:37:45,554
Two men used a four-year-old as a decoy
to track down and kill volunteers.
700
00:37:47,390 --> 00:37:49,850
A mother of eight was killed
while going door-to-door
701
00:37:49,934 --> 00:37:51,936
to administer the vaccine.
702
00:37:57,316 --> 00:37:59,485
People were telling Bill
it wasn't worth it,
703
00:37:59,735 --> 00:38:02,154
that polio would never be eradicated.
704
00:38:12,123 --> 00:38:14,000
Bill takes chances.
705
00:38:15,126 --> 00:38:16,627
He dislocated his shoulder
706
00:38:16,711 --> 00:38:19,422
surfing down a volcano in Ecuador.
707
00:38:20,298 --> 00:38:21,924
When riding bikes with him,
708
00:38:22,008 --> 00:38:24,176
he will go full-on
709
00:38:24,260 --> 00:38:26,470
down some incredible hill,
710
00:38:26,554 --> 00:38:28,973
no fear whatsoever.
711
00:38:29,598 --> 00:38:31,183
Same with skiing.
712
00:38:32,351 --> 00:38:33,561
He is fearless.
713
00:38:36,105 --> 00:38:38,190
He will do the most extreme thing.
714
00:38:39,442 --> 00:38:40,526
In 2013,
715
00:38:41,027 --> 00:38:42,737
just when people were warning Bill
716
00:38:42,820 --> 00:38:44,405
that polio was a lost cause,
717
00:38:44,989 --> 00:38:47,366
he flew to Abu Dhabi
to make a big announcement.
718
00:38:48,034 --> 00:38:50,202
We decided that, you know, we’d step up
719
00:38:50,286 --> 00:38:52,204
uh, to an even new level
720
00:38:52,496 --> 00:38:53,956
in terms of our commitment.
721
00:38:54,457 --> 00:38:56,959
It was called
“the endgame strategic plan."
722
00:38:57,251 --> 00:38:59,295
Bill and a partnership of organizations
723
00:38:59,378 --> 00:39:01,047
planned to eradicate polio
724
00:39:01,130 --> 00:39:02,506
in just six years.
725
00:39:02,923 --> 00:39:03,758
To do that,
726
00:39:03,924 --> 00:39:06,135
they would spend nearly
six billion dollars.
727
00:39:07,345 --> 00:39:10,139
With all the different demands
of the foundation's spending,
728
00:39:10,431 --> 00:39:12,600
Bill would have to reach out
to his friends.
729
00:39:13,517 --> 00:39:14,518
Wow, great.
730
00:39:15,519 --> 00:39:16,812
Thank you. Perfect.
731
00:39:17,021 --> 00:39:18,522
- Napkins.
- Okay.
732
00:39:25,321 --> 00:39:29,617
Now I really found what I like to eat
when I was...
733
00:39:29,700 --> 00:39:31,452
by the time I was six.
734
00:39:31,535 --> 00:39:34,288
I’ve saved a lot of experimenting
since then.
735
00:39:34,372 --> 00:39:38,751
Continuing to put a lot of salt
on hamburgers and go to it.
736
00:39:41,545 --> 00:39:44,215
But does your doctor give you a hard time
about salt?
737
00:39:44,799 --> 00:39:46,133
They've learned to give up.
738
00:39:46,217 --> 00:39:48,386
My daughter keeps taking pictures of me.
739
00:39:48,469 --> 00:39:51,764
She took a picture of me the other day
with a ton of mayonnaise on some thing
740
00:39:51,847 --> 00:39:54,407
and she emails it to all my doctors,
there are about four of 'em,
741
00:39:55,142 --> 00:39:56,977
and they all immediately respond.
742
00:39:58,687 --> 00:40:03,025
She’s always taking pictures of potatoes
with a lot of gravy all over ‘em.
743
00:40:04,735 --> 00:40:08,531
I like to... I like to size things.
744
00:40:08,697 --> 00:40:13,160
I started out as a horse handicapper,
so what are the odds with polio,
745
00:40:13,244 --> 00:40:14,745
getting the job done?
746
00:40:14,829 --> 00:40:17,081
You know, I sort of, in a sense,
747
00:40:17,164 --> 00:40:19,583
put the foundation reputation on the line,
748
00:40:19,667 --> 00:40:22,837
that we’re gonna get smart
and do whatever it takes.
749
00:40:23,504 --> 00:40:26,507
So... I’m very optimistic.
750
00:40:27,091 --> 00:40:29,635
If something’s the thing to do,
you do it, you know?
751
00:40:33,139 --> 00:40:35,683
It's a position of gigantic
responsibility.
752
00:40:35,766 --> 00:40:38,561
I mean, just think about it in terms
of Warren Buffett.
