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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:01:00,501 --> 00:01:04,168 "PROMETHEUS STOLE FIRE FROM THE GODS AND GAVE IT TO MAN. 2 00:01:04,209 --> 00:01:09,001 "FOR THIS HE WAS CHAINED TO A ROCK AND TORTURED FOR ETERNITY." 3 00:01:17,375 --> 00:01:19,041 Dr. Oppenheimer. 4 00:01:20,456 --> 00:01:21,458 Dr. Oppenheimer. 5 00:01:23,083 --> 00:01:26,208 As we begin, I believe you have a statement to read into the record. 6 00:01:28,333 --> 00:01:29,416 Yes, your honor. 7 00:01:29,583 --> 00:01:32,625 We're not judges, Doctor. -No. 8 00:01:33,916 --> 00:01:34,917 Of course. 9 00:01:40,583 --> 00:01:42,333 Members of the security board, 10 00:01:43,583 --> 00:01:47,333 the so-called interrogatory information in your indictment of me 11 00:01:47,416 --> 00:01:50,208 cannot be fairly understood except in the context 12 00:01:50,291 --> 00:01:52,250 of my life, and my work. 13 00:01:53,083 --> 00:01:54,500 How long did he testify? 14 00:01:55,708 --> 00:01:57,166 Honestly, I forget. 15 00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:00,875 The whole hearing took a month. 16 00:02:01,083 --> 00:02:04,041 An ordeal. -Oh, I've only read the transcripts. 17 00:02:07,083 --> 00:02:09,416 Who'd want to justify their whole life? -You weren't there? 18 00:02:09,791 --> 00:02:11,208 As chairman, I wasn't allowed to be. 19 00:02:11,833 --> 00:02:13,583 Are they really going to ask about it? 20 00:02:14,458 --> 00:02:15,916 It was years ago. 21 00:02:15,958 --> 00:02:17,375 Four years ago. -Five. 22 00:02:18,625 --> 00:02:20,251 Oppenheimer still divides America. 23 00:02:20,274 --> 00:02:22,274 The committee's going to want to know where you stood. 24 00:02:23,416 --> 00:02:26,875 Senator Thurmond asked me to say not to feel that you're on trial. 25 00:02:27,041 --> 00:02:30,000 Oh, funny. I didn't, until you just said that. 26 00:02:30,333 --> 00:02:31,875 Really, Mr. Strauss... -It's Admiral. 27 00:02:32,041 --> 00:02:35,291 Admiral. Admiral Strauss, this is a formality. 28 00:02:35,333 --> 00:02:37,416 President Eisenhower has asked you to be in his cabinet. 29 00:02:37,625 --> 00:02:39,417 The Senate really has no choice but to confirm him. 30 00:02:39,440 --> 00:02:41,208 And if they bring up Oppenheimer? 31 00:02:41,833 --> 00:02:44,167 When they bring up Oppenheimer, you answer honestly, 32 00:02:44,190 --> 00:02:46,250 no senator can deny you did your duty. 33 00:02:46,541 --> 00:02:48,000 It'll be uncomfortable. 34 00:02:49,003 --> 00:02:50,541 Who'd want to justify their whole life? 35 00:02:56,333 --> 00:02:57,875 Why did you leave the United States? 36 00:03:00,583 --> 00:03:03,875 I... I wanted to study the new physics. 37 00:03:04,083 --> 00:03:05,333 Was there nowhere here? 38 00:03:06,250 --> 00:03:09,083 I thought Berkeley had the leading theoretical physics department. 39 00:03:09,916 --> 00:03:11,750 Yes, once I built it. 40 00:03:12,500 --> 00:03:13,751 But first I had to go to Europe. 41 00:03:13,774 --> 00:03:16,833 I went to Cambridge, to study under Patrick Blackett. 42 00:03:17,166 --> 00:03:18,916 Were you happier there than in America? 43 00:03:20,250 --> 00:03:21,583 Happier? -Yes. 44 00:03:26,041 --> 00:03:27,041 No. 45 00:03:27,500 --> 00:03:28,708 No, I, uh... 46 00:03:31,583 --> 00:03:33,583 I was homesick and... 47 00:03:34,499 --> 00:03:36,166 emotionally immature... 48 00:03:37,500 --> 00:03:39,875 Troubled by visions of a... 49 00:03:40,625 --> 00:03:42,916 hidden universe. 50 00:03:54,500 --> 00:03:55,583 Useless in the lab. 51 00:04:00,583 --> 00:04:02,041 Christ, Oppenheimer. 52 00:04:03,245 --> 00:04:04,416 Have you had any sleep? 53 00:04:07,041 --> 00:04:08,042 Start again. 54 00:04:08,541 --> 00:04:09,833 I need to go to a lecture, sir. 55 00:04:10,875 --> 00:04:11,875 Why? 56 00:04:12,416 --> 00:04:13,416 It's Niels Bohr. 57 00:04:16,500 --> 00:04:17,666 I completely forgot. 58 00:04:18,791 --> 00:04:20,583 Alright! Let's go. 59 00:04:23,166 --> 00:04:24,541 Oh no, not you, Oppenheimer. 60 00:04:24,875 --> 00:04:26,208 You finish coating those plates. 61 00:05:06,666 --> 00:05:10,376 Quantum physics is not a step forward. 62 00:05:10,458 --> 00:05:14,208 It is a new way to understand reality. 63 00:05:14,315 --> 00:05:16,126 Einstein's opened the door. 64 00:05:16,149 --> 00:05:20,350 Now we are peering through, seeing a world inside our world, 65 00:05:20,541 --> 00:05:26,125 a world of energy and paradox that not everyone can accept. 66 00:06:09,625 --> 00:06:10,624 You alright? 67 00:06:11,625 --> 00:06:13,958 Nils, meet J. Robert Oppenheimer. 68 00:06:14,333 --> 00:06:15,833 What's the J stand for? 69 00:06:16,041 --> 00:06:17,376 Nothing, apparently. 70 00:06:17,399 --> 00:06:19,875 You were at my lecture. You asked the only good question. 71 00:06:20,083 --> 00:06:21,500 No one's denying his insight. 72 00:06:21,666 --> 00:06:24,041 It's his laboratory work that leaves a little to be desired. 73 00:06:25,375 --> 00:06:26,376 I heard you give the same answer... 74 00:06:26,399 --> 00:06:28,416 At Harvard, yes, and you asked the same question. 75 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:30,083 Why ask again? 76 00:06:30,241 --> 00:06:31,500 I hadn't liked your answer. 77 00:06:33,143 --> 00:06:35,583 Did you like it better yesterday? -A lot. 78 00:06:35,886 --> 00:06:40,375 You can lift a stone without being ready for the snake that's revealed. 79 00:06:40,625 --> 00:06:42,083 Now it seems you're ready. 80 00:06:42,833 --> 00:06:44,250 But you don't enjoy the lab. 81 00:06:45,416 --> 00:06:48,001 So get out of Cambridge, with its beakers and potions. 82 00:06:48,024 --> 00:06:50,208 Go somewhere they'll let you think. 83 00:06:51,625 --> 00:06:52,625 Where? 84 00:06:54,250 --> 00:06:55,916 Göttingen. -Born. 85 00:06:56,000 --> 00:06:57,017 Born. 86 00:06:57,041 --> 00:07:01,083 Get to Germany, study under Max Born, learn the ways of theory. 87 00:07:01,875 --> 00:07:02,875 I'll send word. 88 00:07:03,833 --> 00:07:04,833 Worm hole. 89 00:07:07,291 --> 00:07:08,250 How's your mathematics? 90 00:07:08,291 --> 00:07:10,375 Not good enough for the physicist he wants to be. 91 00:07:10,500 --> 00:07:12,834 Algebra's like sheet music, 92 00:07:12,857 --> 00:07:16,458 the important thing isn't can you read music, it's can you hear it. 93 00:07:16,750 --> 00:07:18,833 Can you hear the music, Robert? 94 00:07:20,332 --> 00:07:21,335 Yes, I can. 95 00:08:57,650 --> 00:08:59,250 The senator from Wyoming. 96 00:09:00,192 --> 00:09:02,875 Admiral Strauss, I'm interested in your relationship 97 00:09:02,916 --> 00:09:04,583 with Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer. 98 00:09:04,794 --> 00:09:06,541 You met him in 1947. 99 00:09:07,476 --> 00:09:08,458 Correct. 100 00:09:08,916 --> 00:09:10,916 You were a commissioner of the Atomic Energy Commission. 101 00:09:11,500 --> 00:09:15,219 I was, but I actually met Robert in my capacity 102 00:09:15,266 --> 00:09:19,416 as board member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. It was... 103 00:09:20,042 --> 00:09:23,308 after the war, he was world-renowned as the great man of physics, 104 00:09:23,375 --> 00:09:27,625 and I was determined to get him to run the Institute. 105 00:10:07,333 --> 00:10:09,833 Dr. Oppenheimer. An honor. 106 00:10:10,125 --> 00:10:11,126 Mr. Strauss. 107 00:10:11,276 --> 00:10:12,292 It's pronounced "Strauss". 108 00:10:13,577 --> 00:10:14,918 "Oppenheimer", "Oppenheimer"... 109 00:10:14,959 --> 00:10:16,833 Either way you say it, they know I'm Jewish. 110 00:10:18,200 --> 00:10:20,833 I'm president of Temple Emanu-El in Manhattan. 111 00:10:21,125 --> 00:10:23,417 "Strauss" is just a Southern pronunciation. 112 00:10:23,884 --> 00:10:27,583 Anyway, welcome to the Institute. I think you'll be very happy here. 113 00:10:27,906 --> 00:10:29,167 Yes, well, you'll love the commute. 114 00:10:29,750 --> 00:10:31,959 The position comes with that house for you and your wife, 115 00:10:32,411 --> 00:10:34,167 and your... is it two children? 116 00:10:34,458 --> 00:10:35,333 Yes, two. 117 00:10:35,854 --> 00:10:37,917 I'm a great admirer of your work. 118 00:10:38,516 --> 00:10:40,917 You're a physicist by training, Mr. Strauss? 119 00:10:40,958 --> 00:10:43,043 I'm sorry, uh, common room, four o'clock tea. 120 00:10:43,066 --> 00:10:45,706 No, I'm not trained in physics or anything else. 121 00:10:45,750 --> 00:10:46,768 I'm a self-made man. 122 00:10:46,833 --> 00:10:48,333 Ah, I can relate to that. 123 00:10:49,042 --> 00:10:50,833 Really? -Yes, my father was one. 124 00:10:52,708 --> 00:10:54,958 And this would be your office. 125 00:11:04,708 --> 00:11:06,542 I'm told he's there in most afternoons. 126 00:11:07,083 --> 00:11:08,835 You know, I've always wondered 127 00:11:08,875 --> 00:11:11,792 why you didn't involve him in the Manhattan Project. 128 00:11:14,090 --> 00:11:15,750 Greatest scientific mind of our time. 129 00:11:16,411 --> 00:11:17,417 Of his time. 130 00:11:18,451 --> 00:11:20,542 Einstein published his Theory of Relativity 131 00:11:20,583 --> 00:11:23,125 more than 40 years ago now. 132 00:11:24,417 --> 00:11:26,417 Could never embrace the quantum world it revealed. 133 00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:28,250 "God doesn't play dice." 134 00:11:29,094 --> 00:11:30,084 Precisely. 135 00:11:30,583 --> 00:11:33,083 You never thought of studying physics formally, Mr. Strauss? 136 00:11:33,292 --> 00:11:36,375 I had offers, but... I chose to sell shoes. 137 00:11:36,458 --> 00:11:38,792 Lewis Strauss was once a lowly shoe salesman. 138 00:11:40,123 --> 00:11:41,417 No, just a shoe salesman. 139 00:11:45,667 --> 00:11:48,126 I'd love to introduce you. -No need. 140 00:11:49,375 --> 00:11:50,625 I've known him for years. 141 00:12:12,667 --> 00:12:13,669 Albert. 142 00:12:18,587 --> 00:12:22,375 What was that? What did you say to him? 143 00:12:24,625 --> 00:12:25,625 Oh, he's fine. 144 00:12:27,875 --> 00:12:32,375 Mr. Strauss, there are... things in my past you ought to be aware of. 145 00:12:32,599 --> 00:12:34,333 Well, as chairman of the AEC, 146 00:12:34,375 --> 00:12:37,007 I have access to your security file. I've read it. 147 00:12:37,020 --> 00:12:38,578 You're not worried? -No. 148 00:12:38,625 --> 00:12:40,917 Why would I be worried, after everything you've done for your country? 149 00:12:40,960 --> 00:12:43,042 Well, times change, Mr. Strauss. 150 00:12:43,208 --> 00:12:44,917 Well, the purpose of this institute 151 00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:47,125 is to provide a haven for independent minds. 152 00:12:48,343 --> 00:12:49,579 That's you. 153 00:12:49,623 --> 00:12:50,982 You are the man for the job. 154 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:53,084 Well, then I'll consider it. 155 00:12:54,125 --> 00:12:55,792 I'll see you at the AEC meeting tomorrow. 156 00:13:01,012 --> 00:13:03,500 This is one of the most prestigious appointments in the country. 157 00:13:03,708 --> 00:13:05,375 Yes, and a great commute. 158 00:13:06,375 --> 00:13:07,708 That's why I'm considering it. 159 00:13:09,257 --> 00:13:12,897 So Dr. Oppenheimer brought your attention to his past associations 160 00:13:13,083 --> 00:13:14,416 before you appointed him? 161 00:13:14,542 --> 00:13:15,540 Yes. 162 00:13:16,042 --> 00:13:17,333 And they didn't concern you? 163 00:13:17,458 --> 00:13:20,375 Just then I was entirely consumed with what he must have said 164 00:13:20,460 --> 00:13:22,208 to Einstein to sour him on me. 165 00:13:26,283 --> 00:13:27,293 But later? 166 00:13:27,583 --> 00:13:29,125 Well, we all know what happened later. 167 00:13:29,958 --> 00:13:31,918 Doctor, your time in Europe, 168 00:13:31,958 --> 00:13:35,000 you seem to meet with a wide range of other countries' physicists. 169 00:13:35,181 --> 00:13:36,190 Yes, that's right. 170 00:13:36,402 --> 00:13:37,417 Any Russians? 171 00:13:39,503 --> 00:13:42,168 None that spring to mind. If you'll just allow me 172 00:13:42,208 --> 00:13:44,000 to continue with my statement... -Mr. Robb, 173 00:13:44,044 --> 00:13:46,417 you'll have ample opportunity to cross-examine. 174 00:13:49,542 --> 00:13:54,292 After Göttingen, I moved on to Leiden, in Holland, where I first met Isidor Rabi. 175 00:13:55,458 --> 00:13:56,458 Excuse me. 176 00:14:01,375 --> 00:14:03,750 A yank. Lecturing on the new physics. 177 00:14:03,917 --> 00:14:04,912 This I have to hear. 178 00:14:04,998 --> 00:14:06,625 I'm an American myself. 179 00:14:07,208 --> 00:14:08,333 How surprising. 180 00:14:09,490 --> 00:14:11,458 Let me know if you need any help with the English. 181 00:14:25,750 --> 00:14:26,958 Wait, what's he saying? 182 00:14:38,625 --> 00:14:39,624 No, thank you. 183 00:14:39,667 --> 00:14:40,917 It's a long way to Zurich. 184 00:14:41,583 --> 00:14:44,333 If you get any skinnier, we're gonna lose you between the seat cushions. 185 00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:47,087 I'm Rabi. -Oppenheimer. 186 00:14:47,131 --> 00:14:48,792 I caught your lecture on molecules. 187 00:14:49,553 --> 00:14:50,542 Caught some of it. 188 00:14:51,694 --> 00:14:53,750 We're a couple of New York Jews, how do you know Dutch? 189 00:14:54,336 --> 00:14:56,958 Well, I thought I'd better learn it when I got here this semester. 190 00:14:57,018 --> 00:15:00,250 You learned enough Dutch in six weeks to give a lecture on quantum mechanics? 191 00:15:00,502 --> 00:15:01,841 I like to challenge myself. 192 00:15:02,021 --> 00:15:04,167 Quantum physics wasn't challenging enough. 193 00:15:04,283 --> 00:15:05,833 Shvitzer. -Shvitzer? 194 00:15:06,004 --> 00:15:07,004 Show-off. 195 00:15:07,693 --> 00:15:09,625 Dutch in six weeks, but you never learned Yiddish. 196 00:15:09,708 --> 00:15:11,792 They don't speak it so much my side of the park. 197 00:15:11,854 --> 00:15:12,834 Screw you. 198 00:15:14,475 --> 00:15:16,500 You homesick? -Oh, you know it. 199 00:15:17,816 --> 00:15:20,375 Ever get the feeling our kind isn't entirely welcome here? 200 00:15:21,097 --> 00:15:22,084 Physicists? 201 00:15:22,678 --> 00:15:24,708 That's funny. -Not in the department. 202 00:15:25,679 --> 00:15:26,875 They're all Jewish, too. 203 00:15:29,458 --> 00:15:30,456 Eat. 204 00:15:32,917 --> 00:15:34,625 There's this German you have to seek out. 205 00:15:36,038 --> 00:15:37,292 Heisenberg. -Right. 206 00:15:47,542 --> 00:15:51,418 One might be led to the presumption that behind the quantum world 207 00:15:51,625 --> 00:15:55,084 there still hides a real world in which causality holds, 208 00:15:55,125 --> 00:15:59,500 but such speculations seem to us, to say it explicitly, fruitless. 209 00:16:00,042 --> 00:16:01,583 Thank you. Have a great day. 210 00:16:07,125 --> 00:16:08,333 Wonderful. -Thank you. 211 00:16:08,875 --> 00:16:11,750 Dr. Oppenheimer. -Oppenheimer, yes! 212 00:16:12,170 --> 00:16:13,847 I liked your paper on molecules. 213 00:16:13,891 --> 00:16:15,430 Probably because you inspired it. 214 00:16:15,458 --> 00:16:18,292 If I inspire anything else, let me know. We could publish together. 215 00:16:18,415 --> 00:16:20,542 I have to get back to America. -Why? 216 00:16:21,077 --> 00:16:23,792 There's no one there taking quantum mechanics seriously. 217 00:16:24,039 --> 00:16:25,167 That's exactly why. 218 00:16:25,721 --> 00:16:27,917 He's pining for the canyons of Manhattan. 219 00:16:28,443 --> 00:16:29,958 Canyons of New Mexico. 220 00:16:30,505 --> 00:16:32,282 You're from New Mexico? -No, New York. 221 00:16:32,326 --> 00:16:34,833 But my brother and I have a ranch outside Santa Fe. 222 00:16:36,012 --> 00:16:37,430 That's the America I miss right now. 223 00:16:37,792 --> 00:16:40,083 Then it's best you get home, cowboys. 224 00:16:41,154 --> 00:16:42,146 That's him. 225 00:16:42,274 --> 00:16:43,750 No, me and horses? 226 00:16:44,075 --> 00:16:45,079 I don't think so. 227 00:16:46,395 --> 00:16:47,375 Nice to meet you. 228 00:16:49,500 --> 00:16:51,375 Did you ever encounter Heisenberg again? 229 00:16:51,717 --> 00:16:53,917 Not in person, no, but... 230 00:16:55,917 --> 00:16:57,542 you might say our paths crossed. 231 00:16:59,625 --> 00:17:00,828 On returning to America, 232 00:17:00,852 --> 00:17:03,917 I accepted positions at both Caltech and up at Berkeley. 233 00:17:28,375 --> 00:17:29,917 Dr. Lawrence, I presume? 234 00:17:32,333 --> 00:17:33,375 You must be Oppenheimer. 235 00:17:33,594 --> 00:17:34,594 Yes. 236 00:17:34,774 --> 00:17:36,875 I hear you want to start a school of quantum theory. 237 00:17:37,355 --> 00:17:38,917 I am starting it, next door. 238 00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:41,083 They put you in there? -I asked for it. 239 00:17:41,208 --> 00:17:43,250 Wanted to be close to you experimentalists. 240 00:17:43,458 --> 00:17:45,083 Theory will get you only so far. 241 00:17:45,319 --> 00:17:47,250 We're building a machine to accelerate electrons. 242 00:17:47,520 --> 00:17:48,516 Magnificent. 243 00:17:48,560 --> 00:17:49,583 Would you like to help? 244 00:17:49,921 --> 00:17:52,658 Build it? Oh, no. No, no. 245 00:17:52,750 --> 00:17:55,292 But I am working on theories I'd like to test with it. 246 00:17:55,603 --> 00:17:56,610 When do you start teaching? 247 00:17:57,042 --> 00:17:58,292 I've got my first in an hour. 248 00:17:58,605 --> 00:18:00,292 Seminar? -Pupil. 249 00:18:01,046 --> 00:18:03,042 One student? That's it? 250 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:06,168 I'm teaching something no one here has dreamt of. 251 00:18:06,458 --> 00:18:08,417 But once people start hearing what you can do with it... 252 00:18:08,458 --> 00:18:09,500 There's no going back. 253 00:18:12,375 --> 00:18:15,042 Oh, I must have missed the... -Mr. Lomanitz? 254 00:18:17,750 --> 00:18:19,500 Yeah. -Yes, this is it. 255 00:18:19,583 --> 00:18:21,333 Please, take a seat. 256 00:18:26,832 --> 00:18:28,250 What do you know about quantum mechanics? 257 00:18:29,513 --> 00:18:31,333 I have a grasp on the basics. 258 00:18:31,375 --> 00:18:32,417 Then you're doing it wrong. 259 00:18:33,498 --> 00:18:35,750 Is life made up of particles or waves? 260 00:18:36,250 --> 00:18:38,500 Quantum mechanics says it's both. How can it be both? 261 00:18:38,985 --> 00:18:40,125 It can't. -It can't. 262 00:18:40,847 --> 00:18:41,866 But it is. 263 00:18:41,917 --> 00:18:45,083 It's paradoxical, and yet, it works. 264 00:18:56,042 --> 00:18:57,043 Thank you. 265 00:18:57,643 --> 00:19:00,417 Mr. Lomanitz. You're gonna be okay. 266 00:19:00,750 --> 00:19:01,731 Mr. Snyder. 267 00:19:02,458 --> 00:19:04,000 Now, let's consider a star. 268 00:19:04,540 --> 00:19:07,751 A star, a vast furnace burning in outer space, 269 00:19:07,792 --> 00:19:11,208 fire pushing outwards against its own gravity, balanced. 270 00:19:12,925 --> 00:19:14,708 But if that furnace cools, 271 00:19:15,458 --> 00:19:17,875 and gravity starts winning, it contracts. 272 00:19:18,417 --> 00:19:20,667 Density increases. -Correct. 273 00:19:21,147 --> 00:19:23,542 Increasing gravity. -Increasing density. 274 00:19:23,792 --> 00:19:25,625 And? -It's a vicious cycle until... 275 00:19:26,208 --> 00:19:27,209 What's the limit here? 276 00:19:28,874 --> 00:19:30,959 I don't know. See where the math takes us. 277 00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:33,037 I guarantee it's somewhere no one's been before us. 278 00:19:33,083 --> 00:19:34,083 Me? 279 00:19:34,824 --> 00:19:36,667 Yes, you. Your math is better than mine. 280 00:19:38,667 --> 00:19:41,750 Dr. Oppenheimer's file contained details 281 00:19:41,792 --> 00:19:43,168 of his activities at Berkeley. 282 00:19:43,208 --> 00:19:46,792 Why would they have started a file on Dr. Oppenheimer before the war? 283 00:19:47,629 --> 00:19:49,875 Well, you'd have to ask Mr. Hoover. 284 00:19:50,137 --> 00:19:51,958 I'm asking you, Admiral Strauss. 285 00:19:52,500 --> 00:19:53,792 Uh, my assumption 286 00:19:54,292 --> 00:19:57,833 is that it was connected to his, uh, 287 00:19:58,143 --> 00:20:00,292 left-wing political activities. 288 00:20:02,125 --> 00:20:04,375 You shouldn't let them bring their politics in the classroom, Oppie. 289 00:20:05,706 --> 00:20:06,709 I wrote that. 290 00:20:07,125 --> 00:20:09,704 Lawrence, you embraced the revolution in physics. 291 00:20:09,750 --> 00:20:11,167 Can't you see it everywhere else? 292 00:20:11,875 --> 00:20:14,084 Picasso, Stravinsky, Freud, Marx. 293 00:20:14,125 --> 00:20:16,583 Well, this is America, Oppie. We had our revolution. 294 00:20:17,928 --> 00:20:20,500 Seriously, keep it out of the lab. 295 00:20:20,833 --> 00:20:22,667 Well, out of the lab, 296 00:20:22,875 --> 00:20:25,500 my landlady is having a discussion group tonight. 297 00:20:25,792 --> 00:20:26,709 Interested? 298 00:20:26,750 --> 00:20:28,668 I have sampled the Berkeley political scene. 299 00:20:28,708 --> 00:20:33,000 It's all just philosophy post-grads and communists talking integration. 300 00:20:33,125 --> 00:20:34,417 You don't care about integration? 301 00:20:34,667 --> 00:20:36,611 I want to vote for it, not talk about it. 302 00:20:36,708 --> 00:20:38,708 Especially on a Friday. Come on, let's eat. 303 00:20:39,175 --> 00:20:40,583 I'm meeting my brother there. 304 00:20:41,333 --> 00:20:44,917 And how would these activities have come to the attention of the FBI? 305 00:20:45,125 --> 00:20:47,083 Well, if I remember correctly, 306 00:20:47,125 --> 00:20:51,334 the FBI was taking license plates outside suspected communist gatherings, 307 00:20:51,377 --> 00:20:52,791 and his name popped up. 308 00:21:01,390 --> 00:21:03,083 Jesus Christ! -Sorry. 309 00:21:03,167 --> 00:21:04,167 Frank! 310 00:21:05,750 --> 00:21:08,042 Uh, you remember Jackie? -Evening. 311 00:21:14,721 --> 00:21:17,917 Robert! I want you to meet Chevalier. 312 00:21:18,145 --> 00:21:21,206 Dr. Haakon Chevalier, Dr. Robert Oppenheimer. 313 00:21:21,250 --> 00:21:21,917 Pleasure. -Pleasure. 314 00:21:21,948 --> 00:21:23,750 This is my little brother, Frank. 315 00:21:24,083 --> 00:21:25,870 And this is... -Still Jackie. 316 00:21:25,917 --> 00:21:27,042 Hello, Still Jackie. 317 00:21:27,174 --> 00:21:30,975 Chevalier, you're in languages? -And your reputation precedes you. 318 00:21:31,042 --> 00:21:32,043 What have you heard? 319 00:21:32,140 --> 00:21:34,320 That you're teaching a radical new approach to physics 320 00:21:34,333 --> 00:21:37,583 I have no chance of understanding, but I haven't heard you're a party member. 321 00:21:37,625 --> 00:21:39,363 Uh, I'm not. -Oh, not yet. 322 00:21:39,417 --> 00:21:40,876 Frank and I are thinking of joining. 323 00:21:40,917 --> 00:21:43,083 Just the other day I was saying... -I support a range of causes. 324 00:21:43,308 --> 00:21:44,308 Spanish Civil War? 325 00:21:44,542 --> 00:21:47,500 A democratic republic being overthrown by fascist thugs. 326 00:21:47,542 --> 00:21:48,833 Who wouldn't? -Our government. 327 00:21:48,912 --> 00:21:51,652 They think that socialism is a bigger threat than fascism. 328 00:21:51,667 --> 00:21:54,292 Not for long. Look at what the Nazis are doing to the Jews. 329 00:21:54,375 --> 00:21:56,958 I send funds to colleagues in Germany to emigrate. 330 00:21:57,000 --> 00:21:58,333 I have to do something. 331 00:21:59,660 --> 00:22:02,500 My own work is so... abstract. 332 00:22:02,542 --> 00:22:03,542 What are you working on? 333 00:22:03,583 --> 00:22:05,875 What happens to stars when they die? 334 00:22:06,083 --> 00:22:07,333 Do stars die? 335 00:22:08,505 --> 00:22:12,085 Well, if they do, they'd cool, then collapse. 336 00:22:12,125 --> 00:22:14,646 In fact, the bigger the star, 337 00:22:14,792 --> 00:22:16,708 the more violent its demise. 338 00:22:17,229 --> 00:22:20,542 Their gravity gets so concentrated, it swallows everything. 339 00:22:21,375 --> 00:22:22,417 Everything, even light. 340 00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:25,917 Can that really happen? -The math says it can. 341 00:22:26,014 --> 00:22:29,083 If we can get published, then perhaps one day an astronomer finds one. 342 00:22:29,125 --> 00:22:30,876 But right now, all I have is theory, 343 00:22:30,917 --> 00:22:32,958 which can't impact people's lives. 344 00:22:32,973 --> 00:22:35,167 Well, if you're going to send money to Spain, 345 00:22:35,208 --> 00:22:36,583 do it through the Communist Party. 346 00:22:36,695 --> 00:22:38,042 They can get it to the front lines. 347 00:22:38,083 --> 00:22:39,250 Mary sent me with these. 348 00:22:41,216 --> 00:22:43,583 I'm Jean. -Robert. 349 00:22:43,917 --> 00:22:46,625 Haakon Chevalier. That union meeting at Serber's last month. 350 00:22:47,138 --> 00:22:48,292 Right, right, yes. 351 00:22:48,750 --> 00:22:49,750 Oh, thank you. 352 00:22:50,339 --> 00:22:52,083 Robert here says he's not a communist. 353 00:22:52,360 --> 00:22:54,375 Well, then he doesn't know enough about it. 354 00:22:54,581 --> 00:22:57,167 Oh, I've read Das Kapital, all three volumes. 355 00:22:57,232 --> 00:22:58,251 Does that count? 356 00:22:58,272 --> 00:23:00,375 It would make you better-read than most party members. 357 00:23:00,474 --> 00:23:02,731 Turgid stuff. There's some thinking, um... 358 00:23:02,775 --> 00:23:04,083 "Ownership is theft." 359 00:23:04,376 --> 00:23:05,792 Property. -Property? 360 00:23:06,377 --> 00:23:07,583 Property, not ownership. 361 00:23:07,738 --> 00:23:09,833 I'm sorry, I read it in the original German. 362 00:23:13,421 --> 00:23:15,958 It's not about the book. It's about the ideas. 363 00:23:16,063 --> 00:23:17,708 And you sound uncommitted. 