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*
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>> [ BREATHING HEAVILY ]
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[ HEARTBEAT ]
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[ GROANS ]
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[ FLATLINE ]
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>> ON MEMORIAL DAY 1978, I
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DROPPED DEAD.
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10 DAYS LATER, I WOULD LEAVE
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UCLA MEDICAL CENTER WITH THIS
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PRESCRIPTION -- DON'T WALK UP
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STAIRS, DON'T GO ANYWHERE
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WITHOUT SOMEONE WHO KNOWS CPR.
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GIVE UP YOUR MOTOCROSS CAREER.
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TAKE HEART MEDICATION FOR THE
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REST OF YOUR LIFE.
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YOU HAVE OVER A 50% CHANCE OF
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DYING IN THE NEXT TWO YEARS, AND
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IF YOU'RE LUCKY, YOU'LL SURVIVE
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SEX.
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THAT TURNING POINT LAUNCHED MY
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PERSONAL QUEST FOR OPTIMAL
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HEALTH.
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WITHOUT THE ABILITY TO PERFORM
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EVEN MODERATELY STRENUOUS
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PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES, MY DIET
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BECAME CRUCIAL TO MY PERSONAL
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WELL-BEING AND MY SURVIVAL.
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FIRST, I WENT WITH THE U.S.
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GOVERNMENT'S CONVENTIONAL
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ADVICE, FOLLOWING THE USDA'S
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LOW-FAT, HIGH-CARB FOOD PYRAMID
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RECOMMENDATIONS.
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I SOON LEARNED THAT FOLLOWING
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THE FOOD PYRAMID LEFT ME
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CONSTANTLY HUNGRY, HYPOGLYCEMIC,
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AND OVER-OBSESSING ABOUT
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EVERYTHING I ATE.
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I CONTINUED SEARCHING, READING
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EVERYTHING I COULD GET MY HANDS
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ON ABOUT NATURAL HEALTH.
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I EXPERIMENTED WITH A WIDE
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VARIETY OF EATING METHODS,
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CLEANSING FASTS, AND DIETARY
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PHILOSOPHIES TO SEE IF THEY
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COULD HELP ME BE MY HEALTHIEST,
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INCLUDING MACROBIOTICS, JUICING,
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WATER FASTS, THE MASTER CLEANSE,
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NATURAL HYGIENE'S FOOD
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COMBINING, AND VEGETARIANISM.
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I ALSO EXPLORED SPIRITUAL
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DISCIPLINES AND THEIR DIETARY
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IDEAS AND ULTIMATELY BECAME A
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RAW-FOOD VEGAN IN AN EFFORT TO
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FIND BOTH HEALTH AND THE SAME
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INNER PEACE I'D FELT DURING MY
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NEAR-DEATH EXPERIENCE ON THE
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RUNNING TRACK.
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FOR OVER FIVE YEARS, I ATE ONLY
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UNCOOKED FRUITS, VEGETABLES,
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NUTS, SEEDS, AND SPROUTS, AN
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EXPERIENCE THAT INSPIRED MY
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FIRST BOOK, "THE CHRIST DIET --
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CONNECT YOUR CELLS TO YOUR
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SOUL."
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BUT AS TIME PASSED AND LIFE
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STRESSES TESTED MY RESILIENCE, I
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DIDN'T FEEL AS GOOD PHYSICALLY
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OR EMOTIONALLY AS WHEN I FIRST
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BEGAN A VEGAN DIET.
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THE DEFINING MOMENT FOR ME WAS
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MY MOTHER'S DEATH AT THE HANDS
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OF A DRUNK DRIVER.
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MY DIETARY DISCIPLINE, NO MATTER
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HOW WELL-INTENTIONED, WASN'T
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PROVIDING MY BODY, MIND, OR
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SPIRIT WITH THE MATERIALS I
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NEEDED TO RECOVER FROM THE
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PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL IMPACT OF
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MY LOSS.
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IN FACT, IT WASN'T LONG BEFORE
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MY INNER VOICE BEGAN CRYING OUT
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FOR REAL PROTEIN.
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DURING THESE SAME YEARS AS I
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BECAME A WRITER AND BROADCAST
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JOURNALIST, WE'VE SEEN A NEW
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NATIONAL CRISIS EMERGE -- AN
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EPIDEMIC OF OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY,
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AND DIET-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASE
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THAT IS NOW THE NUMBER-ONE
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KILLER IN THE U.S., SPREADING
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UNCHECKED TO DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
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AROUND THE GLOBE.
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THE CONFUSION FOR MOST AMERICANS
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IS THAT WE SEE AND HEAR SO MUCH
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CONTRADICTORY ADVICE THAT WE
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DON'T REALLY UNDERSTAND WHAT TO
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EAT FOR OPTIMAL HEALTH.
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HOW CAN WE DEAL WITH A NATIONAL
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OBESITY EPIDEMIC WHEN MOST OF US
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AREN'T EVEN SURE HOW TO LOSE OUR
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OWN EXCESS BODY FAT?
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IN FACT, 10 YEARS AGO, A
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NATIONAL HARRIS POLL SAID 80% OF
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AMERICANS OVER 25 WERE
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OVERWEIGHT.
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AND ABC NEWS DECLARED THAT
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AMERICANS ARE FAT AND JUST TOO
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CONFUSED TO DO ANYTHING ABOUT
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IT.
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>> THE PUBLIC IS CONFUSED NOT
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BECAUSE WHAT ARE KNOWN AS FACTS
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CONTINUE TO CHANGE.
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THE PUBLIC IS CONFUSED BECAUSE
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WHAT THE MEDIA AND
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SPECIAL-INTEREST GROUPS AND
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LARGE CORPORATIONS SELLING
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FOODS, ET CETERA, WOULD LIKE YOU
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TO CURRENTLY BELIEVE IS A FACT
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KEEPS ON BEING CHANGED.
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>> 90% OF THE PEOPLE THAT I SEE
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HAVE NO CLUE, AND THEY'RE JUST
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JUMPING FROM ONE THING TO THE
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NEXT THING ON A DAILY BASIS.
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I THINK WE JUST NEED TO DITCH
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THE WHOLE THING AND
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RECONCEPTUALIZE AND RETEACH
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NUTRITION FROM A VERY BASIC
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POINT OF VIEW.
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I THINK WE COMPLICATE IT TOO
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MUCH.
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>> I HAVE SPENT A FAIR AMOUNT OF
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TIME IN HOSPITAL SCENARIOS AND
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IT'S TRAGIC WHEN YOU SEE SOME OF
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THE COMPOUNDING FACTORS OF
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OBESITY AND HOW IT SHORTENS
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LIVES, HOW IT DECREASES QUALITY
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OF LIFE.
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SO IT'S A TRAGEDY IN THAT
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REGARD, PARTICULARLY WHEN WE'RE
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SEEING MORE AND MORE CHILDREN
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AFFECTED BY IT.
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>> PEOPLE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO
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AFFORD THE COST OF CHRONIC
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OBESITY AND DIABETES AND ALL OF
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THE COMPLICATIONS THAT COME
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WITH THAT.
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>> WE'RE SPENDING $147 BILLION A
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YEAR BECAUSE OF OBESITY-RELATED
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CONDITIONS.
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AND WE'VE SEEN THE RATE INCREASE
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AMONG KIDS IN ALL COMMUNITIES.
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IN THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN AND
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HISPANIC COMMUNITIES, THE
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NUMBERS ARE EVEN WORSE.
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>> ADD TO THE MIX OUR NEW
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PERSONAL MEDIA DEVICES AND
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ESCAPING OUR UNCERTAINTY IS MADE
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INCREASINGLY DIFFICULT BECAUSE
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WE ARE SURROUNDED BY A
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NEVER-ENDING CYCLE OF
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EVER-CHANGING DIET
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RECOMMENDATIONS AND EMOTIONALLY
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CHARGED NUTRITIONAL BELIEFS
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EVERYWHERE WE GO, EVERY DAY OF
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OUR LIVES.
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>> THERE ARE THREE THINGS IN
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LIFE WHICH ARE VERY VISCERAL --
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RELIGION, POLITICS, AND
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NUTRITION.
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THEY'RE ALL BASED ON BELIEF
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SYSTEMS, AND NONE OF THEM
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RESPOND WELL TO CHALLENGE.
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ESSENTIALLY, YOU SAY, "DON'T
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CONFUSE ME WITH THE FACTS
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BECAUSE, IN MY HEART, I KNOW I'M
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RIGHT."
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>> A QUICK GOOGLE SEARCH ON
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HEALTHY EATING REVEALS LITERALLY
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THOUSAND OF CONTRADICTORY
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MESSAGES, MEDICAL ENTERTAINMENT
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SHOWS, SUPERFICIAL NEWS
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COVERAGE, INACCURATE REPORTING,
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AND PERSONAL OPINIONS DELIVERED
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AS FACT, FUELING EVEN MORE
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CONFUSION.
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>> NOBODY'S REALLY INTERESTED IN
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DELINEATING THE DISTINCTIONS,
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HERE, IN EDUCATING PEOPLE AND
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ALLOWING THEM TO MAKE AN
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INFORMED CHOICE.
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WE LOOK FOR SENSATIONALISM, AND
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SO THEY CREATE A VERY FALSE
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DICHOTOMY RIGHT OUT OF THE GATE
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THAT -- USUALLY, THE PERSON
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PRESENTING INFORMATION LIKE
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THIS -- GARY TAUBES AND SOME
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OTHER PEOPLE HAVE BEEN KIND OF
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WAYLAID BY THESE SETUPS,
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ESSENTIALLY.
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>> HEALTH IS NOT SIMPLY THE
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ABSENCE OF DISEASE.
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HEALTH IS BEING HEALTHY.
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AND A LOT OF PEOPLE HAVE NO
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DISEASE, BUT THEY NEVER GET
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ENOUGH SLEEP, THEY CAN'T GET OUT
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OF BED IN THE MORNING, THEY
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DON'T HAVE ALL THE ENERGY THEY
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NEED FOR THE THINGS THEY DO,
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THEY HAVE TO VISIT A DOCTOR TWO
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OR THREE TIMES, YOU KNOW, IN
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A SIX-MONTH PERIOD.
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THEY'RE AT THEIR CHIROPRACTOR
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EVERY WEEK.
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THEY TAKE TWO OR THREE
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OVER-THE-COUNTER PAIN MEDS, TWO
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OR THREE ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES, A
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BUNCH OF ANTIHISTAMINES.
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THAT'S NOT HEALTH.
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THEY DON'T HAVE A DIAGNOSED
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ILLNESS, AND THEY ARE NOT
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HEALTHY.
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AND THAT'S MOST OF THE PUBLIC.
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>> THE TRAGIC END RESULT OF THIS
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CONFUSION IS THAT IN THE U.S.
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ALONE, IT'S ESTIMATED THAT
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BETWEEN 300,000 AND 400,000
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PEOPLE DIE EVERY YEAR FROM
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COMPLICATIONS DIRECTLY RELATED
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TO THEIR DIET.
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THAT MEANS IN 10 YEARS, FOUR
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MILLION MORE OF US WILL BE DEAD
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FROM LARGELY PREVENTABLE CAUSES,
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A STATISTIC THAT SHOULD STOP US
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IN OUR TRACKS AND PUSH US TO
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SEARCH FOR AN IMMEDIATE
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SOLUTION.
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YET WHAT REMAINS IS AN INVISIBLE
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EPIDEMIC WITHOUT A FACE.
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SADLY, UNLESS WE SEE THE HORROR
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FOR OURSELVES ON LIVE TELEVISION
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AS WE DID SEPTEMBER 11, 2001, WE
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DON'T SEEM TO GRASP THE VERY
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REAL THREAT TO OURSELVES AND OUR
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LOVED ONES.
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WITH ALL DUE RESPECT TO THOSE
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WHO LOST THEIR LIVES THAT DAY,
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00:08:01,715 --> 00:08:03,450
THEIR FRIENDS AND LOVED ONES,
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TAKE A MOMENT TO CONSIDER THIS
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ANALOGY.
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THE LARGELY PREVENTABLE DEATHS
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OF THE 300,000 TO 400,000 PEOPLE
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WHO DIE EVERY YEAR FROM DISEASE
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CAUSED BY THE DIET THEY EAT
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EVERY DAY IS ABOUT 100 9/11s,
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ESSENTIALLY THE SAME AS ONE 9/11
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EVERY THREE DAYS, YEAR IN AND
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YEAR OUT WITH NO END IN SIGHT.
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DROPPING DEAD WAS EASY THAT HOT
259
00:08:31,979 --> 00:08:33,981
MEMORIAL DAY IN 1978 COMPARED TO
260
00:08:33,981 --> 00:08:35,583
WHAT I HAD TO FACE LATER.
261
00:08:35,583 --> 00:08:37,785
THAT DAY, AT THE AGE OF 24, I
262
00:08:37,785 --> 00:08:39,920
FELT NO PAIN, HAD NO VISIBLE
263
00:08:39,920 --> 00:08:41,922
SCARS, AND SOON MOVED FORWARD
264
00:08:41,922 --> 00:08:43,657
WITH GETTING MY LIFE BACK
265
00:08:43,657 --> 00:08:45,693
TOGETHER.
266
00:08:48,596 --> 00:08:50,831
THEN, 22 YEARS LATER AT AGE 46,
267
00:08:50,831 --> 00:08:52,833
DUE TO INCREASING IRREGULAR
268
00:08:52,833 --> 00:08:54,034
HEARTBEATS AND DIFFICULTY
269
00:08:54,034 --> 00:08:55,368
BREATHING, I HAD TO HAVE A
270
00:08:55,368 --> 00:08:56,804
CARDIAC DEFIBRILLATOR IMPLANTED
271
00:08:56,804 --> 00:08:58,606
IN MY LEFT CHEST MUSCLE, WHICH
272
00:08:58,606 --> 00:09:00,240
WOULD RESTART MY HEART IF I
273
00:09:00,240 --> 00:09:01,308
COLLAPSED AGAIN.
274
00:09:01,308 --> 00:09:02,676
THE IMPLANT WAS A PHYSICALLY
275
00:09:02,676 --> 00:09:04,177
PAINFUL AND DISPIRITING REMINDER
276
00:09:04,177 --> 00:09:06,546
OF MY MORTALITY I COULD SEE AND
277
00:09:06,546 --> 00:09:07,881
FEEL EVERY DAY.
278
00:09:07,881 --> 00:09:09,416
I DIDN'T KNOW HOW MUCH TIME I
279
00:09:09,416 --> 00:09:10,851
HAD LEFT TO LIVE, BUT I WAS
280
00:09:10,851 --> 00:09:12,385
DETERMINED TO USE WHAT TIME I
281
00:09:12,385 --> 00:09:14,254
HAD TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE.
282
00:09:14,254 --> 00:09:16,089
THIS WAS THE BEGINNING OF MY
283
00:09:16,089 --> 00:09:17,925
UNPRECEDENTED 10-YEAR GLOBAL
284
00:09:17,925 --> 00:09:19,793
JOURNEY TO DEFINE THE PERFECT
285
00:09:19,793 --> 00:09:21,995
HUMAN DIET.
286
00:09:40,981 --> 00:09:42,582
ALBERT EINSTEIN ONCE SAID,
287
00:09:42,582 --> 00:09:44,217
"WE CAN'T SOLVE PROBLEMS WITH
288
00:09:44,217 --> 00:09:45,986
THE SAME KIND OF THINKING WE USE
289
00:09:45,986 --> 00:09:47,254
WHEN WE CREATED THEM."
290
00:09:47,254 --> 00:09:48,856
SIMILARLY, WHEN I WAS A BOY AND
291
00:09:48,856 --> 00:09:50,323
I REALLY WANTED TO KNOW THE
292
00:09:50,323 --> 00:09:51,992
ANSWER TO A COMPLEX OR CONFUSING
293
00:09:51,992 --> 00:09:53,493
QUESTION, MY PARENTS GAVE ME
294
00:09:53,493 --> 00:09:55,395
SOME SIMPLE ADVICE TO OPEN UP MY
295
00:09:55,395 --> 00:09:57,164
MIND TO NEW WAYS OF THINKING.
296
00:09:57,164 --> 00:09:58,966
FIRST, THEY SAID, "DIVE IN AND
297
00:09:58,966 --> 00:10:00,367
DO YOUR OWN HOMEWORK."