753
00:40:38,644 --> 00:40:41,147
He has taken
754
00:40:41,856 --> 00:40:43,899
a huge percentage
755
00:40:44,150 --> 00:40:45,943
of his wealth and said,
756
00:40:46,026 --> 00:40:47,528
"I'm counting on you, Bill,
757
00:40:47,611 --> 00:40:49,405
to make sure this money
758
00:40:49,488 --> 00:40:51,991
has a phenomenal impact."
759
00:40:52,533 --> 00:40:54,410
If it fails, someone might say,
760
00:40:54,618 --> 00:40:55,828
"Bill just held on.
761
00:40:55,911 --> 00:40:57,496
He put this big bet down
762
00:40:57,746 --> 00:40:59,081
and didn't want to fold."
763
00:41:00,124 --> 00:41:02,960
- Well...
- "Because he's relentlessly optimistic."
764
00:41:03,335 --> 00:41:05,963
And you let down your friends
who've given you money.
765
00:41:06,046 --> 00:41:07,506
- You've put a lot...
- If we fail.
766
00:41:07,590 --> 00:41:09,592
No, but only if we fail.
767
00:41:10,843 --> 00:41:15,890
Bill was 110% committed to Microsoft,
365 days a year.
768
00:41:15,973 --> 00:41:18,726
Paul may have initially been that way,
769
00:41:18,809 --> 00:41:21,729
but was becoming much less so.
770
00:41:21,812 --> 00:41:24,356
Bill felt that Paul was no longer
771
00:41:24,648 --> 00:41:26,358
carrying his weight.
772
00:41:27,568 --> 00:41:29,361
As the company got larger
773
00:41:29,445 --> 00:41:32,239
the job became broader
than just turning out the code.
774
00:41:34,074 --> 00:41:38,287
And I was having to, you know,
work with customers and figuring out
775
00:41:38,370 --> 00:41:41,248
how to work in Japan and Europe.
776
00:41:43,250 --> 00:41:46,587
Bill took on
this awesome responsibility
777
00:41:46,670 --> 00:41:48,339
of this little company.
778
00:41:48,422 --> 00:41:49,757
He's always worried.
779
00:41:50,341 --> 00:41:51,717
"I'm employing these people.
780
00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:53,385
I am paying their salary.
781
00:41:53,719 --> 00:41:56,430
Are we going to be able to make payroll
next month?"
782
00:41:57,973 --> 00:42:00,059
I wanted to have enough money
in the bank
783
00:42:00,392 --> 00:42:01,268
that,
784
00:42:01,352 --> 00:42:03,312
even if nobody paid us for a year,
785
00:42:03,395 --> 00:42:04,897
I could pay all the salaries.
786
00:42:05,397 --> 00:42:07,566
The other people in the company
would see me
787
00:42:07,650 --> 00:42:09,777
scribbling on the back of an envelope,
788
00:42:09,860 --> 00:42:12,988
doing that calculation of how much cash
do we have in the bank.
789
00:42:14,782 --> 00:42:16,951
Paul didn't have a desire
790
00:42:17,034 --> 00:42:19,119
to run a big company,
791
00:42:19,203 --> 00:42:21,121
and Microsoft was clearly
792
00:42:21,205 --> 00:42:22,373
becoming a big company.
793
00:42:24,041 --> 00:42:26,001
Bill and I were yin and yang.
794
00:42:26,627 --> 00:42:28,546
There was a stylistic difference
795
00:42:28,629 --> 00:42:30,589
in terms of intensity.
796
00:42:33,300 --> 00:42:37,763
Paul got tired of working all night
all the time.
797
00:42:39,265 --> 00:42:41,016
There were times I was tough
on Paul.
798
00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:42,893
There’s many years there...
799
00:42:42,977 --> 00:42:43,977
I’m his boss
800
00:42:44,019 --> 00:42:45,646
and I’m calling him up saying,
801
00:42:45,729 --> 00:42:46,772
"Hey, work hard."
802
00:42:48,649 --> 00:42:50,276
There would be some arguments,
803
00:42:50,359 --> 00:42:52,194
you could hear it through the walls.
804
00:42:53,445 --> 00:42:54,697
It was just...
805
00:42:55,281 --> 00:42:57,992
Bill had his point, Paul had his point,
806
00:42:58,075 --> 00:42:59,493
bang, bang, bang, bang.
807
00:43:00,661 --> 00:43:03,122
It’s this dichotomy with small startups
808
00:43:03,205 --> 00:43:06,542
like Microsoft, where, you know,
we knew each other in high school.
809
00:43:06,667 --> 00:43:08,836
It starts out as kind of a family.
810
00:43:09,962 --> 00:43:12,798
And then you find some people
are more equal than others.
811
00:43:14,633 --> 00:43:16,135
Bill decide he wanted to hire
812
00:43:16,218 --> 00:43:18,053
a president of Microsoft.