364 00:23:18,084 --> 00:23:21,125 I'm committed to thinking freely about how to improve our world. 365 00:23:22,026 --> 00:23:24,125 Why limit yourself to one dogma? 366 00:23:24,221 --> 00:23:26,375 You're a physicist. Do you pick and choose rules? 367 00:23:27,208 --> 00:23:30,917 Or do you use the discipline to channel your energies into progress? 368 00:23:31,417 --> 00:23:32,833 I like a little wiggle room. 369 00:23:34,292 --> 00:23:35,833 Do you always toe the party line? 370 00:23:37,969 --> 00:23:39,458 I like my wiggle room, too. 371 00:23:50,500 --> 00:23:51,502 What? 372 00:23:52,500 --> 00:23:53,502 Wait, wait, wait. 373 00:23:57,560 --> 00:23:58,583 Unexpected. 374 00:23:59,261 --> 00:24:00,250 What? 375 00:24:00,481 --> 00:24:01,579 For a physicist. 376 00:24:01,625 --> 00:24:03,958 You only have a shelf full of Freud? 377 00:24:04,208 --> 00:24:07,583 Well, actually, my background's more... -Jungian? 378 00:24:09,843 --> 00:24:11,083 You know analysis? 379 00:24:11,333 --> 00:24:14,542 When I was in post-grad at Cambridge, I had a little trouble. 380 00:24:15,845 --> 00:24:18,362 I'll bite. -I tried to poison my tutor. 381 00:24:18,406 --> 00:24:20,667 Did you hate him? -I liked him very much. 382 00:24:21,250 --> 00:24:22,583 You just needed to get laid. 383 00:24:22,792 --> 00:24:24,376 It took my analysts two years, 384 00:24:24,417 --> 00:24:26,625 and I don't think they ever put it that succinctly. 385 00:24:26,667 --> 00:24:30,333 You have everyone convinced you're more complicated than you actually are. 386 00:24:30,468 --> 00:24:32,708 We're all simple souls, I guess. 387 00:24:32,970 --> 00:24:33,960 I'm not. 388 00:24:36,673 --> 00:24:37,669 What's this? 389 00:24:37,814 --> 00:24:38,799 Sanskrit. 390 00:24:39,095 --> 00:24:40,125 You can read this? 391 00:24:40,875 --> 00:24:41,874 I'm learning. 392 00:24:47,458 --> 00:24:48,458 Read this. 393 00:24:49,944 --> 00:24:51,042 Well, in this part, 394 00:24:51,500 --> 00:24:54,458 Vishnu reveals his multi-armed self... -No. 395 00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:57,167 Read the words. 396 00:25:01,333 --> 00:25:03,167 "And now I am become Death... 397 00:25:09,667 --> 00:25:11,083 "destroyer of worlds." 398 00:25:41,875 --> 00:25:42,875 This'll do. 399 00:25:49,708 --> 00:25:50,792 It'll break before dawn. 400 00:25:51,413 --> 00:25:52,667 Air cools overnight. 401 00:25:53,167 --> 00:25:54,667 Just before dawn, it breaks. 402 00:26:05,462 --> 00:26:08,583 Well, so, I'm getting married. 403 00:26:08,792 --> 00:26:11,500 Frank! congratulations! -Thank you, thank you. 404 00:26:11,542 --> 00:26:13,625 To Jackie? -Yeah, to Jackie. 405 00:26:14,958 --> 00:26:18,042 The waitress? -Oppie, you're right. It's letting up. 406 00:26:18,148 --> 00:26:19,417 I'm gonna go see if there's any stars. 407 00:26:20,042 --> 00:26:24,167 All your talk about the common man, but Jackie's not good enough for you, hmm? 408 00:26:25,164 --> 00:26:27,402 We joined the party, and you can't hide your disappointment. 409 00:26:27,458 --> 00:26:29,397 Why? Is that because that's supposed to be your thing? 410 00:26:29,525 --> 00:26:30,833 I haven't joined the party, Frank. 411 00:26:31,205 --> 00:26:33,458 And I don't think she should have convinced you to either. 412 00:26:33,666 --> 00:26:36,292 Half of the faculty is communist. -Not that half. 413 00:26:37,987 --> 00:26:40,766 I'm your brother, Frank, and I want you to be cautious. 414 00:26:40,833 --> 00:26:42,042 And I want to wring your neck. 415 00:26:44,375 --> 00:26:47,458 I won't live my life afraid to make a mistake. 416 00:26:49,595 --> 00:26:52,583 You're happy... I'm happy. 417 00:26:52,917 --> 00:26:55,333 So then I'm happy you're happy that I'm happy. 418 00:27:00,625 --> 00:27:03,125 I feel like I can see one of those dark stars that you're working on. 419 00:27:03,958 --> 00:27:04,958 You can't. 420 00:27:05,458 --> 00:27:08,387 That's the whole point. Their gravity swallows light. 421 00:27:09,875 --> 00:27:12,125 It's like a kind of hole in space. 422 00:27:13,167 --> 00:27:14,167 Is Frank okay? 423 00:27:14,458 --> 00:27:16,708 Yes. He just has a shitty brother. 424 00:27:18,167 --> 00:27:19,292 It is special here. 425 00:27:22,042 --> 00:27:23,042 When I was a kid... 426 00:27:24,583 --> 00:27:26,083 I thought if I could find a way... 427 00:27:27,625 --> 00:27:31,167 to combine physics and New Mexico, 428 00:27:31,917 --> 00:27:33,292 my life would be perfect. 429 00:27:35,667 --> 00:27:37,417 Little remote for that. -Yes. 430 00:27:38,208 --> 00:27:39,333 Let's get some sleep. 431 00:27:40,708 --> 00:27:44,375 That mesa we saw today, one of my favorite places in the world. 432 00:27:45,375 --> 00:27:47,708 Tomorrow we'll climb it. -What's it called? 433 00:27:49,375 --> 00:27:50,500 Los Alamos. 434 00:27:54,610 --> 00:27:56,292 I didn't expect to see you today. 435 00:27:57,833 --> 00:27:59,250 Do I have to make an appointment? 436 00:28:03,599 --> 00:28:04,599 Alvarez? 437 00:28:10,667 --> 00:28:12,625 Oppie! Oppie! 438 00:28:13,375 --> 00:28:14,833 What? What is it? 439 00:28:15,458 --> 00:28:16,458 They've done it. 440 00:28:16,779 --> 00:28:18,375 They've done it. Hahn and Strassmann in Germany. 441 00:28:18,420 --> 00:28:19,667 They split the uranium nucleus. 442 00:28:21,782 --> 00:28:22,792 How? 443 00:28:24,250 --> 00:28:25,583 Bombard it with neutrons. 444 00:28:26,045 --> 00:28:27,250 It's a nuclear fission. 445 00:28:27,506 --> 00:28:28,958 They did it. They split the atom. 446 00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:30,000 That's not possible. 447 00:28:36,417 --> 00:28:37,750 I'm gonna try to reproduce it. 448 00:28:44,958 --> 00:28:46,667 See? Can't be done. 449 00:28:48,040 --> 00:28:49,042 Very elegant. 450 00:28:50,121 --> 00:28:51,125 Quite clear. 451 00:28:51,441 --> 00:28:52,458 There's just one problem. 452 00:28:52,642 --> 00:28:53,625 Where? 453 00:28:54,243 --> 00:28:55,250 Next door. 454 00:28:55,875 --> 00:28:56,916 Alvarez did it. 455 00:28:58,292 --> 00:28:59,289 And look. 456 00:29:00,186 --> 00:29:02,573 These fission pulses, they're massive. 457 00:29:03,250 --> 00:29:06,208 I've seen 30 of these in the past ten minutes. 458 00:29:07,274 --> 00:29:09,125 Theory will take you only so far. 459 00:29:11,137 --> 00:29:12,208 During the process... 460 00:29:13,792 --> 00:29:16,042 extra neutrons boil off, which could be used 461 00:29:16,083 --> 00:29:18,042 to split other uranium atoms. 462 00:29:18,342 --> 00:29:19,333 Chain reaction. 463 00:29:20,023 --> 00:29:21,238 You're thinking what I'm thinking. 464 00:29:21,324 --> 00:29:25,375 You, me, and every other physicist around the world who's seen the news. 465 00:29:26,208 --> 00:29:27,958 I just... what, what are we all thinking? 466 00:29:28,990 --> 00:29:31,500 A bomb, Alvarez. 467 00:29:32,917 --> 00:29:33,915 A bomb. 468 00:29:35,417 --> 00:29:37,667 I told you, Robert, no more fucking flowers. 469 00:29:39,750 --> 00:29:42,667 I don't understand what you want from me. -I don't want anything from you! 470 00:29:44,204 --> 00:29:47,708 Well, you say that, and then you call. -Well, don't answer. 471 00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:50,167 I'll always answer. 472 00:29:55,750 --> 00:29:56,750 Fine. 473 00:29:57,227 --> 00:29:58,500 Just no more flowers. 474 00:30:00,375 --> 00:30:01,372 You're not coming? 475 00:30:03,629 --> 00:30:05,542 You have to know when you're beaten, Robert. 476 00:30:07,958 --> 00:30:09,500 It's not that simple, Haak. 477 00:30:10,050 --> 00:30:13,333 Chevalier, good to see you. Barbara, good to see you. 478 00:30:13,375 --> 00:30:15,542 And the illustrious Dr. Oppenheimer. 479 00:30:15,958 --> 00:30:17,542 I'm Eltenton. -Oh, pleasure. 480 00:30:17,566 --> 00:30:18,583 Please, please. 481 00:30:18,625 --> 00:30:21,625 Why don't you say a word about organized labor on campuses? 482 00:30:21,958 --> 00:30:24,250 Yes? Coming through, coming through! 483 00:30:24,292 --> 00:30:25,292 I work at Shell. 484 00:30:25,333 --> 00:30:27,542 We've signed up chemists, we've signed up engineers. 485 00:30:27,833 --> 00:30:29,500 So why not sciences and academia? 486 00:30:29,875 --> 00:30:33,542 Oppie! Oppie! Oppie! Oppie! 487 00:30:43,833 --> 00:30:45,375 Teachers are unionized. 488 00:30:46,042 --> 00:30:47,167 Why not professors? 489 00:30:47,583 --> 00:30:48,667 Don't you have somewhere to be? 490 00:30:48,750 --> 00:30:51,083 Lawrence, academics have rights too. 491 00:30:51,375 --> 00:30:53,417 Look, it's not that. I've got a group coming. 492 00:30:53,694 --> 00:30:56,167 Oh. I'll sit in. -Not this one. 493 00:31:02,798 --> 00:31:04,708 Richard, Dr. Bush. 494 00:31:04,750 --> 00:31:06,083 What brings you two up north? 495 00:31:15,768 --> 00:31:18,667 Richard, you tell Ruth I'll be down in Pasadena Thursday. 496 00:31:28,708 --> 00:31:30,833 Paper on black holes, it's in! 497 00:31:32,732 --> 00:31:33,749 Where's Hartland? 498 00:31:34,375 --> 00:31:36,375 Get Hartland. Get Hartland. 499 00:31:36,500 --> 00:31:39,917 September 1st, 1939? The world's gonna remember this day. 500 00:31:41,667 --> 00:31:43,542 Oh, Hartland, our paper, it's in print. 501 00:31:43,708 --> 00:31:44,917 You've been upstaged. 502 00:31:49,307 --> 00:31:51,708 During the Battle of Britain, I found myself 503 00:31:52,292 --> 00:31:54,458 increasingly out of sympathy with the... 504 00:31:54,917 --> 00:31:57,917 policy of neutrality that communists advocated. 505 00:31:57,958 --> 00:32:00,458 But after Hitler invaded Russia and we became allies, 506 00:32:01,250 --> 00:32:03,292 these communist sympathies, do they return? 507 00:32:03,669 --> 00:32:04,669 No. 508 00:32:05,542 --> 00:32:09,542 I need to make clear that my changing views on Russia 509 00:32:09,583 --> 00:32:12,583 did not mean a sharp break from those who held different views. 510 00:32:13,083 --> 00:32:15,458 For a year or two during a previous marriage, 511 00:32:15,500 --> 00:32:18,417 my wife Kitty had been a Communist Party member. 512 00:32:23,583 --> 00:32:24,875 This is where I keep the good stuff. 513 00:32:24,917 --> 00:32:26,708 Well, I thought this was the Tolmans' house. 514 00:32:26,750 --> 00:32:28,833 I live with them while I'm at Caltech. 515 00:32:28,875 --> 00:32:30,250 Do you two need anything? 516 00:32:30,467 --> 00:32:31,542 We're good, Ruthie. 517 00:32:32,888 --> 00:32:35,667 So, you're a biologist. 518 00:32:36,250 --> 00:32:39,250 Well, somehow I have graduated to housewife. 519 00:32:39,625 --> 00:32:41,708 Can you explain quantum mechanics to me? 520 00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:44,708 Seems baffling. -Yes, it is. 521 00:32:46,083 --> 00:32:47,542 Well, this glass, 522 00:32:48,708 --> 00:32:51,708 this drink... this countertop... 523 00:32:53,104 --> 00:32:54,250 Our bodies. 524 00:32:56,147 --> 00:32:57,167 All of it. 525 00:32:58,333 --> 00:32:59,792 It's mostly empty space. 526 00:33:00,192 --> 00:33:03,500 Groupings of tiny energy waves bound together. 527 00:33:03,583 --> 00:33:04,667 By what? 528 00:33:04,708 --> 00:33:07,875 Forces of attraction strong enough to convince us 529 00:33:08,583 --> 00:33:10,583 that matter is solid. 530 00:33:10,833 --> 00:33:13,000 Stop my body passing through yours. 531 00:33:25,625 --> 00:33:27,375 You're married to Dr. Harrison. 532 00:33:27,875 --> 00:33:28,917 Not very. 533 00:33:30,819 --> 00:33:34,375 There is someone that I feel... 534 00:33:34,708 --> 00:33:35,917 Does she feel that way? 535 00:33:36,480 --> 00:33:37,667 Sometimes. 536 00:33:38,500 --> 00:33:39,499 Not enough. 537 00:33:41,208 --> 00:33:43,500 You know, I'm going to New Mexico. 538 00:33:44,228 --> 00:33:45,917 To my ranch, with friends. 539 00:33:46,167 --> 00:33:47,167 You should come. 540 00:33:48,375 --> 00:33:49,708 I meant, with your husband. 541 00:33:50,130 --> 00:33:51,125 Yes, you did. 542 00:33:51,458 --> 00:33:53,583 Because you know it won't make a bit of difference. 543 00:33:58,407 --> 00:33:59,542 Why did you marry him? 544 00:34:00,042 --> 00:34:03,333 I was lost, and... he was kind. 545 00:34:05,772 --> 00:34:06,792 Lost? 546 00:34:07,083 --> 00:34:09,375 Well, my previous husband had died, and... 547 00:34:10,042 --> 00:34:12,000 at 28, I wasn't really ready to be a widow. 548 00:34:12,625 --> 00:34:14,583 Who was your first husband? -Nobody. 549 00:34:14,878 --> 00:34:17,000 My second husband was Joe Dallet. 550 00:34:17,125 --> 00:34:19,467 He was from money, like me, 551 00:34:19,491 --> 00:34:22,917 but he was a union organizer in Youngstown, Ohio. 552 00:34:23,083 --> 00:34:24,083 I fell hard. 553 00:34:25,167 --> 00:34:27,250 How hard? -Hard enough to spend the next four years 554 00:34:27,292 --> 00:34:28,542 living off beans and pancakes, 555 00:34:28,583 --> 00:34:30,833 handing out the Daily Worker at factory gates. 556 00:34:32,125 --> 00:34:34,458 By '36, I just told Joe I couldn't take it anymore. 557 00:34:34,537 --> 00:34:35,542 Quit the party. 558 00:34:35,625 --> 00:34:37,083 A year later, I wanted him back. 559 00:34:37,125 --> 00:34:39,292 Him, not the Daily Worker. And... 560 00:34:39,792 --> 00:34:41,833 he said: "Swell, I'll meet you on my way to Spain." 561 00:34:41,960 --> 00:34:43,125 Went to fight for the Loyalists? 562 00:34:43,167 --> 00:34:44,958 And then he went to the brigades and I waited. 563 00:34:45,250 --> 00:34:46,250 And... 564 00:34:48,125 --> 00:34:50,750 Joe got himself killed first time he popped his head out of the trench. 565 00:34:52,523 --> 00:34:54,792 Ideology got Joe killed, for nothing. 566 00:34:54,833 --> 00:34:56,625 The Spanish Republic isn't nothing. 567 00:34:56,727 --> 00:34:59,667 My husband offered both our futures to stop one fascist bullet 568 00:34:59,708 --> 00:35:01,708 from embedding itself in a mud bank. 569 00:35:02,853 --> 00:35:04,875 That's the definition of nothing. 570 00:35:05,208 --> 00:35:07,167 Seems a little reductive. -Pragmatic. 571 00:35:09,219 --> 00:35:10,208 Now here I am. 572 00:35:13,042 --> 00:35:14,375 Wherever the hell this is. 573 00:35:22,083 --> 00:35:24,333 I didn't want you to hear it from anyone else. 574 00:35:27,375 --> 00:35:29,125 At least you didn't bring me flowers. 575 00:35:36,833 --> 00:35:39,208 We both know I'm not what you want, Jean. 576 00:35:40,458 --> 00:35:42,458 Yeah, but it's a door closing. 577 00:35:43,250 --> 00:35:44,250 No. 578 00:35:46,196 --> 00:35:47,917 Not as far as I'm concerned, no. 579 00:35:49,843 --> 00:35:52,000 You knocked her up. Fast work. 580 00:35:52,244 --> 00:35:53,667 Can't keep a good man down. 581 00:35:54,875 --> 00:35:56,000 I meant her. 582 00:35:57,044 --> 00:35:58,042 She knew what she wanted. 583 00:35:58,705 --> 00:35:59,875 What about the husband? 584 00:36:00,505 --> 00:36:01,500 We talked. 585 00:36:01,805 --> 00:36:03,167 They're getting a divorce, 586 00:36:03,208 --> 00:36:06,958 so we can get married before she starts showing. 587 00:36:07,208 --> 00:36:08,583 How civilized. 588 00:36:10,833 --> 00:36:11,833 You idiot. 589 00:36:12,167 --> 00:36:13,542 This is your community. 590 00:36:14,542 --> 00:36:16,708 You think the rules don't apply to the golden boy? 591 00:36:17,792 --> 00:36:19,500 Brilliance makes up for a lot. 592 00:36:20,167 --> 00:36:23,583 Don't alienate the only people in the world that understand what you do. 593 00:36:25,458 --> 00:36:26,875 One day you might need them. 594 00:36:27,125 --> 00:36:29,458 F-A-E-C-T! 595 00:36:29,625 --> 00:36:33,750 Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians. 596 00:36:40,915 --> 00:36:42,750 Lomanitz, what do you get paid a month? 597 00:36:43,116 --> 00:36:44,250 That's not the point, Lawrence. 598 00:36:44,297 --> 00:36:48,833 What do any of you have in common with farm laborers and dock workers? 599 00:36:49,250 --> 00:36:50,253 Plenty. 600 00:36:51,708 --> 00:36:53,625 Everybody out. Now! 601 00:36:58,292 --> 00:36:59,292 Not you. 602 00:37:05,583 --> 00:37:06,585 What are you doing? 603 00:37:07,375 --> 00:37:08,375 It's a trade union. 604 00:37:08,985 --> 00:37:12,182 Filled with communists. -So? I haven't joined the party. 605 00:37:12,226 --> 00:37:15,208 They won't let me bring you onto the project because of this shit. 606 00:37:15,875 --> 00:37:17,708 They won't even let me tell you what the project is. 607 00:37:17,750 --> 00:37:19,875 Oh, I know what the project is. 608 00:37:19,917 --> 00:37:21,000 Oh, really? 609 00:37:21,042 --> 00:37:23,824 We've all heard about Einstein and Szilard's letter to Roosevelt 610 00:37:23,848 --> 00:37:25,292 warning him the Germans could make a bomb, 611 00:37:25,333 --> 00:37:28,542 and I know what it means for the Nazis to have a bomb. 612 00:37:28,750 --> 00:37:29,750 And I don't? 613 00:37:30,237 --> 00:37:32,375 It's not your people they're herding into camps. 614 00:37:33,199 --> 00:37:34,209 It's mine. 615 00:37:35,250 --> 00:37:37,583 You think that I tell them about your politics? 616 00:37:39,667 --> 00:37:41,500 The next time you're coming home from a meeting, 617 00:37:41,625 --> 00:37:43,500 why don't you take a look in the rearview mirror, 618 00:37:43,833 --> 00:37:48,500 listen to the sounds on your phone line, and stop being so goddamn naive? 619 00:37:50,083 --> 00:37:51,333 Why would they care what I do? 620 00:37:51,615 --> 00:37:55,250 Because you're not just self-important, you're actually important. 621 00:37:58,958 --> 00:37:59,959 Okay. 622 00:38:01,458 --> 00:38:02,458 I get it. 623 00:38:02,483 --> 00:38:04,241 If you could just be a little more... 624 00:38:04,265 --> 00:38:07,223 Pragmatic. I'll talk to Lomanitz, I'll talk to the others. 625 00:38:07,267 --> 00:38:08,583 You don't have to worry, it's done. 626 00:38:09,375 --> 00:38:10,376 Lawrence. 627 00:38:15,500 --> 00:38:16,625 Then welcome to the war. 628 00:38:17,625 --> 00:38:21,000 I filled out my first security questionnaire and was informed 629 00:38:21,042 --> 00:38:23,697 that my involvement with left-wing groups would 630 00:38:24,167 --> 00:38:27,208 not prove a bar to my working on the atomic program. 631 00:38:27,238 --> 00:38:29,958 Why were his communist associations 632 00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:32,917 not seen as a security risk during the war? 633 00:38:32,961 --> 00:38:34,711 Senator, I can't possibly answer 634 00:38:34,735 --> 00:38:38,039 for security clearance granted years before I ever met the man. 635 00:38:38,083 --> 00:38:39,292 Fine. What about after? 636 00:38:40,083 --> 00:38:42,564 After the war, Dr. Oppenheimer was 637 00:38:42,588 --> 00:38:45,750 the most respected scientific voice in the world. 638 00:38:45,958 --> 00:38:48,090 That's why I asked him to run the Institute. 639 00:38:48,134 --> 00:38:50,958 That's why he advised the Atomic Energy Commission. 640 00:38:51,208 --> 00:38:52,208 Simple as that. 641 00:38:52,708 --> 00:38:54,083 What are they accusing me of? 642 00:38:54,958 --> 00:38:58,268 I think they just want to know what happened between 1947 and 1954 643 00:38:58,292 --> 00:39:00,833 to change your mind on Oppenheimer's security clearance. 644 00:39:01,083 --> 00:39:02,083 I didn't. 645 00:39:02,208 --> 00:39:05,000 I was chair of the AEC, but it wasn't me 646 00:39:05,542 --> 00:39:08,267 that brought the charges against Robert. -Who did? 647 00:39:08,333 --> 00:39:10,833 Some former staff member of the Joint Congressional Committee. 648 00:39:10,875 --> 00:39:13,333 He was a rabid anti-communist named Borden. 649 00:39:13,737 --> 00:39:16,197 He wrote to the FBI demanding they take action. 650 00:39:16,333 --> 00:39:18,792 The FBI? Why not go to the AEC direct? 651 00:39:18,958 --> 00:39:21,042 You'd get caught holding the knife yourself. 652 00:39:21,783 --> 00:39:23,333 What did Borden have against Oppenheimer? 653 00:39:23,583 --> 00:39:24,792 This is the McCarthy era. 654 00:39:25,916 --> 00:39:29,792 People hounded out of jobs for any hint of red, and... 655 00:39:30,703 --> 00:39:33,833 Reading Oppenheimer's security file, his communist brother, 656 00:39:33,875 --> 00:39:36,625 sister-in-law, fiancée, best friend, wife. 657 00:39:36,917 --> 00:39:39,364 That's before we even get to the Chevalier incident. 658 00:39:39,417 --> 00:39:42,333 But how would Borden have access to Oppenheimer's security file? 659 00:39:42,787 --> 00:39:44,208 Because somebody gave it to him. 660 00:39:45,792 --> 00:39:48,000 Somebody who wanted Robert silenced. 661 00:39:48,708 --> 00:39:50,250 Who? -Who knows? 662 00:39:50,330 --> 00:39:54,208 Robert didn't take care not to upset the power brokers in Washington. 663 00:39:55,172 --> 00:39:57,500 His opinions on the atom became definitive, 664 00:39:57,917 --> 00:40:00,375 and he wasn't always patient with us mere mortals. 665 00:40:04,167 --> 00:40:06,500 I came in for plenty of harsh treatment. 666 00:40:06,542 --> 00:40:09,458 There was an AEC vote 667 00:40:09,958 --> 00:40:12,292 on the export of isotopes to Norway, 668 00:40:12,333 --> 00:40:15,083 and they drafted in Robert to make me look like a fool. 669 00:40:15,133 --> 00:40:18,335 But Dr. Oppenheimer, we've already heard from Admiral Strauss 670 00:40:18,359 --> 00:40:21,458 that these isotopes could be useful to our enemies 671 00:40:21,500 --> 00:40:22,958 in the production of atomic weapons. 672 00:40:23,036 --> 00:40:26,333 Congressman, you could use a shovel in making atomic weapons. 673 00:40:26,458 --> 00:40:27,394 In fact, you do. 674 00:40:27,438 --> 00:40:30,435 You could use a bottle of beer in making atomic weapons. 675 00:40:30,479 --> 00:40:33,125 In fact, you do. I'd say isotopes are 676 00:40:33,167 --> 00:40:35,250 less useful than electronic components, 677 00:40:35,292 --> 00:40:36,917 but more useful than a sandwich. 678 00:40:41,167 --> 00:40:42,667 Genius is no guarantee of wisdom. 679 00:40:43,750 --> 00:40:46,292 How could this man who saw so much be so blind? 680 00:40:56,125 --> 00:40:57,125 Kitty? 681 00:41:02,250 --> 00:41:03,250 Kitty? 682 00:41:04,792 --> 00:41:05,792 Kitty. 683 00:41:06,167 --> 00:41:07,167 The project. 684 00:41:08,125 --> 00:41:09,125 I'm in. 685 00:41:10,208 --> 00:41:12,333 I'm in! -Let's celebrate. 686 00:41:18,458 --> 00:41:19,667 Shouldn't you go to him? 687 00:41:24,750 --> 00:41:27,833 I have been going to him all fucking day. 688 00:41:53,667 --> 00:41:55,292 I don't know how to say this. 689 00:41:56,836 --> 00:41:57,958 I'm ashamed to ask. 690 00:41:58,708 --> 00:41:59,708 Anything. 691 00:42:00,618 --> 00:42:02,333 Take Peter. -Sure. 692 00:42:02,500 --> 00:42:04,500 No, for a while, Haak. 693 00:42:05,250 --> 00:42:06,249 A while. 694 00:42:08,500 --> 00:42:11,542 Does Kitty know you're here? -Yes, of course she knows. 695 00:42:12,667 --> 00:42:13,792 Of course she knows. 696 00:42:14,916 --> 00:42:17,235 We're awful people. Selfish, awful people. 697 00:42:19,833 --> 00:42:20,834 Forget I asked. 698 00:42:20,878 --> 00:42:22,894 Selfish, awful people, 699 00:42:22,938 --> 00:42:25,500 they don't know they're selfish and awful. 700 00:42:26,099 --> 00:42:27,333 Sit, sit, sit. 701 00:42:28,917 --> 00:42:32,833 Robert, you see beyond the world we live in. 702 00:42:34,621 --> 00:42:36,542 There is a price to be paid for that. 703 00:42:37,208 --> 00:42:38,375 Of course we'll help you. 704 00:42:49,750 --> 00:42:51,500 Everything's changing, Robert. 705 00:42:52,208 --> 00:42:53,917 Having a child was always going to change... 706 00:42:53,958 --> 00:42:57,458 No, the world is pivoting in some new direction. 707 00:42:58,625 --> 00:42:59,708 Reforming. 708 00:43:02,250 --> 00:43:03,333 This is your moment. 709 00:43:05,253 --> 00:43:08,292 We're putting together a group to study... -We shouldn't be doing anything. 710 00:43:08,635 --> 00:43:09,624 You should. 711 00:43:10,437 --> 00:43:12,083 Lawrence won't get this done. 712 00:43:12,667 --> 00:43:14,500 Or Tolman or Rabi. You will. 713 00:43:24,042 --> 00:43:25,167 Who are the uniforms? 714 00:43:26,542 --> 00:43:27,542 I thought you might know. 715 00:43:30,182 --> 00:43:31,166 Dr. Oppenheimer. 716 00:43:32,625 --> 00:43:35,917 I'm Colonel Groves. This is Lieutenant Colonel Nichols. 717 00:43:36,167 --> 00:43:37,165 Have that dry cleaned. 718 00:43:43,046 --> 00:43:45,500 Well, if that's how you treat a lieutenant colonel, 719 00:43:45,542 --> 00:43:48,917 I'd hate to see how you treat a... humble physicist. 720 00:43:48,958 --> 00:43:50,833 If I ever meet one, I'll let you know. 721 00:43:51,833 --> 00:43:54,417 Ouch. -Theaters of combat all over the world, 722 00:43:54,458 --> 00:43:56,042 but I have to stay in Washington. 723 00:43:56,833 --> 00:43:58,952 Why? -I built the Pentagon. 724 00:43:58,996 --> 00:44:00,208 The brass likes it so much, 725 00:44:00,250 --> 00:44:03,417 they made me take over the Manhattan Engineer District. 726 00:44:04,239 --> 00:44:06,958 Which is? -Don't be a smartass. 727 00:44:07,208 --> 00:44:08,318 You know damn well what it is. 728 00:44:08,362 --> 00:44:10,879 You and half of every physics department across the country. 729 00:44:10,923 --> 00:44:12,167 That's problem number one. 730 00:44:12,958 --> 00:44:15,917 I thought problem number one would be securing enough uranium ore. 731 00:44:16,250 --> 00:44:19,542 1,200 tons, bought the day I took charge. -Processing? 732 00:44:19,833 --> 00:44:21,792 Just broke ground at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 733 00:44:23,155 --> 00:44:24,792 Now I'm looking for a project director. 734 00:44:25,708 --> 00:44:26,792 And my name came up? 735 00:44:27,292 --> 00:44:28,292 Nope. 736 00:44:29,125 --> 00:44:32,625 Even though you brought quantum physics to America, which made me curious. 