298
00:10:00,367 --> 00:10:01,601
SECOND -- "BE WILLING TO
299
00:10:01,601 --> 00:10:03,103
LOOK PAST CONVENTIONAL THINKING
300
00:10:03,103 --> 00:10:04,638
FOR CLUES AND ALTERNATIVE POINTS
301
00:10:04,638 --> 00:10:05,238
OF VIEW."
302
00:10:05,238 --> 00:10:06,807
AND FINALLY, "DON'T BE AFRAID TO
303
00:10:06,807 --> 00:10:08,008
GO BACK AND START AT THE
304
00:10:08,008 --> 00:10:09,576
BEGINNING AND SEE WHERE IT LEADS
305
00:10:09,576 --> 00:10:10,811
YOU.
306
00:10:10,811 --> 00:10:12,312
USING THAT MODEL, PREPARING TO
307
00:10:12,312 --> 00:10:13,714
SEARCH FOR THE PERFECT HUMAN
308
00:10:13,714 --> 00:10:15,082
DIET REQUIRED ME TO DO SOME
309
00:10:15,082 --> 00:10:16,516
HOMEWORK ON A FEW NUTRITIONAL
310
00:10:16,516 --> 00:10:18,018
PIONEERS THAT ARE FLYING UNDER
311
00:10:18,018 --> 00:10:19,286
THE RADAR OF CONVENTIONAL
312
00:10:19,286 --> 00:10:21,388
DIETARY THINKING.
313
00:10:21,388 --> 00:10:22,956
THE WEST COAST REPOSITORY FOR
314
00:10:22,956 --> 00:10:24,658
ONE OF THE LARGEST LIBRARIES OF
315
00:10:24,658 --> 00:10:26,193
BOOKS AND MEDIA DEDICATED TO
316
00:10:26,193 --> 00:10:27,728
PRESERVING THE WORKS OF THE
317
00:10:27,728 --> 00:10:29,229
NUTRITIONAL PIONEERS IS THE
318
00:10:29,229 --> 00:10:30,630
PRICE-POTTENGER NUTRITION
319
00:10:30,630 --> 00:10:31,999
FOUNDATION IN SAN DIEGO,
320
00:10:31,999 --> 00:10:34,234
CALIFORNIA, WHERE I SPOKE WITH
321
00:10:34,234 --> 00:10:35,568
THE FOUNDATION BOARD VICE
322
00:10:35,568 --> 00:10:38,205
PRESIDENT, DAVID GETOFF.
323
00:10:38,205 --> 00:10:42,509
>> THE FOUNDATION IS SET UP TO
324
00:10:42,509 --> 00:10:46,579
DO TWO MAIN THINGS -- TO ARCHIVE
325
00:10:46,579 --> 00:10:49,182
THE WORKS OF ALL THE NUTRITION
326
00:10:49,182 --> 00:10:51,719
PIONEERS, AND THE OTHER IS TO
327
00:10:51,719 --> 00:10:54,487
PROMOTE THE INFORMATION THAT WAS
328
00:10:54,487 --> 00:10:57,224
DERIVED FROM ALL THAT WORK, AND
329
00:10:57,224 --> 00:10:59,793
TO HAVE PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THAT
330
00:10:59,793 --> 00:11:02,896
THE WAYS IN WHICH THE POPULATION
331
00:11:02,896 --> 00:11:04,965
OF THE PLANET -- YOU KNOW, NOT
332
00:11:04,965 --> 00:11:06,967
OF THE U.S. OR ANY PARTICULAR
333
00:11:06,967 --> 00:11:09,036
LITTLE AREA, BUT THE PLANET --
334
00:11:09,036 --> 00:11:12,272
ATE WHEN THEY WERE RESEARCHED BY
335
00:11:12,272 --> 00:11:14,407
WESTON PRICE WHEN HE TRAVELED
336
00:11:14,407 --> 00:11:16,676
AROUND OUR WORLD LOOKING AT ALL
337
00:11:16,676 --> 00:11:18,211
SORTS OF DIFFERENT TRIBAL AND
338
00:11:18,211 --> 00:11:19,847
TRADITIONAL POPULATIONS THAT HAD
339
00:11:19,847 --> 00:11:21,414
NOT YET BEEN INFLUENCED BY ALL
340
00:11:21,414 --> 00:11:22,916
OF THE THINGS THAT WE'RE ALL
341
00:11:22,916 --> 00:11:24,351
INFLUENCED BY BECAUSE THERE
342
00:11:24,351 --> 00:11:25,819
WASN'T ANYTHING AROUND THEM.
343
00:11:25,819 --> 00:11:27,354
THEY WERE STILL EATING IN THE
344
00:11:27,354 --> 00:11:29,056
TRADITIONAL METHODS -- THAT THEY
345
00:11:29,056 --> 00:11:32,893
HAD VERY UNBELIEVABLY, EXTREMELY
346
00:11:32,893 --> 00:11:34,828
GOOD HEALTH, THAT THEY HAD A
347
00:11:34,828 --> 00:11:36,797
COMPLETELY DIFFERENT-LOOKING
348
00:11:36,797 --> 00:11:38,331
FACE, WHICH SOME PEOPLE TODAY
349
00:11:38,331 --> 00:11:39,767
MIGHT NOT EVEN LIKE BECAUSE
350
00:11:39,767 --> 00:11:41,268
WE'VE GOTTEN USED TO THE THIN
351
00:11:41,268 --> 00:11:42,836
FACES THAT HAVE DEVELOPED FROM
352
00:11:42,836 --> 00:11:44,237
IMPROPER FEEDING, WHICH IS
353
00:11:44,237 --> 00:11:45,438
PRETTY CUTE, ACTUALLY.
354
00:11:45,438 --> 00:11:46,639
IT'S VERY INTERESTING.
355
00:11:46,639 --> 00:11:48,608
BUT THE JAW STRUCTURE AND THE
356
00:11:48,608 --> 00:11:50,710
SKULL WAS LARGE ENOUGH THAT YOU
357
00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:52,145
DIDN'T HAVE TO REMOVE YOUR
358
00:11:52,145 --> 00:11:53,580
WISDOM TEETH BECAUSE THERE
359
00:11:53,580 --> 00:11:54,815
WASN'T ROOM FOR THEM.
360
00:11:54,815 --> 00:11:56,483
YOU DIDN'T HAVE TO PULL TWO OR
361
00:11:56,483 --> 00:11:57,885
THREE OTHER TEETH OUT FOR
362
00:11:57,885 --> 00:12:00,153
ORTHODONTIA AND THEN WORK ON AN
363
00:12:00,153 --> 00:12:01,889
OVERBITE OR UNDERBITE.
364
00:12:01,889 --> 00:12:04,024
NONE OF THOSE THINGS HAPPENED
365
00:12:04,024 --> 00:12:05,458
BECAUSE WE WERE ALL EATING
366
00:12:05,458 --> 00:12:06,159
CORRECTLY.
367
00:12:06,159 --> 00:12:08,661
WHAT I SAY IN CLASSES IS
368
00:12:08,661 --> 00:12:11,398
GENERALLY THAT THE LONGEST
369
00:12:11,398 --> 00:12:13,433
RUNNING AND MOST
370
00:12:13,433 --> 00:12:15,335
COMPREHENSIVE -- AND THE LARGEST
371
00:12:15,335 --> 00:12:17,137
NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN THE ACTUAL
372
00:12:17,137 --> 00:12:18,872
GROUP -- OF RESEARCH THAT HAS
373
00:12:18,872 --> 00:12:21,508
EVER BEEN DONE ON THE HUMAN DIET
374
00:12:21,508 --> 00:12:23,877
IS CALLED THE HISTORY OF THE
375
00:12:23,877 --> 00:12:24,677
WORLD.
376
00:12:24,677 --> 00:12:27,080
AND SO WHEN SOMEBODY TAKES A
377
00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:29,649
SMALL RESEARCH STUDY THAT WENT
378
00:12:29,649 --> 00:12:33,320
ON FOR SIX MONTHS OR 10 YEARS
379
00:12:33,320 --> 00:12:35,755
AND IT SEEMS TO SHOW SOMETHING
380
00:12:35,755 --> 00:12:38,091
WHICH WESTON PRICE'S RESEARCH
381
00:12:38,091 --> 00:12:40,660
SHOWED THE OPPOSITE OF, THEN THE
382
00:12:40,660 --> 00:12:42,996
NEW RESEARCH IS WRONG BECAUSE
383
00:12:42,996 --> 00:12:44,798
WESTON PRICE'S RESEARCH WAS
384
00:12:44,798 --> 00:12:46,900
SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO LOOK AT
385
00:12:46,900 --> 00:12:48,969
TRIBAL POPULATIONS THAT HAD BEEN
386
00:12:48,969 --> 00:12:51,839
EATING THE SAME DIET FOR MANY
387
00:12:51,839 --> 00:12:54,808
MULTIPLE GENERATIONS, AND THAT
388
00:12:54,808 --> 00:12:58,578
THEY STILL HAD PERFECT HEALTH.
389
00:12:58,578 --> 00:13:00,180
>> ANOTHER MODERN NUTRITIONAL
390
00:13:00,180 --> 00:13:01,849
PIONEER FLYING UNDER THE RADAR
391
00:13:01,849 --> 00:13:03,583
OF CONVENTIONAL DIETARY THINKING
392
00:13:03,583 --> 00:13:05,018
IS PROFESSOR KERIN O'DEA,
393
00:13:05,018 --> 00:13:06,653
CURRENTLY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF
394
00:13:06,653 --> 00:13:07,654
SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
395
00:13:07,654 --> 00:13:08,688
ABOUT 30 YEARS AGO,
396
00:13:08,688 --> 00:13:10,090
PROFESSOR O'DEA CONDUCTED A
397
00:13:10,090 --> 00:13:11,658
STUDY IN DERBY, AUSTRALIA, WHICH
398
00:13:11,658 --> 00:13:13,260
ILLUSTRATED A TRADITIONAL METHOD
399
00:13:13,260 --> 00:13:15,428
OF EATING'S POTENTIAL TO RESTORE
400
00:13:15,428 --> 00:13:17,197
HEALTH TO A POPULATION IN
401
00:13:17,197 --> 00:13:19,332
DECLINE DUE TO DIETARY CHANGES.
402
00:13:19,332 --> 00:13:20,968
PROFESSOR O'DEA EXAMINED A GROUP
403
00:13:20,968 --> 00:13:22,635
OF AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES WHO HAD
404
00:13:22,635 --> 00:13:24,237
ORIGINALLY GROWN UP IN THE BUSH
405
00:13:24,237 --> 00:13:25,338
AS HUNTER-GATHERERS.
406
00:13:25,338 --> 00:13:26,806
THEY KNEW WHICH FOODS TO PICK
407
00:13:26,806 --> 00:13:28,275
AND GATHER, THEY KNEW HOW TO
408
00:13:28,275 --> 00:13:29,776
MAKE WEAPONS TO KILL KANGAROOS
409
00:13:29,776 --> 00:13:31,144
AND DIG OUT WALLABIES, AND
410
00:13:31,144 --> 00:13:33,280
KNEW WHERE AND IN WHAT SEASON TO
411
00:13:33,280 --> 00:13:35,382
FIND BOTH WILD GAME AND PLANTS.
412
00:13:35,382 --> 00:13:36,950
BUT AS EARLY ADULTS, THEY BECAME
413
00:13:36,950 --> 00:13:37,650
WESTERNIZED.
414
00:13:37,650 --> 00:13:39,152
THEY MOVED INTO SMALL TOWNS AND
415
00:13:39,152 --> 00:13:40,420
CITIES AND STARTED TO EAT
416
00:13:40,420 --> 00:13:41,989
WESTERN FOODS.
417
00:13:41,989 --> 00:13:43,090
THEY BECAME FAT.
418
00:13:43,090 --> 00:13:44,892
THEY DEVELOPED HEALTH ISSUES,
419
00:13:44,892 --> 00:13:46,726
LIKE TYPE 2 DIABETES AND HEART
420
00:13:46,726 --> 00:13:47,427
DISEASE.
421
00:13:47,427 --> 00:13:48,795
SO PROFESSOR O'DEA ASKED THE
422
00:13:48,795 --> 00:13:50,230
GROUP, "WOULD YOU BE WILLING TO
423
00:13:50,230 --> 00:13:52,065
GO OUT TO THE OUTBACK FOR A
424
00:13:52,065 --> 00:13:54,201
SEVEN-WEEK EXPERIMENT AND BECOME
425
00:13:54,201 --> 00:13:55,936
HUNTER-GATHERERS AGAIN?"
426
00:13:55,936 --> 00:13:56,736
THEY AGREED.
427
00:13:56,736 --> 00:13:58,205
SHE TOOK THEM OUT TO THEIR
428
00:13:58,205 --> 00:13:59,606
TRADITIONAL COUNTRY IN AN
429
00:13:59,606 --> 00:14:01,141
ISOLATED LOCATION WHERE THEY
430
00:14:01,141 --> 00:14:02,375
LIVED OFF THE LAND AS
431
00:14:02,375 --> 00:14:03,410
HUNTER-GATHERERS.
432
00:14:03,410 --> 00:14:04,912
DEPENDING ON WHETHER THE GROUP
433
00:14:04,912 --> 00:14:06,246
WAS ON THE COAST OR INLAND,
434
00:14:06,246 --> 00:14:07,747
THEIR DIET VARIED, EATING FROM
435
00:14:07,747 --> 00:14:11,084
54% TO 80% ANIMAL PROTEIN, 13%
436
00:14:11,084 --> 00:14:14,454
TO 40% FAT, AND FROM 5% TO 33%
437
00:14:14,454 --> 00:14:16,556
WILD, FIBROUS CARBOHYDRATES.
438
00:14:16,556 --> 00:14:19,059
LO AND BEHOLD, THEY LOST WEIGHT.
439
00:14:19,059 --> 00:14:20,793
THE INSULIN RESISTANCE, THE HIGH
440
00:14:20,793 --> 00:14:22,162
BLOOD PRESSURE, THE HIGH
441
00:14:22,162 --> 00:14:23,596
CHOLESTEROL -- EVERYTHING
442
00:14:23,596 --> 00:14:24,797
NORMALIZED WHEN THEY
443
00:14:24,797 --> 00:14:26,366
RE-ESTABLISHED THEIR FORMER,
444
00:14:26,366 --> 00:14:27,767
TRADITIONAL LIFESTYLES.
445
00:14:27,767 --> 00:14:29,402
ALL THIS IMPROVEMENT CAME IN
446
00:14:29,402 --> 00:14:30,938
JUST SEVEN WEEKS ON A DIET
447
00:14:30,938 --> 00:14:32,705
PREDOMINANTLY ANIMAL IN ORIGIN,
448
00:14:32,705 --> 00:14:35,675
AN AVERAGE OF 64% ANIMAL-BASED
449
00:14:35,675 --> 00:14:36,609
FOODS.
450
00:14:36,609 --> 00:14:38,111
AND INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH,
451
00:14:38,111 --> 00:14:39,746
EXERCISE WAS NOT A FACTOR IN
452
00:14:39,746 --> 00:14:40,948
THEIR IMPROVEMENTS.
453
00:14:40,948 --> 00:14:42,749
PROFESSOR O'DEA DETERMINED THAT
454
00:14:42,749 --> 00:14:44,351
THE GROUP WAS ACTUALLY LESS
455
00:14:44,351 --> 00:14:46,053
PHYSICALLY ACTIVE IN THE BUSH
456
00:14:46,053 --> 00:14:49,156
THAN IN THE CITY.
457
00:14:49,156 --> 00:14:50,790
A CURRENT TEST OF A TRADITIONAL
458
00:14:50,790 --> 00:14:52,325
METHOD OF EATING'S ABILITY TO
459
00:14:52,325 --> 00:14:53,593
RESTORE HEALTH HAS BEEN
460
00:14:53,593 --> 00:14:54,827
UNDERTAKEN BY CANADIAN
461
00:14:54,827 --> 00:14:56,496
PHYSICIAN DR. JAY WORTMAN, WHO
462
00:14:56,496 --> 00:14:57,797
BECAME INTERESTED IN THE
463
00:14:57,797 --> 00:14:59,332
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIET AND
464
00:14:59,332 --> 00:15:00,867
DIABETES IN THE FIRST NATIONS
465
00:15:00,867 --> 00:15:03,937
PEOPLES OF CANADA.