813
00:43:18,220 --> 00:43:20,848
Well, the president takes over
Paul's office.
814
00:43:22,349 --> 00:43:24,727
That kind of built a little separation
815
00:43:24,810 --> 00:43:26,145
from Bill and Paul.
816
00:43:26,228 --> 00:43:28,480
Where Paul was kind of going off
and doing his thing,
817
00:43:28,564 --> 00:43:30,858
while Bill was busy running the company.
818
00:43:34,236 --> 00:43:35,904
In the fall of 1982,
819
00:43:36,322 --> 00:43:37,406
Paul was diagnosed
820
00:43:37,489 --> 00:43:39,617
with early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma.
821
00:43:41,285 --> 00:43:43,037
The next year, he left Microsoft.
822
00:43:47,416 --> 00:43:50,544
There were periods of time
in which Bill and Paul were closer,
823
00:43:50,628 --> 00:43:52,212
and which they were less close.
824
00:43:53,672 --> 00:43:54,840
That tension
825
00:43:54,965 --> 00:43:57,009
ebbed and flowed over the years.
826
00:43:58,636 --> 00:43:59,916
Paul would be distant.
827
00:43:59,970 --> 00:44:02,198
You couldn’t figure out why
and then Paul would tell him.
828
00:44:02,222 --> 00:44:04,099
But then he wouldn’t let Bill near
to repair,
829
00:44:04,183 --> 00:44:05,684
and it would just take time.
830
00:44:05,768 --> 00:44:08,646
And eventually they would figure out
their way to repair.
831
00:44:11,565 --> 00:44:14,652
You know, we had times with Paul
where we would sit for hours.
832
00:44:14,735 --> 00:44:18,113
They were like two little boys
laughing together over these old stories.
833
00:44:18,822 --> 00:44:21,825
And then when Bill's mom Mary passed away,
834
00:44:21,909 --> 00:44:25,788
one of the first people to show up
at Bill's dad's house was Paul.
835
00:44:30,501 --> 00:44:33,462
The last couple years were rough
for the both of them.
836
00:44:33,962 --> 00:44:34,962
This book
837
00:44:35,130 --> 00:44:37,299
is the reason why Paul got angry.
838
00:44:37,591 --> 00:44:41,595
Bill had said some things that I think
Paul felt were inaccurate and mean.
839
00:44:41,679 --> 00:44:45,474
And Paul said some things
that Bill felt was inaccurate and mean.
840
00:44:46,517 --> 00:44:49,228
And both of them let too much time...
841
00:44:50,354 --> 00:44:51,354
go by.
842
00:44:59,363 --> 00:45:01,043
You have any regrets with Paul?
843
00:45:07,621 --> 00:45:10,582
In 2018,
Paul's cancer returned.
844
00:45:16,255 --> 00:45:17,840
Before Bill knew Paul was sick,
845
00:45:18,090 --> 00:45:20,718
there were attempts to reach out
to one another,
846
00:45:20,843 --> 00:45:22,845
but... it never happened.
847
00:45:22,928 --> 00:45:26,724
And then when Paul announced
that he was ill again,
848
00:45:27,015 --> 00:45:29,017
Bill reached out and finally let
849
00:45:29,476 --> 00:45:30,686
all of the emotion out.
850
00:45:31,520 --> 00:45:32,730
Bill was very honest
851
00:45:33,188 --> 00:45:34,648
about how he felt about Paul,
852
00:45:34,732 --> 00:45:35,858
and how he loved Paul,
853
00:45:35,941 --> 00:45:38,318
and how the friendship is more important
854
00:45:38,402 --> 00:45:39,987
than any of the things
855
00:45:40,070 --> 00:45:41,071
that may have caused
856
00:45:41,155 --> 00:45:42,948
either one of them to be angry.
857
00:45:43,991 --> 00:45:45,200
Love lasts.
858
00:45:45,451 --> 00:45:47,453
And anger tends to fade.
859
00:46:00,007 --> 00:46:02,009
And that was sort of a breakthrough
860
00:46:02,092 --> 00:46:03,719
and they were on a path
861
00:46:03,802 --> 00:46:05,846
to, you know, be together...
862
00:46:06,388 --> 00:46:07,222
again, but...
863
00:46:07,306 --> 00:46:09,433
- Did Bill get to see him before he died?
- No.
864
00:46:13,437 --> 00:46:14,437
No.
865
00:46:20,903 --> 00:46:22,112
In 2018,
866
00:46:22,529 --> 00:46:26,158
there were 33 new cases of polio
reported throughout the world...
867
00:46:28,327 --> 00:46:30,329
but Bill has no intention of quitting.
868
00:46:32,372 --> 00:46:33,457
No matter the cost.
70727
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