737 00:44:33,333 --> 00:44:34,417 What have you found out? 738 00:44:35,786 --> 00:44:39,542 You're a dilettante, a womanizer, a suspected communist. 739 00:44:39,583 --> 00:44:42,208 I'm a New Deal Democrat. -I said "suspected". 740 00:44:42,708 --> 00:44:46,815 Unstable, theatrical, egotistical, neurotic. 741 00:44:46,859 --> 00:44:47,876 Nothing good, no? 742 00:44:47,920 --> 00:44:49,826 Not even "he's brilliant, but..." 743 00:44:49,850 --> 00:44:52,458 Well, brilliance is taken for granted in your circle, so no. 744 00:44:53,208 --> 00:44:56,083 No, the only person who had anything good to say was Richard Tolman. 745 00:44:56,958 --> 00:44:58,667 Tolman thinks you have integrity, 746 00:44:58,917 --> 00:45:03,333 but he also strikes me as a guy who knows more about science than people. 747 00:45:03,833 --> 00:45:04,834 Yet here you are. 748 00:45:05,872 --> 00:45:07,333 You don't take much on trust. 749 00:45:07,542 --> 00:45:09,000 I don't take anything on trust. 750 00:45:13,168 --> 00:45:14,500 Why don't you have a Nobel Prize? 751 00:45:14,849 --> 00:45:17,008 Why aren't you a general? -They're making me one for this. 752 00:45:17,083 --> 00:45:18,488 Perhaps I'll have the same luck. 753 00:45:18,490 --> 00:45:20,027 The Nobel Prize for making a bomb? 754 00:45:20,071 --> 00:45:21,917 Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. 755 00:45:24,973 --> 00:45:26,042 So how would you proceed? 756 00:45:28,145 --> 00:45:32,627 You're talking about turning theory into a practical weapon system 757 00:45:32,875 --> 00:45:35,917 faster than the Nazis. -Who have a 12-month head start. 758 00:45:36,083 --> 00:45:38,083 18. -How could you possibly know that? 759 00:45:38,375 --> 00:45:40,570 Our fast neutron research took six months. 760 00:45:40,614 --> 00:45:43,572 The man they've undoubtedly put in charge will have made that leap instantly. 761 00:45:43,616 --> 00:45:45,756 Who do you think they put in charge? -Werner Heisenberg. 762 00:45:45,958 --> 00:45:50,083 He has the most intuitive understanding of atomic structure I have ever seen. 763 00:45:50,261 --> 00:45:51,792 You know his work? -I know him, 764 00:45:52,083 --> 00:45:54,420 just like I know Walther Bothe, von Weizsäcker, Diebner. 765 00:45:54,464 --> 00:45:56,000 In a straight race, the Germans win. 766 00:45:56,846 --> 00:45:58,500 We've got one hope. -Which is? 767 00:45:59,958 --> 00:46:00,959 Antisemitism. 768 00:46:03,042 --> 00:46:04,000 What? 769 00:46:04,028 --> 00:46:06,667 Hitler called quantum physics "Jewish science". 770 00:46:06,708 --> 00:46:08,042 Said it right to Einstein's face. 771 00:46:08,083 --> 00:46:11,583 Our one hope is that Hitler is so blinded by hate 772 00:46:11,625 --> 00:46:13,667 that he's denied Heisenberg proper resources, 773 00:46:13,708 --> 00:46:15,458 because it'll take vast resources. 774 00:46:15,583 --> 00:46:18,292 Our nation's best scientists working together. Right now, they're scattered. 775 00:46:18,391 --> 00:46:20,042 Which gives us compartmentalization. 776 00:46:20,333 --> 00:46:23,308 All minds have to see the whole task to contribute efficiently. 777 00:46:23,352 --> 00:46:25,583 Poor security may cost us the race. 778 00:46:25,625 --> 00:46:26,792 Inefficiency will. 779 00:46:27,701 --> 00:46:29,167 The Germans know more than us anyway. 780 00:46:29,643 --> 00:46:30,792 The Russians don't. 781 00:46:32,525 --> 00:46:35,375 Remind me, who are we at war with? 782 00:46:35,958 --> 00:46:38,792 Somebody with your past doesn't want to be seen downplaying 783 00:46:38,833 --> 00:46:42,167 the importance of security from our communist allies. 784 00:46:43,250 --> 00:46:45,375 Point taken, but... no. 785 00:46:45,796 --> 00:46:47,125 You don't get to say no to me. 786 00:46:47,292 --> 00:46:49,375 It's my job to say no to you when you're wrong. 787 00:46:50,292 --> 00:46:51,667 So you have the job now? 788 00:46:51,750 --> 00:46:53,250 Uh, I'm considering it. 789 00:46:56,581 --> 00:46:58,583 I'm starting to see where you got your reputation. 790 00:47:00,250 --> 00:47:01,458 My favorite response: 791 00:47:02,583 --> 00:47:04,708 "Oppenheimer couldn't run a hamburger stand." 792 00:47:06,667 --> 00:47:07,667 I couldn't. 793 00:47:09,833 --> 00:47:11,667 But I can run the Manhattan Project. 794 00:47:13,198 --> 00:47:14,792 There's a way to balance these things. 795 00:47:15,839 --> 00:47:18,833 Keep the Rad Lab here at Berkeley, under Lawrence. 796 00:47:19,292 --> 00:47:21,333 Met Lab in Chicago, under Szilard. 797 00:47:21,542 --> 00:47:23,500 Large-scale refining, where did you say, Tennessee? 798 00:47:23,917 --> 00:47:25,292 And Hanford. -And Hanford. 799 00:47:25,625 --> 00:47:29,042 All America's industrial-minded scientific innovation, 800 00:47:29,375 --> 00:47:32,542 connected by rail, focused on one goal, 801 00:47:32,792 --> 00:47:34,250 one point in space and time. 802 00:47:34,500 --> 00:47:37,106 And it comes together here, a secret laboratory. 803 00:47:37,150 --> 00:47:39,447 In the middle of nowhere, secure, self-sufficient. 804 00:47:39,491 --> 00:47:40,917 Equipment, housing, the works. 805 00:47:41,032 --> 00:47:42,333 Keep everyone there until it's done. 806 00:47:43,341 --> 00:47:46,042 We'll need a school, stores, a church. -Why? 807 00:47:46,333 --> 00:47:49,125 If we don't let scientists bring their families, we'll never get the best. 808 00:47:49,363 --> 00:47:52,000 You want security, build a town. Build it fast. 809 00:47:52,344 --> 00:47:53,333 Where? 810 00:47:57,333 --> 00:47:58,667 Welcome to Los Alamos. 811 00:47:59,367 --> 00:48:01,458 There's a boys' school we'll have to commandeer, 812 00:48:01,500 --> 00:48:03,458 and the local Indians come up here for burial rites, 813 00:48:03,500 --> 00:48:05,265 but apart from that, nothing. 814 00:48:05,309 --> 00:48:06,792 40 miles. Any direction. 815 00:48:07,042 --> 00:48:08,375 We'll have to find the perfect spot. 816 00:48:09,130 --> 00:48:10,917 For? -Success. 817 00:48:16,643 --> 00:48:18,500 Build him a town. Fast. 818 00:48:20,417 --> 00:48:21,833 Let's go recruit some scientists. 819 00:48:22,875 --> 00:48:24,250 Why would I leave my family? 820 00:48:24,292 --> 00:48:26,042 I told you, you can bring your family. 821 00:48:26,125 --> 00:48:28,250 I'm not a soldier, Oppie. -A soldier? 822 00:48:28,833 --> 00:48:31,125 He's a general. I've got all the soldier I need. 823 00:48:31,766 --> 00:48:32,791 What can I tell them? 824 00:48:33,526 --> 00:48:36,792 Heisenberg, Diebner, Bothe and Bohr. What do these men have in common? 825 00:48:36,958 --> 00:48:39,667 Uh, the greatest minds on atomic theory. -Yes, and? 826 00:48:40,833 --> 00:48:41,834 As much as you like. 827 00:48:43,542 --> 00:48:45,042 Until you feel my boot on your balls. 828 00:48:46,368 --> 00:48:49,875 You know isotopes, and you know explosives better than anyone in the world. 829 00:48:50,190 --> 00:48:51,458 But you can't tell us what you're doing. 830 00:48:55,667 --> 00:48:57,208 I don't know. -The Nazis have them. 831 00:48:57,831 --> 00:48:58,890 Niels Bohr's in Copenhagen. 832 00:48:58,917 --> 00:49:01,917 Under Nazi occupation. Did they stop printing newspapers in Princeton? 833 00:49:02,175 --> 00:49:05,750 Why would we go to the middle of nowhere for who knows how long? 834 00:49:05,792 --> 00:49:07,458 For a year or two. Or three. 835 00:49:09,083 --> 00:49:12,000 General, could you... give us a moment? 836 00:49:13,440 --> 00:49:15,792 It's about unleashing a strong force. 837 00:49:17,547 --> 00:49:18,833 Before the Nazis do. 838 00:49:19,750 --> 00:49:20,750 Oh my god. 839 00:49:21,250 --> 00:49:23,208 Niels won't work for the Nazis. -No, never. 840 00:49:23,333 --> 00:49:25,208 But while they have him, we don't. 841 00:49:25,708 --> 00:49:26,750 That's why I need you. 842 00:49:27,125 --> 00:49:28,708 Why would you think I'd do that? 843 00:49:29,000 --> 00:49:30,375 Why? Why? 844 00:49:31,099 --> 00:49:33,208 How about because this is the most important fucking thing 845 00:49:33,250 --> 00:49:35,125 to ever happen in the history of the world? 846 00:49:35,333 --> 00:49:36,335 How about that? 847 00:49:37,250 --> 00:49:38,251 Fuck. 848 00:49:43,169 --> 00:49:45,042 They're not gonna let me onto this project. 849 00:49:46,248 --> 00:49:47,250 And failing a security check 850 00:49:47,292 --> 00:49:49,708 is not going to be good for a career even after the war. 851 00:49:49,875 --> 00:49:52,167 So you're a fellow traveler. So what? 852 00:49:52,494 --> 00:49:54,193 This is a national emergency. 853 00:49:54,250 --> 00:49:56,667 I've got some skeletons. They put me in charge. 854 00:49:57,250 --> 00:49:58,249 They need us. 855 00:49:58,708 --> 00:49:59,708 Until they don't. 856 00:50:04,083 --> 00:50:06,125 Is there any chance of getting Bohr out of Denmark? 857 00:50:06,246 --> 00:50:08,958 Yeah, no dice. I checked with the British. 858 00:50:09,629 --> 00:50:12,583 Until we get Allied boots back onto the continent, there's just no way. 859 00:50:14,681 --> 00:50:15,792 Is he that important? 860 00:50:15,833 --> 00:50:18,750 How many people do you know who proved Einstein wrong? 861 00:50:20,306 --> 00:50:22,375 You know, it really would be quicker to take a plane. 862 00:50:22,458 --> 00:50:23,500 A plane's too risky. 863 00:50:24,083 --> 00:50:25,083 The country needs us. 864 00:50:28,750 --> 00:50:29,750 What happened, guys? 865 00:50:29,794 --> 00:50:31,958 They say the building's too small for this cyclotron. 866 00:50:34,792 --> 00:50:36,208 Get them together with the architects. 867 00:50:39,962 --> 00:50:41,375 When's this place supposed to open? 868 00:50:44,704 --> 00:50:45,710 Two months. 869 00:50:47,000 --> 00:50:50,167 Robert, you're the great improviser, but this... 870 00:50:51,250 --> 00:50:52,583 you can't do in your head. 871 00:50:54,042 --> 00:50:55,083 Four divisions. 872 00:50:56,458 --> 00:51:00,042 Experimental, theoretical, metallurgical. 873 00:51:00,155 --> 00:51:01,417 Who's running theoretical? 874 00:51:01,458 --> 00:51:02,459 I am. 875 00:51:02,636 --> 00:51:05,250 That's what I was afraid of. You're spread too thin. 876 00:51:06,792 --> 00:51:08,042 So you take theoretical. 877 00:51:11,208 --> 00:51:13,709 I'm not coming here, Robert. 878 00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:21,002 Why not? 879 00:51:27,750 --> 00:51:31,208 You drop a bomb and it falls on the just and the unjust. 880 00:51:32,833 --> 00:51:35,458 I don't wish the culmination of three centuries of physics 881 00:51:35,500 --> 00:51:37,125 to be a weapon of mass destruction. 882 00:51:47,250 --> 00:51:48,251 Izzy... 883 00:51:49,208 --> 00:51:53,333 I don't know if we can be trusted with such a weapon. 884 00:51:55,167 --> 00:51:57,958 But I know the Nazis can't. 885 00:52:02,167 --> 00:52:03,208 We have no choice. 886 00:52:06,167 --> 00:52:07,168 Then... 887 00:52:09,042 --> 00:52:10,250 The second thing you have to do 888 00:52:10,292 --> 00:52:13,375 is appoint Hans Bethe to run the theoretical division. 889 00:52:15,835 --> 00:52:17,625 Wait, what was the first? 890 00:52:17,917 --> 00:52:19,833 Take off that ridiculous uniform. 891 00:52:20,296 --> 00:52:21,417 You're a scientist. 892 00:52:21,697 --> 00:52:23,167 Groves is insisting we join. 893 00:52:23,497 --> 00:52:25,208 Tell Groves to go shit in his hat. 894 00:52:25,791 --> 00:52:27,125 They need us for who we are. 895 00:52:27,453 --> 00:52:28,459 So be yourself. 896 00:52:29,458 --> 00:52:30,460 Only better. 897 00:53:10,583 --> 00:53:11,667 This is the only key. 898 00:53:12,250 --> 00:53:14,167 And Teller's already here. 899 00:53:14,500 --> 00:53:16,863 Shall I just show him in? -No, let's wait for the others. 900 00:53:25,083 --> 00:53:26,084 Let's get started. 901 00:53:26,750 --> 00:53:29,208 Hello, Edward. -Yes. 902 00:53:29,375 --> 00:53:31,690 Gentlemen, so, we will work here 903 00:53:31,714 --> 00:53:34,792 until the T Section at Los Alamos is finished. 904 00:53:34,833 --> 00:53:36,583 Edward, can I...? -This is more important. 905 00:53:39,083 --> 00:53:42,917 When I calculated the chain reaction, I found a rather troubling possibility. 906 00:53:44,208 --> 00:53:46,792 No, this can't be right. 907 00:53:47,708 --> 00:53:49,167 Show me how you did your calculations. 908 00:53:49,467 --> 00:53:50,460 Yes. 909 00:53:54,167 --> 00:53:57,250 Exponential. -No, no, no. No. 910 00:54:00,708 --> 00:54:01,750 This is fantasy. 911 00:54:02,500 --> 00:54:03,958 Teller's calculations can't be right. 912 00:54:04,958 --> 00:54:06,833 Do them yourself while I go to Princeton. 913 00:54:07,276 --> 00:54:09,253 What for? -To talk to Einstein. 914 00:54:09,297 --> 00:54:11,417 Well, there's not much common ground between the two. 915 00:54:11,625 --> 00:54:13,000 That's why I should get his view. 916 00:54:18,458 --> 00:54:19,625 Albert. -Hmm? 917 00:54:20,208 --> 00:54:22,375 Ah, Dr. Oppenheimer. 918 00:54:22,917 --> 00:54:24,292 Have you met Dr. Gödel? 919 00:54:24,666 --> 00:54:26,250 We walk here most days. 920 00:54:26,583 --> 00:54:30,250 Trees have the most inspiring structures. 921 00:54:30,917 --> 00:54:32,708 Albert, might I have a word? 922 00:54:33,250 --> 00:54:35,000 Of course. Excuse me, Kurt. 923 00:54:37,042 --> 00:54:39,583 Some days Kurt refuses to eat. 924 00:54:40,000 --> 00:54:44,375 Even in Princeton, he's convinced that the Nazis can poison his food. 925 00:54:55,860 --> 00:54:58,375 Whose, whose work is this? 926 00:54:58,792 --> 00:54:59,793 Teller's. 927 00:55:01,071 --> 00:55:02,708 What do you take it to mean? 928 00:55:03,572 --> 00:55:05,375 Neutrons smash into the nucleus, 929 00:55:05,417 --> 00:55:08,667 releasing neutrons to smash into other nuclei. 930 00:55:09,583 --> 00:55:10,585 Criticality. 931 00:55:10,773 --> 00:55:13,125 Point of no return. Massive explosive force. 932 00:55:13,433 --> 00:55:15,792 But this time, the chain reaction doesn't stop. 933 00:55:16,750 --> 00:55:18,833 It would ignite the atmosphere. 934 00:55:20,958 --> 00:55:24,917 When we detonate an atomic device, we might start a chain reaction that... 935 00:55:26,083 --> 00:55:27,210 destroys the world. 936 00:55:28,583 --> 00:55:29,875 So here we are, hmm? 937 00:55:30,333 --> 00:55:34,208 Lost in your quantum world of probabilities, 938 00:55:34,667 --> 00:55:36,208 and needing certainty. 939 00:55:37,083 --> 00:55:38,958 Can you run the calculations yourself? 940 00:55:40,000 --> 00:55:42,333 About the only thing you and I have in common 941 00:55:42,375 --> 00:55:44,417 is a disdain for mathematics. 942 00:55:44,583 --> 00:55:46,708 Who's working on this in Berkeley? 943 00:55:46,794 --> 00:55:47,792 Hans Bethe. 944 00:55:47,833 --> 00:55:49,667 Well, he'll get to the truth. 945 00:55:51,708 --> 00:55:53,542 And if the truth is catastrophic? 946 00:55:54,500 --> 00:55:58,667 Then you stop, and you share your findings with the Nazis. 947 00:55:59,661 --> 00:56:01,875 So neither side destroys the world. 948 00:56:05,833 --> 00:56:06,840 Robert. 949 00:56:08,418 --> 00:56:10,375 This is yours, not mine. 950 00:56:24,458 --> 00:56:25,458 Teller's wrong. 951 00:56:26,153 --> 00:56:27,168 He's wrong. 952 00:56:36,997 --> 00:56:40,833 When you know Teller's critical assumptions, the real picture emerges. 953 00:56:40,938 --> 00:56:41,958 Bottom line? 954 00:56:42,833 --> 00:56:45,667 The chances of an out-of-control nuclear reaction are near-zero. 955 00:56:45,900 --> 00:56:47,000 Near-zero. 956 00:56:48,625 --> 00:56:50,000 Oppie, this is good news. 957 00:56:50,083 --> 00:56:51,086 Mm-hmm. 958 00:56:52,263 --> 00:56:53,251 Can you run them again? 959 00:56:53,331 --> 00:56:54,667 Oh, you'll get the same answer. 960 00:56:55,232 --> 00:56:56,875 Until they actually detonate one of these things, 961 00:56:56,917 --> 00:56:58,625 the best assurance you're going to get is this. 962 00:56:59,458 --> 00:57:00,458 Near-zero. 963 00:57:03,975 --> 00:57:05,750 Theory will take you only so far. 964 00:57:06,500 --> 00:57:08,292 Hello! -Hi. 965 00:57:08,456 --> 00:57:09,459 We missed him. 966 00:57:09,837 --> 00:57:10,835 You want to adopt? 967 00:57:11,057 --> 00:57:12,043 She's kidding. 968 00:57:12,098 --> 00:57:13,875 We wanted to see you before we left. 969 00:57:14,498 --> 00:57:16,833 For parts unknown. 970 00:57:18,040 --> 00:57:19,708 You know who I ran into the other day? 971 00:57:20,292 --> 00:57:21,293 Eltenton. 972 00:57:23,208 --> 00:57:25,458 That chemist from Shell? The union guy? 973 00:57:25,642 --> 00:57:28,167 Yeah, the FAECT guy. 974 00:57:29,563 --> 00:57:31,625 He was moaning about how we're handling the war. 975 00:57:32,805 --> 00:57:33,793 How so? 976 00:57:34,485 --> 00:57:36,708 Lack of cooperation with our allies. 977 00:57:37,333 --> 00:57:41,250 Apparently, our government's not sharing any research with the Russians. 978 00:57:41,958 --> 00:57:45,458 He said most scientists think the policy is stupid. 979 00:57:48,833 --> 00:57:50,542 Oh, yeah? -Yeah. 980 00:57:51,348 --> 00:57:55,083 He mentioned that if anyone had anything they wanted to pass on, 981 00:57:56,208 --> 00:57:59,542 going around official channels, that he could help. 982 00:58:08,375 --> 00:58:09,542 That would be treason. 983 00:58:10,882 --> 00:58:11,958 Yes, of course. 984 00:58:13,083 --> 00:58:14,292 I just thought you should know. 985 00:58:17,286 --> 00:58:18,875 The brat is down. 986 00:58:19,447 --> 00:58:20,460 Where are the martinis? 987 00:58:25,917 --> 00:58:26,918 Coming right up. 988 00:58:27,458 --> 00:58:29,167 The conversation ended there. 989 00:58:29,458 --> 00:58:32,458 Nothing in our long-standing friendship would have led me to believe 990 00:58:32,500 --> 00:58:35,417 that Chevalier was actually seeking information, 991 00:58:35,543 --> 00:58:39,792 and I am certain that he had no idea of the work in which I was engaged. 992 00:58:44,875 --> 00:58:49,208 It has long been clear to me that I should have reported this incident at once. 993 00:58:49,733 --> 00:58:52,333 The Oppenheimer situation highlights the tension 994 00:58:52,375 --> 00:58:55,583 between scientists and the security apparatus. 995 00:58:55,876 --> 00:58:58,250 In hopes of learning how the nominee handled such issues 996 00:58:58,292 --> 00:59:00,042 during his time at the AEC, 997 00:59:00,400 --> 00:59:03,000 we'll have a scientist appearing before the committee. 998 00:59:04,322 --> 00:59:05,375 Who are they bringing in? 999 00:59:05,623 --> 00:59:06,626 They hadn't said. 1000 00:59:06,863 --> 00:59:10,750 Mr. Chairman, if I may, I'm nominated for Commerce Secretary. 1001 00:59:10,866 --> 00:59:13,083 Why seek the opinion of scientists? 1002 00:59:13,528 --> 00:59:15,292 This is a cabinet post, Admiral. 1003 00:59:15,329 --> 00:59:18,167 We seek a wide range of opinion. 1004 00:59:18,208 --> 00:59:20,458 I'd like to know the name of the scientist testifying. 1005 00:59:20,500 --> 00:59:22,083 I'd like the chance to cross-examine. 1006 00:59:22,583 --> 00:59:23,750 This is not a court. 1007 00:59:55,625 --> 00:59:56,626 Formality, huh? 1008 00:59:56,667 --> 01:00:00,709 No presidential cabinet nominee has failed to be confirmed since 1925. 1009 01:00:00,875 --> 01:00:02,625 This is just how the game is played. 1010 01:00:02,667 --> 01:00:04,959 It's in the bag, Lewis. So play nice. 1011 01:00:05,542 --> 01:00:07,042 They bring in a scientist, so what? 1012 01:00:07,500 --> 01:00:09,625 You don't know scientists like I do, Counselor. 1013 01:00:09,667 --> 01:00:11,834 They resent anyone who questions their judgment, 1014 01:00:11,875 --> 01:00:13,335 especially if you're not one of them. 1015 01:00:13,625 --> 01:00:14,959 I was chair of the AEC. 1016 01:00:15,167 --> 01:00:17,250 I'm easy to blame for what happened to Robert. 1017 01:00:17,292 --> 01:00:18,584 We can't have the Senate thinking 1018 01:00:18,625 --> 01:00:21,000 the scientific community doesn't support you, sir. 1019 01:00:22,292 --> 01:00:23,375 Or should we pivot? 1020 01:00:24,000 --> 01:00:25,375 To what? -And embrace it. 1021 01:00:26,417 --> 01:00:28,417 "I fought Oppenheimer, and the US won." 1022 01:00:28,709 --> 01:00:30,250 I don't think we need to go there. 1023 01:00:30,292 --> 01:00:32,625 Isn't there someone we can call who knows what really happened? 1024 01:00:32,667 --> 01:00:34,250 Teller. -He'll make an impression. 1025 01:00:34,375 --> 01:00:36,167 Can you get the name of the scientist they've called? 1026 01:00:36,250 --> 01:00:38,667 Probably. -Find out if he was based in Chicago 1027 01:00:38,917 --> 01:00:40,334 or Los Alamos during the war. 1028 01:00:40,542 --> 01:00:41,375 Why does that matter? 1029 01:00:41,459 --> 01:00:44,125 Well, if he was based in Chicago, they worked under Szilard and Fermi, 1030 01:00:44,167 --> 01:00:46,125 not the cult to Bobby in Los Alamos. 1031 01:00:46,602 --> 01:00:49,625 Robert built that damn place. He was founder, mayor, sheriff. 1032 01:00:50,459 --> 01:00:51,662 All rolled into one. 1033 01:01:04,375 --> 01:01:06,084 Now all it needs is a saloon. 1034 01:01:35,875 --> 01:01:36,916 There's no kitchen. 1035 01:01:38,377 --> 01:01:40,500 Really? We'll fix that. 1036 01:01:47,625 --> 01:01:49,792 Barbed wire? Guns? 1037 01:01:50,875 --> 01:01:53,250 Oppie... -We're at war, Hans. 1038 01:01:56,120 --> 01:01:57,120 Halifax. 1039 01:01:57,584 --> 01:01:58,667 1917. 1040 01:01:58,792 --> 01:02:01,500 A cargo ship carrying munitions explodes in the harbor. 1041 01:02:04,125 --> 01:02:06,875 A vast and sudden chemical reaction. 1042 01:02:10,667 --> 01:02:13,209 The biggest man-made explosion in history. 1043 01:02:14,113 --> 01:02:16,875 Now, let's calculate how much more destructive it would have been 1044 01:02:16,917 --> 01:02:19,912 if it were a nuclear and not a chemical reaction, 1045 01:02:20,500 --> 01:02:23,167 expressing power in terms of tons of TNT. 1046 01:02:23,638 --> 01:02:25,000 But it will be thousands. 1047 01:02:25,500 --> 01:02:28,250 Well, then, kilotons. 1048 01:02:32,167 --> 01:02:34,584 Using U-235, 1049 01:02:35,459 --> 01:02:36,875 the bomb will need a... -Uh... 1050 01:02:37,828 --> 01:02:41,084 Sorry. Gadget will need a 33-pound sphere 1051 01:02:41,294 --> 01:02:42,542 about this size, 1052 01:02:42,703 --> 01:02:46,042 or using plutonium, a ten-pound sphere. 1053 01:02:47,962 --> 01:02:51,917 Here's the amount of uranium Oak Ridge refined all of last month. 1054 01:02:55,959 --> 01:02:58,662 And the Hanford plant made this much plutonium. 1055 01:03:00,984 --> 01:03:04,792 Now, if we can enrich these amounts, we need a way to detonate them. 1056 01:03:05,917 --> 01:03:07,125 Are we boring you, Edward? 1057 01:03:08,203 --> 01:03:09,334 A little bit, yes. 1058 01:03:09,667 --> 01:03:10,834 May I ask why? 1059 01:03:11,084 --> 01:03:14,334 We all entered this room knowing a fission bomb was possible. 1060 01:03:15,154 --> 01:03:16,875 How about we leave it with something new? 1061 01:03:17,215 --> 01:03:18,210 Such as? 1062 01:03:18,500 --> 01:03:22,042 Instead of uranium or plutonium, we use hydrogen. 1063 01:03:23,179 --> 01:03:25,792 Heavy hydrogen. Deuterium. 1064 01:03:26,857 --> 01:03:29,209 You see, we compact the atoms together 1065 01:03:29,250 --> 01:03:32,417 under great pressure to induce a fusion reaction. 1066 01:03:33,667 --> 01:03:37,542 Then we'll get not kilotons, but megatons. 1067 01:03:38,500 --> 01:03:39,917 Okay, hang on, hang on. 1068 01:03:40,453 --> 01:03:44,292 So how do you generate enough force to fuse hydrogen atoms? 1069 01:03:45,500 --> 01:03:46,667 A small fission bomb. 1070 01:03:47,584 --> 01:03:48,710 There we are! 1071 01:03:50,824 --> 01:03:52,625 Well, since we're going to need one anyway, 1072 01:03:52,667 --> 01:03:54,167 can we get back to the business at hand? 1073 01:03:54,417 --> 01:03:57,625 The isotopes issue wasn't your most important 1074 01:03:57,959 --> 01:04:00,750 policy disagreement with Dr. Oppenheimer. 1075 01:04:00,804 --> 01:04:03,223 It was the hydrogen bomb, wasn't it? 1076 01:04:03,375 --> 01:04:08,125 As colleagues, we agreed to disagree on a great many things, uh... 1077 01:04:08,500 --> 01:04:12,209 And one of them was the need for an H-bomb program, yes. 1078 01:04:25,875 --> 01:04:28,453 Thanks for convening on short notice. 1079 01:04:28,703 --> 01:04:29,745 I can't believe it. 1080 01:04:31,125 --> 01:04:34,375 But here we are. Catch me up. What do we know? 1081 01:04:34,584 --> 01:04:38,584 One of our B-29s over the North Pacific has detected radiation. 1082 01:04:38,998 --> 01:04:41,542 Do we have the filter papers? -There's no doubt what this is. 1083 01:04:42,031 --> 01:04:44,917 White House says there's a doubt. -Wishful thinking, I'm afraid. 1084 01:04:44,959 --> 01:04:47,792 Are those the long-range detection filter papers? 1085 01:04:48,609 --> 01:04:49,917 It's an atomic test. 1086 01:04:53,584 --> 01:04:54,834 The Russians have a bomb. 1087 01:04:55,375 --> 01:04:58,000 We're supposed to be years ahead of them, but this... 1088 01:04:58,792 --> 01:05:02,040 What were you guys doing in Los Alamos? Wasn't security tight? 1089 01:05:02,126 --> 01:05:04,750 Of course it was. You weren't there. -Forgive me, Doctor. 1090 01:05:07,042 --> 01:05:08,043 But I was there. 1091 01:05:09,375 --> 01:05:12,584 We can now consider the actual mechanics of detonation. 1092 01:05:12,917 --> 01:05:15,500 Any ideas? -I call this shooting. 1093 01:05:15,542 --> 01:05:19,417 We fire a chunk of fissionable material into a larger sphere 1094 01:05:19,459 --> 01:05:21,500 with enough force to achieve criticality. 1095 01:05:22,417 --> 01:05:25,133 What do we think? Anyone? -I've been thinking about implosion. 