466
00:15:03,937 --> 00:15:05,572
>> FIRST NATIONS ARE ONE OF THE
467
00:15:05,572 --> 00:15:07,074
ABORIGINAL PEOPLES IN CANADA,
468
00:15:07,074 --> 00:15:08,708
AND THEY HAVE TERRIBLE PROBLEMS
469
00:15:08,708 --> 00:15:09,977
WITH OBESITY, METABOLIC
470
00:15:09,977 --> 00:15:11,544
SYNDROME, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES.
471
00:15:11,544 --> 00:15:13,546
AND I THINK IT'S GOT A LOT TO DO
472
00:15:13,546 --> 00:15:15,415
WITH THE CHANGE, THE DRAMATIC
473
00:15:15,415 --> 00:15:17,317
CHANGE FROM A TRADITIONAL DIET
474
00:15:17,317 --> 00:15:19,219
TO A MODERN DIET THAT IS NOT A
475
00:15:19,219 --> 00:15:20,587
VERY HEALTHY DIET.
476
00:15:20,587 --> 00:15:22,289
THE TRADITIONAL DIET IN THIS
477
00:15:22,289 --> 00:15:24,091
PART OF THE WORLD WAS VERY LOW
478
00:15:24,091 --> 00:15:25,525
IN CARBOHYDRATES AND IT
479
00:15:25,525 --> 00:15:28,895
CONSISTED OF GAME, SEAFOOD, ALL
480
00:15:28,895 --> 00:15:31,198
KINDS OF FISH, AND SOME WILD,
481
00:15:31,198 --> 00:15:33,600
EDIBLE PLANTS, USUALLY SEASONAL
482
00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:35,568
PLANTS LIKE BERRIES AND CERTAIN
483
00:15:35,568 --> 00:15:37,570
GREENS THAT ARE EATEN AT CERTAIN
484
00:15:37,570 --> 00:15:39,439
TIMES OF THE YEAR, BUT A DIET
485
00:15:39,439 --> 00:15:41,274
THAT'S VERY LOW IN STARCH AND
486
00:15:41,274 --> 00:15:42,309
SUGAR CONTENT.
487
00:15:42,309 --> 00:15:44,044
AND SO IT GOT ME INTERESTED IN
488
00:15:44,044 --> 00:15:45,645
THE MODERN LOW-CARBOHYDRATE
489
00:15:45,645 --> 00:15:47,080
DIET, SO I LOOKED AT THE
490
00:15:47,080 --> 00:15:48,715
RESEARCH IN LOW-CARBOHYDRATE
491
00:15:48,715 --> 00:15:50,517
DIETS AND FOUND THAT PEOPLE WHO
492
00:15:50,517 --> 00:15:51,518
HAD DIABETES OR
493
00:15:51,518 --> 00:15:53,053
METABOLIC SYNDROME OR JUST
494
00:15:53,053 --> 00:15:55,989
OBESITY BENEFITED A LOT FROM
495
00:15:55,989 --> 00:15:57,490
BEING ON A MODERN,
496
00:15:57,490 --> 00:15:59,259
LOW-CARBOHYDRATE DIET.
497
00:15:59,259 --> 00:16:01,061
SO I GOT INTERESTED IN THAT
498
00:16:01,061 --> 00:16:03,063
RELATIONSHIP -- THE TRADITIONAL
499
00:16:03,063 --> 00:16:05,032
DIET, THE FACT THAT IT WAS LOW
500
00:16:05,032 --> 00:16:07,034
IN CARBOHYDRATES, THE CHANGE IN
501
00:16:07,034 --> 00:16:09,169
THAT DIET, WHICH IS A BIG, BIG
502
00:16:09,169 --> 00:16:11,338
INCREASE IN CARBOHYDRATES, AND
503
00:16:11,338 --> 00:16:13,440
THE ADVENT OF THESE DISEASES.
504
00:16:13,440 --> 00:16:15,842
IN MY TRAVELS, I GO INTO A LOT
505
00:16:15,842 --> 00:16:18,211
OF REMOTE COMMUNITIES AND MEET
506
00:16:18,211 --> 00:16:19,079
WITH PEOPLE.
507
00:16:19,079 --> 00:16:20,980
I STARTED QUESTIONING THE ELDERS
508
00:16:20,980 --> 00:16:21,981
ABOUT THE DIET.
509
00:16:21,981 --> 00:16:23,616
"WHAT WERE YOUR TRADITIONAL
510
00:16:23,616 --> 00:16:24,184
FOODS?
511
00:16:24,184 --> 00:16:25,818
WHAT KINDS OF FOODS DID YOU
512
00:16:25,818 --> 00:16:26,319
EAT?"
513
00:16:26,319 --> 00:16:27,754
I STARTED COLLECTING STORIES,
514
00:16:27,754 --> 00:16:29,322
AND IT BECAME VERY EVIDENT TO ME
515
00:16:29,322 --> 00:16:30,857
THAT THEIR DIET WAS VERY LOW IN
516
00:16:30,857 --> 00:16:31,624
CARBOHYDRATE.
517
00:16:31,624 --> 00:16:34,127
EVERYBODY WAS VERY INTERESTED,
518
00:16:34,127 --> 00:16:35,962
AND WE'VE SELECTED A COMMUNITY
519
00:16:35,962 --> 00:16:37,864
WHERE IT LOOKED LIKE IT MAY WORK
520
00:16:37,864 --> 00:16:39,699
AND STARTED DEVELOPING A STUDY
521
00:16:39,699 --> 00:16:40,500
THERE.
522
00:16:40,500 --> 00:16:43,070
IT SURPRISED ME, ACTUALLY, IN
523
00:16:43,070 --> 00:16:45,738
SOME WAYS, THE ENTHUSIASM, THE
524
00:16:45,738 --> 00:16:46,639
UPTAKE.
525
00:16:46,639 --> 00:16:49,242
PEOPLE IMMEDIATELY UNDERSTOOD
526
00:16:49,242 --> 00:16:50,810
THAT THE CONNECTION BETWEEN
527
00:16:50,810 --> 00:16:52,579
THEIR TRADITIONAL WAYS AND THIS
528
00:16:52,579 --> 00:16:54,281
DIETARY APPROACH MADE SENSE TO
529
00:16:54,281 --> 00:16:54,781
THEM.
530
00:16:54,781 --> 00:16:56,816
IT RESONATED VERY STRONGLY WITH
531
00:16:56,816 --> 00:16:58,618
THEM BECAUSE THERE'S A WHOLE
532
00:16:58,618 --> 00:17:00,620
RENAISSANCE GOING ON IN TERMS OF
533
00:17:00,620 --> 00:17:01,954
THE CULTURE.
534
00:17:01,954 --> 00:17:03,423
>> I FEEL LIKE I'M THE GUY
535
00:17:03,423 --> 00:17:05,058
STANDING BY THE TRAIN TRACKS,
536
00:17:05,058 --> 00:17:06,659
AND I KNOW THAT THE BRIDGE IS
537
00:17:06,659 --> 00:17:08,195
OUT DOWN AROUND THE CORNER.
538
00:17:08,195 --> 00:17:10,497
AND I'M WAVING AT THE TRAIN,
539
00:17:10,497 --> 00:17:12,632
SAYING, "STOP! STOP!"
540
00:17:12,632 --> 00:17:15,302
AND THEY ALL LOOK AT ME LIKE I'M
541
00:17:15,302 --> 00:17:16,103
CRAZY.
542
00:17:16,103 --> 00:17:18,638
AND IT'S INTERESTING BECAUSE IN
543
00:17:18,638 --> 00:17:20,640
THE NICHE WHERE I WORK WITH THIS
544
00:17:20,640 --> 00:17:22,609
DIET, WITH FIRST NATIONS PEOPLE,
545
00:17:22,609 --> 00:17:24,244
WHEN I CONNECT THE DOTS FOR THEM
546
00:17:24,244 --> 00:17:25,678
AND I SAY, "THINK ABOUT YOUR
547
00:17:25,678 --> 00:17:26,646
TRADITIONAL DIET.
548
00:17:26,646 --> 00:17:28,115
THINK ABOUT WHAT YOUR ELDERS
549
00:17:28,115 --> 00:17:30,450
ATE, YOUR ANCESTORS.
550
00:17:30,450 --> 00:17:32,352
THINK ABOUT THE FOODS THAT YOU
551
00:17:32,352 --> 00:17:34,287
EAT TODAY AND HOW YOUR DIET HAS
552
00:17:34,287 --> 00:17:36,256
CHANGED," THE LIGHTBULBS GO ON.
553
00:17:36,256 --> 00:17:38,091
SO I FIND IT VERY REWARDING TO
554
00:17:38,091 --> 00:17:39,992
WORK IN THIS POPULATION BECAUSE
555
00:17:39,992 --> 00:17:40,860
THEY GET IT.
556
00:17:40,860 --> 00:17:42,829
THEY GET IT VERY QUICKLY, AND IT
557
00:17:42,829 --> 00:17:44,564
MAKES A LOT OF SENSE TO THEM
558
00:17:44,564 --> 00:17:46,299
THAT THE DIET THEY'RE EATING
559
00:17:46,299 --> 00:17:48,235
TODAY MAY, IN FACT, BE THE CAUSE
560
00:17:48,235 --> 00:17:50,103
OF A LOT OF THE HEALTH PROBLEMS
561
00:17:50,103 --> 00:17:50,903
THEY HAVE.
562
00:17:50,903 --> 00:17:54,974
SO THAT VERY STRONG RESONANCE OF
563
00:17:54,974 --> 00:17:57,210
THIS IDEA IN THIS POPULATION
564
00:17:57,210 --> 00:17:59,612
GIVES ME HOPE THAT WE WILL MAKE
565
00:17:59,612 --> 00:18:02,048
A DIFFERENCE WITH THIS APPROACH.
566
00:18:02,048 --> 00:18:03,550
AND IF WE MAKE A DIFFERENCE
567
00:18:03,550 --> 00:18:05,118
HERE, IT'S GONNA BE HARD FOR
568
00:18:05,118 --> 00:18:06,986
EVERYBODY ELSE TO IGNORE.
569
00:18:06,986 --> 00:18:08,188
>> FOR MY NEXT PHASE OF
570
00:18:08,188 --> 00:18:09,689
PREPARATION, I BEGAN SEARCHING
571
00:18:09,689 --> 00:18:11,291
FOR PERSPECTIVES WE ARE UNLIKELY
572
00:18:11,291 --> 00:18:12,592
TO HEAR IN THE MAINSTREAM
573
00:18:12,592 --> 00:18:13,960
MEDIA'S COVERAGE OF POPULAR
574
00:18:13,960 --> 00:18:16,496
DIETARY ADVICE BEGINNING WITH
575
00:18:16,496 --> 00:18:17,897
VEGETARIANISM.
576
00:18:17,897 --> 00:18:19,065
COINCIDENTALLY, THE
577
00:18:19,065 --> 00:18:20,467
SAN FRANCISCO VEGETARIAN
578
00:18:20,467 --> 00:18:22,169
SOCIETY'S SEVENTH-ANNUAL WORLD
579
00:18:22,169 --> 00:18:23,903
VEGETARIAN FESTIVAL OPENED JUST
580
00:18:23,903 --> 00:18:25,572
AS I WAS PREPARING TO START MY
581
00:18:25,572 --> 00:18:26,072
TRIP.
582
00:18:26,072 --> 00:18:27,174
IT SEEMED LIKE A PERFECT
583
00:18:27,174 --> 00:18:28,541
OPPORTUNITY TO HEAR THE CURRENT
584
00:18:28,541 --> 00:18:29,909
THINKING IN THE VEGETARIAN AND
585
00:18:29,909 --> 00:18:31,043
VEGAN WORLD FROM BOTH THE
586
00:18:31,043 --> 00:18:33,280
PARTICIPANTS AND THE MOVEMENT'S
587
00:18:33,280 --> 00:18:34,914
PROFESSIONAL LEADERS.
588
00:18:34,914 --> 00:18:36,516
[ BELL DINGING ]
589
00:18:36,516 --> 00:18:38,518
>> HOW YOU DOING?
590
00:18:39,752 --> 00:18:40,853
>> I'M DOING A DOCUMENTARY
591
00:18:40,853 --> 00:18:42,155
CALLED "IN SEARCH OF THE PERFECT
592
00:18:42,155 --> 00:18:42,755
HUMAN DIET."
593
00:18:42,755 --> 00:18:44,090
SOMEBODY WANT TO TALK TO US
594
00:18:44,090 --> 00:18:45,625
ABOUT YOUR MAGAZINE AND WHAT YOU
595
00:18:45,625 --> 00:18:47,059
DO AND WHY YOU'RE HERE AND ALL
596
00:18:47,059 --> 00:18:47,994
THAT GOOD STUFF?
597
00:18:47,994 --> 00:18:50,062
>> IT'S A PERFECT FUSION OF BOTH
598
00:18:50,062 --> 00:18:51,731
MY PASSIONS -- VEGETARIAN
599
00:18:51,731 --> 00:18:53,466
LIFESTYLE, EVEN A FOCUS ON
600
00:18:53,466 --> 00:18:55,101
VEGANISM, WITH THE WHOLE
601
00:18:55,101 --> 00:18:57,237
PUBLISHING ASPECT OF A MAGAZINE.
602
00:18:57,237 --> 00:18:58,571
>> AND YOU'RE VEGAN?
603
00:18:58,571 --> 00:19:00,440
>> I'M VEGAN, ALMOST LIFE-LONG.
604
00:19:00,440 --> 00:19:01,441
SINCE I WAS 2.
605
00:19:01,441 --> 00:19:02,242
>> REALLY?
606
00:19:02,242 --> 00:19:04,177
THAT'S PRETTY AMAZING.
607
00:19:04,177 --> 00:19:05,512
>> I'VE BEEN VEGETARIAN 22
608
00:19:05,512 --> 00:19:05,978
YEARS.
609
00:19:05,978 --> 00:19:07,547
I'M JUST RECENTLY VEGAN, THOUGH,
610
00:19:07,547 --> 00:19:08,481
SO I'M VEGAN NOW.
611
00:19:08,481 --> 00:19:10,617
>> SO, WE KNOW, IN AMERICA, THAT
612
00:19:10,617 --> 00:19:12,485
PEOPLE AREN'T EATING RIGHT.
613
00:19:12,485 --> 00:19:14,086
MOST PEOPLE KNOW YOU'RE SUPPOSED
614
00:19:14,086 --> 00:19:15,222
TO EAT MORE FRUITS AND
615
00:19:15,222 --> 00:19:16,223
VEGETABLES, RIGHT?
616
00:19:16,223 --> 00:19:18,157
I DON'T TELL PEOPLE THEY SHOULD
617
00:19:18,157 --> 00:19:19,626
EAT MORE FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
618
00:19:19,626 --> 00:19:21,194
I TELL PEOPLE -- YOU KNOW, THEY
619
00:19:21,194 --> 00:19:22,562
SAY, "HOW MANY SERVINGS OF
620
00:19:22,562 --> 00:19:23,763
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES?
621
00:19:23,763 --> 00:19:25,298
FIVE A DAY, SIX A DAY, EIGHT A
622
00:19:25,298 --> 00:19:25,732
DAY?"
623
00:19:25,732 --> 00:19:26,699
AND I SAY, "NO.
624
00:19:26,699 --> 00:19:27,634
STOP COUNTING.
625
00:19:27,634 --> 00:19:29,402
DON'T ADD FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
626
00:19:29,402 --> 00:19:30,870
TO THE CORE OF YOUR DIET.
627
00:19:30,870 --> 00:19:32,572
MAKE FRUITS AND VEGETABLES THE
628
00:19:32,572 --> 00:19:33,105
DIET."
629
00:19:33,105 --> 00:19:33,806
YOU FOLLOW THAT?
630
00:19:33,806 --> 00:19:35,007
THEN WE CAN COUNT WHAT THINGS WE
631
00:19:35,007 --> 00:19:36,209
WE EAT -- A COUPLE OF THIS OR A
632
00:19:36,209 --> 00:19:37,377
COUPLE OF THAT -- THAT AREN'T
633
00:19:37,377 --> 00:19:38,278
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
634
00:19:38,278 --> 00:19:39,446
BUT MOST OF WHAT WE EAT SHOULD
635
00:19:39,446 --> 00:19:40,580
BE FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, AND
636
00:19:40,580 --> 00:19:41,348
OUR DIET SHOULD BE
637
00:19:41,348 --> 00:19:42,282
VEGETABLE-BASED.
638
00:19:42,282 --> 00:19:43,350
>> THE MISTAKE THAT MOST
639
00:19:43,350 --> 00:19:44,684
VEGETARIANS MAKE IS THEY THINK
640
00:19:44,684 --> 00:19:46,052
THEY NEED TO MAKE UP FOR LACK OF
641
00:19:46,052 --> 00:19:47,320
DEAD, DECAYING FLESH IN THEIR
642
00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:47,687
DIET.
643
00:19:47,687 --> 00:19:48,955
YOU DON'T NEED TO MAKE UP FOR
644
00:19:48,955 --> 00:19:49,789
THE LACK OF MEAT.
645
00:19:49,789 --> 00:19:51,123
YOU JUST NEED TO GET RID OF THE
646
00:19:51,123 --> 00:19:52,425
MEAT, OKAY?
647
00:19:52,425 --> 00:19:53,993
AND THEN YOU NEED TO GET ALL OF
648
00:19:53,993 --> 00:19:55,328
YOUR CALORIES FROM WHOLE,
649
00:19:55,328 --> 00:19:56,863
NATURAL FOODS, NOT FROM HIGHLY
650
00:19:56,863 --> 00:19:58,197
PROCESSED, HEATED, BEATED,
651
00:19:58,197 --> 00:19:59,832
TREATED, CHOPPED, DICED, SALTED,
652
00:19:59,832 --> 00:20:01,368
SUGARED CRAP THAT'S BEING SOLD
653
00:20:01,368 --> 00:20:03,002
AT FIVE TIMES THE COST OF WHOLE,
654
00:20:03,002 --> 00:20:04,437
NATURAL FOODS, 'CAUSE THAT'S
655
00:20:04,437 --> 00:20:05,805
WHAT PEOPLE WANT.
656
00:20:05,805 --> 00:20:07,340
>> TELL US WHY YOU'RE HERE.
657
00:20:07,340 --> 00:20:09,075
>> I AM THE CO-FOUNDER AND
658
00:20:09,075 --> 00:20:10,877
CREATOR OF TASTY EATS, SO I
659
00:20:10,877 --> 00:20:12,178
CREATED SOY JERKY.
660
00:20:12,178 --> 00:20:12,879
>> SOY JERKY.
661
00:20:12,879 --> 00:20:13,380
>> YEAH.
662
00:20:13,380 --> 00:20:14,847
>> NOW, THAT'S INTERESTING AS AN
663
00:20:14,847 --> 00:20:16,283
ALTERNATIVE TO BEEF JERKY.
664
00:20:16,283 --> 00:20:17,384
>> YEAH. ABSOLUTELY.
665
00:20:17,384 --> 00:20:18,785
BECAUSE BEEF JERKY IS JUST
666
00:20:18,785 --> 00:20:20,152
LOADED WITH SATURATED FAT,
667
00:20:20,152 --> 00:20:22,955
SODIUM, JUST ARTERY-CLOGGING
668
00:20:22,955 --> 00:20:24,391
INGREDIENTS.
669
00:20:24,391 --> 00:20:25,725
>> OKAY.
670
00:20:25,725 --> 00:20:27,860
SO, BEEF IS BAD, SOY IS GOOD.
671
00:20:27,860 --> 00:20:29,028
>> ABSOLUTELY.
672
00:20:29,028 --> 00:20:31,230
WE'RE ACTUALLY ANATOMICALLY --
673
00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:33,032
WE ARE HERBIVORES.
674
00:20:33,032 --> 00:20:35,702
WE'RE ACTUALLY NOT CARNIVORES.
675
00:20:35,702 --> 00:20:37,504
THE WAY OUR DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
676
00:20:37,504 --> 00:20:39,272
WORKS, WE'RE ACTUALLY BETTER
677
00:20:39,272 --> 00:20:41,073
SUITED TO BE VEGETARIANS.
678
00:20:41,073 --> 00:20:43,276
>> VEGETARIANS OBVIOUSLY DON'T
679
00:20:43,276 --> 00:20:45,412
EAT MEAT, AND THEY HAVE A REAL
680
00:20:45,412 --> 00:20:47,480
PROBLEM WITH FOODS OF ANIMAL
681
00:20:47,480 --> 00:20:48,247
ORIGIN.
682
00:20:48,247 --> 00:20:51,150
SO IF YOU ADVOCATE A LOW-CARB
683
00:20:51,150 --> 00:20:53,886
DIET AND -- YOU PRETTY MUCH ARE
684
00:20:53,886 --> 00:20:55,722
TELLING PEOPLE TO EAT MEAT.
685
00:20:55,722 --> 00:20:56,789
IT DOESN'T HAVE TO BE.
686
00:20:56,789 --> 00:20:58,157
WE'VE HAD PATIENTS -- A LOT OF
687
00:20:58,157 --> 00:20:59,359
PATIENTS -- THAT HAVE BEEN
688
00:20:59,359 --> 00:21:00,727
VEGETARIAN AND HAVE DONE FINE.
689
00:21:00,727 --> 00:21:02,161
I MEAN, THEY HAVE TO WORK TO DO
690
00:21:02,161 --> 00:21:03,496
IT AND THEY HAVE TO TAKE SOME
691
00:21:03,496 --> 00:21:04,897
SUPPLEMENTS, BUT THEY CAN DO IT
692
00:21:04,897 --> 00:21:06,966
AND THEY CAN DO FINE.
693
00:21:06,966 --> 00:21:09,101
BUT FOR THE MOST PART, IF YOU
694
00:21:09,101 --> 00:21:11,371
ADVOCATE A HIGHER-PROTEIN DIET,
695
00:21:11,371 --> 00:21:13,573
YOU'RE ADVOCATING A MEAT DIET.
696
00:21:13,573 --> 00:21:16,343
AND PEOPLE THAT ARE VEGETARIANS
697
00:21:16,343 --> 00:21:19,111
LOOK FOR EVERY REASON TO NOT EAT
698
00:21:19,111 --> 00:21:21,881
MEAT UP TO AND INCLUDING TRYING
699
00:21:21,881 --> 00:21:23,950
TO PROMOTE THIS IDEA THAT IT'S
700
00:21:23,950 --> 00:21:26,152
HEALTHY, THAT THE VEGETARIAN WAY
701
00:21:26,152 --> 00:21:28,154
OF LIFE IS A HEALTHIER WAY OF
702
00:21:28,154 --> 00:21:31,358
LIFE, WHICH IS...NOT TRUE.
703
00:21:31,358 --> 00:21:33,593
I MEAN, IT'S ABSURD.
704
00:21:33,593 --> 00:21:35,528
THERE ARE, SORT OF, ARTICLES TO
705
00:21:35,528 --> 00:21:37,397
PHYSICIANS ON HOW TO DEAL WITH
706
00:21:37,397 --> 00:21:39,332
PATIENTS ON VEGETARIAN DIETS --
707
00:21:39,332 --> 00:21:40,500
NOT TO GET THEM OFF THE
708
00:21:40,500 --> 00:21:41,934
VEGETARIAN DIETS, BUT HOW TO,
709
00:21:41,934 --> 00:21:43,470
YOU KNOW, WHAT KIND OF TREATMENT
710
00:21:43,470 --> 00:21:44,737
PROBLEMS YOU'RE GONNA RUN INTO.
711
00:21:44,737 --> 00:21:45,838
I MEAN, IT'S AN ABERRATION.
712
00:21:45,838 --> 00:21:47,940
IT'S NOT THE WAY OF MAN.
713
00:21:47,940 --> 00:21:49,509
WE'VE GOT A CARNIVOROUS G.I.
714
00:21:49,509 --> 00:21:50,042
TRACT.
715
00:21:50,042 --> 00:21:51,578
THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF G.I.
716
00:21:51,578 --> 00:21:52,645
TRACTS, BASICALLY.
717
00:21:52,645 --> 00:21:54,080
THERE'S A CARNIVOROUS AND
718
00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:55,615
THERE'S A HERBIVOROUS, AND
719
00:21:55,615 --> 00:21:57,249
AN HERBIVOROUS G.I. TRACT IS,
720
00:21:57,249 --> 00:21:59,018
YOU KNOW, GOT MULTIPLE STOMACHS,
721
00:21:59,018 --> 00:22:00,753
A LOT OF HERBIVORES, BECAUSE THE
722
00:22:00,753 --> 00:22:02,489
NUTRIENT DENSITY IN PLANT FOODS
723
00:22:02,489 --> 00:22:04,023
IS SO LOW THAT ANIMALS -- COWS
724
00:22:04,023 --> 00:22:05,558
THAT EAT GRASS AND THINGS LIKE
725
00:22:05,558 --> 00:22:07,026
THAT, THAT'S REALLY NOT VERY
726
00:22:07,026 --> 00:22:08,661
NUTRITIOUS, THEY HAVE TO EAT ALL
727
00:22:08,661 --> 00:22:09,261
THE TIME.
728
00:22:09,261 --> 00:22:10,597
A LOT OF THESE VEGETARIAN
729
00:22:10,597 --> 00:22:12,131
ANIMALS REGURGITATE THEIR FOOD
730
00:22:12,131 --> 00:22:13,633
AND RE-CHEW IT AND RE-SWALLOW
731
00:22:13,633 --> 00:22:13,966
IT.
732
00:22:13,966 --> 00:22:15,568
SOME OF THEM EVEN EAT THEIR OWN
733
00:22:15,568 --> 00:22:17,036
FECES TO RECYCLE IT TO TRY TO
734
00:22:17,036 --> 00:22:18,471
EXTRACT EVERY LITTLE BIT OF
735
00:22:18,471 --> 00:22:19,506
NUTRIENT OUT OF IT.
736
00:22:19,506 --> 00:22:21,107
BUT THE MAIN THING IS THEY HAVE
737
00:22:21,107 --> 00:22:22,509
TO EAT ALL THE TIME, AND WE
738
00:22:22,509 --> 00:22:23,342
DON'T DO THAT.
739
00:22:23,342 --> 00:22:24,711
WE CAN EAT ONCE DAY AND DO
740
00:22:24,711 --> 00:22:25,144
FINE.
741
00:22:25,144 --> 00:22:26,379
WE CAN EAT ONCE EVERY TWO OR
742
00:22:26,379 --> 00:22:27,580
THREE DAYS AND DO FINE, JUST
743
00:22:27,580 --> 00:22:28,314
LIKE LIONS CAN.
744
00:22:28,314 --> 00:22:30,683
WE'VE GOT A CARNIVOROUS G.I.
745
00:22:30,683 --> 00:22:33,252
TRACT AND VITAMIN B12, WHICH IS
746
00:22:33,252 --> 00:22:35,688
ONLY FOUND IN FOODS OF ANIMAL
747
00:22:35,688 --> 00:22:37,824
ORIGIN, IS ESSENTIAL TO US.
748
00:22:37,824 --> 00:22:39,559
I MEAN, IF WE DON'T GET VITAMIN
749
00:22:39,559 --> 00:22:40,359
B12, WE DIE.
750
00:22:40,359 --> 00:22:41,894
IT'S AN ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT.
751
00:22:41,894 --> 00:22:43,630
SO THAT RIGHT THERE, IN AND OF
752
00:22:43,630 --> 00:22:45,398
ITSELF, WITH NOTHING ELSE IS AN
753
00:22:45,398 --> 00:22:47,199
ARGUMENT AGAINST THE FACT THAT
754
00:22:47,199 --> 00:22:48,468
OUR NATURAL STATE IS
755
00:22:48,468 --> 00:22:49,436
VEGETARIANISM.
756
00:22:49,436 --> 00:22:51,471
IT'S NONSENSE.
757
00:22:53,640 --> 00:22:55,341
>> WHAT IS COMMONLY REFERRED TO
758
00:22:55,341 --> 00:22:56,943
AS THE LOW-CARB DIET, RECENTLY
759
00:22:56,943 --> 00:22:58,578
GAINING WIDER MEDIA AND MEDICAL
760
00:22:58,578 --> 00:22:59,979
ACCEPTANCE REFRAMED AS LOW
761
00:22:59,979 --> 00:23:02,014
GLYCEMIC, HAD ITS BEGINNINGS IN
762
00:23:02,014 --> 00:23:04,984
1863 WITH THE FIRST POPULAR DIET
763
00:23:04,984 --> 00:23:06,919
BOOK EVER WRITTEN -- "BANTING'S
764
00:23:06,919 --> 00:23:08,788
LETTER ON CORPULENCE ADDRESSED
765
00:23:08,788 --> 00:23:09,856
TO THE PUBLIC."
766
00:23:09,856 --> 00:23:12,024
IN 1862, LONDON UNDERTAKER
767
00:23:12,024 --> 00:23:15,394
WILLIAM BANTING WAS 65, 5'5"
768
00:23:15,394 --> 00:23:17,564
TALL, AND WEIGHED 202 POUNDS.
769
00:23:17,597 --> 00:23:19,599
SO FAT, IN FACT, HE WROTE THAT
770
00:23:19,599 --> 00:23:21,501
HE COULDN'T STOOP TO TIE HIS
771
00:23:21,501 --> 00:23:23,536
SHOES, BECAME WINDED WITH EVERY
772
00:23:23,536 --> 00:23:25,605
SLIGHT EXERTION, WAS LOSING HIS
773
00:23:25,605 --> 00:23:27,740
EYESIGHT AND HEARING, AND HAD TO
774
00:23:27,740 --> 00:23:29,676
WALK DOWN STAIRS BACKWARDS TO
775
00:23:29,676 --> 00:23:31,444
AVOID KNEE AND ANKLE PAIN.
776
00:23:31,444 --> 00:23:33,580
AFTER 30 YEARS OF FAILURE TRYING
777
00:23:33,580 --> 00:23:35,615
EVERYTHING WE'RE STILL ADVISED
778
00:23:35,615 --> 00:23:37,650
TO DO TODAY, INCLUDING REDUCING
779
00:23:37,650 --> 00:23:39,719
FAT, CUTTING CALORIES, AND
780
00:23:39,719 --> 00:23:41,854
EXERCISING MORE, ONE DOCTOR
781
00:23:41,854 --> 00:23:43,590
FINALLY PRESCRIBED A DIET THAT
782
00:23:43,590 --> 00:23:45,925
ADVISED HIM TO "ABSTAIN AS MUCH
783
00:23:45,925 --> 00:23:48,260
AS POSSIBLE FROM BREAD, BUTTER,
784
00:23:48,260 --> 00:23:49,996
MILK, SUGAR, BEER, AND
785
00:23:49,996 --> 00:23:51,964
POTATOES" -- WHICH HAD BEEN THE
786
00:23:51,964 --> 00:23:53,399
MAINSTAY OF HIS DIET
787
00:23:53,399 --> 00:23:55,334
FOR YEARS -- AND EAT INSTEAD
788
00:23:55,334 --> 00:23:57,670
THREE MEALS PER DAY PRIMARILY OF
789
00:23:57,670 --> 00:23:59,772
MEAT, FISH, POULTRY OR GAME,
790
00:23:59,772 --> 00:24:01,708
VERY SMALL AMOUNTS OF DRY,
791
00:24:01,708 --> 00:24:03,810
TOASTED FRUIT, ANY VEGETABLE
792
00:24:03,810 --> 00:24:05,912
EXCEPT POTATOES, TEA WITHOUT
793
00:24:05,912 --> 00:24:08,047
MILK AND SUGAR, AND DRY WINE,
794
00:24:08,047 --> 00:24:09,516
AND NO STRICT RESTRICTIONS ON
795
00:24:09,516 --> 00:24:10,883
THE QUANTITY OF FOOD AT HIS
796
00:24:10,883 --> 00:24:12,451
MEALS.