1096 01:05:25,542 --> 01:05:28,625 Explosives around the sphere blast inwards, crushing the material. 1097 01:05:29,667 --> 01:05:32,584 I'd like to investigate that idea. -I'll talk to ordnance. 1098 01:05:32,667 --> 01:05:33,750 Get you blowing things up. 1099 01:05:35,000 --> 01:05:36,828 Progress? -Nice to see you too. 1100 01:05:37,834 --> 01:05:39,125 Meet the British contingent. 1101 01:05:39,459 --> 01:05:41,500 Dr. Oppenheimer. Klaus Fuchs. 1102 01:05:41,834 --> 01:05:44,667 How long have you been British? -Since Hitler told me I wasn't German. 1103 01:05:44,959 --> 01:05:47,667 Ah. Come, welcome to Los Alamos. 1104 01:05:48,709 --> 01:05:49,834 The school's up and running. 1105 01:05:50,240 --> 01:05:52,334 The bar. -Always running. 1106 01:05:53,459 --> 01:05:55,500 And I thought of a way to reduce support staff. 1107 01:05:57,084 --> 01:05:58,792 Is that...? -Mrs. Serber, yes. 1108 01:05:58,962 --> 01:06:02,250 I've offered jobs to all the wives, admin, librarians, computation. 1109 01:06:02,375 --> 01:06:04,334 We cut down on staff, keep families together. 1110 01:06:04,584 --> 01:06:06,500 Are these women qualified? -Don't be absurd. 1111 01:06:06,542 --> 01:06:08,709 These are some of the brightest minds in our community. 1112 01:06:08,750 --> 01:06:10,167 And they're already security cleared. 1113 01:06:10,959 --> 01:06:13,038 I've informed General Groves you've been holding cross-divisional 1114 01:06:13,062 --> 01:06:15,625 open discussions on a nightly basis. -Shut them down. 1115 01:06:16,042 --> 01:06:17,667 Compartmentalization is the key 1116 01:06:17,875 --> 01:06:19,500 to maintaining security... -Only the top men. 1117 01:06:19,542 --> 01:06:21,500 Who presumably communicate with subordinates. 1118 01:06:21,549 --> 01:06:23,384 These men aren't stupid. They can be discreet. 1119 01:06:23,667 --> 01:06:25,375 I don't like it. -You don't like anything enough 1120 01:06:25,417 --> 01:06:26,750 for that to be a fair test. 1121 01:06:33,125 --> 01:06:35,250 Once a week. Top men only. 1122 01:06:35,833 --> 01:06:37,584 I'd like to bring my brother here. -No. 1123 01:06:39,709 --> 01:06:40,708 Nichols? 1124 01:06:42,334 --> 01:06:44,875 I still haven't heard that my security clearance has been approved. 1125 01:06:44,959 --> 01:06:46,834 It hasn't. -I'm going to Chicago tomorrow. 1126 01:06:47,125 --> 01:06:48,126 Well, you should wait. 1127 01:06:48,792 --> 01:06:51,125 You are aware that the Nazis have a two-year head start? 1128 01:06:51,370 --> 01:06:53,250 Dr. Oppenheimer, the fact that your security clearance 1129 01:06:53,292 --> 01:06:55,345 is proving difficult to obtain is not my fault. 1130 01:06:55,667 --> 01:06:56,649 It's yours. 1131 01:06:56,709 --> 01:06:59,473 It may not be your fault, but it's your problem. Because I'm going. 1132 01:07:00,375 --> 01:07:02,375 And how many people were in these, uh... 1133 01:07:03,167 --> 01:07:05,167 open discussions? 1134 01:07:05,250 --> 01:07:07,623 Too many. Compartmentalization was supposed to be the protocol. 1135 01:07:07,662 --> 01:07:09,084 We were in a race against the Nazis. 1136 01:07:09,125 --> 01:07:11,459 And now the race is against the Soviets. 1137 01:07:11,500 --> 01:07:16,042 Not unless we start it. -Robert, they just fired the starting gun. 1138 01:07:16,709 --> 01:07:18,553 What's the nature of the device they detonated? 1139 01:07:19,084 --> 01:07:22,584 Data indicates it may have been a plutonium implosion device. 1140 01:07:22,625 --> 01:07:25,123 Like the one you built at Los Alamos. 1141 01:07:25,750 --> 01:07:26,812 The Russians have a bomb. 1142 01:07:27,459 --> 01:07:30,709 Truman needs to know what's next. -What's next? Arms talks. 1143 01:07:30,959 --> 01:07:32,084 Arms talks? -Obviously. 1144 01:07:33,500 --> 01:07:36,250 What about the Super? Does Truman even know about it? 1145 01:07:36,292 --> 01:07:37,659 Did we brief him on that? 1146 01:07:38,250 --> 01:07:39,300 Not specifically. 1147 01:07:39,584 --> 01:07:42,386 We still don't know if a hydrogen bomb is technically feasible. 1148 01:07:42,459 --> 01:07:44,792 Right, my understanding is that Teller proposed it. 1149 01:07:44,834 --> 01:07:45,959 Yes. -At Los Alamos? 1150 01:07:46,000 --> 01:07:48,292 Teller's designs have always been wildly impractical. 1151 01:07:48,334 --> 01:07:51,334 You'd have to deliver by oxcart, not airplane. 1152 01:07:51,667 --> 01:07:53,375 Oppie! -I'm sorry, Dr. Lawrence, 1153 01:07:53,417 --> 01:07:54,709 do you want to comment? 1154 01:07:56,542 --> 01:07:57,544 No. 1155 01:07:59,542 --> 01:08:01,584 Because if it can put us ahead again, 1156 01:08:02,147 --> 01:08:06,625 the President of the United States needs to know about it. 1157 01:08:08,709 --> 01:08:11,500 And if the Russians know about it already from a spy, 1158 01:08:11,702 --> 01:08:14,694 at Los Alamos, then we've got to get going. 1159 01:08:14,740 --> 01:08:17,319 There's no proof there was a spy at Los Alamos. 1160 01:08:17,667 --> 01:08:18,667 Robert. 1161 01:08:23,709 --> 01:08:25,084 They put it under the football stadium? 1162 01:08:25,500 --> 01:08:26,792 The field's not in use anymore. 1163 01:08:27,417 --> 01:08:28,463 Just as well. 1164 01:08:31,500 --> 01:08:33,250 Oppie! -Dr. Fermi. 1165 01:08:36,250 --> 01:08:38,959 I hear you've got a little town. -Yes, come and see. 1166 01:08:40,375 --> 01:08:43,417 Who could think straight in a place like that, huh? 1167 01:08:44,625 --> 01:08:46,125 Everybody will go crazy. 1168 01:08:47,417 --> 01:08:49,459 Thank you the vote of confidence, Szilard. 1169 01:08:50,917 --> 01:08:53,417 Do we really... do we really need that in the notes? 1170 01:08:54,560 --> 01:08:55,920 Are you gonna try it out? 1171 01:08:56,584 --> 01:08:57,584 We did. 1172 01:08:58,125 --> 01:09:01,167 The first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. 1173 01:09:02,167 --> 01:09:03,209 Didn't Groves tell you? 1174 01:09:04,292 --> 01:09:05,302 No. 1175 01:09:12,930 --> 01:09:14,084 Dr. Oppenheimer? 1176 01:09:15,209 --> 01:09:16,417 I tried personnel. 1177 01:09:16,584 --> 01:09:19,167 They asked if I could type. -Can you? 1178 01:09:19,292 --> 01:09:22,000 Harvard forgot to teach that on the graduate chemistry course. 1179 01:09:24,042 --> 01:09:26,459 Condon, put Mrs. Hornig here on the plutonium team. 1180 01:09:32,375 --> 01:09:34,167 What the hell were you doing in Chicago? 1181 01:09:34,584 --> 01:09:36,042 Visiting the met. -Why? 1182 01:09:36,084 --> 01:09:37,250 You can't... -Why? 1183 01:09:37,292 --> 01:09:38,625 Because we, we have every right... 1184 01:09:38,667 --> 01:09:42,667 You have just the rights that I give you. No more, no less. 1185 01:09:43,167 --> 01:09:46,125 We are adults trying to run a project here. This is ridiculous. 1186 01:09:46,917 --> 01:09:47,919 Tell him! 1187 01:09:49,345 --> 01:09:51,875 Compartmentalization is the protocol we agreed to. 1188 01:09:53,292 --> 01:09:56,542 Enough of this madhouse. Nobody can work under these conditions. 1189 01:09:56,584 --> 01:10:00,209 You know what? Generalissimo, I quit! 1190 01:10:01,084 --> 01:10:02,084 Thanks for nothing. 1191 01:10:04,667 --> 01:10:05,667 Better off without him. 1192 01:10:07,334 --> 01:10:10,084 Aren't you more concerned about his discretion out there? 1193 01:10:11,375 --> 01:10:12,376 We'll have him killed. 1194 01:10:14,625 --> 01:10:15,626 I'm just kidding. 1195 01:10:16,750 --> 01:10:18,417 No, he hates me, not America. 1196 01:10:19,084 --> 01:10:21,667 You know, General, not everyone has levers to pull like mine. 1197 01:10:22,584 --> 01:10:23,584 I don't think I understand. 1198 01:10:24,167 --> 01:10:27,702 You didn't hire me despite my left-wing past. You hired me because of it. 1199 01:10:28,875 --> 01:10:30,334 So you could control me. 1200 01:10:31,084 --> 01:10:34,553 No, I'm not that subtle. I'm just a humble soldier. 1201 01:10:35,292 --> 01:10:38,792 You're neither humble, nor just a soldier. You studied engineering at MIT. 1202 01:10:39,000 --> 01:10:41,167 Guilty as charged. -Well, now we understand each other, 1203 01:10:41,209 --> 01:10:43,042 perhaps you can get me my security clearance, 1204 01:10:43,084 --> 01:10:44,959 so I can perform this miracle for you. 1205 01:10:51,209 --> 01:10:52,375 General Groves, were you aware 1206 01:10:52,417 --> 01:10:55,792 of Dr. Oppenheimer's left-wing associations when you appointed him? 1207 01:10:55,959 --> 01:10:58,084 I was aware that there were suspicions about him. 1208 01:10:58,125 --> 01:11:01,125 I was aware he had a very extreme liberal background. 1209 01:11:01,376 --> 01:11:04,554 In your opinion, would he ever consciously commit a disloyal act? 1210 01:11:04,648 --> 01:11:06,250 I would be amazed if he did. 1211 01:11:06,398 --> 01:11:08,944 So you had complete confidence in his integrity? 1212 01:11:09,163 --> 01:11:11,917 At Los Alamos, yes. Which is where I really knew him. 1213 01:11:12,125 --> 01:11:14,593 Do you know that your security officers on the project 1214 01:11:14,648 --> 01:11:16,959 advised you against the clearance of Dr. Oppenheimer? 1215 01:11:17,000 --> 01:11:20,875 They could not, and would not, clear him until I insisted. 1216 01:11:21,042 --> 01:11:22,917 And it's safe to say that you had pretty good knowledge 1217 01:11:22,959 --> 01:11:25,250 of Dr. Oppenheimer's security file. -I did. 1218 01:11:26,500 --> 01:11:28,917 Well, then there's only really one question I need answered here today. 1219 01:11:29,000 --> 01:11:33,250 In light of the current AEC guidelines, would you clear Dr. Oppenheimer today? 1220 01:11:33,838 --> 01:11:34,959 Do you have the guidelines? 1221 01:11:42,834 --> 01:11:45,084 Under current AEC guidelines, 1222 01:11:45,230 --> 01:11:48,250 would you clear Dr. Oppenheimer today? 1223 01:12:00,542 --> 01:12:01,959 Physics and New Mexico, huh? 1224 01:12:03,504 --> 01:12:05,750 My god. What a trek. 1225 01:12:06,667 --> 01:12:09,125 That's why you need a liaison. -I'm appointing Lomanitz. 1226 01:12:10,709 --> 01:12:12,584 You're gonna be okay. This way, gentlemen. 1227 01:12:23,084 --> 01:12:24,737 Dr. Lawrence. -Leslie. 1228 01:12:25,500 --> 01:12:27,459 I'd like to remind you what we talked about at Berkeley. 1229 01:12:27,625 --> 01:12:29,417 Compartmentalization, I understand completely. 1230 01:12:44,792 --> 01:12:46,084 Greetings from Berkeley. 1231 01:12:46,250 --> 01:12:49,167 I am here to update you on our progress and solicit your input. 1232 01:12:49,628 --> 01:12:51,999 To do so, I am going to have to share a few things that 1233 01:12:52,042 --> 01:12:53,750 General Groves told me not to. 1234 01:12:54,542 --> 01:12:57,292 Sorry General, I said I understood, not that I agreed. 1235 01:12:57,709 --> 01:13:00,667 Okay. Gentlemen, to business! 1236 01:13:01,167 --> 01:13:03,084 There were rumors of espionage 1237 01:13:03,125 --> 01:13:05,125 at Los Alamos. -Unsubstantiated. 1238 01:13:05,167 --> 01:13:07,500 I'm told that there were communists 1239 01:13:07,542 --> 01:13:09,084 on the project. -We didn't knowingly employ... 1240 01:13:09,125 --> 01:13:11,250 I just want to know, were any of them involved 1241 01:13:11,292 --> 01:13:12,709 in discussions of the Super? 1242 01:13:13,084 --> 01:13:15,625 I seem to remember you demanding your brother come to Los Alamos. 1243 01:13:15,667 --> 01:13:18,389 My brother had left the party by then. -What about Lomanitz? 1244 01:13:18,584 --> 01:13:21,584 Lomanitz was never employed at Los Alamos. He was a liaison. 1245 01:13:21,875 --> 01:13:24,375 Our security was tight, as former Colonel Nichols well knows. 1246 01:13:24,417 --> 01:13:27,091 Our security was as tight as it could be given the personalities involved, 1247 01:13:27,115 --> 01:13:28,184 but attempts were made. 1248 01:13:28,584 --> 01:13:31,167 What is that supposed to mean? -We've all read his file here. 1249 01:13:32,500 --> 01:13:34,084 Do we need to talk about Jean Tatlock? 1250 01:13:35,792 --> 01:13:37,292 Or the Chevalier incident? 1251 01:13:41,917 --> 01:13:42,919 Excuse me. 1252 01:13:45,584 --> 01:13:47,459 Lomanitz, line one! 1253 01:13:54,417 --> 01:13:56,375 Hello, Rossi. What? 1254 01:13:57,417 --> 01:13:58,417 Okay, just calm down. 1255 01:13:59,500 --> 01:14:00,792 There's been another screwup. 1256 01:14:01,000 --> 01:14:04,167 Lomanitz just got drafted. -We are at war, Doctor. 1257 01:14:04,292 --> 01:14:07,375 Don't be an asshole, Nichols. We need this kid. Fix it, will you? 1258 01:14:07,917 --> 01:14:08,864 It wasn't a mistake. 1259 01:14:08,888 --> 01:14:11,753 Your friend Lomanitz has been trying to unionize the radiation lab. 1260 01:14:12,042 --> 01:14:14,792 He promised to quit all that. -Well, he hasn't. 1261 01:14:15,750 --> 01:14:18,671 The security officer at Berkeley is concerned about communist infiltration 1262 01:14:18,758 --> 01:14:21,917 through that union, the FA... -FAECT. 1263 01:14:25,125 --> 01:14:28,375 While I'm there next week, I'll... drop in to see him. 1264 01:14:30,750 --> 01:14:32,221 Your Q clearance came through. 1265 01:14:36,000 --> 01:14:39,252 It's important you not maintain or renew any questionable associations. 1266 01:14:44,709 --> 01:14:46,625 Doctor, did you think social contacts 1267 01:14:46,667 --> 01:14:50,917 between a person engaged on secret war work and communists was dangerous? 1268 01:14:50,959 --> 01:14:53,709 My awareness of the danger would be greater today. 1269 01:14:54,875 --> 01:14:57,250 I mean, it's fair to say that during the war years, 1270 01:14:57,792 --> 01:15:00,584 you felt that such contacts were potentially dangerous. 1271 01:15:07,292 --> 01:15:09,209 Were conceivably dangerous, yes. 1272 01:15:10,250 --> 01:15:11,251 I mean, really! 1273 01:15:12,417 --> 01:15:13,500 Known communists. 1274 01:15:16,709 --> 01:15:17,717 Look... 1275 01:15:19,042 --> 01:15:22,834 I've had a lot of secrets in my head for a long time. 1276 01:15:24,252 --> 01:15:28,458 Doesn't matter who I associate with, I don't talk about those secrets. 1277 01:15:36,209 --> 01:15:37,334 You said in your statement 1278 01:15:38,834 --> 01:15:43,209 that you had to see Jean Tatlock in 1943. 1279 01:15:45,167 --> 01:15:46,176 You left. 1280 01:15:48,000 --> 01:15:49,003 Not a word. 1281 01:15:49,834 --> 01:15:51,417 What did you think that would do to me? 1282 01:15:53,084 --> 01:15:54,084 I wrote. 1283 01:15:54,459 --> 01:15:55,584 Pages of nothing. 1284 01:15:59,042 --> 01:16:00,042 Where did you go? 1285 01:16:02,167 --> 01:16:03,667 I can't tell you. -Why not? 1286 01:16:03,750 --> 01:16:05,042 Because you're a communist. 1287 01:16:08,292 --> 01:16:09,709 Why did you have to see her? 1288 01:16:10,209 --> 01:16:14,542 She had indicated a great desire to see me before we left. 1289 01:16:14,667 --> 01:16:18,667 At that time I couldn't, but I felt that she had to see me. 1290 01:16:19,667 --> 01:16:23,703 She was undergoing psychiatric treatment. She was extremely unhappy. 1291 01:16:24,065 --> 01:16:26,334 Did you find out why she had to see you? 1292 01:16:31,709 --> 01:16:33,042 Because she was still in love with me. 1293 01:16:41,125 --> 01:16:42,584 You spent the night together, didn't you? 1294 01:16:50,834 --> 01:16:51,832 Yes. 1295 01:16:58,250 --> 01:17:03,084 You drop in and out of my life, and you don't have to tell me why. 1296 01:17:04,209 --> 01:17:06,905 And that's power. -Not that I enjoy. 1297 01:17:08,167 --> 01:17:10,542 I'd rather be here for you as you need. 1298 01:17:11,042 --> 01:17:13,000 But you have other priorities now. 1299 01:17:13,893 --> 01:17:15,584 I have a wife and child. 1300 01:17:16,959 --> 01:17:19,209 That's not what either of us is talking about. 1301 01:17:23,125 --> 01:17:26,167 Jean... you asked me to come. 1302 01:17:27,709 --> 01:17:28,917 And I'm glad I did. 1303 01:17:30,375 --> 01:17:31,709 But I can't see you again. 1304 01:17:35,250 --> 01:17:36,542 But what if I need you? 1305 01:17:40,834 --> 01:17:42,750 You said you would always answer. 1306 01:17:46,000 --> 01:17:47,001 Not a word? 1307 01:17:48,500 --> 01:17:50,459 Did you think that consistent with good security? 1308 01:17:50,667 --> 01:17:51,834 As a matter of fact, it was. 1309 01:17:52,750 --> 01:17:53,752 Not a word. 1310 01:17:54,917 --> 01:17:56,250 When did you see her after that? 1311 01:18:05,084 --> 01:18:06,209 I never saw her again. 1312 01:18:13,209 --> 01:18:15,211 I can make the last train back to Princeton. 1313 01:18:16,250 --> 01:18:18,917 Kitty, I didn't say anything that I hadn't already told you. 1314 01:18:18,959 --> 01:18:20,917 Today you said it to history, didn't you? 1315 01:18:20,959 --> 01:18:22,167 This is a closed hearing. 1316 01:18:24,417 --> 01:18:26,875 If they don't release the transcript, I'm sure you will. 1317 01:18:26,917 --> 01:18:29,292 I was under oath. -Well, you were under an oath to me 1318 01:18:29,334 --> 01:18:30,459 when you went to see Jean. 1319 01:18:32,084 --> 01:18:33,085 You know, you... 1320 01:18:34,292 --> 01:18:36,917 You sit there, day after day, 1321 01:18:37,875 --> 01:18:39,834 letting them pick our lives to pieces. 1322 01:18:42,750 --> 01:18:43,834 Why won't you fight? 1323 01:18:47,625 --> 01:18:50,042 Robert, I'm not putting her up there. 1324 01:18:56,167 --> 01:18:58,750 Dr. Oppenheimer! This is an honor. Please, take a seat. 1325 01:18:59,000 --> 01:19:01,882 No need. I just wanted to check whether I should... 1326 01:19:02,375 --> 01:19:04,795 talk to Lomanitz while I'm here, given your concerns. 1327 01:19:04,952 --> 01:19:07,718 I'd say that's really up to you, Professor, but I'd be cautious. 1328 01:19:08,209 --> 01:19:09,209 Understood. 1329 01:19:09,417 --> 01:19:11,834 Oh, and, um, as regards to the union, 1330 01:19:11,875 --> 01:19:15,209 I wanted to give you a heads up on a man named Eltenton. 1331 01:19:15,459 --> 01:19:16,458 A heads up? 1332 01:19:16,500 --> 01:19:19,875 Yes, just that he might bear watching, is all. 1333 01:19:21,500 --> 01:19:22,834 I'd love to get more details. 1334 01:19:23,959 --> 01:19:26,292 I have an appointment now, and I leave early tomorrow. 1335 01:19:26,406 --> 01:19:27,792 Well, come back as early as you like. 1336 01:19:28,584 --> 01:19:29,625 Since you haven't time now. 1337 01:19:31,042 --> 01:19:34,375 You went back the next morning. -I did. I had to, really. 1338 01:19:35,834 --> 01:19:37,000 This time there was another man. 1339 01:19:39,209 --> 01:19:43,107 He said his name was Pash. -Pash. You met Colonel Pash? 1340 01:19:43,250 --> 01:19:48,125 Colonel Pash, could you please read from your memo dated June 29, 1943? 1341 01:19:50,375 --> 01:19:52,792 "Results of surveillance conducted on subject 1342 01:19:52,834 --> 01:19:55,542 "indicate further possible Communist Party connections." 1343 01:19:55,726 --> 01:19:59,292 "Subject met with and spent considerable time with one Jean Tatlock, 1344 01:19:59,334 --> 01:20:01,542 "a communist, the record of whom is attached." 1345 01:20:01,584 --> 01:20:04,042 The subject being Dr. Oppenheimer? -Yes. 1346 01:20:04,292 --> 01:20:07,250 Whom you had not met? -Not then, but soon after. 1347 01:20:07,424 --> 01:20:09,834 He's the head of security for the project. Shouldn't I know him? 1348 01:20:09,964 --> 01:20:11,417 No, he should know you. 1349 01:20:12,250 --> 01:20:14,000 I would never put you in a room with Pash. 1350 01:20:14,042 --> 01:20:15,059 Why not? 1351 01:20:15,167 --> 01:20:16,834 When Pash first heard about Lomanitz, 1352 01:20:17,167 --> 01:20:19,769 he told the FBI he was going to kidnap him, 1353 01:20:20,209 --> 01:20:21,334 take him out on a boat, 1354 01:20:21,875 --> 01:20:24,167 and interrogate him in the Russian manner. 1355 01:20:27,459 --> 01:20:29,625 General Groves has placed in me a certain responsibility, 1356 01:20:29,667 --> 01:20:34,084 and it's like having a child who I can't see, by remote control. 1357 01:20:35,459 --> 01:20:36,792 So to actually meet you is... 1358 01:20:38,792 --> 01:20:40,534 I won't take up too much of your time. -Oh, no. 1359 01:20:40,635 --> 01:20:42,334 Not at all. Whatever time you choose. 1360 01:20:43,667 --> 01:20:45,885 Mr. Johnson told me of the conversation you had yesterday, 1361 01:20:45,979 --> 01:20:48,542 which I'm very interested in. It's had me worried all day. 1362 01:20:49,500 --> 01:20:52,875 Yes, well, I didn't want to talk to Lomanitz without authorization. 1363 01:20:53,167 --> 01:20:55,000 That's not the particular interest that I have. 1364 01:20:55,042 --> 01:20:56,334 It's something a little bit more... 1365 01:20:58,167 --> 01:20:59,584 In my opinion, more serious. 1366 01:20:59,659 --> 01:21:01,000 And then when the FBI pointed out 1367 01:21:01,042 --> 01:21:03,875 that such information wouldn't be admissible in court, 1368 01:21:03,917 --> 01:21:05,625 Pash made it clear he had no intention 1369 01:21:05,667 --> 01:21:07,854 of leaving any witness left to prosecute. 1370 01:21:08,209 --> 01:21:11,296 Now, the FBI talked him down, but that's the man you're dancing with. 1371 01:21:11,584 --> 01:21:14,000 I gather you've heard there are other parties 1372 01:21:14,042 --> 01:21:15,875 interested in the work of the radiation lab? 1373 01:21:17,167 --> 01:21:21,292 A man attached to the Soviet consul indicated, 1374 01:21:21,834 --> 01:21:25,334 through intermediate people, to people on this project, 1375 01:21:25,417 --> 01:21:28,584 that he was in a position to transmit information. 1376 01:21:28,792 --> 01:21:31,084 Well, why would anyone on the project want to do that? 1377 01:21:33,167 --> 01:21:36,625 Frankly, I can see that there might be an argument for the Commander-in-Chief 1378 01:21:36,667 --> 01:21:40,064 informing the Russians, they're our allies, after all, but... 1379 01:21:40,127 --> 01:21:42,462 I don't like the idea of it going out the back door. 1380 01:21:42,834 --> 01:21:45,042 It might not hurt to be on the lookout for it. 1381 01:21:46,459 --> 01:21:47,709 And you said that to Pash. 1382 01:21:48,250 --> 01:21:52,084 I was trying to put it in the context of "Russia's not Germany". 1383 01:21:52,678 --> 01:21:57,042 Boris Pash is the son of a Russian Orthodox bishop. 1384 01:21:57,084 --> 01:22:01,209 Born here, but in 1918 he went back to Russia to fight the Bolsheviks. 1385 01:22:01,709 --> 01:22:04,209 This is a man who has killed communists with his own hands. 1386 01:22:04,792 --> 01:22:07,125 I'm not the judge of who should or should not have information. 1387 01:22:07,667 --> 01:22:09,917 It's my business to stop it from going through illegally. 1388 01:22:10,375 --> 01:22:11,584 Could you be a little more specific? 1389 01:22:14,875 --> 01:22:19,459 There's a man whose name was mentioned to me, a couple of times, Eltenton. 1390 01:22:21,209 --> 01:22:23,417 I believe he's a chemist who works at Shell. 1391 01:22:24,167 --> 01:22:27,042 He talked to a friend of his, 1392 01:22:27,125 --> 01:22:29,792 who's an acquaintance of someone on the project. 1393 01:22:32,209 --> 01:22:34,167 And you thought Pash would be satisfied with that? 1394 01:22:34,250 --> 01:22:38,000 I was attempting to give them Eltenton without opening a can of worms. 1395 01:22:38,042 --> 01:22:39,667 I told them a cock-and-bull story. 1396 01:22:40,000 --> 01:22:42,167 Did you lie to General Groves, too? -No. 1397 01:22:42,667 --> 01:22:45,167 I admitted to him that I'd lied to Pash. 1398 01:22:45,292 --> 01:22:48,292 Do you recall this conversation about the Chevalier incident? 1399 01:22:49,167 --> 01:22:51,084 I've seen so many versions of it, uh... 1400 01:22:51,620 --> 01:22:54,292 Wasn't confused before, but I'm certainly getting there now. 1401 01:22:54,549 --> 01:22:57,375 And what was your conclusion? -That he was under the influence 1402 01:22:57,417 --> 01:23:00,875 of the typical American schoolboy attitude 1403 01:23:00,917 --> 01:23:04,084 that there's something wicked about telling on a friend. 1404 01:23:04,542 --> 01:23:08,334 Well now, might we know through whom the contact was made? 1405 01:23:09,500 --> 01:23:13,042 That would involve people who are not to be involved in this. 1406 01:23:13,375 --> 01:23:16,042 Is that someone a member of the project? 1407 01:23:16,758 --> 01:23:20,063 A member of the faculty, yes, but not in the project, no. 1408 01:23:20,225 --> 01:23:21,225 Ah... 1409 01:23:21,875 --> 01:23:26,084 So Eltenton made his approach through a member of the faculty here at Berkeley. 1410 01:23:28,375 --> 01:23:30,709 As far as I know, as far as I know, yes. 1411 01:23:31,000 --> 01:23:35,250 But there... may have been... more than one person involved. 1412 01:23:40,500 --> 01:23:43,209 Gentlemen, if I... if I seem uncooperative, 1413 01:23:43,250 --> 01:23:45,834 I think you can understand it's because of my insistence 1414 01:23:45,875 --> 01:23:47,881 on not getting innocent people into trouble. 1415 01:23:48,667 --> 01:23:51,417 You're trying to protect your friend. Who's protecting you? 1416 01:23:51,888 --> 01:23:52,878 Well, you could. 1417 01:23:53,388 --> 01:23:55,917 If you gave me the name... -If you order me to, I'll do it. 1418 01:23:56,159 --> 01:23:59,000 That's a mistake, Robert. You need to volunteer this name. 1419 01:24:00,667 --> 01:24:01,995 Did he give you the name? 1420 01:24:02,128 --> 01:24:03,542 He did. -But not then, did he? 1421 01:24:03,709 --> 01:24:04,709 No. -No, in fact, 1422 01:24:04,750 --> 01:24:06,125 it was some months later, wasn't it? 1423 01:24:07,125 --> 01:24:07,958 It was. 1424 01:24:08,167 --> 01:24:10,334 You see me as persistent. -Well, you are... 1425 01:24:11,139 --> 01:24:12,709 you are persistent, but that is your job. 1426 01:24:12,975 --> 01:24:16,233 And, and my job is to protect the people that work for me. 1427 01:24:16,506 --> 01:24:18,167 Instead of us going on certain steps, 1428 01:24:18,709 --> 01:24:20,084 which may come to your attention... 