797
00:24:12,451 --> 00:24:14,987
IN AUGUST OF 1863, BANTING WROTE
798
00:24:14,987 --> 00:24:17,423
IN HIS BOOKLET THAT AT 66 YEARS
799
00:24:17,423 --> 00:24:19,959
OF AGE, HE HAD DROPPED 35 POUNDS
800
00:24:19,959 --> 00:24:21,260
IN 38 WEEKS.
801
00:24:21,260 --> 00:24:23,896
AND LATER, 50 POUNDS BY EARLY
802
00:24:23,896 --> 00:24:25,898
1864.
803
00:24:25,898 --> 00:24:27,299
HIS EYESIGHT AND HEARING
804
00:24:27,299 --> 00:24:28,835
IMPROVED, HE COULD EXERCISE
805
00:24:28,835 --> 00:24:30,302
FREELY, AND, YES, HE COULD
806
00:24:30,302 --> 00:24:31,704
FINALLY WALK DOWN STAIRS
807
00:24:31,704 --> 00:24:33,906
FORWARDS WITH PERFECT EASE.
808
00:24:33,906 --> 00:24:35,441
HIS BOOK BECAME A PHENOMENAL
809
00:24:35,441 --> 00:24:37,143
SUCCESS, RUFFLED THE FEATHERS OF
810
00:24:37,143 --> 00:24:38,711
SOME IN THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY
811
00:24:38,711 --> 00:24:40,379
AND POPULAR PRESS, AND HIS NAME
812
00:24:40,379 --> 00:24:42,314
BECAME PART OF THE QUEEN'S
813
00:24:42,314 --> 00:24:44,450
ENGLISH AS A VERB MEANING "TO
814
00:24:44,450 --> 00:24:45,985
DIET."
815
00:24:47,620 --> 00:24:49,188
>> YOU KNOW, WE KNOW THAT
816
00:24:49,188 --> 00:24:50,990
BANTING CAME OUT WITH HIS DIET
817
00:24:50,990 --> 00:24:52,592
IN 1863, PUBLISHED IT, BUT
818
00:24:52,592 --> 00:24:54,026
WHAT -- HOW DID THE MEDICAL
819
00:24:54,026 --> 00:24:55,061
COMMUNITY RESPOND?
820
00:24:55,061 --> 00:24:56,629
WHAT PEOPLE DON'T REALIZE IS
821
00:24:56,629 --> 00:24:58,097
THAT, FOR THE MOST PART, THE
822
00:24:58,097 --> 00:24:59,932
MEDICAL COMMUNITY DECIDED THAT
823
00:24:59,932 --> 00:25:01,568
BANTING WAS RIGHT.
824
00:25:01,568 --> 00:25:03,202
SO THESE DIETS RECOMMEND MEAT
825
00:25:03,202 --> 00:25:04,904
AND GREEN VEGETABLES, AND THAT
826
00:25:04,904 --> 00:25:06,272
WAS THE BASE OF A DIET.
827
00:25:06,272 --> 00:25:07,774
IF YOU WENT TO THE OBESITY
828
00:25:07,774 --> 00:25:09,175
TEXTBOOKS OR THE MEDICAL
829
00:25:09,175 --> 00:25:10,910
TEXTBOOKS OR WILLIAM OSLER, WHO
830
00:25:10,910 --> 00:25:12,545
WAS THE MOST FAMOUS PHYSICIAN OF
831
00:25:12,545 --> 00:25:15,514
THE, YOU KNOW, TURN OF THE 20th
832
00:25:15,514 --> 00:25:16,816
CENTURY, THE EARLY YEARS OF THE
833
00:25:16,816 --> 00:25:17,449
20th CENTURY.
834
00:25:17,449 --> 00:25:19,051
IN HIS MEDICAL TEXTBOOK, HE
835
00:25:19,051 --> 00:25:20,687
SAYS, YOU KNOW, FAT CHILDREN
836
00:25:20,687 --> 00:25:22,521
COME TO SEE ME OR FAT WOMEN COME
837
00:25:22,521 --> 00:25:24,290
TO SEE ME, I TELL THEM TO GIVE
838
00:25:24,290 --> 00:25:26,092
UP CARBOHYDRATES, STARCHES, AND
839
00:25:26,092 --> 00:25:26,693
SWEETS.
840
00:25:26,693 --> 00:25:28,360
AND YOU GET RID OF ADDED FATS,
841
00:25:28,360 --> 00:25:29,929
AS WELL, BY WHICH THEY MEANT
842
00:25:29,929 --> 00:25:32,632
BUTTER, LARD, YOU KNOW.
843
00:25:32,632 --> 00:25:34,767
SO YOU'RE EATING -- THE BASIS OF
844
00:25:34,767 --> 00:25:36,603
THE MEDICAL ESTABLISHMENT'S
845
00:25:36,603 --> 00:25:38,605
TYPICAL DIET THROUGH THE 1960s
846
00:25:38,605 --> 00:25:40,640
WOULD HAVE BEEN SOME AMOUNT OF
847
00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:42,408
MEAT AND GREEN VEGETABLES.
848
00:25:42,408 --> 00:25:43,910
EVERY DIET RESTRICTED
849
00:25:43,910 --> 00:25:45,011
CARBOHYDRATES.
850
00:25:45,011 --> 00:25:46,245
AND THEN THE QUESTION WAS
851
00:25:46,245 --> 00:25:47,546
WHETHER OR NOT YOU'RE GONNA
852
00:25:47,546 --> 00:25:48,681
RESTRICT FATS, AS WELL.
853
00:25:48,681 --> 00:25:50,817
AND THIS ISN'T ACTUALLY THROUGH
854
00:25:50,817 --> 00:25:51,417
1910.
855
00:25:51,417 --> 00:25:53,352
SAY FROM 1865 TO 1965, FOR A
856
00:25:53,352 --> 00:25:54,987
CENTURY, IF YOU WENT TO A
857
00:25:54,987 --> 00:25:56,956
HOSPITAL AND WERE TREATED FOR
858
00:25:56,956 --> 00:25:58,891
OBESITY, YOU WERE TOLD TO GIVE
859
00:25:58,891 --> 00:26:01,460
UP CARBOHYDRATES.
860
00:26:01,460 --> 00:26:03,062
>> NOW, OF COURSE, IT'S OBVIOUS
861
00:26:03,062 --> 00:26:04,664
TO ANYONE FOLLOWING THE MEDIA'S
862
00:26:04,664 --> 00:26:06,065
COVERAGE OF DIET AND HEALTH
863
00:26:06,065 --> 00:26:07,399
STORIES THAT THE LOW-CARB
864
00:26:07,399 --> 00:26:09,035
PRESCRIPTION IS NOT CONVENTIONAL
865
00:26:09,035 --> 00:26:10,536
MEDICAL ADVICE, BEGGING THE
866
00:26:10,536 --> 00:26:12,238
QUESTION, "WHAT HAPPENED TO THE
867
00:26:12,238 --> 00:26:13,906
SCIENCE OF NUTRITION AND WEIGHT
868
00:26:13,906 --> 00:26:15,507
LOSS THAT HAD GUIDED MEDICINE
869
00:26:15,507 --> 00:26:19,411
FOR THE PRECEDING 100 YEARS?"
870
00:26:19,411 --> 00:26:20,713
>> YOU KNOW, IN THE 1950s, WE
871
00:26:20,713 --> 00:26:22,148
STARTED COMING UP WITH THIS IDEA
872
00:26:22,148 --> 00:26:23,482
THAT FAT CAUSES HEART DISEASE,
873
00:26:23,482 --> 00:26:24,884
AND IF YOU'RE GONNA TELL PEOPLE
874
00:26:24,884 --> 00:26:26,218
TO EAT LESS FAT, YOU'VE GOT TO
875
00:26:26,218 --> 00:26:27,219
TELL THEM TO EAT MORE
876
00:26:27,219 --> 00:26:29,856
CARBOHYDRATES.
877
00:26:29,856 --> 00:26:31,991
SO THIS, THE IDEA OF THE
878
00:26:31,991 --> 00:26:34,593
FATTENING CARBOHYDRATE AND THE
879
00:26:34,593 --> 00:26:37,063
IDEA OF REMOVING CARBS FIRST
880
00:26:37,063 --> 00:26:39,632
FROM A WEIGHT-LOSS DIET IN THE
881
00:26:39,632 --> 00:26:42,168
1960s VANISHED TO BE REPLACED
882
00:26:42,168 --> 00:26:44,370
WITH THE IDEA THAT DIETARY FAT
883
00:26:44,370 --> 00:26:46,673
IS THE PROBLEM AND CARBOHYDRATES
884
00:26:46,673 --> 00:26:48,607
ARE NOW -- NOT ONLY ARE THEY
885
00:26:48,607 --> 00:26:50,677
HEART HEALTHY, BUT THE BASIS OF
886
00:26:50,677 --> 00:26:52,845
A GOOD, HEALTHY DIET IS SUPPOSED
887
00:26:52,845 --> 00:26:54,814
TO BE A LOT OF CARBOHYDRATES.
888
00:26:54,814 --> 00:26:57,917
JANE BRODY, THE NEW YORK TIMES'
889
00:26:57,917 --> 00:27:00,887
PERSONAL HEALTH REPORTER, THIS
890
00:27:00,887 --> 00:27:04,290
IS HER 1985 "GOOD FOOD BOOK."
891
00:27:04,290 --> 00:27:06,625
AND THE SUBTITLE IS "LIVING THE
892
00:27:06,625 --> 00:27:08,460
HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE WAY."
893
00:27:08,460 --> 00:27:09,628
AND SHE ACTUALLY SAYS IN THE
894
00:27:09,628 --> 00:27:10,897
BOOK THAT WHEN SHE WAS RAISED,
895
00:27:10,897 --> 00:27:12,131
SHE WAS RAISED TO BELIEVE THAT
896
00:27:12,131 --> 00:27:13,733
POTATOES, BREAD, PASTA, RICE
897
00:27:13,733 --> 00:27:14,701
WERE FATTENING.
898
00:27:14,701 --> 00:27:16,535
LO AND BEHOLD, THEY'RE NOT, AND
899
00:27:16,535 --> 00:27:18,337
YOU CAN EAT AS MANY OF THEM AS
900
00:27:18,337 --> 00:27:19,038
YOU WANT.
901
00:27:19,038 --> 00:27:20,940
AND NOW A DIET BECOMES -- WEIGHT
902
00:27:20,940 --> 00:27:22,742
LOSS DIET -- BECOMES THE EXACT
903
00:27:22,742 --> 00:27:24,210
OPPOSITE OF WHAT IT WAS.
904
00:27:24,210 --> 00:27:25,845
NOW IT'S -- A WEIGHT LOSS DIET
905
00:27:25,845 --> 00:27:27,246
IS LOW IN FAT AND HIGH IN
906
00:27:27,246 --> 00:27:28,948
CARBOHYDRATES, AND PARTICULARLY
907
00:27:28,948 --> 00:27:30,316
THOSE CARBOHYDRATES THAT
908
00:27:30,316 --> 00:27:32,051
EVERYBODY BELIEVED WAS FATTENING
909
00:27:32,051 --> 00:27:33,786
UNTIL THE 1960s -- BREAD, PASTA,
910
00:27:33,786 --> 00:27:35,154
POTATOES -- JUST DON'T PUT FAT
911
00:27:35,154 --> 00:27:35,587
ON IT.
912
00:27:35,587 --> 00:27:36,889
DON'T PUT BUTTER ON IT, DON'T
913
00:27:36,889 --> 00:27:37,724
PUT CHEESE ON IT.
914
00:27:37,724 --> 00:27:38,925
THAT'S WHAT MAKES YOU FAT.
915
00:27:38,925 --> 00:27:40,693
AND THE FASCINATING THING ABOUT
916
00:27:40,693 --> 00:27:42,494
THIS SWITCH, THIS PARADIGM SHIFT
917
00:27:42,494 --> 00:27:44,296
IS THAT THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE TO
918
00:27:44,296 --> 00:27:45,064
SUPPORT IT.
919
00:27:45,064 --> 00:27:47,099
THERE WAS THIS BELIEF THAT FAT
920
00:27:47,099 --> 00:27:48,968
CAUSED HEART DISEASE BY ITS
921
00:27:48,968 --> 00:27:50,737
EFFECT ON CHOLESTEROL AND
922
00:27:50,737 --> 00:27:51,771
NOTHING ELSE.
923
00:27:51,771 --> 00:27:53,472
YOU KNOW, ABSOLUTELY NOTHING
924
00:27:53,472 --> 00:27:54,006
ELSE.
925
00:27:54,006 --> 00:27:57,810
WE CHANGED AT LEAST A CENTURY OF
926
00:27:57,810 --> 00:27:59,378
ESTABLISHED WISDOM ON WHAT
927
00:27:59,378 --> 00:28:01,147
CONSTITUTED NOT JUST A HEALTHY
928
00:28:01,147 --> 00:28:02,815
DIET, BUT A WEIGHT-REDUCTION
929
00:28:02,815 --> 00:28:04,450
DIET BASED ON A BELIEF THAT
930
00:28:04,450 --> 00:28:05,918
DIETARY FAT CAUSED HEART
931
00:28:05,918 --> 00:28:06,953
DISEASE.
932
00:28:06,953 --> 00:28:09,021
>> YOU KNOW, WE HAVE COME OUT OF
933
00:28:09,021 --> 00:28:10,622
THE ERA IN WHICH FAT IS
934
00:28:10,622 --> 00:28:11,991
DEMONIZED AS THE BAD
935
00:28:11,991 --> 00:28:13,059
MACRONUTRIENT.
936
00:28:13,059 --> 00:28:14,894
BUT THAT LEGACY IS STILL VERY
937
00:28:14,894 --> 00:28:15,862
MUCH WITH US.
938
00:28:15,862 --> 00:28:17,730
I STILL SEE THAT WHEN PEOPLE ARE
939
00:28:17,730 --> 00:28:19,231
GIVING PEOPLE NUTRITIONAL
940
00:28:19,231 --> 00:28:20,733
ADVICE, TALKING ABOUT WEIGHT
941
00:28:20,733 --> 00:28:22,068
CONTROL, I STILL SEE THE
942
00:28:22,068 --> 00:28:23,502
EMPHASIS ON FATTY FOODS AND
943
00:28:23,502 --> 00:28:25,071
PEOPLE TALKING ABOUT HIGH-FAT
944
00:28:25,071 --> 00:28:26,605
FOODS AND CUTTING DOWN ON FAT
945
00:28:26,605 --> 00:28:28,274
CONSUMPTION AND LOW-FAT FOODS.
946
00:28:28,274 --> 00:28:30,176
FAT DOES NOT MAKE YOU FAT.
947
00:28:30,176 --> 00:28:31,944
THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT
948
00:28:31,944 --> 00:28:32,711
CONCEPT.
949
00:28:32,711 --> 00:28:34,613
FAT DOES NOT MAKE YOU FAT.
950
00:28:34,613 --> 00:28:36,248
WHAT IS DRIVING THE OBESITY
951
00:28:36,248 --> 00:28:38,084
EPIDEMIC IN THIS COUNTRY IS THE
952
00:28:38,084 --> 00:28:39,819
VERY HIGH CONSUMPTION OF HIGH
953
00:28:39,819 --> 00:28:41,420
GLYCEMIC, LOW-CARBOHYDRATE
954
00:28:41,420 --> 00:28:42,789
FOODS, WHICH HAVE BEEN
955
00:28:42,789 --> 00:28:45,792
TECHNICALLY MANIPULATED.
956
00:28:45,792 --> 00:28:47,827
>> THE FAMOUS FRAMINGHAM HEART
957
00:28:47,827 --> 00:28:49,595
STUDY WAS USED TO PROMOTE
958
00:28:49,595 --> 00:28:51,630
MARGARINE AND OTHER FOODS THAT
959
00:28:51,630 --> 00:28:53,699
DID NOT CONTAIN SATURATED FAT.
960
00:28:53,699 --> 00:28:55,902
BUT, IN FACT, THIS STUDY FOUND
961
00:28:55,902 --> 00:28:57,837
THAT THOSE WHO ATE THE MOST
962
00:28:57,837 --> 00:28:59,538
SATURATED FAT, THE MOST
963
00:28:59,538 --> 00:29:01,607
CHOLESTEROL AND EVEN THE MOST
964
00:29:01,607 --> 00:29:03,810
CALORIES WEIGHED THE LEAST, HAD
965
00:29:03,810 --> 00:29:05,044
LOWER LEVELS OF
966
00:29:05,044 --> 00:29:07,279
SERUM CHOLESTEROL, AND WERE MORE
967
00:29:07,279 --> 00:29:08,680
PHYSICALLY ACTIVE.
968
00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:10,516
SO THE THREE BIGGEST RISK
969
00:29:10,516 --> 00:29:12,718
FACTORS FOR HEART DISEASE -- OR
970
00:29:12,718 --> 00:29:14,954
WHAT WE CONSIDER RISK FACTORS --
971
00:29:14,954 --> 00:29:17,089
WERE LOWER IN PEOPLE CONSUMING
972
00:29:17,089 --> 00:29:20,326
MORE SATURATED FAT.
973
00:29:20,326 --> 00:29:22,228
>> MY FOOD PLATE IS THE NEW
974
00:29:22,228 --> 00:29:24,430
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE
975
00:29:24,430 --> 00:29:26,298
NEWLY REVISED 2010 DIETARY
976
00:29:26,298 --> 00:29:28,134
GUIDELINES FOR AMERICANS.
977
00:29:28,134 --> 00:29:29,335
THE PLATE REPLACES THE
978
00:29:29,335 --> 00:29:30,837
WELL-KNOWN BUT CONFUSING FOOD
979
00:29:30,837 --> 00:29:32,438
PYRAMID IN AN EFFORT TO SIMPLIFY
980
00:29:32,438 --> 00:29:33,739
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S
981
00:29:33,739 --> 00:29:34,974
AT-A-GLANCE NUTRITIONAL
982
00:29:34,974 --> 00:29:36,508
GUIDELINES INTENDED TO PROMOTE
983
00:29:36,508 --> 00:29:37,743
HEALTH THROUGH IMPROVED
984
00:29:37,743 --> 00:29:39,111
NUTRITION.
985
00:29:39,111 --> 00:29:40,813
USING NEW, MORE GENERALIZED
986
00:29:40,813 --> 00:29:42,548
LANGUAGE, THE NEW GUIDELINES
987
00:29:42,548 --> 00:29:44,516
ADVISE US TO ENJOY OUR FOOD, BUT
988
00:29:44,516 --> 00:29:45,251
EAT LESS.
989
00:29:45,251 --> 00:29:46,986
EAT MORE VEGETABLES, FRUITS,
990
00:29:46,986 --> 00:29:48,787
WHOLE GRAINS, AND FAT-FREE OR
991
00:29:48,787 --> 00:29:50,990
1% DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALSO TO
992
00:29:50,990 --> 00:29:53,259
EAT LESS OF THE FOODS THAT ARE
993
00:29:53,259 --> 00:29:55,527
HIGH IN SATURATED FATS, SODIUM,
994
00:29:55,527 --> 00:29:56,963
AND ADDED SUGARS.
995
00:29:56,963 --> 00:29:58,497
SUBSTANTIAL CHANGES TO THE
996
00:29:58,497 --> 00:30:00,266
ACTUAL RECOMMENDATIONS MADE BY
997
00:30:00,266 --> 00:30:01,868
THE NEW FOOD PLATE ARE FEW,
998
00:30:01,868 --> 00:30:04,370
LEAVING IT ESSENTIALLY THE SAME
999
00:30:04,370 --> 00:30:06,038
AS THE OLD PYRAMID.
1000
00:30:06,038 --> 00:30:07,773
BUT WHAT DOESN'T GET MUCH PUBLIC
1001
00:30:07,773 --> 00:30:09,308
ATTENTION IS THE METHODOLOGY
1002
00:30:09,308 --> 00:30:11,010
THAT HAS BEEN USED TO CREATE THE
1003
00:30:11,010 --> 00:30:12,244
U.S. DIET GUIDELINES.
1004
00:30:12,244 --> 00:30:13,812
THE GUIDELINES ARE BASED ON A
1005
00:30:13,812 --> 00:30:15,314
REPORT GENERATED EVERY FIVE
1006
00:30:15,314 --> 00:30:16,883
YEARS BY A SPECIALLY SELECTED
1007
00:30:16,883 --> 00:30:17,816
REVIEW PANEL.
1008
00:30:17,816 --> 00:30:19,585
THE PANEL MEMBERS DECIDE WHAT
1009
00:30:19,585 --> 00:30:21,520
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE IN TESTIMONY
1010
00:30:21,520 --> 00:30:23,222
TO INCLUDE FROM ALL THAT IS
1011
00:30:23,222 --> 00:30:23,990
PRESENTED.
1012
00:30:23,990 --> 00:30:25,457
WHAT THE PANEL CHOOSES WILL
1013
00:30:25,457 --> 00:30:27,093
THEN GUIDE THE NATION'S HEALTH
1014
00:30:27,093 --> 00:30:28,694
POLICIES FOR AT LEAST THE NEXT
1015
00:30:28,694 --> 00:30:29,862
FIVE YEARS.
1016
00:30:29,862 --> 00:30:31,130
>> I MEAN, FOR YEARS, THE
1017
00:30:31,130 --> 00:30:32,631
MAINSTREAM HAS BEEN TELLING US
1018
00:30:32,631 --> 00:30:34,166
ACADEMICIANS, AND THOSE ARE THE
1019
00:30:34,166 --> 00:30:35,467
PEOPLE THAT THE GOVERNMENT
1020
00:30:35,467 --> 00:30:36,969
ALWAYS TURNS TO, ALL THE USUAL
1021
00:30:36,969 --> 00:30:38,537
SUSPECTS, WHEN THEY WANT TO HAVE
1022
00:30:38,537 --> 00:30:40,139
A CONFERENCE TO DECIDE HOW TO DO
1023
00:30:40,139 --> 00:30:40,772
SOMETHING.
1024
00:30:40,772 --> 00:30:42,208
THEY GO AFTER THE MAINSTREAM,
1025
00:30:42,208 --> 00:30:43,575
AND THE MAINSTREAM HAS BEEN
1026
00:30:43,575 --> 00:30:45,244
WRONG, WRONG, WRONG, WRONG,
1027
00:30:45,244 --> 00:30:47,146
NUTRITIONALLY, OVER THE PAST 20
1028
00:30:47,146 --> 00:30:48,380
OR 30 YEARS.
1029
00:30:48,380 --> 00:30:50,649
AND SO THEY GET THE ADVICE FROM
1030
00:30:50,649 --> 00:30:52,952
PEOPLE THAT GIVE THEM INCORRECT
1031
00:30:52,952 --> 00:30:55,221
ADVICE, AND THEY ACT ON IT, AND
1032
00:30:55,221 --> 00:30:57,823
THEN WE ALL SUFFER FROM IT.
1033
00:30:57,823 --> 00:30:59,892
>> FROM THE START, OUR DIETARY
1034
00:30:59,892 --> 00:31:02,061
RECOMMENDATIONS HAVE BEEN BASED
1035
00:31:02,061 --> 00:31:03,829
AS MUCH ON POLITICS AS ON
1036
00:31:03,829 --> 00:31:04,696
SCIENCE.
1037
00:31:04,696 --> 00:31:07,066
THE FIRST SET OF DIETARY GOALS
1038
00:31:07,066 --> 00:31:09,135
WERE WRITTEN BY POLITICAL
1039
00:31:09,135 --> 00:31:11,503
STAFFERS, NOT BY SCIENTISTS OR
1040
00:31:11,503 --> 00:31:12,804
NUTRITIONISTS.
1041
00:31:12,804 --> 00:31:15,341
THEY WERE BASED THEN, THAT FIRST
1042
00:31:15,341 --> 00:31:17,543
SET, ON THE AS-YET UNPROVEN
1043
00:31:17,543 --> 00:31:19,778
THEORY THAT REDUCING DIETARY
1044
00:31:19,778 --> 00:31:22,248
FAT WOULD REDUCE HEART DISEASE,
1045
00:31:22,248 --> 00:31:24,683
DIABETES, AND OBESITY.
1046
00:31:24,683 --> 00:31:26,285
THEY DIRECTED AMERICANS TO
1047
00:31:26,285 --> 00:31:28,120
CONSUME LESS FAT, LESS SODIUM,
1048
00:31:28,120 --> 00:31:29,621
LESS SATURATED FAT, MORE
1049
00:31:29,621 --> 00:31:31,057
CARBOHYDRATE, AND THESE
1050
00:31:31,057 --> 00:31:32,824
RECOMMENDATIONS HAVE REMAINED
1051
00:31:32,824 --> 00:31:35,727
REMARKABLY CONSISTENT FOR 30
1052
00:31:35,727 --> 00:31:37,429
YEARS.
1053
00:31:37,429 --> 00:31:39,265
>> THEY COME RIGHT OUT AND THEY
1054
00:31:39,265 --> 00:31:40,933
ACTUALLY SAY VEGETARIAN FOR
1055
00:31:40,933 --> 00:31:42,401
KIND OF THE FIRST TIME.
1056
00:31:42,401 --> 00:31:44,003
IT'S EVEN MORE GRAIN, MORE
1057
00:31:44,003 --> 00:31:45,771
LEGUME-BASED, A DE-EMPHASIS IN
1058
00:31:45,771 --> 00:31:47,573
ANIMAL-BASED PROTEINS, WHICH,
1059
00:31:47,573 --> 00:31:49,441
FOR ME, IS ABSOLUTE MADNESS AND
1060
00:31:49,441 --> 00:31:51,310
IS DEFINITELY DRIVING THE TRAIN
1061
00:31:51,310 --> 00:31:52,611
IN THE WRONG DIRECTION.
1062
00:31:52,611 --> 00:31:56,782
AND IT'S FURTHER PROBLEMATIC
1063
00:31:56,782 --> 00:31:59,251
THAT THERE'S NO DISTINCTION MADE
1064
00:31:59,251 --> 00:32:01,253
WHEN THEY SAY PLANT-BASED
1065
00:32:01,253 --> 00:32:02,854
PROTEINS OR GRAINS.
1066
00:32:02,854 --> 00:32:05,457
A SNACKWELL OR A SIMILAR, LIKE,
1067
00:32:05,457 --> 00:32:07,926
HIGHLY REFINED, HIGH-FRUCTOSE
1068
00:32:07,926 --> 00:32:10,329
CONTAINING ITEM IS LUMPED IN
1069
00:32:10,329 --> 00:32:12,564
RIGHT ALONG WITH A BOWL OF
1070
00:32:12,564 --> 00:32:15,101
STEEL-CUT OATS OR PEARLED
1071
00:32:15,101 --> 00:32:16,135
BARLEY.
1072
00:32:16,135 --> 00:32:17,503
FEW PEOPLE ARE EATING THOSE
1073
00:32:17,503 --> 00:32:19,105
TYPES OF FOODS, THOUGH, AND EVEN
1074
00:32:19,105 --> 00:32:20,572
FOR ME, THOSE ARE NOT OPTIMUM
1075
00:32:20,572 --> 00:32:21,073
FOODS.
1076
00:32:21,073 --> 00:32:22,741
THOSE ARE MARGINAL FOR THE MOST
1077
00:32:22,741 --> 00:32:24,376
PART, WHICH MAKES ME SOUND LIKE
1078
00:32:24,376 --> 00:32:26,012
A CRAZY PERSON, BUT LET'S TAKE
1079
00:32:26,012 --> 00:32:27,513
THAT, THEN, FURTHER STEPS OF
1080
00:32:27,513 --> 00:32:29,181
REFINEMENT AND TAKE THAT
1081
00:32:29,181 --> 00:32:30,882
STEEL-CUT OAT AND MAKE IT
1082
00:32:30,882 --> 00:32:33,019
INSTANT OATS, WHICH WE KNOW THAT
1083
00:32:33,019 --> 00:32:34,220
THE GLYCEMIC AND
1084
00:32:34,220 --> 00:32:35,988
INSULIN-GENERATING EFFECTS
1085
00:32:35,988 --> 00:32:38,124
OF THAT TYPE OF FOOD ARE SO MUCH
1086
00:32:38,124 --> 00:32:39,958
MORE POWERFUL THAN THE LESS
1087
00:32:39,958 --> 00:32:41,160
PROCESSED FORMS.
1088
00:32:41,160 --> 00:32:44,030
IT'S SOMEWHAT DISHEARTENING.
1089
00:32:44,030 --> 00:32:45,964
>> I WENT TO A FARMER'S CO-OP IN
1090
00:32:45,964 --> 00:32:47,833
ARKANSAS ONCE AND WENT IN THERE
1091
00:32:47,833 --> 00:32:49,468
AND STARTED LOOKING AT THE
1092
00:32:49,468 --> 00:32:51,003
LABELS ON THE FEED BAGS.
1093
00:32:51,003 --> 00:32:52,604
AND THIS GUY COMES OVER, AND HE
1094
00:32:52,604 --> 00:32:54,206
ASKS ME IF HE COULD HELP ME AND
1095
00:32:54,206 --> 00:32:55,774
I TOLD HIM KIND OF WHAT I WAS
1096
00:32:55,774 --> 00:32:57,343
DOING AND THAT I WAS WRITING A
1097
00:32:57,343 --> 00:32:58,944
BOOK ON NUTRITION, AND I WANTED
1098
00:32:58,944 --> 00:33:00,279
TO SEE HOW YOU FATTENED UP
1099
00:33:00,279 --> 00:33:01,080
ANIMALS.
1100
00:33:01,080 --> 00:33:02,381
>> AND HE SAID, "WELL, YOU KNOW,
1101
00:33:02,381 --> 00:33:03,415
THE GUY THAT DOES THIS IS
1102
00:33:03,415 --> 00:33:03,915
UPSTAIRS.
1103
00:33:03,915 --> 00:33:05,117
LET ME TAKE YOU UP, AND HE CAN
1104
00:33:05,117 --> 00:33:05,751
TALK TO YOU."
1105
00:33:05,751 --> 00:33:06,985
SO WE GO UP, AND THE GUY PULLS
1106
00:33:06,985 --> 00:33:09,688
OUT HIS BOOK -- HIS MANUAL OF
1107
00:33:09,688 --> 00:33:11,290
ANIMAL FEEDING.
1108
00:33:11,290 --> 00:33:12,524
I THINK IT WAS CALLED -- HE
1109
00:33:12,524 --> 00:33:13,792
LOOKS DOWN THERE AND HE SAYS,
1110
00:33:13,792 --> 00:33:15,194
"YEAH, THIS IS WHERE WE COME UP
1111
00:33:15,194 --> 00:33:16,562
WITH OUR FORMULAS TO, YOU KNOW,
1112
00:33:16,562 --> 00:33:17,929
TO FATTEN COWS, TO FATTEN HOGS,
1113
00:33:17,929 --> 00:33:18,997
TO DO THIS, TO DO THAT."
1114
00:33:18,997 --> 00:33:20,866
AND SO HE MADE ME SOME COPIES OF
1115
00:33:20,866 --> 00:33:22,668
THESE THINGS, AND SO I TOOK THEM
1116
00:33:22,668 --> 00:33:24,436
HOME AND I RAN THEM THROUGH MY
1117
00:33:24,436 --> 00:33:26,272
NUTRITIONAL COMPUTER JUST TO SEE
1118
00:33:26,272 --> 00:33:27,339
HOW IT CAME OUT.
1119
00:33:27,339 --> 00:33:29,475
AND IT CAME OUT ALMOST TO THE
1120
00:33:29,475 --> 00:33:31,310
PERCENT EXACTLY WHAT THE
1121
00:33:31,310 --> 00:33:33,179
U.S.D.A. FOOD PYRAMID IS.
1122
00:33:33,179 --> 00:33:35,281
SO FARMERS BASICALLY USE THE
1123
00:33:35,281 --> 00:33:37,516
U.S.D.A. FOOD PYRAMID TO FATTEN
1124
00:33:37,516 --> 00:33:38,717
THEIR ANIMALS.
1125
00:33:38,717 --> 00:33:41,053
AND SO I REFER TO IT AS THE FEED
1126
00:33:41,053 --> 00:33:42,454
LOT PYRAMID.
1127
00:33:42,454 --> 00:33:43,989
>> NOW WITH INITIAL PREPARATIONS
1128
00:33:43,989 --> 00:33:45,491
COMPLETE, IT'S TIME TO START AT
1129
00:33:45,491 --> 00:33:47,025
THE BEGINNING OF HUMAN EVOLUTION
1130
00:33:47,025 --> 00:33:48,894
TO SEE WHERE IT LEADS US.