1429 01:24:22,000 --> 01:24:23,542 and be disturbing to you, 1430 01:24:24,167 --> 01:24:26,042 I would like to discuss those with you first. 1431 01:24:26,875 --> 01:24:30,084 I'm not formulating a plan, I'll just have to digest the whole thing. 1432 01:24:35,042 --> 01:24:38,125 In the months in between your interview with Dr. Oppenheimer, 1433 01:24:38,167 --> 01:24:42,250 and his eventual naming of Chevalier, did you expend resources trying to find 1434 01:24:42,292 --> 01:24:45,542 the name of the intermediary? -Considerable resources, yes. 1435 01:24:46,292 --> 01:24:48,417 Without the name, our job was extremely difficult. 1436 01:24:48,581 --> 01:24:51,709 And when did you receive the name? -I was gone by the time Oppenheimer 1437 01:24:51,750 --> 01:24:53,267 finally offered it up. -Gone? 1438 01:24:53,709 --> 01:24:55,768 They felt my time would be better spent in Europe, 1439 01:24:55,959 --> 01:24:58,125 determining the status of the Nazi bomb project. 1440 01:24:58,639 --> 01:24:59,639 Who did? 1441 01:25:00,792 --> 01:25:01,793 General Groves. 1442 01:25:02,792 --> 01:25:03,917 He transferred me to London. 1443 01:25:11,167 --> 01:25:12,959 It's a little early for a Christmas party. 1444 01:25:13,042 --> 01:25:14,042 Something's up. 1445 01:25:14,917 --> 01:25:15,959 Tolman's been away. 1446 01:25:17,292 --> 01:25:18,297 Where? 1447 01:25:18,768 --> 01:25:19,750 Ruth won't tell. 1448 01:25:30,042 --> 01:25:31,084 Come on, Ruthie. 1449 01:25:31,334 --> 01:25:33,000 If you can't tell me, who can you tell? 1450 01:25:33,792 --> 01:25:35,584 Compartmentalization, Oppie. 1451 01:25:36,375 --> 01:25:38,188 What makes you think I know where he is, anyway? 1452 01:25:38,417 --> 01:25:39,917 Because you do a pretty good job 1453 01:25:39,959 --> 01:25:42,090 of knowing where Mr. Tolman is when it counts. 1454 01:25:43,084 --> 01:25:44,087 Like now? 1455 01:25:44,125 --> 01:25:47,167 Attention! 1456 01:25:50,428 --> 01:25:52,042 Early Christmas present for you all. 1457 01:26:00,584 --> 01:26:02,834 The British pilot put me in the bomb bay. 1458 01:26:02,875 --> 01:26:06,250 He showed me the oxygen, you know, but I messed it up. 1459 01:26:06,513 --> 01:26:09,250 Um, when they opened me up in Scotland, I was unconscious. 1460 01:26:09,709 --> 01:26:11,667 But I pretended I'd been napping. 1461 01:26:12,667 --> 01:26:13,834 Please enjoy your party. 1462 01:26:15,334 --> 01:26:17,709 Is it big enough? -To end the war? 1463 01:26:18,724 --> 01:26:20,417 To end all war. 1464 01:26:24,125 --> 01:26:27,625 Uh, Heisenberg sought me out in Copenhagen. 1465 01:26:28,500 --> 01:26:31,959 It was chilling, my old student working for the Nazis. 1466 01:26:32,000 --> 01:26:35,542 He told me some things to draw me out. 1467 01:26:36,500 --> 01:26:39,417 Sustained fission reactions in uranium. 1468 01:26:39,542 --> 01:26:41,459 That sounds more like a reactor than a bomb. 1469 01:26:41,834 --> 01:26:43,459 Did he mention gaseous diffusion? 1470 01:26:43,834 --> 01:26:46,167 He seemed more focused on heavy water. 1471 01:26:46,500 --> 01:26:48,959 As a moderator? -Yes, instead of graphite. 1472 01:26:52,459 --> 01:26:53,459 What? 1473 01:26:54,341 --> 01:26:55,375 He took a wrong turn. 1474 01:26:56,292 --> 01:26:57,295 We're ahead. 1475 01:26:57,375 --> 01:26:58,847 And with you here to help us, Niels... 1476 01:26:59,334 --> 01:27:02,625 Sorry, could you give us a moment, gentlemen? 1477 01:27:09,459 --> 01:27:11,459 I am not here to help, Robert. 1478 01:27:12,167 --> 01:27:13,802 I knew you could do this without me. 1479 01:27:14,084 --> 01:27:16,667 Then why did you come? -To talk about after. 1480 01:27:16,875 --> 01:27:20,667 The power you're about to reveal will forever outlive the Nazis. 1481 01:27:21,875 --> 01:27:23,334 And the world is not prepared. 1482 01:27:23,792 --> 01:27:27,209 "You can lift the stone without being ready for the snake that's revealed." 1483 01:27:27,250 --> 01:27:30,167 We have to make the politicians understand this isn't a new weapon. 1484 01:27:31,209 --> 01:27:32,291 It's a new world. 1485 01:27:33,096 --> 01:27:35,209 I'll be out there doing what I can, but you... 1486 01:27:36,209 --> 01:27:38,542 You're an American Prometheus. 1487 01:27:38,896 --> 01:27:42,703 The man who gave them the power to destroy themselves. 1488 01:27:43,000 --> 01:27:44,500 And they'll respect that. 1489 01:27:44,676 --> 01:27:46,500 Your work really begins. 1490 01:27:51,292 --> 01:27:53,500 I'm sorry, Oppie, but there's a call. 1491 01:27:55,500 --> 01:27:56,667 From San Francisco. 1492 01:28:04,042 --> 01:28:05,044 Robert! 1493 01:28:09,584 --> 01:28:10,568 Robert? 1494 01:28:11,250 --> 01:28:12,254 Robert. 1495 01:28:12,709 --> 01:28:13,709 Robert. 1496 01:28:13,792 --> 01:28:14,917 God, what's the matter? 1497 01:28:15,584 --> 01:28:16,585 What happened? 1498 01:28:18,375 --> 01:28:19,417 Her father called. 1499 01:28:20,459 --> 01:28:22,042 He found her yesterday in the bath. 1500 01:28:23,792 --> 01:28:24,795 Who? 1501 01:28:26,125 --> 01:28:28,875 She's taken pills. Left a note, not signed. 1502 01:28:30,792 --> 01:28:33,500 She took barbiturates, but there was chloral hydrate in her blood. 1503 01:28:37,459 --> 01:28:38,459 There was a note. 1504 01:28:39,125 --> 01:28:40,167 Jean Tatlock? 1505 01:28:47,292 --> 01:28:48,293 We were together. 1506 01:28:49,132 --> 01:28:50,459 She said she needed me. I... 1507 01:28:53,459 --> 01:28:54,460 I told her I... 1508 01:28:54,959 --> 01:28:55,960 I wouldn't... 1509 01:28:56,375 --> 01:28:57,377 I told her I... 1510 01:28:58,417 --> 01:28:59,667 No, it was me, it was me. 1511 01:29:02,884 --> 01:29:04,709 You don't get to commit the sin 1512 01:29:04,931 --> 01:29:08,063 and then have us all feel sorry for you that it had consequences. 1513 01:29:11,459 --> 01:29:13,459 Now you pull yourself together. 1514 01:29:17,584 --> 01:29:19,167 You know, people here depend on you. 1515 01:29:22,209 --> 01:29:24,042 Donald, would you like to contribute here? 1516 01:29:24,084 --> 01:29:25,167 Please, help me out. -You're on your own, pal. 1517 01:29:25,209 --> 01:29:28,059 Bob, I'm not quitting my job because plutonium is radioactive. 1518 01:29:28,129 --> 01:29:30,292 We just don't know what it might do 1519 01:29:30,334 --> 01:29:32,625 to the female reproductive system. -Your reproductive system 1520 01:29:32,667 --> 01:29:35,209 is more exposed than mine, presumably. -Can we please? 1521 01:29:35,584 --> 01:29:38,792 The implosion device is nowhere. -We can't rush everything. Oppie, please. 1522 01:29:38,834 --> 01:29:41,375 Well, there's rushing and there's getting on with it, so pick one. 1523 01:29:41,417 --> 01:29:43,084 Wait, wait, wait. Neddermeyer is doing his job. 1524 01:29:43,459 --> 01:29:46,042 Teller's not helping. You're not helping. 1525 01:29:46,084 --> 01:29:48,917 I've been asking for calculations on the implosion lenses for weeks. 1526 01:29:48,959 --> 01:29:51,084 The British can do it. Fuchs. -Absolutely. 1527 01:29:51,417 --> 01:29:54,542 It's your job, Teller. -I'm engaged in research. 1528 01:29:54,667 --> 01:29:56,782 On a hydrogen bomb we're not even building! 1529 01:30:05,792 --> 01:30:07,042 I won't work with that man. 1530 01:30:07,250 --> 01:30:09,417 Oh. Let him go. 1531 01:30:10,084 --> 01:30:11,709 He's a prima donna! -I agree. 1532 01:30:12,250 --> 01:30:13,417 He should leave Los Alamos. -Okay. 1533 01:30:14,644 --> 01:30:17,792 Kisti, you replace Neddermeyer. Seth, I'm putting you on plutonium. 1534 01:30:17,834 --> 01:30:21,125 Lilli, you go on for Kisti, because he needs you. 1535 01:30:21,459 --> 01:30:23,084 Fuchs, you take Teller's role. 1536 01:30:23,125 --> 01:30:25,208 I'm putting you exclusively on the implosion device. 1537 01:30:25,792 --> 01:30:29,334 And no one is leaving Los Alamos. 1538 01:30:44,125 --> 01:30:47,167 They won't let me leave! -No, I won't let you leave. 1539 01:30:49,084 --> 01:30:51,209 Forget Hans, forget fission. 1540 01:30:51,969 --> 01:30:54,084 Stay here, research what you want. 1541 01:30:54,875 --> 01:30:56,917 Fusion, the hydrogen bomb, whatever. 1542 01:30:57,209 --> 01:30:59,792 We'll meet to discuss it. -You don't have time to meet. 1543 01:31:00,250 --> 01:31:03,709 You're a politician now, Robert. You've left physics behind many, many years ago. 1544 01:31:05,334 --> 01:31:06,329 Once a week. 1545 01:31:07,042 --> 01:31:08,334 One hour, you and me. 1546 01:31:14,792 --> 01:31:16,292 Now raise this fucking barrier! 1547 01:31:21,375 --> 01:31:24,542 So the Super was under development on your watch at Los Alamos? 1548 01:31:25,209 --> 01:31:26,198 Yes. 1549 01:31:26,625 --> 01:31:30,042 And yet, after the war, you tried to deny it was viable. 1550 01:31:30,209 --> 01:31:33,334 No, no, no. I pointed out technical difficulties with it. 1551 01:31:33,500 --> 01:31:35,125 Didn't you try to kill it at the AEC meeting 1552 01:31:35,167 --> 01:31:36,709 after the Russian bomb test? -No. 1553 01:31:36,917 --> 01:31:39,750 But that was the recommendation of the AEC, was it not? 1554 01:31:40,084 --> 01:31:42,834 After hours of discussion about the best response. 1555 01:31:43,375 --> 01:31:48,334 An H-bomb is 1,000 times the power of an A-bomb. 1556 01:31:49,500 --> 01:31:52,709 Its only intended target would be the largest cities. 1557 01:31:53,584 --> 01:31:55,542 It's a weapon of mass genocide. -Izzy. 1558 01:31:55,750 --> 01:31:57,834 Draw some circles on this side of the map, 1559 01:31:58,250 --> 01:32:00,625 where they would target us, starting with New York. 1560 01:32:00,667 --> 01:32:01,709 That's fair. -D.C. 1561 01:32:01,875 --> 01:32:04,459 It's a weapon of attack with no defensive value. 1562 01:32:04,792 --> 01:32:06,148 Deterrence. -Deterrence? 1563 01:32:06,167 --> 01:32:10,000 Do we really need more deterrence than our current arsenal of atomic bombs? 1564 01:32:10,084 --> 01:32:14,292 You, you drown in ten feet of water or 10,000, what's the difference? 1565 01:32:14,542 --> 01:32:16,625 We can already drown Russia. They know it... 1566 01:32:16,667 --> 01:32:18,709 Now they can drown us with... -We're just escalating... 1567 01:32:30,042 --> 01:32:34,792 As I said, Teller's designs are still as impractical as they were during the war. 1568 01:32:34,875 --> 01:32:37,625 A hydrogen bomb can be made to work, Oppie. You know that. 1569 01:32:37,667 --> 01:32:40,625 I don't believe we should commit all our resources to that chance. 1570 01:32:40,667 --> 01:32:43,750 Then how would you have Truman reassure the American people? 1571 01:32:43,792 --> 01:32:46,042 Simply by limiting the spread of atomic weapons 1572 01:32:46,084 --> 01:32:48,292 through international control on nuclear energy. 1573 01:32:49,209 --> 01:32:50,959 By which you mean world government. 1574 01:32:51,167 --> 01:32:53,667 The United Nations, as Roosevelt intended. 1575 01:32:53,834 --> 01:32:57,625 Well, I asked what Truman should do, right? The world's changed. 1576 01:32:57,667 --> 01:33:01,250 It's not fascism but communism that now threatens our survival. 1577 01:33:01,542 --> 01:33:04,875 Lewis, do you understand, if we build a hydrogen bomb, 1578 01:33:05,000 --> 01:33:07,375 the Russians will have no choice but to build their own? 1579 01:33:07,459 --> 01:33:08,917 Could they be working on one already? 1580 01:33:09,271 --> 01:33:12,042 Based on information gathered from the spy at Los Alamos... 1581 01:33:12,084 --> 01:33:13,625 No spy at Los Alamos. -Gentlemen... 1582 01:33:13,667 --> 01:33:15,625 There wasn't? -Let's not get sidetracked. 1583 01:33:16,500 --> 01:33:19,088 I say we use this moment to gain concessions from the Russians 1584 01:33:19,112 --> 01:33:22,250 by committing that we will not build a hydrogen bomb. 1585 01:33:22,334 --> 01:33:24,000 Thereby revealing its existence. 1586 01:33:24,042 --> 01:33:25,968 Which you seem convinced they already know. 1587 01:33:26,209 --> 01:33:27,220 Alright. 1588 01:33:27,375 --> 01:33:31,042 At this point, I'd like the committee members to meet in privacy 1589 01:33:31,084 --> 01:33:33,144 to finalize our recommendations. 1590 01:33:34,750 --> 01:33:36,834 I'm just not sure you want to go down this route. 1591 01:33:36,875 --> 01:33:39,025 Lewis, with respect, we are the advisory committee. 1592 01:33:39,049 --> 01:33:40,334 We will give them our advice. 1593 01:33:41,042 --> 01:33:42,053 Good night. 1594 01:33:46,209 --> 01:33:48,042 Dr. Oppenheimer? Hi. 1595 01:33:48,834 --> 01:33:51,725 William Borden. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. 1596 01:33:51,769 --> 01:33:52,811 Oh, yes, yes. 1597 01:33:53,113 --> 01:33:54,375 During the war, I was a pilot. 1598 01:33:55,959 --> 01:34:00,498 One night, flying back from a raid, I saw an amazing sight. 1599 01:34:00,542 --> 01:34:03,959 Like a meteor. A V2 rocket headed to England. 1600 01:34:05,125 --> 01:34:07,088 I can't help but imagine what it will be 1601 01:34:07,112 --> 01:34:11,084 for such an enemy rocket to carry an atomic warhead. 1602 01:34:20,459 --> 01:34:22,375 Let's make sure we're not the ones to make that possible. 1603 01:34:29,167 --> 01:34:31,375 Oppie, I don't think you want to go up against Strauss. 1604 01:34:32,209 --> 01:34:34,250 If we both speak, they listen to me. 1605 01:34:34,917 --> 01:34:38,667 When you speak, they hear a prophet. When Strauss speaks, they hear themselves. 1606 01:34:38,943 --> 01:34:40,042 They'll listen to a prophet. 1607 01:34:40,917 --> 01:34:43,625 A prophet can't be wrong. Not once. 1608 01:34:44,125 --> 01:34:47,256 Did you accuse Oppenheimer of sabotaging the development of the Super? 1609 01:34:47,542 --> 01:34:51,504 I was never one of those to bandy around terms like sabotage. 1610 01:34:52,125 --> 01:34:55,459 But Mr. Borden was? -As I understand it, possibly. 1611 01:34:55,750 --> 01:34:59,375 How was Mr. Borden able to put together such a detailed indictment? 1612 01:34:59,417 --> 01:35:02,084 He was no longer a government employee, yet he appears to have had 1613 01:35:02,154 --> 01:35:04,880 unlimited access to Dr. Oppenheimer's file. 1614 01:35:05,167 --> 01:35:07,625 Might Mr. Nichols have given him access to the file? 1615 01:35:07,792 --> 01:35:10,084 Or someone else at the AEC? 1616 01:35:10,292 --> 01:35:12,167 That's a very serious accusation, Senator. 1617 01:35:12,917 --> 01:35:14,209 Is it your intention to suggest 1618 01:35:14,250 --> 01:35:16,959 that Dr. Oppenheimer is disloyal to the United States? 1619 01:35:17,750 --> 01:35:21,584 I've always assumed, and still assume, that he's loyal to the United States. 1620 01:35:22,417 --> 01:35:24,158 I believe this, and I shall believe it, 1621 01:35:24,182 --> 01:35:26,417 until I see very conclusive proof to the opposite. 1622 01:35:26,959 --> 01:35:30,730 Do you or do you not believe that Dr. Oppenheimer is a security risk? 1623 01:35:40,000 --> 01:35:42,959 If I may, look, when Hitler blew his brains out in that bunker, 1624 01:35:43,000 --> 01:35:45,334 it is my humble opinion that there is no need 1625 01:35:45,417 --> 01:35:47,834 for that bomb to be seen anywhere except that test site. 1626 01:35:49,167 --> 01:35:51,125 Well, we at least have to take a moment to think about 1627 01:35:51,167 --> 01:35:54,292 whether the means justify the ends any longer because... 1628 01:35:57,375 --> 01:35:59,500 Germany is about to surrender. 1629 01:36:01,625 --> 01:36:05,750 It's no longer the enemy who are the greatest threat to mankind. 1630 01:36:05,792 --> 01:36:06,818 It's our work. 1631 01:36:09,334 --> 01:36:11,542 Hitler's dead. It's true. 1632 01:36:13,709 --> 01:36:14,875 But the Japanese fight on. 1633 01:36:15,500 --> 01:36:16,917 Their defeat seems assured. 1634 01:36:17,391 --> 01:36:19,417 Not if you're a G.I. preparing to invade. 1635 01:36:21,250 --> 01:36:22,334 We can end this war. 1636 01:36:22,505 --> 01:36:25,542 But how do we justify using this weapon on human beings? 1637 01:36:29,125 --> 01:36:30,250 We're theorists. 1638 01:36:31,292 --> 01:36:32,302 Yes? 1639 01:36:33,375 --> 01:36:37,750 We imagine a future, and our imaginings horrify us. 1640 01:36:38,792 --> 01:36:41,084 They won't fear it until they understand it, 1641 01:36:41,167 --> 01:36:43,542 and they won't understand it until they've used it. 1642 01:36:44,000 --> 01:36:47,292 When the world learns the terrible secret of Los Alamos, 1643 01:36:47,917 --> 01:36:51,334 our work here will ensure a peace mankind has never seen. 1644 01:36:51,500 --> 01:36:54,542 A peace based on the kind of international cooperation 1645 01:36:54,584 --> 01:36:56,500 that Roosevelt always envisaged. 1646 01:37:01,875 --> 01:37:04,667 Progress? -Two years and a billion dollars' worth. 1647 01:37:06,047 --> 01:37:09,042 Hard to put a price on it. -Not really, just add up the bills. 1648 01:37:09,084 --> 01:37:12,875 Rural free deliveries. 80 babies delivered the first year. 1649 01:37:13,584 --> 01:37:15,375 This year we've had ten, a month. 1650 01:37:16,167 --> 01:37:18,584 Birth control is a little out of my jurisdiction, General. 1651 01:37:19,750 --> 01:37:20,834 Clearly. -General. 1652 01:37:26,709 --> 01:37:29,625 Head down, everybody. Fuchs, head down. 1653 01:37:37,334 --> 01:37:38,335 That's the one! 1654 01:37:38,792 --> 01:37:39,917 Two viable bombs. 1655 01:37:40,386 --> 01:37:41,377 I need a date. 1656 01:37:44,250 --> 01:37:45,250 September. 1657 01:37:45,531 --> 01:37:46,531 July. 1658 01:37:46,906 --> 01:37:48,375 That's the sweet spot, gentlemen. 1659 01:37:49,292 --> 01:37:50,292 August. 1660 01:37:50,904 --> 01:37:51,914 July. 1661 01:37:52,584 --> 01:37:53,625 Tests in July. 1662 01:37:54,542 --> 01:37:55,584 But I need my brother. 1663 01:38:00,084 --> 01:38:02,459 Frank knows the desert. He's left politics behind. 1664 01:38:02,500 --> 01:38:04,293 He's been working with Lawrence for two years now. 1665 01:38:11,875 --> 01:38:12,917 What do we call the test? 1666 01:38:15,065 --> 01:38:16,083 "Batter my heart, 1667 01:38:16,875 --> 01:38:17,959 "three-person'd God." 1668 01:38:18,520 --> 01:38:19,542 What? 1669 01:38:21,209 --> 01:38:22,211 Trinity. 1670 01:38:30,209 --> 01:38:33,625 You insisted on bringing on your brother Frank, a known communist. 1671 01:38:33,667 --> 01:38:34,668 Former communist. 1672 01:38:35,365 --> 01:38:37,000 You brought a known former communist... 1673 01:38:37,834 --> 01:38:41,125 onto America's most secret and important defense project. 1674 01:38:41,209 --> 01:38:43,917 I knew my brother could be trusted. Absolutely. 1675 01:38:44,500 --> 01:38:47,459 And you thought your judgment was sound on who on the team could be trusted? 1676 01:38:48,375 --> 01:38:49,375 Fuchs, head down. 1677 01:38:50,042 --> 01:38:51,292 Okay. Everybody ready? 1678 01:39:01,292 --> 01:39:03,667 I hope you learned something. -Yeah, we've learned we're gonna need 1679 01:39:03,709 --> 01:39:06,125 to be a lot further away. -Well, figure it out, fast. 1680 01:39:06,417 --> 01:39:08,709 We leave for Washington in the morning. We're going to give him a date. 1681 01:39:24,625 --> 01:39:26,417 You're a long way from Chicago, Leo. 1682 01:39:26,500 --> 01:39:29,334 If we don't act now, they're going to use this thing against Japan. 1683 01:39:29,855 --> 01:39:32,125 We booked a meeting with Truman, but somebody killed it. 1684 01:39:33,084 --> 01:39:34,959 You're meeting the Secretary of War. 1685 01:39:35,292 --> 01:39:38,792 Just because we're building it, doesn't mean we get to decide how it's used. 1686 01:39:39,750 --> 01:39:41,209 History will judge us, Robert. 1687 01:39:42,667 --> 01:39:44,292 In Chicago, we put together a petition. 1688 01:39:45,375 --> 01:39:46,875 I'm not... I'm not getting into this. 1689 01:39:52,334 --> 01:39:54,000 Just tell me your concerns, and I'll relate them. 1690 01:39:54,070 --> 01:39:56,719 My concerns? Germany's defeated. 1691 01:39:57,292 --> 01:39:58,709 Japan's not going to hold out alone. 1692 01:39:58,750 --> 01:40:00,922 How could you know that? You got us into this. 1693 01:40:01,292 --> 01:40:04,250 You and Einstein, with your letter to Roosevelt saying we could build a bomb. 1694 01:40:04,292 --> 01:40:05,417 Against Germany. 1695 01:40:05,459 --> 01:40:08,015 That's not how weapons manufacture works, Szilard. 1696 01:40:08,417 --> 01:40:09,750 Oppie, you have to help. 1697 01:40:09,792 --> 01:40:11,515 Fermi's in the meeting. Lawrence is in the meeting. 1698 01:40:11,562 --> 01:40:14,375 They're not you. You're the great salesman of science. 1699 01:40:14,834 --> 01:40:16,709 You can convince anyone of anything. 1700 01:40:18,292 --> 01:40:19,293 Even yourself. 1701 01:40:20,209 --> 01:40:21,214 Excuse me. 1702 01:40:22,417 --> 01:40:26,792 The firestorm in Tokyo killed 100,000 people, mostly civilians. 1703 01:40:28,459 --> 01:40:31,459 I worry about America when we do these things and no one protests. 1704 01:40:31,917 --> 01:40:34,959 Pearl Harbor, and three years of brutal conflict in the Pacific, 1705 01:40:35,230 --> 01:40:37,542 buys a lot of latitude with the American public. 1706 01:40:38,113 --> 01:40:39,667 Enough to unleash the atomic bomb? 1707 01:40:39,911 --> 01:40:43,292 Uh, the A-bomb might not cause as much damage as the Tokyo bombings. 1708 01:40:43,709 --> 01:40:44,700 What are we estimating? 1709 01:40:45,048 --> 01:40:46,917 In a medium-sized city, uh... 1710 01:40:47,625 --> 01:40:49,784 20,000 or 30,000 dead. 1711 01:40:49,875 --> 01:40:51,959 Yes, but don't underestimate 1712 01:40:52,000 --> 01:40:55,550 the psychological impact of an atomic explosion. 1713 01:40:56,167 --> 01:40:59,125 A pillar of fire, 10,000 feet tall, 1714 01:41:00,042 --> 01:41:01,917 deadly neutron effects for a mile, 1715 01:41:02,084 --> 01:41:05,792 in all directions, from one single device. 1716 01:41:06,209 --> 01:41:09,625 Dropped from a barely-noticed B-29, the atomic bomb will be... 1717 01:41:10,917 --> 01:41:13,417 a terrible revelation of divine power. 1718 01:41:14,209 --> 01:41:16,500 If that's true, it would be definitive. 1719 01:41:17,000 --> 01:41:18,375 World War II would be over. 1720 01:41:19,042 --> 01:41:20,084 Our boys would come home. 1721 01:41:20,800 --> 01:41:21,793 Military targets? 1722 01:41:23,042 --> 01:41:24,750 But there aren't any big enough. 1723 01:41:25,167 --> 01:41:28,167 Perhaps a vital war plant, 1724 01:41:28,209 --> 01:41:30,834 with workers housed nearby. 1725 01:41:30,875 --> 01:41:33,750 And we could issue a warning to reduce civilian casualties. 1726 01:41:34,000 --> 01:41:36,084 They'd send everything they have up against us, 1727 01:41:36,125 --> 01:41:37,834 and I'd be up in that plane. 1728 01:41:38,218 --> 01:41:40,750 If we announce it, and it fails to go off, 1729 01:41:41,234 --> 01:41:43,709 we'd scupper any chance of a Japanese surrender. 1730 01:41:44,167 --> 01:41:48,292 Is there no way to demonstrate a bomb to Japan to provoke surrender? 1731 01:41:48,404 --> 01:41:51,375 We intend to demonstrate it in the most unambiguous terms. 1732 01:41:51,812 --> 01:41:52,812 Twice. 1733 01:41:52,867 --> 01:41:54,719 Once to show the weapon's power, 1734 01:41:54,789 --> 01:41:58,042 and a second to show that we can keep doing this until they surrender. 1735 01:41:58,584 --> 01:42:00,917 We have a list of 12 cities to choose from. 1736 01:42:01,784 --> 01:42:02,792 Sorry, 11. 1737 01:42:03,784 --> 01:42:05,709 I've taken Kyoto off the list, 1738 01:42:05,750 --> 01:42:08,209 due to its cultural significance to the Japanese people. 1739 01:42:09,375 --> 01:42:11,334 Also, my wife and I honeymooned there. 1740 01:42:12,334 --> 01:42:13,459 It's a magnificent city. 1741 01:42:17,500 --> 01:42:18,875 Let me make this simple for you, gentlemen. 1742 01:42:18,917 --> 01:42:21,459 According to my intelligence, which I cannot share with you, 1743 01:42:21,500 --> 01:42:23,334 the Japanese people will not surrender, 1744 01:42:23,917 --> 01:42:25,334 under any circumstances, 1745 01:42:25,625 --> 01:42:28,750 short of a successful and total invasion of the home islands. 1746 01:42:29,542 --> 01:42:31,917 Many lives would be lost, American and Japanese. 1747 01:42:32,709 --> 01:42:36,084 The use of the atomic bomb on Japanese cities will save lives. 1748 01:42:36,500 --> 01:42:38,334 If we retain moral advantage. 1749 01:42:39,375 --> 01:42:41,084 How so? -Well, if we use this weapon 1750 01:42:41,125 --> 01:42:43,500 without informing our allies, they'll see it as a threat, 1751 01:42:43,542 --> 01:42:44,875 and we'll be in an arms race. 1752 01:42:45,250 --> 01:42:47,042 How open can we be with the Soviets? 1753 01:42:47,334 --> 01:42:51,250 Secrecy won't stop the Soviets from becoming part of the atomic world. 1754 01:42:51,500 --> 01:42:54,834 We've been told they have no uranium. -You've been misinformed. 1755 01:42:54,875 --> 01:42:56,584 A Russian bomb is a matter of time. 1756 01:42:56,625 --> 01:42:59,625 The program needs to continue at full pace after the war. 1757 01:43:00,892 --> 01:43:02,584 Secretary Simpson, if I may, 1758 01:43:02,792 --> 01:43:06,750 not all scientists on the project are in agreement. 1759 01:43:06,792 --> 01:43:09,459 In fact, this might be a moment to consider other opinions. 1760 01:43:10,042 --> 01:43:12,334 If you talk to scientists... -The Manhattan Project has been plagued 1761 01:43:12,375 --> 01:43:15,207 from the start by certain scientists of... 1762 01:43:15,417 --> 01:43:18,167 doubtful discretion, and uncertain loyalty. 