1131
00:33:48,894 --> 00:33:49,795
I TRAVELED TO THE
1132
00:33:49,795 --> 00:33:51,029
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO IN
1133
00:33:51,029 --> 00:33:52,264
FORT COLLINS TO MEET WITH
1134
00:33:52,264 --> 00:33:53,599
AMERICA'S LEADING EXPERT IN
1135
00:33:53,599 --> 00:33:55,267
EVOLUTIONARY NUTRITION.
1136
00:33:55,267 --> 00:33:57,103
PROFESSOR LOREN CORDAIN.
1137
00:33:57,103 --> 00:33:58,437
>> THE EVOLUTION BY NATURAL
1138
00:33:58,437 --> 00:33:59,871
SELECTION IS THE MOST POWERFUL
1139
00:33:59,871 --> 00:34:01,207
IDEA IN ALL OF MEDICINE AND
1140
00:34:01,207 --> 00:34:01,873
BIOLOGY.
1141
00:34:01,873 --> 00:34:03,709
IT'S ONLY BEEN WITHIN THE LAST
1142
00:34:03,709 --> 00:34:05,644
DECADE, MAYBE 15 YEARS, THAT THE
1143
00:34:05,644 --> 00:34:07,246
SCIENTIFIC AND NUTRITIONAL
1144
00:34:07,246 --> 00:34:09,014
COMMUNITIES HAVE BECOME AWARE
1145
00:34:09,014 --> 00:34:10,782
THAT, INDEED, OUR NUTRITIONAL
1146
00:34:10,782 --> 00:34:12,618
REQUIREMENTS ARE SHAPED BY OUR
1147
00:34:12,618 --> 00:34:13,619
EVOLUTION.
1148
00:34:13,619 --> 00:34:16,255
PROBABLY ABOUT 1987, I READ THE
1149
00:34:16,255 --> 00:34:18,924
CLASSIC PAPER BY DR. BOYD EATON
1150
00:34:18,924 --> 00:34:20,326
FROM EMORY UNIVERSITY CALLED
1151
00:34:20,326 --> 00:34:21,860
"PALEOLITHIC NUTRITION" THAT WAS
1152
00:34:21,860 --> 00:34:23,262
PUBLISHED IN THE NEW ENGLAND
1153
00:34:23,262 --> 00:34:24,330
JOURNAL OF MEDICINE.
1154
00:34:24,330 --> 00:34:25,864
AND I THOUGHT THAT WAS ABOUT THE
1155
00:34:25,864 --> 00:34:27,366
BEST IDEA I'D EVER HEARD OF IN
1156
00:34:27,366 --> 00:34:27,899
MY LIFE.
1157
00:34:27,899 --> 00:34:30,269
AND BEING SOMEWHAT OF A
1158
00:34:30,269 --> 00:34:33,372
OBSESSIVE PERSONALITY, I DECIDED
1159
00:34:33,372 --> 00:34:35,174
TO FOLLOW UP ON THIS.
1160
00:34:35,174 --> 00:34:36,742
AND AFTER I READ THE ARTICLE, I
1161
00:34:36,742 --> 00:34:38,277
WENT OUT, AND THERE WERE 60 OR
1162
00:34:38,277 --> 00:34:39,778
70 REFERENCES TO THE ARTICLE.
1163
00:34:39,778 --> 00:34:41,347
I WENT OUT AND GOT EVERY ONE OF
1164
00:34:41,347 --> 00:34:42,914
THOSE, AND I READ EVERY ONE OF
1165
00:34:42,914 --> 00:34:43,382
THOSE.
1166
00:34:43,382 --> 00:34:44,850
AND IF YOU'RE A SCIENTIST, YOU
1167
00:34:44,850 --> 00:34:46,318
REALIZE THAT EVERY ARTICLE HAS
1168
00:34:46,318 --> 00:34:47,753
REFERENCES, AND YOU BASICALLY
1169
00:34:47,753 --> 00:34:49,321
CAN REFERENCE EVERY PAPER THAT'S
1170
00:34:49,321 --> 00:34:51,157
EVER BEEN PUBLISHED EVER.
1171
00:34:51,157 --> 00:34:53,259
AND SO I STARTED TO READ THESE
1172
00:34:53,259 --> 00:34:55,461
ARTICLES, AND I STARTED TO PUT
1173
00:34:55,461 --> 00:34:56,595
THEM IN PILES.
1174
00:34:56,595 --> 00:34:58,497
THEY STARTED TO FORM THESE
1175
00:34:58,497 --> 00:35:00,566
PATTERNS, LIKE MILK, PROBLEMS
1176
00:35:00,566 --> 00:35:02,568
WITH DRINKING MILK, PROBLEMS
1177
00:35:02,568 --> 00:35:04,570
WITH EATING GRAINS, PROBLEMS
1178
00:35:04,570 --> 00:35:06,405
WITH VEGETABLE OIL, AND SO
1179
00:35:06,405 --> 00:35:07,072
FORTH.
1180
00:35:07,072 --> 00:35:10,176
THEN, I STARTED TO FILE THEM AND
1181
00:35:10,176 --> 00:35:11,843
YOU SEE THESE FILING CABINETS
1182
00:35:11,843 --> 00:35:12,511
IN HERE.
1183
00:35:12,511 --> 00:35:14,180
I NOW PROBABLY HAVE 10 OR 15,
1184
00:35:14,180 --> 00:35:15,981
20,000 SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES, AND
1185
00:35:15,981 --> 00:35:17,783
THEY STARTED TO FORM SUBPATTERNS
1186
00:35:17,783 --> 00:35:19,618
AND HAVE PATTERNS IN BLAH, BLAH,
1187
00:35:19,618 --> 00:35:20,419
BLAH, BLAH.
1188
00:35:20,419 --> 00:35:22,020
AND SO I STARTED TO GET THIS
1189
00:35:22,020 --> 00:35:23,655
INSIGHT INTO THE WHOLE THING,
1190
00:35:23,655 --> 00:35:25,391
AND ONE OF THE DAYS, FINALLY IN
1191
00:35:25,391 --> 00:35:26,958
THE EARLY '90s, I GOT UP THE
1192
00:35:26,958 --> 00:35:28,494
COURAGE TO CALL BOYD EATON,
1193
00:35:28,494 --> 00:35:30,196
'CAUSE HE WAS KIND OF MY HERO.
1194
00:35:30,196 --> 00:35:32,164
CALLED HIM UP ON THE TELEPHONE,
1195
00:35:32,164 --> 00:35:34,065
AND I VERY -- HE'S A GENTLEMAN
1196
00:35:34,065 --> 00:35:35,901
BY THE TRUE SENSE OF THE WORD
1197
00:35:35,901 --> 00:35:37,536
"GENTLEMAN" -- AND HE, OF
1198
00:35:37,536 --> 00:35:39,471
COURSE, ENTERTAINED A TELEPHONE
1199
00:35:39,471 --> 00:35:41,240
CONVERSATION FROM A COMPLETE
1200
00:35:41,240 --> 00:35:43,141
STRANGER FOR ABOUT 45 MINUTES.
1201
00:35:43,141 --> 00:35:44,109
AND AT THE END OF THE
1202
00:35:44,109 --> 00:35:45,377
CONVERSATION, HE GOES, "WELL,
1203
00:35:45,377 --> 00:35:46,745
SOUNDS TO ME LIKE YOU KNOW MORE
1204
00:35:46,745 --> 00:35:47,746
ABOUT THIS THAN I DO."
1205
00:35:47,746 --> 00:35:49,348
>> TO BETTER ILLUSTRATE THE
1206
00:35:49,348 --> 00:35:50,749
CONCEPT OF EVOLUTIONARY
1207
00:35:50,749 --> 00:35:52,418
NUTRITION, PROFESSOR CORDAIN
1208
00:35:52,418 --> 00:35:54,085
TOOK ME DOWN TO THE FOOTBALL
1209
00:35:54,085 --> 00:35:55,754
FIELD TO GIVE HUMAN DIETARY
1210
00:35:55,754 --> 00:35:57,356
EVOLUTION A SENSE OF SCALE.
1211
00:35:57,356 --> 00:35:59,591
>> TWO MILLION YEARS AGO WAS THE
1212
00:35:59,591 --> 00:36:01,460
VERY FIRST APPEARANCE OF A
1213
00:36:01,460 --> 00:36:03,595
MEMBER -- ONE OF OUR ANCESTORS
1214
00:36:03,595 --> 00:36:05,096
CALLED HOMO ERECTUS.
1215
00:36:05,096 --> 00:36:07,333
AND SO WE BELIEVE THAT THIS IS
1216
00:36:07,333 --> 00:36:09,501
THE FIRST MEMBER OF THE HUMAN
1217
00:36:09,501 --> 00:36:11,870
GENUS "HOMO," WHICH MEANS "MAN."
1218
00:36:11,870 --> 00:36:13,872
AND WE BELIEVE THAT THIS IS A
1219
00:36:13,872 --> 00:36:16,007
CRUCIAL STEP IN THE EVOLUTION OF
1220
00:36:16,007 --> 00:36:17,809
THE HUMAN DIET, SO THIS IS
1221
00:36:17,809 --> 00:36:19,678
BASICALLY THE STARTING POINT,
1222
00:36:19,678 --> 00:36:21,580
AND WE CAN GO BACK 1/2 MILLION
1223
00:36:21,580 --> 00:36:23,482
YEARS EARLIER, AND THAT'S WHEN
1224
00:36:23,482 --> 00:36:25,517
THE FIRST STONE TOOLS WERE MADE.
1225
00:36:25,517 --> 00:36:27,353
BUT THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF
1226
00:36:27,353 --> 00:36:29,321
PEOPLE THAT WERE ANATOMICALLY
1227
00:36:29,321 --> 00:36:31,457
VERY SIMILAR TO US FROM THE HEAD
1228
00:36:31,457 --> 00:36:33,425
DOWN STARTS ABOUT TWO MILLION
1229
00:36:33,425 --> 00:36:34,960
YEARS AGO.
1230
00:36:35,927 --> 00:36:37,329
>> THEN HOMO ERECTUS LEAVES
1231
00:36:37,329 --> 00:36:41,166
AFRICA AND CROSSES INTO EUROPE.
1232
00:36:41,166 --> 00:36:42,601
WE FIND HOMO ERECTUS FOR THE
1233
00:36:42,601 --> 00:36:44,035
FIRST TIME IN A PLACE CALLED
1234
00:36:44,035 --> 00:36:45,070
DMANISI.
1235
00:36:45,070 --> 00:36:48,073
DMANISI IS DATED TO ABOUT 1.7 TO
1236
00:36:48,073 --> 00:36:50,442
1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO.
1237
00:36:50,442 --> 00:36:52,544
>> THIS IS THE FIRST TIME WE SEE
1238
00:36:52,544 --> 00:36:54,112
HOMO ERECTUS MOVING TO
1239
00:36:54,112 --> 00:36:55,947
40 DEGREES NORTH LATITUDE.
1240
00:36:55,947 --> 00:36:57,549
NOW, THE CRUCIAL IDEA AT
1241
00:36:57,549 --> 00:36:59,385
40 DEGREES NORTH LATITUDE IS
1242
00:36:59,385 --> 00:37:01,019
THAT PLANT FOODS ARE NOT
1243
00:37:01,019 --> 00:37:02,854
AVAILABLE ALL YEAR ROUND, SO
1244
00:37:02,854 --> 00:37:04,790
THERE'S A NUMBER OF MONTHS OUT
1245
00:37:04,790 --> 00:37:06,858
OF THE YEAR WHEN THERE'S NOTHING
1246
00:37:06,858 --> 00:37:08,460
TO EAT BUT ANIMAL FOODS.
1247
00:37:08,460 --> 00:37:10,362
AFTER WE PICK UP THE FOSSIL
1248
00:37:10,362 --> 00:37:12,564
RECORD FROM DMANISI AND GEORGIA,
1249
00:37:12,564 --> 00:37:14,300
THE HOMO ERECTUS SPREADS
1250
00:37:14,300 --> 00:37:16,535
THROUGHOUT THE REST OF ASIA, AND
1251
00:37:16,535 --> 00:37:18,670
THEY GO EAST TO A SITE IN CHINA
1252
00:37:18,670 --> 00:37:20,772
ROUGHLY 1.65 MILLION YEARS AGO.
1253
00:37:20,772 --> 00:37:22,240
AND THEY SPREAD ALL THROUGHOUT
1254
00:37:22,240 --> 00:37:23,575
ASIA UP TO ABOUT 40 DEGREES
1255
00:37:23,575 --> 00:37:24,776
NORTH LATITUDE, BUT THEY
1256
00:37:24,776 --> 00:37:26,111
COULDN'T CRACK MUCH HIGHER
1257
00:37:26,111 --> 00:37:27,646
LATITUDES THAN THAT BECAUSE THEY
1258
00:37:27,646 --> 00:37:29,214
PROBABLY HADN'T MASTERED FIRE BY
1259
00:37:29,214 --> 00:37:29,848
THAT TIME.
1260
00:37:29,848 --> 00:37:30,316
>> AH.
1261
00:37:30,316 --> 00:37:32,351
>> THEN, WE HAVE HOMO SPREADING
1262
00:37:32,351 --> 00:37:34,219
FROM SOUTHERN EUROPE ON INTO
1263
00:37:34,219 --> 00:37:36,221
NORTHERN EUROPE, AND WE CAN GO
1264
00:37:36,221 --> 00:37:38,089
TO BOXGROVE IN ENGLAND ABOUT
1265
00:37:38,089 --> 00:37:40,326
500,000 YEARS AGO BETWEEN
1266
00:37:40,326 --> 00:37:41,593
400,000 AND 500,000 YEARS AGO
1267
00:37:41,593 --> 00:37:42,761
WHERE WE COULD PICK UP THE
1268
00:37:42,761 --> 00:37:44,563
FOSSIL RECORD THERE.
1269
00:37:44,563 --> 00:37:46,131
>> BOXGROVE REVEALED A RICH
1270
00:37:46,131 --> 00:37:47,599
FOSSIL RECORD OF BIG-GAME
1271
00:37:47,599 --> 00:37:49,267
ANIMALS AND THE BUTCHERING OF
1272
00:37:49,267 --> 00:37:50,936
LARGE HERBIVORES, INCLUDING A
1273
00:37:50,936 --> 00:37:51,703
RHINOCEROS.
1274
00:37:51,703 --> 00:37:53,539
ANOTHER FAMOUS EUROPEAN SITE IS
1275
00:37:53,539 --> 00:37:55,474
IN SCHONIGEN, GERMANY, DATED TO
1276
00:37:55,474 --> 00:37:57,443
400,000 YEARS AGO WHERE A SERIES
1277
00:37:57,443 --> 00:37:59,277
OF WOODEN THROWING SPEARS WERE
1278
00:37:59,277 --> 00:37:59,878
FOUND.
1279
00:37:59,878 --> 00:38:01,012
RADIOCARBON DATING HAS
1280
00:38:01,012 --> 00:38:02,381
CONFIRMED THAT THREE OF THE
1281
00:38:02,381 --> 00:38:03,949
WOODEN SPEARS FOUND THERE ARE
1282
00:38:03,949 --> 00:38:05,451
THE OLDEST COMPLETE HUNTING
1283
00:38:05,451 --> 00:38:06,552
WEAPONS EVER FOUND.
1284
00:38:06,552 --> 00:38:08,253
THEY WERE FOUND WITH MORE THAN
1285
00:38:08,253 --> 00:38:10,055
10,000 ANIMAL BONES, MOSTLY FROM
1286
00:38:10,055 --> 00:38:11,890
HORSES, INCLUDING MANY THAT WERE
1287
00:38:11,890 --> 00:38:13,392
BUTCHERED FOR EDIBLE MEAT.
1288
00:38:13,392 --> 00:38:15,527
THEN, AT ABOUT 230,000 YEARS
1289
00:38:15,527 --> 00:38:17,729
AGO, WE FIRST SEE EVIDENCE OF
1290
00:38:17,729 --> 00:38:19,565
NEANDERTHALS IN EUROPE.