1763 01:43:18,292 --> 01:43:20,042 One of 'em just tried to meet with the President. 1764 01:43:20,334 --> 01:43:21,667 Now, we need these men, 1765 01:43:22,084 --> 01:43:23,459 but as soon as it's practical, 1766 01:43:23,500 --> 01:43:25,834 we should sever any such scientists from the program. 1767 01:43:25,875 --> 01:43:26,917 Wouldn't you agree, Doctor? 1768 01:43:28,667 --> 01:43:30,459 If a Russian bomb is inevitable, 1769 01:43:31,209 --> 01:43:34,125 perhaps we should invite their top scientist to Trinity. 1770 01:43:34,167 --> 01:43:37,542 President Truman has no intention of raising expectations 1771 01:43:37,834 --> 01:43:40,292 that Stalin be included in the atomic project. 1772 01:43:40,750 --> 01:43:42,125 Informing him of our breakthrough, 1773 01:43:42,150 --> 01:43:44,125 and presenting it as a means to win the war, 1774 01:43:44,150 --> 01:43:45,875 need not make unkeepable promises. 1775 01:43:46,191 --> 01:43:48,084 But, the Potsdam Peace Conference in July 1776 01:43:48,125 --> 01:43:51,250 will be President Truman's last chance to have that conversation. 1777 01:43:52,542 --> 01:43:54,125 Can you give us a working bomb by then? 1778 01:43:55,459 --> 01:43:56,460 Absolutely. 1779 01:43:56,550 --> 01:43:58,250 We will test fire before the conference. 1780 01:44:03,500 --> 01:44:06,084 Ground zero. Observation posts 1781 01:44:06,125 --> 01:44:09,875 at 10,000 yards, north, south, and west. 1782 01:44:09,917 --> 01:44:12,375 Where do we trigger from? -South, 10,000. 1783 01:44:13,167 --> 01:44:16,292 And base camp is ten miles south here. 1784 01:44:16,542 --> 01:44:21,667 And there's a further observation post on that hill, 20 miles away. 1785 01:44:22,000 --> 01:44:24,265 What's that, Frank? Trigger lines already went in. 1786 01:44:24,667 --> 01:44:28,292 The Air Force requested a line of lights for their B-29. 1787 01:44:28,417 --> 01:44:30,398 What B-29? Our bomb's on the tower. 1788 01:44:30,834 --> 01:44:32,084 They want to use the test 1789 01:44:32,125 --> 01:44:34,459 to confirm a safe operating distance. -That's risky. 1790 01:44:34,792 --> 01:44:36,500 But not as risky as dropping one over Japan, 1791 01:44:36,542 --> 01:44:38,459 and hoping that we were right about the blast radius. 1792 01:44:38,667 --> 01:44:40,959 Don't let 'em slow us down, we're firing on the 15th. 1793 01:44:41,000 --> 01:44:43,417 The 15th? That's not... -The 15th. 1794 01:44:45,033 --> 01:44:46,033 15th. 1795 01:44:47,375 --> 01:44:49,441 So I'll be here at South Observation Point 1796 01:44:49,465 --> 01:44:51,209 with Frank and Kistiakowsky. 1797 01:44:52,000 --> 01:44:54,459 You'll all be assigned to Base Camp, 1798 01:44:54,667 --> 01:44:57,084 West Observation, or Far Observation. 1799 01:45:07,292 --> 01:45:09,209 Hey, whoa, whoa! Careful with that knife. 1800 01:45:12,459 --> 01:45:13,875 Are those safe distances? 1801 01:45:14,655 --> 01:45:16,125 They're based on your calculations. 1802 01:45:16,375 --> 01:45:19,209 Time to stand behind your science, Hans. Literally. 1803 01:45:49,167 --> 01:45:50,625 What about the radiation cloud? 1804 01:45:51,042 --> 01:45:53,917 Without high winds, it should settle within 2-3 miles. 1805 01:45:53,959 --> 01:45:55,584 Evacuation measures are in place. 1806 01:45:56,334 --> 01:45:59,042 But we need good weather for visibility, so it has to be fine. 1807 01:46:00,792 --> 01:46:01,794 Everybody out! 1808 01:46:12,209 --> 01:46:15,040 We go on the night of the 15th. It's a hard deadline. 1809 01:46:15,250 --> 01:46:17,667 So if anyone has anything, speak now. 1810 01:46:19,405 --> 01:46:21,875 Okay, stop, stop! Everybody, mattresses. 1811 01:46:22,334 --> 01:46:24,042 Put the mattress there, underneath. 1812 01:46:41,292 --> 01:46:43,417 We could use a final implosion test. 1813 01:46:45,875 --> 01:46:48,000 It couldn't hurt. -Do it. 1814 01:46:49,641 --> 01:46:51,375 Is there anything else that might stop us? 1815 01:47:26,447 --> 01:47:27,501 It's happening, isn't it? 1816 01:47:30,250 --> 01:47:31,296 I'll send a message. 1817 01:47:32,417 --> 01:47:33,667 If it's gone our way: 1818 01:47:35,459 --> 01:47:36,460 "Take in the sheets." 1819 01:47:40,834 --> 01:47:41,835 Robert. 1820 01:47:44,834 --> 01:47:45,835 Break a leg. 1821 01:47:59,209 --> 01:48:00,212 Look. 1822 01:48:52,500 --> 01:48:55,417 Oppie's taken a very modest three kilotons. 1823 01:48:55,709 --> 01:48:57,875 Teller's view is 45. -20! 1824 01:48:58,042 --> 01:49:00,334 20,000 tons of TNT. 1825 01:49:00,375 --> 01:49:03,584 And does anyone want the side action on atmospheric ignition? 1826 01:49:06,334 --> 01:49:07,667 Are you saying we'll have to delay? 1827 01:49:08,167 --> 01:49:09,459 I'm saying it would be prudent. 1828 01:49:09,500 --> 01:49:10,792 This weather, has it reached the site? 1829 01:49:16,745 --> 01:49:19,000 Bethe is calling to tell you the implosion test failed. 1830 01:49:19,042 --> 01:49:20,959 Hello, Hans? Yes, he's here. 1831 01:49:22,542 --> 01:49:23,549 Yes. 1832 01:49:26,250 --> 01:49:27,250 Is he wrong? 1833 01:49:27,450 --> 01:49:28,450 No. -No? 1834 01:49:28,903 --> 01:49:29,888 No. 1835 01:49:30,610 --> 01:49:31,792 So we're about to fire a dud? 1836 01:49:32,690 --> 01:49:33,959 No. -Explain! 1837 01:49:34,248 --> 01:49:35,542 Well, I can't. I just, I... 1838 01:49:35,720 --> 01:49:38,259 I just know, I know the implosion lenses will work. 1839 01:49:38,292 --> 01:49:40,875 If we fire these detonators and they don't trigger a reaction, 1840 01:49:40,917 --> 01:49:44,167 two years' worth of plutonium will be scattered across White Sands. 1841 01:49:44,334 --> 01:49:47,042 A month of my salary against ten bucks says it lights. 1842 01:49:48,167 --> 01:49:49,167 Oh, Jesus! 1843 01:49:56,125 --> 01:49:59,331 The wind's pickin' up at zero, not the rain. Lightning's circling. 1844 01:49:59,606 --> 01:50:01,919 Think it might be time to tell your men to get away 1845 01:50:01,943 --> 01:50:03,959 from the steel tower with the atomic bomb? 1846 01:50:07,709 --> 01:50:09,220 Let's get to South Observation. 1847 01:50:09,298 --> 01:50:11,292 Pull 'em out, and we can make our determination there. 1848 01:50:17,375 --> 01:50:19,250 The team hasn't slept in two nights! 1849 01:50:19,667 --> 01:50:22,917 If we stand down and make the bomb safe, we won't be back here for weeks! 1850 01:50:22,991 --> 01:50:24,250 And we'll miss Potsdam! 1851 01:50:24,625 --> 01:50:27,792 I gotta get word to Truman by seven, our window's closing. 1852 01:50:27,881 --> 01:50:30,167 What is this doing? -Raining, blowing, lightning. 1853 01:50:30,209 --> 01:50:32,311 For how long, damnit? -Holdin' strong! 1854 01:50:32,405 --> 01:50:33,667 It'll break before dawn. 1855 01:50:34,042 --> 01:50:35,625 How could you know that? -I know this desert. 1856 01:50:35,667 --> 01:50:38,334 Storm cools overnight. Just before dawn, storm breaks. 1857 01:50:38,625 --> 01:50:39,639 You could be right, 1858 01:50:39,663 --> 01:50:41,881 but schedule as late as possible. -Five-thirty. 1859 01:50:42,625 --> 01:50:45,125 Sign your forecast. If you're wrong, I'll hang you. 1860 01:50:45,250 --> 01:50:48,209 Tell 'em all. Five-thirty. -Five-thirty, five-thirty! 1861 01:50:51,000 --> 01:50:55,709 Three years, 4,000 people, two billion dollars. 1862 01:50:55,959 --> 01:50:57,375 Well, if it doesn't go off, 1863 01:50:58,459 --> 01:50:59,500 we're both finished. 1864 01:51:02,542 --> 01:51:04,209 I'm betting on three kilotons. 1865 01:51:05,417 --> 01:51:07,084 Anything less, they won't get what it is. 1866 01:51:08,042 --> 01:51:11,535 Now, what did Fermi mean by, uh, atmospheric ignition? 1867 01:51:11,750 --> 01:51:14,167 Well, we had a moment where it looked like the chain reaction 1868 01:51:14,209 --> 01:51:16,500 from an atomic device might never stop. 1869 01:51:17,750 --> 01:51:19,175 Setting fire to the atmosphere. 1870 01:51:19,625 --> 01:51:22,167 Why's Fermi still taking side bets on it? 1871 01:51:22,959 --> 01:51:24,511 Call it gallows humor. 1872 01:51:27,542 --> 01:51:32,036 Wait, are we saying there's a chance that when we push that button, 1873 01:51:32,542 --> 01:51:33,709 we destroy the world? 1874 01:51:33,959 --> 01:51:36,792 Nothing in our research over three years supports that conclusion, 1875 01:51:37,625 --> 01:51:40,375 except as the most remote possibility. 1876 01:51:41,334 --> 01:51:43,417 How remote? -Chances are near-zero. 1877 01:51:45,000 --> 01:51:46,001 Near-zero? 1878 01:51:47,250 --> 01:51:48,750 What do you want from theory alone? 1879 01:51:51,334 --> 01:51:53,084 Zero would be nice. 1880 01:51:56,709 --> 01:51:59,292 In exactly one hour... 1881 01:51:59,667 --> 01:52:02,459 and 58 minutes, we'll know. 1882 01:52:09,417 --> 01:52:10,418 It's letting up. 1883 01:52:23,500 --> 01:52:25,667 The arming party's left zero, they're heading this way. 1884 01:52:25,709 --> 01:52:26,709 Throw on your switches. 1885 01:52:26,917 --> 01:52:29,625 Turn the cars! Ready for emergency evacuation. 1886 01:52:48,250 --> 01:52:50,625 ...welder's glass. Everybody take their places. 1887 01:52:51,500 --> 01:52:53,292 Everybody take a welder's glass! 1888 01:52:55,167 --> 01:52:56,709 Everybody take a welder's glass! 1889 01:53:48,417 --> 01:53:49,420 20 minutes. 1890 01:53:53,750 --> 01:53:54,751 20 minutes! 1891 01:54:06,084 --> 01:54:07,084 That's 20! 1892 01:54:10,792 --> 01:54:11,792 On the leg, please. 1893 01:54:13,425 --> 01:54:15,000 Feynman? -No. 1894 01:54:15,917 --> 01:54:17,875 The glass stops the UV. 1895 01:54:18,375 --> 01:54:19,500 What stops the glass? 1896 01:54:21,459 --> 01:54:22,460 I'm heading to base camp. 1897 01:54:22,855 --> 01:54:23,855 Best of luck. 1898 01:54:24,875 --> 01:54:25,878 Robert? 1899 01:54:27,375 --> 01:54:28,459 Try not to blow up the world. 1900 01:54:40,917 --> 01:54:43,422 Watch that needle. If the detonators don't charge, 1901 01:54:43,539 --> 01:54:45,250 and the voltage drops below one volt, 1902 01:54:45,417 --> 01:54:47,834 you hit that button, you abort. Understood? 1903 01:54:48,656 --> 01:54:49,656 Understood. 1904 01:54:57,250 --> 01:54:59,118 Two minutes to detonation. 1905 01:54:59,594 --> 01:55:00,594 Everybody down! 1906 01:55:01,709 --> 01:55:04,417 Do not turn around until you see light reflected on the hills. 1907 01:55:05,834 --> 01:55:08,584 Then look at the explosion only through your welder's glass. 1908 01:55:08,625 --> 01:55:11,167 90 seconds to detonation. 1909 01:55:12,959 --> 01:55:15,292 80 seconds to detonation. 1910 01:55:16,209 --> 01:55:17,443 Is it rubbed in? 1911 01:55:18,250 --> 01:55:19,268 Yeah. 1912 01:55:25,917 --> 01:55:28,584 60 seconds to detonation. 1913 01:55:43,500 --> 01:55:45,250 These things are hard on your heart. 1914 01:55:45,875 --> 01:55:46,875 30 seconds. 1915 01:55:52,625 --> 01:55:53,667 Detonators charged! 1916 01:56:04,250 --> 01:56:05,460 17. 1917 01:56:05,547 --> 01:56:06,773 16. 1918 01:56:07,281 --> 01:56:08,491 15. 1919 01:56:08,875 --> 01:56:09,875 14. 1920 01:56:10,860 --> 01:56:11,876 13. 1921 01:56:12,584 --> 01:56:13,586 12. 1922 01:56:14,084 --> 01:56:15,087 11. 1923 01:56:15,985 --> 01:56:17,004 Ten. 1924 01:56:18,167 --> 01:56:19,173 Nine. 1925 01:56:20,125 --> 01:56:21,119 Eight. 1926 01:56:22,375 --> 01:56:23,384 Seven. 1927 01:56:24,875 --> 01:56:25,895 Six. 1928 01:56:27,792 --> 01:56:28,804 Five. 1929 01:56:30,417 --> 01:56:31,417 Four. 1930 01:56:32,959 --> 01:56:33,959 Three. 1931 01:56:35,500 --> 01:56:36,500 Two. 1932 01:56:37,792 --> 01:56:38,584 One. 1933 01:58:11,834 --> 01:58:14,115 "And now I am become Death... 1934 01:58:16,504 --> 01:58:17,959 "the destroyer of worlds." 1935 01:58:51,667 --> 01:58:52,667 It worked. 1936 01:59:28,292 --> 01:59:29,459 You owe me ten dollars! 1937 01:59:32,418 --> 01:59:35,125 Come on! -I... I'm good for it, Kisti. 1938 01:59:36,064 --> 01:59:37,064 You are! 1939 01:59:37,994 --> 01:59:39,084 Yes, you are! 1940 02:00:16,834 --> 02:00:18,292 Get me Potsdam right away. 1941 02:00:30,101 --> 02:00:31,167 Get a message to Kitty. 1942 02:00:31,792 --> 02:00:33,959 We can't say anything. -Tell her to take in the sheets. 1943 02:00:49,819 --> 02:00:51,459 Hello? -Hi, Kitty? 1944 02:00:51,500 --> 02:00:54,584 What? What? Charlotte? Charlotte, go ahead. Go ahead. 1945 02:00:54,667 --> 02:00:56,250 Oh, um, well, I don't know, 1946 02:00:56,292 --> 02:00:58,750 he just said to tell you to bring in the sheets. 1947 02:01:01,959 --> 02:01:02,961 Kitty? 1948 02:01:04,584 --> 02:01:06,792 Kitty? Kitty, are you still there? 1949 02:01:14,209 --> 02:01:17,334 If they detonate it too high in the air, the blast won't be as powerful. 1950 02:01:17,750 --> 02:01:20,959 With respect, Dr. Oppenheimer, we'll take it from here. 1951 02:01:31,834 --> 02:01:33,965 Did Truman brief Stalin at Potsdam? 1952 02:01:34,917 --> 02:01:37,292 "Brief" would be an overstatement. 1953 02:01:37,334 --> 02:01:40,917 He referred to a powerful new weapon. 1954 02:01:41,625 --> 02:01:46,292 Stalin... hoped we'd use it against Japan. 1955 02:01:47,834 --> 02:01:48,834 That's it? 1956 02:01:49,417 --> 02:01:52,625 Robert, we've given them an ace. It's for them to play the hand. 1957 02:01:55,042 --> 02:01:56,125 You're aiming for the sixth? 1958 02:01:57,277 --> 02:01:59,042 It's up to the CO in the Pacific. 1959 02:02:00,917 --> 02:02:02,125 Should I come with you to Washington? 1960 02:02:04,334 --> 02:02:05,334 What for? 1961 02:02:07,819 --> 02:02:09,000 Well, you keep me informed. 1962 02:02:10,850 --> 02:02:11,850 Of course. 1963 02:02:14,125 --> 02:02:15,126 As best I can. 1964 02:02:33,417 --> 02:02:35,834 Would the Japanese surrender if they knew what was coming? 1965 02:02:37,375 --> 02:02:38,380 I don't know. 1966 02:02:41,334 --> 02:02:42,709 Have you seen Szilard's petition? 1967 02:02:43,375 --> 02:02:45,250 How the hell does Szilard know about the Japanese? 1968 02:02:46,084 --> 02:02:47,084 You're not signing it, are you? 1969 02:02:48,209 --> 02:02:49,917 Many people have. A lot of people. 1970 02:02:50,670 --> 02:02:51,678 Edward... 1971 02:02:53,209 --> 02:02:56,000 the fact that we built this bomb does not give us any more, 1972 02:02:56,042 --> 02:02:57,667 any more right or responsibility 1973 02:02:57,792 --> 02:02:59,959 to decide how it's used than anyone else. 1974 02:03:00,334 --> 02:03:01,917 But we're the only people who know about it. 1975 02:03:02,667 --> 02:03:05,209 I've told Stimson the various opinions of the community. 1976 02:03:05,792 --> 02:03:06,791 But what's your opinion? 1977 02:03:08,334 --> 02:03:09,334 Once it's used... 1978 02:03:10,875 --> 02:03:12,542 nuclear war, perhaps... 1979 02:03:13,542 --> 02:03:14,745 all war... 1980 02:03:16,151 --> 02:03:17,167 becomes unthinkable. 1981 02:03:18,125 --> 02:03:19,834 Until somebody builds a bigger one. 1982 02:03:41,167 --> 02:03:42,334 I thought they would call. 1983 02:03:42,709 --> 02:03:44,042 It's only the fifth. 1984 02:03:46,706 --> 02:03:48,334 In Japan, it's the sixth. 1985 02:04:01,542 --> 02:04:02,538 Charlotte? 1986 02:04:05,125 --> 02:04:06,127 Try Groves. 1987 02:04:07,679 --> 02:04:08,668 Anything? 1988 02:04:11,125 --> 02:04:13,375 Charlotte? -Truman's on the radio. 1989 02:04:14,834 --> 02:04:16,750 16 hours ago, 1990 02:04:17,750 --> 02:04:19,500 an American airplane 1991 02:04:19,917 --> 02:04:22,894 dropped one bomb on Hiroshima, 1992 02:04:24,584 --> 02:04:27,471 and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy. 1993 02:04:29,750 --> 02:04:31,834 The bomb has more power 1994 02:04:32,292 --> 02:04:35,334 than 20,000 tons of TNT. 1995 02:04:37,834 --> 02:04:39,542 It is an atomic bomb. 1996 02:04:42,459 --> 02:04:46,792 It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. 1997 02:04:49,584 --> 02:04:50,587 Groves on one. 1998 02:04:56,792 --> 02:04:57,789 General? 1999 02:04:57,834 --> 02:05:00,000 I'm very proud of you, and all of your people. 2000 02:05:00,709 --> 02:05:01,709 It went alright? 2001 02:05:02,292 --> 02:05:04,542 Apparently it went with a tremendous bang. 2002 02:05:05,820 --> 02:05:09,625 Well, everyone here is feeling reasonably good about it. 2003 02:05:11,410 --> 02:05:12,625 It's been a long road. 2004 02:05:13,084 --> 02:05:15,250 I think one of the wisest things I ever did 2005 02:05:15,292 --> 02:05:17,792 was when I selected the director of Los Alamos. 2006 02:05:21,209 --> 02:05:24,834 We have spent more than two billion dollars 2007 02:05:25,334 --> 02:05:28,834 on the greatest scientific gamble in history, 2008 02:05:29,709 --> 02:05:31,167 and we have won. 2009 02:05:37,084 --> 02:05:39,792 Oppie! Oppie! Oppie! 2010 02:06:59,709 --> 02:07:00,709 The world... 2011 02:07:02,750 --> 02:07:03,792 will remember this day. 2012 02:07:23,167 --> 02:07:24,417 It's too soon to... 2013 02:07:25,417 --> 02:07:27,000 It's too soon to determine 2014 02:07:27,375 --> 02:07:29,084 what the results of the bombing are. 2015 02:07:32,584 --> 02:07:34,125 But I'll bet the Japanese didn't like it. 2016 02:07:55,000 --> 02:07:56,001 I'm so proud. 2017 02:07:57,667 --> 02:07:59,417 So proud of what you have accomplished. 2018 02:08:07,334 --> 02:08:09,959 I just wish we had it in time to use against the Germans. 2019 02:09:59,709 --> 02:10:00,693 Dr. Oppenheimer? 2020 02:10:02,125 --> 02:10:03,109 Dr. Oppenheimer? 2021 02:10:04,417 --> 02:10:05,407 Nice picture. 2022 02:10:06,250 --> 02:10:07,375 President Truman will see you now. 2023 02:10:22,250 --> 02:10:25,000 Dr. Oppenheimer, it's an honor. 2024 02:10:25,042 --> 02:10:26,701 Mr. President. -Please. 2025 02:10:27,042 --> 02:10:28,061 Thank you. 2026 02:10:28,709 --> 02:10:29,834 Secretary Byrnes. 2027 02:10:32,625 --> 02:10:35,417 How's it feel to be the most famous man in the world? 2028 02:10:36,542 --> 02:10:39,167 You helped save a lot of American lives. 2029 02:10:39,831 --> 02:10:43,776 What we did at Hiroshima was... -And Nagasaki. 2030 02:10:44,959 --> 02:10:46,339 Obviously. 2031 02:10:47,125 --> 02:10:50,167 Your invention let us bring our boys home. 2032 02:10:50,209 --> 02:10:53,308 Well, it was hardly... my invention. 2033 02:10:53,709 --> 02:10:55,625 It was you on the cover of Time. 2034 02:10:58,667 --> 02:11:02,167 Jim tells me you're concerned about an arms race with the Soviets. 2035 02:11:02,459 --> 02:11:03,500 Ah, yes, ah... 2036 02:11:05,167 --> 02:11:06,152 Well, um... 2037 02:11:06,625 --> 02:11:10,500 it's that, uh, now is our chance to secure... 2038 02:11:11,875 --> 02:11:14,667 international cooperation on atomic energy, 2039 02:11:14,709 --> 02:11:16,959 and-and-and I'm concerned... 2040 02:11:17,000 --> 02:11:19,797 Do you know when the Soviets are gonna have the bomb? 2041 02:11:20,250 --> 02:11:21,750 I don't think I could give a... 2042 02:11:21,875 --> 02:11:22,875 Never! 2043 02:11:24,125 --> 02:11:25,125 Never. 2044 02:11:25,750 --> 02:11:29,000 Mr. President, the Russians have good physicists, 2045 02:11:29,042 --> 02:11:31,667 and, and abundant resources... -Abundant? 2046 02:11:31,750 --> 02:11:32,751 Yes. 2047 02:11:33,282 --> 02:11:35,000 I don't think so. 2048 02:11:35,500 --> 02:11:38,709 Well, they'll put everything they have in... 2049 02:11:42,792 --> 02:11:46,250 I hear you're leaving Los Alamos. 2050 02:11:47,667 --> 02:11:48,928 What should we do with it? 2051 02:11:49,292 --> 02:11:50,625 Give it back to the Indians. 2052 02:11:58,875 --> 02:12:01,250 Um, Dr. Oppenheimer... 2053 02:12:02,250 --> 02:12:04,709 if what you say about the Soviets is true, 2054 02:12:05,417 --> 02:12:09,292 we have to build up Los Alamos, not shut it down. 2055 02:12:13,125 --> 02:12:14,292 Mr. President... 2056 02:12:16,042 --> 02:12:17,042 Umm... 2057 02:12:20,209 --> 02:12:23,625 I feel that I have blood on my hands. 2058 02:12:43,625 --> 02:12:46,625 You think anyone in Hiroshima, or... 2059 02:12:47,693 --> 02:12:51,625 Nagasaki, gives a shit who built the bomb? 2060 02:12:55,459 --> 02:12:57,084 They care who dropped it. 2061 02:12:58,459 --> 02:12:59,460 I did. 2062 02:13:02,292 --> 02:13:04,250 Hiroshima isn't about you. 2063 02:13:11,042 --> 02:13:12,334 Dr. Oppenheimer. 2064 02:13:24,042 --> 02:13:26,250 Don't let that crybaby back in here! 2065 02:13:31,875 --> 02:13:34,792 Robert saw that hand-wringing got him nowhere. 2066 02:13:35,834 --> 02:13:38,084 By the time I met him, he'd fully embraced 2067 02:13:38,125 --> 02:13:40,042 his "Father of the Bomb" reputation. 2068 02:13:40,959 --> 02:13:43,500 And used his profile to influence policy. 2069 02:13:52,667 --> 02:13:54,084 Doctor, in the years following the war, 2070 02:13:54,125 --> 02:13:56,375 would you say that you exerted a great influence 2071 02:13:56,417 --> 02:13:58,250 on the atomic policies of the USA? 2072 02:13:58,292 --> 02:14:00,459 I think "great" would be an overstatement. 2073 02:14:00,667 --> 02:14:02,875 Really? I mean, look at the issue of isotopes. 2074 02:14:02,917 --> 02:14:06,500 Were you not personally responsible for destroying all opposition to their export? 2075 02:14:06,722 --> 02:14:08,542 ...could use a bottle of beer 2076 02:14:09,167 --> 02:14:11,085 in making atomic weapons. In fact, you do. 2077 02:14:11,500 --> 02:14:15,250 I was the spokesman, but the opinion among scientists was unanimous. 2078 02:14:15,542 --> 02:14:18,584 All along, with McCarthy on the rise, he knew he was vulnerable. 2079 02:14:19,351 --> 02:14:22,834 His brother was blacklisted by every university in the country. 2080 02:14:24,500 --> 02:14:27,209 Lomanitz wound up working the railroad, laying track. 2081 02:14:29,375 --> 02:14:31,375 Chevalier went into exile. 2082 02:14:33,667 --> 02:14:36,167 But none of that stopped Robert 2083 02:14:36,209 --> 02:14:38,889 from pushing the GAC to recommend arms control, 2084 02:14:38,913 --> 02:14:39,917 instead of the H-Bomb. 2085 02:14:42,209 --> 02:14:45,334 He was devastated when Truman rejected their recommendation. 2086 02:14:47,625 --> 02:14:49,292 I miss Richard more than I can bear. 2087 02:14:49,625 --> 02:14:51,084 I know, Ruth. I know. 2088 02:14:51,521 --> 02:14:54,417 I'm just glad he didn't live to see where this has all gone. 2089 02:14:57,792 --> 02:15:00,500 Here comes the birthday boy, to gloat... 2090 02:15:00,959 --> 02:15:01,944 Have fun. 2091 02:15:02,709 --> 02:15:04,625 Robert, my son and his fiancée 2092 02:15:04,667 --> 02:15:07,167 are desperate to meet the father of the atomic bomb, so... 2093 02:15:07,191 --> 02:15:08,183 Hello. 2094 02:15:16,417 --> 02:15:17,419 Is this a bad time? 2095 02:15:18,417 --> 02:15:19,461 What do you think, Lewis? 2096 02:15:20,084 --> 02:15:21,667 Well, I think it must have been a blow for you. 2097 02:15:22,334 --> 02:15:23,335 For the world. 2098 02:15:24,959 --> 02:15:27,709 The world? What does Fuchs mean to the rest of the world? 2099 02:15:29,625 --> 02:15:30,652 Fuchs? 2100 02:15:31,082 --> 02:15:32,083 Klaus Fuchs? 2101 02:15:34,092 --> 02:15:36,209 Oh dear. You haven't heard. 2102 02:15:39,542 --> 02:15:41,459 Klaus Fuchs, the British scientist 2103 02:15:41,500 --> 02:15:44,084 that you put onto the implosion team at Los Alamos. 2104 02:15:45,584 --> 02:15:46,709 Turns out he was... 2105 02:15:47,303 --> 02:15:49,584 He was spying for the Soviets the whole time. 2106 02:15:50,144 --> 02:15:51,134 I'm sorry. 2107 02:15:57,042 --> 02:15:59,566 After the truth about Fuchs came out, 2108 02:15:59,834 --> 02:16:01,875 the FBI stepped up surveillance on him. 2109 02:16:02,084 --> 02:16:03,584 He knew his phone was tapped. 2110 02:16:04,750 --> 02:16:05,834 He was followed everywhere. 2111 02:16:06,959 --> 02:16:08,084 His trash picked through. 2112 02:16:12,125 --> 02:16:14,209 But he never stopped speaking his mind. 2113 02:16:14,750 --> 02:16:15,917 A man of conviction. 2114 02:16:16,500 --> 02:16:19,209 And maybe he thought fame could actually protect him. 2115 02:16:21,584 --> 02:16:23,917 When Eisenhower took office, he saw one more chance. 2116 02:16:26,167 --> 02:16:27,084 He took it. 2117 02:16:27,126 --> 02:16:30,292 America and Russia may be likened... 2118 02:16:31,667 --> 02:16:33,667 to two scorpions in a bottle. 2119 02:16:33,903 --> 02:16:37,125 Each capable of killing the other, 2120 02:16:37,334 --> 02:16:40,092 but only at the risk of his own life. 2121 02:16:40,792 --> 02:16:42,834 Now, there are various aspects of this policy... 2122 02:16:42,875 --> 02:16:47,250 A lot of scientists blame me, but how was I supposed to protect him? 2123 02:16:47,292 --> 02:16:49,334 ...are too secret for discussion. 2124 02:16:49,542 --> 02:16:51,375 Candor is the only remedy. 2125 02:16:51,584 --> 02:16:55,209 Officials in Washington need to start leveling with the American people. 2126 02:16:56,834 --> 02:16:59,042 That was the last straw for Robert's enemies. 2127 02:16:59,084 --> 02:17:01,707 So he had to lose his security clearance. 2128 02:17:01,875 --> 02:17:04,084 And with it, his credibility. 2129 02:17:04,625 --> 02:17:06,250 But how could they do it? 2130 02:17:06,792 --> 02:17:08,042 He was a war hero. 2131 02:17:08,084 --> 02:17:10,125 He'd already told everyone about his past. 2132 02:17:10,167 --> 02:17:11,828 Borden dredged it all up. 2133 02:17:12,167 --> 02:17:15,459 How could Borden get access to Oppenheimer's FBI file? 2134 02:17:15,500 --> 02:17:16,500 Could it have been Nichols? 2135 02:17:16,834 --> 02:17:18,375 No, I can't imagine he'd do that. 2136 02:17:19,250 --> 02:17:22,959 Whoever did unleashed a firestorm that burned a path in the White House, 2137 02:17:23,334 --> 02:17:25,334 right to my desk at the AEC. 2138 02:17:26,292 --> 02:17:27,709 You seen 'em in there, right? 2139 02:17:28,500 --> 02:17:30,883 I've worked my whole life to get here. 2140 02:17:31,750 --> 02:17:33,875 The cabinet of the United States of America, 2141 02:17:33,917 --> 02:17:35,625 and now, in front of the entire country, 2142 02:17:36,000 --> 02:17:37,500 they want to put me back in my place. 2143 02:17:39,375 --> 02:17:40,792 A lowly shoe salesman. 2144 02:17:41,821 --> 02:17:43,667 Lewis, we can win this thing. 2145 02:17:43,959 --> 02:17:45,959 I think we can get the Senate to grasp 2146 02:17:46,000 --> 02:17:48,250 that you did your duty, painful though it was. 2147 02:17:48,459 --> 02:17:51,375 Now, will Hill's testimony back us up? -Hill will be fine. 2148 02:17:51,417 --> 02:17:54,750 I don't really know him, but he was one of Szilard's boys in Chicago. 2149 02:17:54,792 --> 02:17:56,491 And they'd never forgave Robert for not 2150 02:17:56,515 --> 02:17:58,750 supporting the petition against bombing Japan. 2151 02:18:00,042 --> 02:18:03,042 This was taken 31 days after the bombing. 2152 02:18:04,375 --> 02:18:08,542 Virtually everyone in the streets, for nearly a mile around, 2153 02:18:09,375 --> 02:18:10,959 was instantly and seriously... 2154 02:18:11,792 --> 02:18:12,780 burned. 2155 02:18:13,792 --> 02:18:17,151 The Japanese spoke of people who 2156 02:18:17,375 --> 02:18:21,125 wore striped clothing, upon whom the skin was burned in stripes. 2157 02:18:22,417 --> 02:18:24,339 There were many who thought themselves lucky, 2158 02:18:25,072 --> 02:18:27,292 who climbed out of the ruins of their homes, 2159 02:18:27,709 --> 02:18:28,834 only slightly injured. 2160 02:18:30,701 --> 02:18:31,709 But they died anyway. 2161 02:18:33,167 --> 02:18:35,500 They died days, or weeks later, 2162 02:18:36,424 --> 02:18:38,959 from iridium-like rays emitted in great numbers 2163 02:18:39,625 --> 02:18:41,209 at the moment of the explosion. 2164 02:18:43,084 --> 02:18:44,750 Did you read this crap in the papers? 2165 02:18:45,125 --> 02:18:46,709 A British physicist is saying 2166 02:18:46,959 --> 02:18:49,625 the atomic bombings were not the last act of World War II, 2167 02:18:49,936 --> 02:18:52,667 but the first act of this cold war with Russia. 2168 02:18:53,326 --> 02:18:54,315 Which physicist? 2169 02:18:54,667 --> 02:18:56,917 I think you knew him. Patrick Blackett. 2170 02:19:00,292 --> 02:19:03,167 He may not be wrong. Stimson is now telling me 2171 02:19:03,250 --> 02:19:06,167 we bombed an enemy that was essentially defeated. 2172 02:19:06,375 --> 02:19:08,500 Robert, you've all the influence now. 2173 02:19:09,839 --> 02:19:10,826 Please, 2174 02:19:11,542 --> 02:19:13,584 urge them to continue my research on the Super. 2175 02:19:13,917 --> 02:19:15,542 I neither can nor will, Edward. 2176 02:19:15,944 --> 02:19:16,942 Why not? 2177 02:19:17,292 --> 02:19:18,944 It's not the right use of our resources. 2178 02:19:19,459 --> 02:19:20,792 Is that what you really believe? 2179 02:19:21,775 --> 02:19:25,542 J. Robert Oppenheimer? Sphinx-like guru of the atom? 2180 02:19:27,209 --> 02:19:28,709 Nobody knows what you believe. 2181 02:19:29,917 --> 02:19:31,459 Do you? Hmm? 2182 02:19:32,334 --> 02:19:36,167 One final time, our program director, Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer. 2183 02:19:38,042 --> 02:19:40,000 I hope that in years to come, 2184 02:19:40,334 --> 02:19:42,625 you will look back on your work here with pride. 2185 02:19:43,709 --> 02:19:47,642 But today, that pride must be tempered with a profound concern. 2186 02:19:49,682 --> 02:19:53,167 If atomic weapons are to be added to the arsenals of a warring world, 2187 02:19:54,917 --> 02:19:58,750 then the day will come when people will curse the name of Los Alamos. 2188 02:20:03,209 --> 02:20:04,225 Uh, sorry, Admiral. 2189 02:20:05,125 --> 02:20:06,292 Stopped off to get this. 2190 02:20:07,417 --> 02:20:08,667 Seems pretty favorable. 2191 02:20:09,959 --> 02:20:12,042 There's Oppenheimer. What's the caption? 2192 02:20:12,170 --> 02:20:15,107 Uh, "J. Robert Oppenheimer. Strauss fought him... 2193 02:20:17,043 --> 02:20:18,125 "and the US won." 2194 02:20:19,709 --> 02:20:20,709 That'll work. 2195 02:20:21,100 --> 02:20:22,792 Those were your words from the other day. 2196 02:20:23,042 --> 02:20:24,043 We needed to pivot. 2197 02:20:24,865 --> 02:20:27,506 But how would you know what Time Magazine was gonna write? 2198 02:20:27,709 --> 02:20:29,250 Henry Luce is a friend. 2199 02:20:37,167 --> 02:20:39,375 You sat here and let me tell you how it's done, 2200 02:20:40,167 --> 02:20:42,000 but you've been far ahead all along. 2201 02:20:42,559 --> 02:20:44,542 Survival in Washington. 2202 02:20:45,459 --> 02:20:47,084 It's about knowing how to get things done. 2203 02:20:48,167 --> 02:20:49,191 Right. 2204 02:20:51,334 --> 02:20:52,625 What was it you said about Borden? 2205 02:20:53,299 --> 02:20:55,042 Why get caught holding the knife yourself? 2206 02:20:57,555 --> 02:21:00,209 I'm beginning to think Borden was holding the knife for you. 2207 02:21:03,313 --> 02:21:05,167 It's gonna come down to how much influence 2208 02:21:05,209 --> 02:21:07,125 Borden's been able to exert on Teller. 2209 02:21:08,375 --> 02:21:09,625 Did I say something funny? 2210 02:21:09,789 --> 02:21:14,209 Just "Borden, Borden, Borden", when we all know that it's Strauss. 2211 02:21:14,667 --> 02:21:16,625 Lewis brought me to Princeton, Kitty. 2212 02:21:17,292 --> 02:21:19,783 And then you humiliated him in front of Congress. 2213 02:21:19,863 --> 02:21:21,417 But more useful than a sandwich! 2214 02:21:25,417 --> 02:21:26,419 How'd I do? 2215 02:21:27,834 --> 02:21:29,250 Maybe a little too well, Robert. 2216 02:21:29,917 --> 02:21:31,062 That was six years ago. 2217 02:21:31,209 --> 02:21:34,584 You know, they're truly vindictive, patient as saints. 2218 02:21:34,875 --> 02:21:37,292 Strauss has been perfectly clear that he is neutral. 2219 02:21:38,334 --> 02:21:41,125 Wake up! It is Strauss! 2220 02:21:41,334 --> 02:21:43,250 It's always been Strauss, and you know it! 2221 02:21:44,250 --> 02:21:45,584 Why won't you fight him? 2222 02:21:49,209 --> 02:21:52,815 It wasn't Nichols, or Hoover, or one of Truman's guys. 2223 02:21:52,873 --> 02:21:53,873 It was you. 2224 02:21:54,366 --> 02:21:55,584 You gave the file to Borden. 2225 02:21:55,792 --> 02:21:57,250 You set him on Oppenheimer. 2226 02:21:57,417 --> 02:21:58,584 You convinced him... -Borden... 2227 02:22:00,000 --> 02:22:01,959 didn't take any convincing. 2228 02:22:02,376 --> 02:22:03,875 Take your time, use the entire file. 2229 02:22:04,250 --> 02:22:06,334 Write up your conclusions, send them to the FBI. 2230 02:22:06,667 --> 02:22:08,834 The material's obviously extensive, 2231 02:22:08,875 --> 02:22:10,917 but there's nothing new here. 2232 02:22:11,167 --> 02:22:12,292 Your conclusions will be. 2233 02:22:13,307 --> 02:22:14,625 And they'll have to be answered. 2234 02:22:15,500 --> 02:22:17,000 Hoover passes them to McCarthy? 2235 02:22:17,459 --> 02:22:20,042 Oppenheimer's too slippery for that self-promoting clown. 2236 02:22:20,667 --> 02:22:21,792 I've talked it over with Hoover. 2237 02:22:21,834 --> 02:22:25,250 He'll hold McCarthy at bay while you do this with the AEC. 2238 02:22:25,834 --> 02:22:27,709 Trial? -No, no trial. 2239 02:22:27,750 --> 02:22:30,250 You can't give Oppenheimer a platform. 2240 02:22:30,709 --> 02:22:31,750 You can't martyr him. 2241 02:22:32,735 --> 02:22:35,917 We need a systematic destruction of Oppenheimer's credibility, 2242 02:22:35,959 --> 02:22:39,167 so he can never again speak on matters of national security. 2243 02:22:40,375 --> 02:22:41,377 Then what? 2244 02:22:42,875 --> 02:22:45,917 A shabby little room. Far from the limelight. 2245 02:22:51,959 --> 02:22:56,084 A simple bureaucratic procedure. His Q clearance. It's up for renewal. 2246 02:22:56,459 --> 02:22:59,042 You send your accusations to the FBI... 2247 02:23:01,542 --> 02:23:04,500 Hoover sends them to the AEC. You're forced to act. 2248 02:23:05,250 --> 02:23:06,542 You write up an indictment. 2249 02:23:07,084 --> 02:23:10,334 You tell Oppenheimer his security clearance is not being renewed. 2250 02:23:11,084 --> 02:23:12,750 But offer him the chance to appeal. 2251 02:23:12,917 --> 02:23:15,000 As you can see, Robert, it's not yet signed. 2252 02:23:15,375 --> 02:23:16,875 May I keep this? -No. 2253 02:23:17,750 --> 02:23:21,250 If you do decide to appeal, they'll have to send you a copy. 2254 02:23:21,792 --> 02:23:26,334 When he appeals, and trust me, he will, I appoint a board. 2255 02:23:27,334 --> 02:23:29,084 They will, of course, have counsel. 2256 02:23:30,042 --> 02:23:31,625 Prosecutor? -In all but name. 2257 02:23:31,834 --> 02:23:33,792 Who? -Roger Robb. 2258 02:23:33,834 --> 02:23:34,832 Ouch. 2259 02:23:34,875 --> 02:23:38,125 Robb will have security clearance to examine Oppenheimer's file. 2260 02:23:38,250 --> 02:23:40,792 As will the Gray Board. Defense counsel will not. 2261 02:23:42,500 --> 02:23:43,500 A closed hearing. 2262 02:23:43,750 --> 02:23:47,834 The so-called interrogatory information in your indictment of me... 2263 02:23:47,875 --> 02:23:51,500 No audience, no reporters, no burden of proof. 2264 02:23:52,000 --> 02:23:53,001 No burden of proof? 2265 02:23:55,000 --> 02:23:56,000 We're not convicting. 2266 02:23:57,167 --> 02:23:58,709 We're just denying. 2267 02:24:04,625 --> 02:24:06,542 What is it you said? 2268 02:24:07,542 --> 02:24:10,709 This is just how the game is played. 2269 02:24:11,542 --> 02:24:12,959 Well, forgive my naivete. 2270 02:24:13,875 --> 02:24:17,375 Amateurs seek the sun, get eaten. 2271 02:24:18,917 --> 02:24:21,959 Power stays in the shadows. 2272 02:24:22,250 --> 02:24:25,167 But, sir, you're... you're out of the shadows now. 2273 02:24:25,209 --> 02:24:27,000 Yeah, that's why this has to work. 2274 02:24:27,167 --> 02:24:28,153 Well... 2275 02:24:30,095 --> 02:24:31,792 Teller's testifying this morning. 2276 02:24:32,042 --> 02:24:33,292 That'll help. And then... 2277 02:24:34,681 --> 02:24:35,981 Hill is in the afternoon. 2278 02:24:36,006 --> 02:24:37,250 Hill is gonna help us too. 2279 02:24:40,625 --> 02:24:42,959 As you can see, Robert, it's not yet signed. 2280 02:24:43,875 --> 02:24:45,167 May I keep this? -No. 2281 02:24:48,000 --> 02:24:52,417 If you do decide to appeal, then they'll have to send you a copy. 2282 02:24:56,459 --> 02:24:58,375 Take my car and driver, I insist. 2283 02:25:03,334 --> 02:25:05,209 I'll have to consult my lawyers, Lewis. 2284 02:25:05,417 --> 02:25:08,084 Of course. But don't take too long. 2285 02:25:08,250 --> 02:25:09,750 I can't keep Nichols at bay. 2286 02:25:16,417 --> 02:25:18,227 I'm sorry it's come to this, Robert. 2287 02:25:18,792 --> 02:25:19,793 I think it's wrong. 2288 02:25:33,292 --> 02:25:36,250 Nichols wants me to fight, so he can get it all on the record. 2289 02:25:36,831 --> 02:25:38,209 Strauss wants me to walk away. 2290 02:25:38,651 --> 02:25:43,105 Strauss knows that you can't do that. You'd be accepting the charges. 2291 02:25:44,001 --> 02:25:45,209 You'll lose your job. 2292 02:25:45,542 --> 02:25:48,292 You will lose your reputation. We'll lose our house. 2293 02:25:48,584 --> 02:25:49,834 Robert, we have to fight. 2294 02:25:53,334 --> 02:25:55,375 As AEC counsel, I can't represent you. 2295 02:25:55,959 --> 02:25:57,084 I'll call Lloyd Garrison. 2296 02:25:57,709 --> 02:25:58,710 Oh, he's good. 2297 02:25:58,959 --> 02:26:01,959 The best, but I have to warn you. 2298 02:26:03,750 --> 02:26:04,959 This won't be a fair fight. 2299 02:26:05,834 --> 02:26:09,792 During your interview with Boris Pash in 1943, did you refer to microfilm? 2300 02:26:10,042 --> 02:26:13,250 No. -Tab 11, page one, paragraph three. 2301 02:26:13,292 --> 02:26:16,709 You never said, "man of the consulate, expert in the use of microfilm"? 2302 02:26:16,750 --> 02:26:17,750 I'm sorry, I'm sorry... -No. 2303 02:26:17,792 --> 02:26:20,167 I would like to know what document Mr. Robb is quoting from, 2304 02:26:20,209 --> 02:26:21,650 and if we might be furnished with a copy. 2305 02:26:22,042 --> 02:26:23,875 The document is classified, Mr. Garrison. 2306 02:26:24,042 --> 02:26:26,292 I think we should get back to firsthand information. 2307 02:26:26,334 --> 02:26:27,334 This is firsthand. 2308 02:26:27,792 --> 02:26:28,806 How so, Roger? 2309 02:26:30,959 --> 02:26:32,292 There was a recording of the interview. 2310 02:26:37,375 --> 02:26:40,209 You let my client sit here and potentially perjure himself, 2311 02:26:40,250 --> 02:26:42,417 and all this time, you had a recording? 2312 02:26:42,667 --> 02:26:45,500 Nobody told your client to misrepresent his former answers. 2313 02:26:45,542 --> 02:26:47,250 Misrepresent? It was 12 years ago! 2314 02:26:47,834 --> 02:26:48,809 Can we hear this recording? 2315 02:26:49,084 --> 02:26:50,336 You don't have the clearance, Mr. Garrison. 2316 02:26:50,383 --> 02:26:52,209 But you're reading it into the record! 2317 02:26:52,625 --> 02:26:56,917 Please, please. Is this proceeding interested in entrapment or in truth? 2318 02:26:57,417 --> 02:27:01,375 If it's truth, where's the disclosure? Where's the witness list? 2319 02:27:01,417 --> 02:27:04,250 Mr. Garrison, this isn't a trial, as you are well aware. 2320 02:27:04,292 --> 02:27:08,125 Evidentiary rules do not apply. We are dealing with national security. 2321 02:27:08,250 --> 02:27:09,459 Yes, sir, with all due respect, 2322 02:27:09,500 --> 02:27:13,709 I fail to see how national security prevents the prosecution from 2323 02:27:13,750 --> 02:27:15,917 providing us with a list of witnesses! -Perhaps we are in need 2324 02:27:15,959 --> 02:27:18,250 of a brief recess. -Gentlemen. You have my words. 2325 02:27:18,292 --> 02:27:21,125 If you say they're from a transcript, then I'll accept it. 2326 02:27:21,167 --> 02:27:23,875 I've already explained I made up a cock-and-bull story. 2327 02:27:24,042 --> 02:27:27,084 And why would anyone make up such an elaborate story? 2328 02:27:27,125 --> 02:27:28,334 Because I was an idiot. 2329 02:27:29,584 --> 02:27:30,585 Why lie? 2330 02:27:30,750 --> 02:27:34,906 Well, clearly with the intention of not revealing who the intermediary was. 2331 02:27:35,042 --> 02:27:37,375 Your friend, Haakon Chevalier, the communist. 2332 02:27:38,000 --> 02:27:39,004 Is he still your friend? 2333 02:27:39,917 --> 02:27:40,927 Yes. 2334 02:27:44,334 --> 02:27:46,042 Dr. Rabi, thank you for coming. 2335 02:27:46,453 --> 02:27:48,250 You know who else the prosecution has called? 2336 02:27:48,500 --> 02:27:52,500 Teller, obviously. They've asked Lawrence. 2337 02:27:52,917 --> 02:27:55,167 What did he say? -He wasn't going to help them, 2338 02:27:55,834 --> 02:27:56,917 but... -But? 2339 02:27:57,781 --> 02:28:02,042 Strauss told him that you and Ruth Tolman had been having an affair for years. 2340 02:28:02,375 --> 02:28:04,209 The whole time you lived with them in Pasadena. 2341 02:28:05,084 --> 02:28:08,209 He convinced Lawrence that Richard died of a broken heart. 2342 02:28:08,250 --> 02:28:10,120 That's absurd. -What part? 2343 02:28:10,209 --> 02:28:13,250 A broken heart. Richard never found out. 2344 02:28:14,459 --> 02:28:15,667 Is Lawrence gonna testify? 2345 02:28:16,250 --> 02:28:17,253 I don't know. 2346 02:28:18,125 --> 02:28:22,209 Dr. Rabi, what governmental positions do you currently hold? 2347 02:28:22,750 --> 02:28:25,667 I am the chairman of the general advisory committee 2348 02:28:25,709 --> 02:28:28,000 to the AEC, succeeding Dr. Oppenheimer. 2349 02:28:28,584 --> 02:28:30,500 And how long have you known Dr. Oppenheimer? 2350 02:28:31,500 --> 02:28:35,334 Since 1928. I... I know him quite well. 2351 02:28:35,662 --> 02:28:39,209 Well enough to speak to the bearing of his loyalty and character? 2352 02:28:39,896 --> 02:28:43,125 Dr. Oppenheimer is a man of upstanding character. 2353 02:28:44,000 --> 02:28:47,417 And he is loyal to the United States, to his friends, 2354 02:28:47,875 --> 02:28:49,750 to the institutions of which he is part. 2355 02:28:51,875 --> 02:28:52,875 Eat. 2356 02:29:12,292 --> 02:29:13,292 Who was that? 2357 02:29:13,500 --> 02:29:14,500 Nothing to worry about. 2358 02:29:18,167 --> 02:29:19,667 After the Russian A-bomb test, 2359 02:29:19,709 --> 02:29:22,125 did Dr. Lawrence come to see you about the hydrogen bomb? 2360 02:29:22,384 --> 02:29:23,917 You'd be better off asking him. 2361 02:29:24,209 --> 02:29:25,250 Well, I fully intend to. 2362 02:29:26,422 --> 02:29:30,042 Would you say that Dr. Oppenheimer was unalterably opposed to the H-bomb? 2363 02:29:30,417 --> 02:29:33,417 No, he, he thought that a fusion program 2364 02:29:33,459 --> 02:29:36,250 would come at the expense of our awfully good fission program. 2365 02:29:36,334 --> 02:29:37,917 But that proved not to be the case. 2366 02:29:38,459 --> 02:29:39,917 In the event, both could be done. 2367 02:29:40,417 --> 02:29:43,042 Suppose that this board did not feel satisfied 2368 02:29:43,084 --> 02:29:46,535 that in his testimony here Dr. Oppenheimer had been wholly truthful, 2369 02:29:47,250 --> 02:29:49,125 what would you say whether or not he should be cleared? 2370 02:29:49,417 --> 02:29:51,667 Why go through all this against a man 2371 02:29:51,709 --> 02:29:53,792 who has accomplished what Dr. Oppenheimer has? 2372 02:29:53,834 --> 02:29:54,917 Look at his record. 2373 02:29:55,584 --> 02:29:57,834 We have an A-bomb, and a whole series of it. 2374 02:29:57,959 --> 02:30:00,500 We have a whole series of Super bombs. What more do you want? 2375 02:30:01,504 --> 02:30:02,504 Mermaids? 2376 02:30:03,125 --> 02:30:05,959 But I've known Secretary Strauss for many years. 2377 02:30:06,316 --> 02:30:09,459 And I feel it a necessity to express the warm support 2378 02:30:10,008 --> 02:30:12,375 for science and scientists Lewis has shown. 2379 02:30:12,625 --> 02:30:13,626 We'll break now. 2380 02:30:14,042 --> 02:30:18,000 Unless there's any immediate business. -Senator, I'd like to once again request 2381 02:30:18,500 --> 02:30:21,084 that we're furnished with a list of witnesses. 2382 02:30:21,250 --> 02:30:22,792 And I will remind the nominee 2383 02:30:22,834 --> 02:30:25,523 that we don't always have that information in advance. 2384 02:30:25,792 --> 02:30:28,167 We do know that Dr. Hill will be here after lunch. 2385 02:30:28,680 --> 02:30:31,542 Mr. Chairman, our next scheduled witness, Dr. Lawrence, 2386 02:30:31,625 --> 02:30:34,334 has apparently come down with colitis. 2387 02:30:37,709 --> 02:30:39,946 So we'll proceed with William Borden instead. 2388 02:30:41,000 --> 02:30:43,334 Mr. Borden, welcome. Please take a seat. 2389 02:30:45,167 --> 02:30:46,169 Mr. Borden, 2390 02:30:47,505 --> 02:30:50,125 during your investigation into Dr. Oppenheimer, 2391 02:30:50,167 --> 02:30:51,834 did you reach certain conclusions? 2392 02:30:52,417 --> 02:30:54,167 I did. -And did there come a time 2393 02:30:54,209 --> 02:30:57,375 when you expressed those conclusions in a letter to Mr. J. Edgar Hoover, 2394 02:30:57,542 --> 02:31:00,334 of the Federal Bureau of Investigation? -That is correct. 2395 02:31:00,375 --> 02:31:03,000 Prior to the writing of the letter, did you discuss the writing of the letter 2396 02:31:03,042 --> 02:31:05,250 with anybody attached to the Atomic Energy Commission? 2397 02:31:05,792 --> 02:31:06,917 I did not. -Excellent. 2398 02:31:06,959 --> 02:31:08,875 Do you have a copy of the letter? -I have one in front of me. 2399 02:31:08,950 --> 02:31:11,084 Would you please be so kind as to read it, sir? 2400 02:31:12,375 --> 02:31:14,792 "Dear Mr. Hoover, the purpose of this letter 2401 02:31:14,834 --> 02:31:17,167 "is to state..." -I'm sorry, I'm sorry, if I could have... 2402 02:31:17,792 --> 02:31:20,542 What is the purpose of the delay? He's simply going to read the letter. 2403 02:31:21,792 --> 02:31:24,084 Mr. Chairman, this is the first I've seen of this letter. 2404 02:31:24,542 --> 02:31:27,457 And I see statements here, at least one, 2405 02:31:27,481 --> 02:31:29,917 of a kind that I don't think anyone would like to see go into the record. 2406 02:31:29,959 --> 02:31:32,375 These are accusations that have not previously been made, 2407 02:31:32,667 --> 02:31:34,500 that are not part of the indictment from Nichols. 2408 02:31:34,542 --> 02:31:37,084 Accusations of a kind that I don't think belong here. 2409 02:31:37,125 --> 02:31:39,250 The witness wrote this letter on his own initiative, 2410 02:31:39,292 --> 02:31:41,542 laying out evidence that has already been before the board. 2411 02:31:41,750 --> 02:31:43,375 His conclusions are valid testimony, 2412 02:31:43,417 --> 02:31:46,667 just like the positive conclusions of friends of Dr. Oppenheimer. 2413 02:31:46,709 --> 02:31:47,834 It cuts both ways. 2414 02:31:48,334 --> 02:31:50,584 How long has counsel been in possession of this letter? 2415 02:31:50,740 --> 02:31:54,167 I don't think I should be subject to cross-examination by you, Mr. Garrison. 2416 02:31:54,209 --> 02:31:57,334 Mr. Garrison, given that we on the board have all read the letter, 2417 02:31:57,375 --> 02:31:59,042 wouldn't it be better to have it in the record? 2418 02:32:00,500 --> 02:32:01,501 Let's proceed. 2419 02:32:03,625 --> 02:32:04,667 "Dear Mr. Hoover, 2420 02:32:05,625 --> 02:32:08,042 "the purpose of this letter is to state my opinion, 2421 02:32:08,432 --> 02:32:11,885 "based upon years of study of the available classified evidence, 2422 02:32:12,709 --> 02:32:14,375 "that, more probably than not, 2423 02:32:14,792 --> 02:32:18,750 "J. Robert Oppenheimer is an agent of the Soviet Union. 2424 02:32:19,611 --> 02:32:21,750 "The following conclusions are justified. 2425 02:32:22,167 --> 02:32:26,542 "One, between 1929 and 1942, more probably than not, 2426 02:32:26,690 --> 02:32:30,209 "J. Robert Oppenheimer was a sufficiently hardened communist 2427 02:32:30,417 --> 02:32:32,667 "that he volunteered information to the Soviets. 2428 02:32:33,084 --> 02:32:35,292 "Two, more probably than not, 2429 02:32:35,334 --> 02:32:38,750 "he has since been functioning as an espionage agent. 2430 02:32:39,709 --> 02:32:40,693 "Three. 2431 02:32:41,000 --> 02:32:44,959 "More probably than not, he has since acted under a Soviet directive 2432 02:32:45,000 --> 02:32:47,792 "in influencing United States military policy." 2433 02:32:47,843 --> 02:32:50,125 I'm sorry, Robert. -"Atomic energy, intelligence and..." 2434 02:32:50,250 --> 02:32:54,625 Is anyone ever going to tell the truth about what's happening here? 2435 02:32:55,084 --> 02:32:57,875 We will now hear from Dr. David Hill. 2436 02:33:08,250 --> 02:33:11,084 Dr. Hill, would you care to make a statement? 2437 02:33:13,334 --> 02:33:14,348 Thank you. 2438 02:33:14,605 --> 02:33:18,292 I've been asked to testify about Lewis Strauss, 2439 02:33:18,584 --> 02:33:23,459 a man who has given years of service in high positions of government, 2440 02:33:23,625 --> 02:33:28,125 and who is known to be earnest, hard-working, and intelligent. 2441 02:33:29,834 --> 02:33:31,625 The views I have to express are my own, 2442 02:33:32,292 --> 02:33:35,542 but I believe that much I have to say will help to indicate why 2443 02:33:36,709 --> 02:33:40,584 most of the scientists in this country would prefer to see Mr. Strauss 2444 02:33:41,608 --> 02:33:43,459 completely out of government. 2445 02:33:45,444 --> 02:33:49,542 You're referring to the hostility of certain scientists, 2446 02:33:49,667 --> 02:33:53,417 directed toward Mr. Strauss, because of his commitment to security, 2447 02:33:53,459 --> 02:33:56,000 as demonstrated in the Oppenheimer affair? 2448 02:33:59,000 --> 02:34:00,016 No. 2449 02:34:00,250 --> 02:34:05,042 Because of the personal vindictiveness he demonstrated against Dr. Oppenheimer. 2450 02:34:07,084 --> 02:34:09,875 Order! Order! 2451 02:34:10,292 --> 02:34:13,500 It appears to most scientists around this country 2452 02:34:14,976 --> 02:34:17,917 that Robert Oppenheimer is now being pilloried, 2453 02:34:17,959 --> 02:34:22,000 and put through an ordeal, because he expressed his honest opinions. 2454 02:34:22,750 --> 02:34:25,917 Dr. Bush, I thought I was performing a service to my country 2455 02:34:25,959 --> 02:34:29,292 when hearing this case. -No board, in this country, 2456 02:34:29,834 --> 02:34:33,625 should sit in judgment of a man because he expressed his strong opinions. 2457 02:34:33,959 --> 02:34:36,250 If you want to try that case, you should try me. 2458 02:34:37,250 --> 02:34:39,875 Excuse me, gentlemen, if I've... become stirred. 2459 02:34:41,125 --> 02:34:42,123 But I am. 2460 02:34:42,511 --> 02:34:46,584 Dr. Hill, we've already heard that Mr. Strauss did not bring the charges, 2461 02:34:46,625 --> 02:34:49,625 or participate in the hearings against Dr. Oppenheimer. 2462 02:34:49,667 --> 02:34:51,375 The Oppenheimer matter was... 2463 02:34:52,250 --> 02:34:56,917 initiated, and carried through, largely through the animus of Lewis Strauss. 2464 02:34:58,459 --> 02:35:01,330 Oppenheimer made mincemeat out of Strauss's position 2465 02:35:01,377 --> 02:35:03,474 on the shipments of isotopes to Norway, 2466 02:35:03,537 --> 02:35:06,709 and Strauss never forgave him this public humiliation. 2467 02:35:07,625 --> 02:35:11,042 Another controversy between them centered around their differences in judgment 2468 02:35:11,084 --> 02:35:14,028 on how the H-bomb would contribute to national security. 2469 02:35:14,317 --> 02:35:17,584 Strauss turned to the personnel security system in order to 2470 02:35:17,834 --> 02:35:20,209 destroy Oppenheimer's effectiveness, 2471 02:35:20,334 --> 02:35:23,125 and Strauss was able to find a few ambitious men 2472 02:35:23,584 --> 02:35:27,209 who also disagreed with Oppenheimer's positions and envied him 2473 02:35:27,334 --> 02:35:29,334 his prestige in government circles. 2474 02:35:29,709 --> 02:35:33,584 I've always assumed, and still assume, that he is loyal to the United States. 2475 02:35:34,375 --> 02:35:36,097 I believe this, and I shall believe it, 2476 02:35:36,121 --> 02:35:38,333 until I see very conclusive proof to the opposite. 2477 02:35:38,959 --> 02:35:42,667 Do you or do you not believe that Dr. Oppenheimer is a security risk? 2478 02:35:46,584 --> 02:35:49,961 In a great number of cases, I have seen Dr. Oppenheimer act in a way 2479 02:35:50,021 --> 02:35:53,042 which was, to me, exceedingly hard to understand. 2480 02:35:53,403 --> 02:35:55,723 I thoroughly disagreed with him in numerous issues, 2481 02:35:55,959 --> 02:35:59,250 and his actions frankly appeared to me confused and complicated. 2482 02:35:59,334 --> 02:36:03,981 To this extent, I feel I want to see the vital interests of this country 2483 02:36:04,292 --> 02:36:07,959 in hands which I understand better, and therefore trust more. 2484 02:36:09,167 --> 02:36:10,442 Thank you, Doctor. -Thank you. 2485 02:36:14,695 --> 02:36:15,710 I'm sorry. 2486 02:36:18,500 --> 02:36:20,417 You shook his fucking hand!? 2487 02:36:21,709 --> 02:36:23,584 Oh, I would have spit in his face. 2488 02:36:23,625 --> 02:36:25,719 I'm not sure the Board would have appreciated that. 2489 02:36:25,834 --> 02:36:27,375 Is it not gentlemanly enough for you? 2490 02:36:27,417 --> 02:36:30,250 Well, I think you're all being too goddamn gentlemanly. 2491 02:36:30,320 --> 02:36:34,125 Gray must see what Robb is doing. Why doesn't he just shut him down? 2492 02:36:34,398 --> 02:36:36,459 And you, shaking Teller's hand. 2493 02:36:36,719 --> 02:36:39,750 You need to stop playing the martyr. 2494 02:36:40,959 --> 02:36:45,312 Under the current AEC guidelines, would you clear Dr. Oppenheimer today? 2495 02:36:51,709 --> 02:36:56,292 Under my interpretation of the Atomic Energy Act, 2496 02:36:56,334 --> 02:37:00,709 which did not exist when I hired Dr. Oppenheimer in 1942, 2497 02:37:02,250 --> 02:37:07,334 I would not clear him today if I were on the commission. 2498 02:37:07,959 --> 02:37:09,319 Good. Thank you, General. That is all. 2499 02:37:09,389 --> 02:37:11,209 But I don't think I'd clear any of those guys. 2500 02:37:12,006 --> 02:37:13,002 That's all. 2501 02:37:16,084 --> 02:37:18,850 Dr. Oppenheimer had no responsibility in the selection 2502 02:37:18,897 --> 02:37:20,787 or the clearance of Klaus Fuchs, did he? 2503 02:37:20,959 --> 02:37:22,042 No. None at all. 2504 02:37:22,334 --> 02:37:25,667 And you wouldn't want to leave this board with any suggestion today that 2505 02:37:25,841 --> 02:37:28,629 you're here questioning his basic loyalty to the United States 2506 02:37:28,653 --> 02:37:30,131 in the operation of Los Alamos? 2507 02:37:30,584 --> 02:37:34,543 By no means. I hope I didn't lead anyone to believe otherwise for an instant. 2508 02:37:35,917 --> 02:37:36,927 Thank you, General. 2509 02:37:54,584 --> 02:37:57,500 Okay. We shouldn't keep them waiting. -She'll be here. 2510 02:37:58,334 --> 02:38:00,000 Do you even want her here? 2511 02:38:00,209 --> 02:38:02,667 Only a fool or an adolescent presumes 2512 02:38:02,709 --> 02:38:06,209 to know someone else's relationship, and you're neither, Lloyd. 2513 02:38:09,000 --> 02:38:11,500 Kitty and I are grown-ups. 2514 02:38:12,792 --> 02:38:14,375 We've walked through fire together. 2515 02:38:15,375 --> 02:38:16,375 She'll do fine. 2516 02:38:17,750 --> 02:38:21,368 Would you describe your views on communism as pro, anti, neutral? 2517 02:38:21,667 --> 02:38:22,792 Very strongly against. 2518 02:38:22,834 --> 02:38:25,459 I've had nothing to do with communism in, since... 2519 02:38:25,834 --> 02:38:27,542 since 1936. Since... 2520 02:38:28,792 --> 02:38:30,209 Since before I met Robert. 2521 02:38:32,321 --> 02:38:33,337 That's all. 2522 02:38:34,584 --> 02:38:37,292 The record demonstrates that Oppenheimer was not interrogated 2523 02:38:37,334 --> 02:38:40,347 by impartial and disinterested counsel for the Gray Board. 2524 02:38:40,667 --> 02:38:42,939 He was interrogated by a prosecutor who used 2525 02:38:42,964 --> 02:38:45,500 all the tricks of a rather ingenious legal background. 2526 02:38:45,596 --> 02:38:49,834 You are charging now that the Gray Board permitted a prosecution. 2527 02:38:50,542 --> 02:38:51,709 If I were on the Gray Board, 2528 02:38:52,625 --> 02:38:54,709 I would have protested against the tactics 2529 02:38:54,750 --> 02:38:57,542 of the man who served in fact as the prosecuting counsel. 2530 02:38:57,625 --> 02:38:59,292 A man appointed not by the Board, 2531 02:39:00,683 --> 02:39:02,242 but by Lewis Strauss. 2532 02:39:04,834 --> 02:39:05,835 Who was this? 2533 02:39:07,417 --> 02:39:08,429 I'm sorry? 2534 02:39:09,167 --> 02:39:10,167 Who was this? 2535 02:39:10,709 --> 02:39:11,709 Roger Robb. 2536 02:39:12,375 --> 02:39:13,500 Mrs. Oppenheimer. 2537 02:39:18,321 --> 02:39:20,292 Did you have a Communist Party membership card? 2538 02:39:22,209 --> 02:39:24,383 I'm... I'm not sure. 2539 02:39:24,454 --> 02:39:25,626 Not sure? 2540 02:39:28,417 --> 02:39:29,407 Well... 2541 02:39:33,084 --> 02:39:34,092 Well? 2542 02:39:42,834 --> 02:39:45,417 I mean, presumably, the act of joining the party 2543 02:39:45,834 --> 02:39:48,792 required sending some money and receiving a card, no? 2544 02:39:59,125 --> 02:40:00,127 Sorry. 2545 02:40:01,250 --> 02:40:02,264 Yes. 2546 02:40:04,750 --> 02:40:08,209 It's just, it was all so very long ago, Mr. Robb, wasn't it? 2547 02:40:08,234 --> 02:40:09,781 Not really. -Long enough to have forgotten. 2548 02:40:09,820 --> 02:40:12,917 Did you return the card, or rip it up? -The card whose existence I've forgotten? 2549 02:40:12,959 --> 02:40:15,792 Your Communist Party membership card? -Haven't the slightest idea. 2550 02:40:19,125 --> 02:40:22,959 Can a distinction be made between Soviet communism and communism? 2551 02:40:23,625 --> 02:40:24,875 Well, in the days when I was a member, 2552 02:40:24,917 --> 02:40:26,834 I thought they were definitely two things. -Oh? 2553 02:40:26,917 --> 02:40:29,667 I thought that the Communist Party of the United States 2554 02:40:29,709 --> 02:40:33,292 was concerned with our domestic problems. I now no longer believe this. 2555 02:40:33,417 --> 02:40:35,875 I believe the whole thing's linked together and spread all over the world, 2556 02:40:35,917 --> 02:40:39,792 and I have believed this since I left the party 16 years ago. 2557 02:40:39,917 --> 02:40:42,292 But... -17 years ago. My mistake. 2558 02:40:42,792 --> 02:40:44,713 But you... -Sorry, 18. 2559 02:40:45,462 --> 02:40:46,814 18 years ago. 2560 02:40:48,334 --> 02:40:50,959 Are you familiar with the fact your husband was making contributions 2561 02:40:51,000 --> 02:40:53,625 to the Spanish Civil War as late as 1942? 2562 02:40:53,667 --> 02:40:55,834 I knew that Robert gave money from time to time. 2563 02:40:55,875 --> 02:40:58,500 Did you know this money was going into Communist Party channels? 2564 02:40:58,584 --> 02:41:00,459 Don't you mean through? -Pardon? 2565 02:41:00,500 --> 02:41:03,334 I think you mean through Communist Party channels, don't you? 2566 02:41:03,750 --> 02:41:04,734 Yes. -Yes? 2567 02:41:04,910 --> 02:41:06,750 Yes. -Yes. 2568 02:41:06,834 --> 02:41:10,060 Then would it be fair to say that this meant that by 1942, 2569 02:41:10,091 --> 02:41:12,875 your husband had not stopped having anything to do with the Communist Party? 2570 02:41:14,292 --> 02:41:16,959 You don't have to answer that yes or no, you can answer that any way you wish. 2571 02:41:17,084 --> 02:41:19,875 I know that, thank you. It's your question. 2572 02:41:20,819 --> 02:41:22,125 It's not properly phrased. 2573 02:41:22,167 --> 02:41:23,933 Do you understand what I'm getting at? -I do. 2574 02:41:23,958 --> 02:41:26,456 Then why don't you answer it that way? -Because I don't like your phrase, 2575 02:41:26,959 --> 02:41:28,750 "having anything to do with the Communist Party," 2576 02:41:28,792 --> 02:41:31,792 because Robert never had anything to do with the Communist Party as such. 2577 02:41:32,125 --> 02:41:34,417 I know he gave money to Spanish refugees. 2578 02:41:34,584 --> 02:41:37,709 I know he took an intellectual interest in communist ideas. 2579 02:41:37,750 --> 02:41:39,251 Are there two types of communists? 2580 02:41:39,625 --> 02:41:42,042 Intellectual communists, and your plain old regular commie? 2581 02:41:43,584 --> 02:41:45,155 Well, I couldn't answer that one. 2582 02:41:46,417 --> 02:41:47,404 I couldn't either. 2583 02:41:54,709 --> 02:41:55,693 Good evening. 2584 02:41:56,042 --> 02:41:57,375 Robert, you can't win this thing. 2585 02:41:57,584 --> 02:41:59,834 It's a kangaroo court with a predetermined outcome. 2586 02:41:59,875 --> 02:42:01,209 Why put yourself through more of it? 2587 02:42:02,250 --> 02:42:03,584 I have my reasons. 2588 02:42:05,292 --> 02:42:06,293 Alright. 2589 02:42:06,834 --> 02:42:07,854 Good night. 2590 02:42:12,542 --> 02:42:13,625 He has a point. 2591 02:42:15,167 --> 02:42:17,459 I'm not sure you understand, Albert. -No? 2592 02:42:18,655 --> 02:42:20,917 I left my country, never to return. 2593 02:42:22,182 --> 02:42:23,792 You served your country well. 2594 02:42:24,625 --> 02:42:27,000 If this is the reward she offers you, then... 2595 02:42:28,189 --> 02:42:30,209 perhaps you should turn your back on her. 2596 02:42:31,542 --> 02:42:33,292 Damn it, I happen to love this country. 2597 02:42:34,375 --> 02:42:36,084 Then tell them to go to hell. 2598 02:42:36,959 --> 02:42:40,500 Interestingly enough, this is no longer a confirmation hearing. 2599 02:42:40,804 --> 02:42:42,167 It's now a trial... 2600 02:42:42,800 --> 02:42:44,000 about a trial! 2601 02:42:44,209 --> 02:42:45,208 For god's sakes! 2602 02:42:45,625 --> 02:42:48,334 It's not good he's telling everyone you initiated the hearings. 2603 02:42:48,375 --> 02:42:50,459 He can't prove a goddamn thing. 2604 02:42:50,500 --> 02:42:53,959 He certainly can't prove that I gave the file to Borden. 2605 02:42:54,042 --> 02:42:56,584 We're not in court, sir. There's no burden of proof. 2606 02:42:57,209 --> 02:42:58,667 Right, they're not convicting. 2607 02:43:00,000 --> 02:43:01,250 They're just denying. 2608 02:43:01,875 --> 02:43:04,667 Why would Hill come here to tear me down? What's his angle? 2609 02:43:04,833 --> 02:43:06,792 Do people need a reason to do the right thing? 2610 02:43:07,334 --> 02:43:09,417 As he sees it. -I told you. 2611 02:43:09,542 --> 02:43:11,954 Oppenheimer's been poisoning the scientists against me 2612 02:43:11,978 --> 02:43:13,584 right from that first meeting. 2613 02:43:13,750 --> 02:43:16,497 I don't know what Oppenheimer said to him that day, 2614 02:43:16,552 --> 02:43:19,270 but Einstein wouldn't even meet my eye. 2615 02:43:21,167 --> 02:43:23,084 Oppenheimer knows how to manipulate his own. 2616 02:43:23,709 --> 02:43:24,750 At Los Alamos, 2617 02:43:25,292 --> 02:43:27,584 he preyed on the naivete of scientists 2618 02:43:27,625 --> 02:43:29,750 who thought they get a say in how we use their work. 2619 02:43:30,042 --> 02:43:32,209 They'll never think he was that naive himself. 2620 02:43:32,917 --> 02:43:36,042 Doctor, during your work on the hydrogen bomb, 2621 02:43:36,316 --> 02:43:38,917 were you... deterred by any moral qualms? 2622 02:43:39,900 --> 02:43:40,917 Yes, of course. 2623 02:43:41,375 --> 02:43:43,124 But you still got on with your work, didn't you? 2624 02:43:43,191 --> 02:43:45,250 Yes, because this was work of exploration, 2625 02:43:45,292 --> 02:43:47,334 it was not the preparation of a weapon. 2626 02:43:47,625 --> 02:43:49,547 You mean it was more of an academic excursion? 2627 02:43:49,594 --> 02:43:52,917 No, it is not an academic thing, whether you can build a hydrogen bomb. 2628 02:43:52,959 --> 02:43:54,167 It's a matter of life and death. 2629 02:43:54,209 --> 02:43:56,459 By 1942, you were actively pushing the development 2630 02:43:56,500 --> 02:43:57,500 of the hydrogen bomb, weren't you? 2631 02:43:57,542 --> 02:43:58,834 Pushing is not the right word. 2632 02:43:58,917 --> 02:44:00,792 Supporting it and working on it, yes. 2633 02:44:00,834 --> 02:44:03,167 So when did these moral qualms become so strong 2634 02:44:03,229 --> 02:44:06,375 that you actively opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb? 2635 02:44:06,542 --> 02:44:09,209 When it was suggested that it be the policy of the United States 2636 02:44:09,250 --> 02:44:10,875 to make these things at all costs, 2637 02:44:10,917 --> 02:44:13,209 without regard to the balance between these weapons 2638 02:44:13,375 --> 02:44:15,500 and atomic weapons as part of our arsenal. 2639 02:44:17,250 --> 02:44:19,307 What do moral qualms have to do with that? 2640 02:44:20,709 --> 02:44:22,667 What do moral qualms have to do with it? -Yes. 2641 02:44:22,750 --> 02:44:25,084 Oppenheimer wanted to own the atomic bomb. 2642 02:44:25,125 --> 02:44:26,959 He wanted to be The Man Who Moved the Earth. 2643 02:44:27,000 --> 02:44:31,234 He talks about putting the nuclear genie back in the bottle. 2644 02:44:31,542 --> 02:44:33,492 Well, I'm here to tell you that I know, 2645 02:44:34,000 --> 02:44:38,334 J. Robert Oppenheimer, if he could do it all over, he'd do it all the same. 2646 02:44:38,539 --> 02:44:41,917 You know he's never once said that he regrets Hiroshima? 2647 02:44:42,209 --> 02:44:44,250 He'd do it all over. Why? 2648 02:44:44,920 --> 02:44:49,084 Because it made him the most important man who ever lived. 2649 02:44:49,896 --> 02:44:52,748 We freely used the atomic bomb. 2650 02:44:52,792 --> 02:44:55,000 In fact, Doctor, you assisted in selecting the target 2651 02:44:55,042 --> 02:44:56,875 to drop the atomic bomb on Japan, didn't you? 2652 02:44:57,584 --> 02:44:59,111 Yes... -Well then, you knew, did you not, 2653 02:44:59,135 --> 02:45:01,584 that by dropping that atomic bomb on the target you selected, 2654 02:45:01,625 --> 02:45:04,250 that thousands of civilians would be killed or injured. Is that correct? 2655 02:45:04,834 --> 02:45:06,819 Yes, not as many as turned out. 2656 02:45:06,850 --> 02:45:09,084 Oh. Then how many were killed or injured? 2657 02:45:09,709 --> 02:45:12,162 70,000. -70,000, both Hiroshima and... 2658 02:45:12,207 --> 02:45:15,042 110,000 to both. -On the day of each bombing? 2659 02:45:16,709 --> 02:45:17,771 Yes. -Yes. 2660 02:45:17,874 --> 02:45:19,207 And in the weeks and years that followed? 2661 02:45:19,310 --> 02:45:22,459 It has been put at somewhere between 50,000 and 100,000. 2662 02:45:22,496 --> 02:45:24,125 220,000 dead, at least. 2663 02:45:24,207 --> 02:45:26,167 Yes. -Any moral scruples about that? 2664 02:45:28,209 --> 02:45:29,216 Terrible ones. 2665 02:45:29,250 --> 02:45:32,917 But yet you testified in here that the bombing of Hiroshima was very successful. 2666 02:45:33,374 --> 02:45:36,289 Technically successful. -Oh! Technically it was very successful. 2667 02:45:36,349 --> 02:45:38,709 And it is also alleged to have helped to end the war. 2668 02:45:38,750 --> 02:45:41,667 Would you have been supportive of the dropping of a hydrogen bomb on Hiroshima? 2669 02:45:42,084 --> 02:45:43,459 That would make no sense at all. 2670 02:45:43,625 --> 02:45:46,285 Why? -The target is too small. 2671 02:45:46,340 --> 02:45:48,329 Well, supposing there had been a target in Japan 2672 02:45:48,353 --> 02:45:50,114 big enough for a thermonuclear weapon, 2673 02:45:50,153 --> 02:45:51,625 would you have been opposed to the dropping of it? 2674 02:45:51,667 --> 02:45:53,623 This was not a problem with which I was confronted. 2675 02:45:53,625 --> 02:45:55,250 Well, I'm confronting you with it now, sir. 2676 02:45:55,375 --> 02:45:56,667 It was all part of his plan. 2677 02:45:56,875 --> 02:46:00,750 He wanted the glorious, insincere guilt of the self-important 2678 02:46:00,792 --> 02:46:03,167 to wear like a fucking crown and say, 2679 02:46:03,209 --> 02:46:08,209 "No, we cannot go down this road," even as he knew we'd have to. 2680 02:46:08,542 --> 02:46:11,343 Would you have been opposed to the dropping of a thermonuclear weapon 2681 02:46:11,367 --> 02:46:14,072 on Japan because of moral scruples? -Yes, I believe I would, sir. 2682 02:46:14,165 --> 02:46:16,459 Did you oppose the dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima 2683 02:46:16,500 --> 02:46:17,581 because of moral scruples? 2684 02:46:17,682 --> 02:46:20,042 We set forth our... -No, you, you, you, you! 2685 02:46:20,084 --> 02:46:21,125 I'm asking you... -I set... 2686 02:46:21,167 --> 02:46:23,542 You, you, you! -I set forth our arguments 2687 02:46:23,584 --> 02:46:25,588 against dropping it, but I did not endorse them. 2688 02:46:25,834 --> 02:46:28,834 You mean after working night and day for three years building the bomb, 2689 02:46:29,000 --> 02:46:30,885 you then argued against the use of it? 2690 02:46:31,250 --> 02:46:34,959 I was asked by the Secretary of War what the views of scientists were. 2691 02:46:35,000 --> 02:46:37,459 I gave them the views against and the views for. 2692 02:46:37,500 --> 02:46:39,417 You supported the dropping of the atom bomb 2693 02:46:39,459 --> 02:46:40,667 on Japan, didn't you? -What do you mean... 2694 02:46:40,709 --> 02:46:42,298 You supported it... -What do you mean, support? 2695 02:46:42,375 --> 02:46:43,925 Well, you helped pick the target, didn't you? 2696 02:46:43,956 --> 02:46:47,375 I did my job. I was not in a policy-making position at Los Alamos. 2697 02:46:47,459 --> 02:46:49,416 I would have done anything I was asked to do. 2698 02:46:49,464 --> 02:46:51,792 Well, then, you would have built the H-bomb too, wouldn't you? 2699 02:46:51,834 --> 02:46:54,098 But I couldn't... -I didn't ask you that, Doctor! 2700 02:46:54,292 --> 02:46:58,542 And the GAC report, which you co-authored after the Soviet atomic test said: 2701 02:46:58,584 --> 02:47:01,625 "A Super bomb should never be built!" 2702 02:47:01,667 --> 02:47:02,900 What we meant, what I meant... 2703 02:47:03,042 --> 02:47:04,542 What you, who? -Look, what I meant... 2704 02:47:04,584 --> 02:47:05,603 Who? 2705 02:47:06,750 --> 02:47:09,584 Well, wouldn't the Russians do anything to increase their strength? 2706 02:47:10,459 --> 02:47:12,500 If we did it, they would have to do it! 2707 02:47:12,542 --> 02:47:14,625 Our efforts would only fuel their efforts, 2708 02:47:14,667 --> 02:47:16,584 just as it had with the atomic bomb! 2709 02:47:16,834 --> 02:47:19,250 Just as it had with the atomic bomb, exactly! 2710 02:47:20,584 --> 02:47:24,542 No moral scruples in 1945, plenty in 1949. 2711 02:47:29,042 --> 02:47:30,069 Dr. Oppenheimer... 2712 02:47:32,500 --> 02:47:36,875 when did your strong moral convictions develop with respect to the hydrogen bomb? 2713 02:47:44,959 --> 02:47:46,417 When it became clear to me 2714 02:47:48,084 --> 02:47:50,917 that we would tend to use any weapon we had. 2715 02:47:54,325 --> 02:47:58,959 J. Robert Oppenheimer the martyr, I gave him exactly what he wanted. 2716 02:47:59,750 --> 02:48:01,231 To be remembered for Trinity, 2717 02:48:01,382 --> 02:48:03,167 not Hiroshima! 2718 02:48:04,042 --> 02:48:06,042 Not Nagasaki! 2719 02:48:09,167 --> 02:48:10,667 He should be thanking me. 2720 02:48:12,000 --> 02:48:13,001 Well, he's not. 2721 02:48:16,584 --> 02:48:17,959 Do we still have enough votes? 2722 02:48:18,250 --> 02:48:20,065 Or is the crowning moment of my career 2723 02:48:20,089 --> 02:48:23,042 about to become the most public humiliation of my life? 2724 02:48:24,068 --> 02:48:25,500 Full Senate's about to vote. 2725 02:48:26,709 --> 02:48:27,689 You'll scrape through. 2726 02:48:27,746 --> 02:48:29,542 Great, then gather the fucking press. 2727 02:48:29,625 --> 02:48:32,254 Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer, this board, 2728 02:48:32,417 --> 02:48:34,459 having heard testimony from you 2729 02:48:34,500 --> 02:48:37,332 and many of your current and former colleagues, 2730 02:48:37,834 --> 02:48:41,667 has come to the unanimous conclusion that you are a loyal citizen. 2731 02:48:44,292 --> 02:48:45,306 However... 2732 02:48:46,125 --> 02:48:49,459 In the light of your continuing associations, 2733 02:48:49,500 --> 02:48:52,625 and disregard for the security apparatus of this country, 2734 02:48:53,084 --> 02:48:56,375 together with your somewhat disturbing conduct 2735 02:48:56,459 --> 02:48:58,125 on the hydrogen bomb program, 2736 02:48:58,792 --> 02:49:00,209 and the regrettable lack of candor 2737 02:49:00,250 --> 02:49:02,250 in certain of your responses to this board, 2738 02:49:03,292 --> 02:49:04,959 we have voted, two-to-one, 2739 02:49:06,125 --> 02:49:09,167 to deny the renewal of your security clearance. 2740 02:49:09,292 --> 02:49:12,328 A full written opinion, with a dissent from Mr. Evans, 2741 02:49:12,792 --> 02:49:15,334 will be issued to the AEC in the coming days. 2742 02:49:15,875 --> 02:49:16,875 That is all. 2743 02:49:27,835 --> 02:49:28,835 Robert. 2744 02:49:29,959 --> 02:49:30,959 Robert. 2745 02:49:34,125 --> 02:49:35,125 Don't... 2746 02:49:38,125 --> 02:49:39,292 Don't take in the sheets. 2747 02:49:45,359 --> 02:49:47,084 Two minutes. Two minutes! 2748 02:49:47,667 --> 02:49:48,792 You'll get your shot! 2749 02:49:52,792 --> 02:49:54,250 Is it official? 2750 02:49:56,209 --> 02:49:59,748 Well, there were a couple of unexpected holdouts. 2751 02:50:05,167 --> 02:50:07,084 I'm denied. Yeah? 2752 02:50:07,917 --> 02:50:09,375 I'm afraid so, sir. -Alright. 2753 02:50:17,334 --> 02:50:18,417 Who were the holdouts? 2754 02:50:18,618 --> 02:50:21,344 Um, there were three. 2755 02:50:21,477 --> 02:50:23,959 Led by the junior senator from Massachusetts. 2756 02:50:24,047 --> 02:50:25,667 Young guy trying to make a name for himself, 2757 02:50:25,709 --> 02:50:27,584 didn't like what you did to Oppenheimer. 2758 02:50:28,584 --> 02:50:29,569 What's his name? 2759 02:50:30,334 --> 02:50:31,875 Uh, Kennedy. 2760 02:50:32,310 --> 02:50:33,334 John F. Kennedy. 2761 02:50:37,390 --> 02:50:38,377 Kitty? 2762 02:50:44,834 --> 02:50:48,202 Did you think that if you let them tar and feather you, 2763 02:50:48,542 --> 02:50:50,167 then the world would forgive you? 2764 02:50:54,202 --> 02:50:55,202 It won't. 2765 02:50:57,974 --> 02:50:58,974 We'll see. 2766 02:51:13,599 --> 02:51:15,084 You told me I'd be okay. 2767 02:51:15,834 --> 02:51:17,903 Yeah, well, I didn't have all the facts, did I? 2768 02:51:18,042 --> 02:51:19,060 Here's a fact. 2769 02:51:19,250 --> 02:51:22,917 President Eisenhower pinned the Medal of Freedom on my chest last year, 2770 02:51:23,292 --> 02:51:25,500 because I've always done what's right for this country. 2771 02:51:25,792 --> 02:51:29,500 They don't want me in the cabinet room? Well, that's... that's fine. 2772 02:51:30,459 --> 02:51:32,625 Maybe they should just invite Oppenheimer instead. 2773 02:51:32,855 --> 02:51:33,875 Maybe they will. 2774 02:51:34,833 --> 02:51:37,818 I told you. He turned the scientists against me, 2775 02:51:37,896 --> 02:51:39,917 one by one, starting with Einstein. 2776 02:51:39,959 --> 02:51:42,542 I told you about that. Einstein. Einstein by the pond. 2777 02:51:42,584 --> 02:51:44,941 You did, but you know, sir, since nobody... 2778 02:51:45,500 --> 02:51:47,875 really knows what they said to each other that day, 2779 02:51:47,917 --> 02:51:51,042 is it possible they didn't talk about you at all? 2780 02:51:51,709 --> 02:51:53,750 Is it possible they spoke about something, uh... 2781 02:51:54,917 --> 02:51:55,959 more important? 2782 02:52:11,292 --> 02:52:12,297 Thank you. 2783 02:52:12,834 --> 02:52:13,833 Albert. 2784 02:52:17,209 --> 02:52:18,542 The man of the moment. 2785 02:52:22,875 --> 02:52:27,037 You once held a reception for me in Berkeley. 2786 02:52:27,084 --> 02:52:29,101 You gave me an award, hmm? -Yes. 2787 02:52:30,542 --> 02:52:35,042 You all thought that I had lost the ability to understand what I'd started. 2788 02:52:35,984 --> 02:52:36,984 So... 2789 02:52:37,375 --> 02:52:41,297 The award really wasn't for me, it was for all of you, hmm? 2790 02:52:43,625 --> 02:52:45,334 Now it's your turn 2791 02:52:45,834 --> 02:52:49,917 to deal with the consequences of your achievement. 2792 02:52:51,459 --> 02:52:54,584 And one day, when they've punished you enough, 2793 02:52:57,042 --> 02:53:00,417 they'll serve you salmon and potato salad. 2794 02:53:05,084 --> 02:53:06,125 Make speeches. 2795 02:53:07,746 --> 02:53:08,875 Give you a medal. 2796 02:53:11,375 --> 02:53:12,395 Hello, Frank. 2797 02:53:13,043 --> 02:53:14,500 You're happy, I'm happy. 2798 02:53:21,376 --> 02:53:23,709 Pat you on the back, tell you all is forgiven. 2799 02:53:25,834 --> 02:53:26,959 Just remember... 2800 02:53:29,007 --> 02:53:30,625 it won't be for you. 2801 02:53:35,876 --> 02:53:37,000 It'll be for them. 2802 02:53:50,881 --> 02:53:51,881 Albert... 2803 02:53:54,126 --> 02:53:56,625 when I came to you with those calculations, 2804 02:53:57,334 --> 02:53:59,334 we thought we might start a chain reaction 2805 02:53:59,375 --> 02:54:02,459 that would destroy the entire world. 2806 02:54:04,292 --> 02:54:07,251 I remember it well. What of it? 2807 02:54:11,251 --> 02:54:12,333 I believe we did.219934

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