1291
00:38:19,565 --> 00:38:21,132
AND THE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT
1292
00:38:21,132 --> 00:38:22,534
LIKE EARLY HOMO, THEY WERE
1293
00:38:22,534 --> 00:38:24,002
HIGHLY DEPENDENT UPON ANIMAL
1294
00:38:24,002 --> 00:38:24,503
FOODS.
1295
00:38:24,503 --> 00:38:26,372
>> AS OUR BRAIN SIZE INCREASED,
1296
00:38:26,372 --> 00:38:28,139
OUR BEHAVIORAL SOPHISTICATION
1297
00:38:28,139 --> 00:38:29,808
ALSO INCREASED, AND WE WERE
1298
00:38:29,808 --> 00:38:32,077
BETTER ABLE TO HUNT ANIMAL FOOD.
1299
00:38:32,077 --> 00:38:33,278
WE WEREN'T DEPENDENT UPON
1300
00:38:33,278 --> 00:38:33,912
SCAVENGING.
1301
00:38:33,912 --> 00:38:35,414
SO MORE AND MORE OF THE FOSSIL
1302
00:38:35,414 --> 00:38:36,982
EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT MORE AND
1303
00:38:36,982 --> 00:38:38,584
MORE ANIMAL FOOD WAS INCLUDED IN
1304
00:38:38,584 --> 00:38:39,385
THE DIET.
1305
00:38:39,385 --> 00:38:41,487
IT TAKES A DEGREE OF BEHAVIORAL
1306
00:38:41,487 --> 00:38:43,422
SOPHISTICATION TO BE ABLE TO
1307
00:38:43,422 --> 00:38:45,557
MAKE A SHARP STONE STICK TO THE
1308
00:38:45,557 --> 00:38:46,725
END OF A SPEAR.
1309
00:38:46,725 --> 00:38:48,126
>> NOW, DID DIET HAVE ANYTHING
1310
00:38:48,126 --> 00:38:49,528
TO DO WITH OUR SOPHISTICATION?
1311
00:38:49,528 --> 00:38:50,929
>> WE BELIVE THAT IT DOES.
1312
00:38:50,929 --> 00:38:52,598
WE BELIEVE THAT INCREASINGLY, WE
1313
00:38:52,598 --> 00:38:54,199
STARTED TO INCLUDE MORE OMEGA-3
1314
00:38:54,199 --> 00:38:55,701
FATTY ACIDS IN OUR DIET.
1315
00:38:55,701 --> 00:38:57,603
WE BELIEVE THAT AS WE BECAME
1316
00:38:57,603 --> 00:38:59,371
MORE AND MORE DEPENDENT ON
1317
00:38:59,371 --> 00:39:01,407
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS, THAT ALSO
1318
00:39:01,407 --> 00:39:03,241
FACILITATED INCREASED BRAIN
1319
00:39:03,241 --> 00:39:05,143
GROWTH, INCREASED BEHAVIORAL
1320
00:39:05,143 --> 00:39:06,111
SOPHISTICATION.
1321
00:39:06,111 --> 00:39:07,879
>> SO BY FOLLOWING THIS DIETARY
1322
00:39:07,879 --> 00:39:09,448
PATH HERE, WE WERE GETTING
1323
00:39:09,448 --> 00:39:11,082
SMARTER AND, YOU KNOW, MORE
1324
00:39:11,082 --> 00:39:12,951
SOPHISTICATED AND BETTER ABLE TO
1325
00:39:12,951 --> 00:39:14,386
SURVIVE AND TAKE CARE OF
1326
00:39:14,386 --> 00:39:15,153
OURSELVES.
1327
00:39:15,153 --> 00:39:15,987
>> LITERALLY.
1328
00:39:15,987 --> 00:39:17,723
THE EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN BRAIN
1329
00:39:17,723 --> 00:39:19,425
WAS DEPENDENT UPON ANIMAL FOODS.
1330
00:39:19,425 --> 00:39:20,959
WE WOULD NOT BE SITTING HERE
1331
00:39:20,959 --> 00:39:22,628
SPEAKING TO ONE ANOTHER HAD NOT
1332
00:39:22,628 --> 00:39:24,029
THOSE GUYS WAY BACK THERE
1333
00:39:24,029 --> 00:39:25,897
STARTED TO EAT ANIMAL FOODS.
1334
00:39:25,897 --> 00:39:27,198
>> SO, AS I UNDERSTAND IT, THEN,
1335
00:39:27,198 --> 00:39:28,266
RIGHT NEXT DOOR IS ANOTHER
1336
00:39:28,266 --> 00:39:29,300
CRITICAL TIME IN HISTORY.
1337
00:39:29,300 --> 00:39:31,169
>> THAT'S ABSOLUTELY RIGHT.
1338
00:39:31,169 --> 00:39:33,171
192,000 YEARS AGO, IN AFRICA,
1339
00:39:33,171 --> 00:39:35,240
FOR THE VERY FIRST TIME, WE SEE
1340
00:39:35,240 --> 00:39:37,075
ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS
1341
00:39:37,075 --> 00:39:37,943
APPEARING.
1342
00:39:37,943 --> 00:39:39,611
192,000 YEARS AGO.
1343
00:39:39,611 --> 00:39:41,312
>> SO THE NEXT STOP ALONG THE
1344
00:39:41,312 --> 00:39:43,048
LINE IS WHEN THINGS REALLY TOOK
1345
00:39:43,048 --> 00:39:44,382
A BIG HIT.
1346
00:39:44,382 --> 00:39:45,584
>> WELL, THAT'S RIGHT.
1347
00:39:45,584 --> 00:39:47,085
WHEN WE LOOK AT ANATOMICALLY
1348
00:39:47,085 --> 00:39:48,754
MODERN HUMANS, THEY LEFT AFRICA,
1349
00:39:48,754 --> 00:39:50,656
PERHAPS, GIVE OR TAKE, 20,000
1350
00:39:50,656 --> 00:39:54,092
YEARS BY ABOUT 70,000 YEARS AGO,
1351
00:39:54,092 --> 00:39:55,193
AND THEY HEADED EAST AGAIN.
1352
00:39:55,193 --> 00:39:57,429
THEY WENT TOWARDS AUSTRALIA.
1353
00:39:57,429 --> 00:39:59,731
SO ABOUT 45,000 YEARS AGO, WE
1354
00:39:59,731 --> 00:40:02,233
THINK ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS
1355
00:40:02,233 --> 00:40:02,934
ENTERED EUROPE.
1356
00:40:02,934 --> 00:40:04,135
AND WE ALSO BELIEVE THAT THEY
1357
00:40:04,135 --> 00:40:05,437
WERE BEHAVIORALLY MODERN BY THAT
1358
00:40:05,437 --> 00:40:05,771
TIME.
1359
00:40:05,771 --> 00:40:07,272
WE BELIEVE THAT THEY HAD FULL
1360
00:40:07,272 --> 00:40:08,373
CAPACITY FOR SPEECH.
1361
00:40:08,373 --> 00:40:09,808
WE SEE SOPHISTICATION IN THE
1362
00:40:09,808 --> 00:40:10,676
TOOLMAKING.
1363
00:40:10,676 --> 00:40:12,711
WE SEE ART, WE SEE BURYING OF
1364
00:40:12,711 --> 00:40:14,412
THE DEAD, WE SEE MUSICAL
1365
00:40:14,412 --> 00:40:16,114
INSTRUMENTS, WE SEE CAVE
1366
00:40:16,114 --> 00:40:17,015
PAINTINGS.
1367
00:40:17,015 --> 00:40:17,549
>> WOW.
1368
00:40:17,549 --> 00:40:18,083
>> YES.
1369
00:40:18,083 --> 00:40:19,551
AND SO WE ACTUALLY -- THERE'S
1370
00:40:19,551 --> 00:40:21,152
FAMOUS CAVE PAINTINGS IN EUROPE
1371
00:40:21,152 --> 00:40:22,554
WHERE WE ACTUALLY SEE THESE
1372
00:40:22,554 --> 00:40:24,590
HUMANS HUNTING WILD ANIMALS.
1373
00:40:24,590 --> 00:40:25,591
>> THAT'S IN FRANCE.
1374
00:40:25,591 --> 00:40:26,892
>> IN FRANCE. THAT'S RIGHT.
1375
00:40:26,892 --> 00:40:27,292
YEAH.
1376
00:40:27,292 --> 00:40:29,427
LET'S SHUFFLE FORWARD TO ABOUT
1377
00:40:29,427 --> 00:40:31,563
10,000 YEARS AGO, WHICH IS THE
1378
00:40:31,563 --> 00:40:33,431
HALF-YARD LINE.
1379
00:40:33,431 --> 00:40:34,633
>> THE HALF-YARD LINE?
1380
00:40:34,633 --> 00:40:36,201
>> THE HALF-YARD LINE, INDEED.
1381
00:40:36,201 --> 00:40:37,569
THAT WAS 10,000 YEARS AGO.
1382
00:40:37,569 --> 00:40:38,737
NOW, THAT SEEMS TO BE
1383
00:40:38,737 --> 00:40:40,305
HISTORICALLY REMOTE, BUT ON AN
1384
00:40:40,305 --> 00:40:41,907
EVOLUTIONARY BASIS, IT'S A DROP
1385
00:40:41,907 --> 00:40:43,208
IN THE BUCKET, ISN'T IT?
1386
00:40:43,208 --> 00:40:46,077
LET'S SHUFFLE ON UP THERE.
1387
00:40:49,481 --> 00:40:52,050
>> AND WE LOOK BACK, AND THAT'S
1388
00:40:52,050 --> 00:40:53,218
A LONG WAY.
1389
00:40:53,218 --> 00:40:54,986
FROM THAT POINT UNTIL HERE,
1390
00:40:54,986 --> 00:40:57,022
EVERY HUMAN BEING ON THE PLANET
1391
00:40:57,022 --> 00:40:58,790
ATE WILD, PLANT, AND ANIMAL
1392
00:40:58,790 --> 00:41:00,726
FOODS THAT THEY EITHER HUNT OR
1393
00:41:00,726 --> 00:41:01,392
GATHER.
1394
00:41:01,392 --> 00:41:03,762
FROM THAT POINT TO HERE, NOBODY
1395
00:41:03,762 --> 00:41:05,697
DRANK MILK OR ATE GRAIN.
1396
00:41:05,697 --> 00:41:08,066
>> SO, FOR THE FIRST TIME, WE
1397
00:41:08,066 --> 00:41:10,268
SEE HUMANS EATING DAIRY AND
1398
00:41:10,268 --> 00:41:11,537
WHEAT, AND THEN THERE WAS
1399
00:41:11,537 --> 00:41:12,938
ANOTHER BIG CHANGE WITH THAT,
1400
00:41:12,938 --> 00:41:13,404
RIGHT?
1401
00:41:13,404 --> 00:41:14,239
>> THAT'S RIGHT.
1402
00:41:14,239 --> 00:41:15,674
WITH THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION,
1403
00:41:15,674 --> 00:41:17,042
WE STARTED TO INCLUDE REFINED
1404
00:41:17,042 --> 00:41:18,309
SUGARS, REFINED GRAINS, AND
1405
00:41:18,309 --> 00:41:19,511
MIXTURES OF THESE REFINED
1406
00:41:19,511 --> 00:41:20,946
SUGARS, REFINED GRAINS, REFINED
1407
00:41:20,946 --> 00:41:21,346
OILS.
1408
00:41:21,346 --> 00:41:22,714
WE CALL THEM PROCESSED FOODS.
1409
00:41:22,714 --> 00:41:24,115
THESE ARE THE UBIQUITOUS FOODS
1410
00:41:24,115 --> 00:41:25,416
IN THE TYPICAL AMERICAN DIET
1411
00:41:25,416 --> 00:41:26,818
THAT COMPRISE MORE THAN 70% OF
1412
00:41:26,818 --> 00:41:28,086
THE AVERAGE CALORIES IN THE
1413
00:41:28,086 --> 00:41:28,854
AMERICAN DIET.
1414
00:41:28,854 --> 00:41:29,588
>> RIGHT NOW?
1415
00:41:29,588 --> 00:41:30,321
>> RIGHT NOW.
1416
00:41:30,321 --> 00:41:31,790
>> 70% OF EVERYTHING THAT WE EAT
1417
00:41:31,790 --> 00:41:33,024
STEMS FROM THE INDUSTRIAL
1418
00:41:33,024 --> 00:41:34,025
PERIOD, ESSENTIALLY?
1419
00:41:34,025 --> 00:41:35,260
>> THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
1420
00:41:35,260 --> 00:41:35,827
FORWARD.
1421
00:41:35,827 --> 00:41:37,295
AND ACTUALLY, PROCESSED FOODS
1422
00:41:37,295 --> 00:41:38,764
REALLY DIDN'T GET GOING UNTIL
1423
00:41:38,764 --> 00:41:40,866
ABOUT 1900, 1920, SO LET'S GO
1424
00:41:40,866 --> 00:41:43,001
DOWN TO THAT POINT HERE ON OUR
1425
00:41:43,001 --> 00:41:44,803
EVOLUTIONARY TIME SCALE.
1426
00:41:44,803 --> 00:41:47,706
AND LET ME POINT DOWN HERE TO
1427
00:41:47,706 --> 00:41:48,574
THIS.
1428
00:41:48,574 --> 00:41:51,476
IF WE TAKE A LOOK AT THE LAST
1429
00:41:51,476 --> 00:41:53,879
FIFTH OF THE LAST INCH...
1430
00:41:53,879 --> 00:41:55,413
>> RIGHT IN FRONT OF YOUR
1431
00:41:55,413 --> 00:41:56,214
FINGERNAIL.
1432
00:41:56,214 --> 00:41:57,583
>> RIGHT IN FRONT OF MY
1433
00:41:57,583 --> 00:41:58,383
FINGERNAIL.
1434
00:41:58,383 --> 00:42:00,118
THE LAST FIFTH OF THE LAST INCH
1435
00:42:00,118 --> 00:42:01,687
OF THIS ENTIRE EVOLUTIONARY
1436
00:42:01,687 --> 00:42:03,454
TIME SCALE, THAT'S WHEN HUMANITY
1437
00:42:03,454 --> 00:42:04,990
STARTED TO GENERALLY EAT
1438
00:42:04,990 --> 00:42:06,091
PROCESSED FOODS.
1439
00:42:06,091 --> 00:42:07,058
NOW, TELL ME.
1440
00:42:07,058 --> 00:42:08,827
MY GOD, WHEN YOU LOOK BACK AT
1441
00:42:08,827 --> 00:42:10,796
THAT DISTANCE TO HERE, IS IT ANY
1442
00:42:10,796 --> 00:42:12,363
WONDER THAT WE ARE HAVING
1443
00:42:12,363 --> 00:42:13,799
TROUBLE WITH OUR DIET?
1444
00:42:13,799 --> 00:42:15,734
WE ARE SO FAR OFF BASE FROM WHAT
1445
00:42:15,734 --> 00:42:17,669
WE ARE GENETICALLY PROGRAMMED TO
1446
00:42:17,669 --> 00:42:18,136
EAT.
1447
00:42:18,136 --> 00:42:19,571
>> THE SECOND LEG OF OUR SEARCH
1448
00:42:19,571 --> 00:42:21,039
TAKES US TO NEW YORK CITY FOR US
1449
00:42:21,039 --> 00:42:21,873
TO MEET WITH THE
1450
00:42:21,873 --> 00:42:22,808
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF
1451
00:42:22,808 --> 00:42:23,675
NATURAL HISTORY'S
1452
00:42:23,675 --> 00:42:25,644
GARY J. SAWYER, PHYSICAL
1453
00:42:25,644 --> 00:42:26,978
ANTHROPOLOGIST.
1454
00:42:26,978 --> 00:42:28,446
SAWYER SPECIALIZES IN THE
1455
00:42:28,446 --> 00:42:30,148
FORENSIC RECONSTRUCTION OF OUR
1456
00:42:30,148 --> 00:42:31,850
EXTINCT RELATIVES BASED ON THE
1457
00:42:31,850 --> 00:42:33,418
MOST UP-TO-DATE EVIDENCE OF
1458
00:42:33,418 --> 00:42:35,787
WHERE AND HOW OUR ANCESTORS
1459
00:42:35,787 --> 00:42:36,622
LIVED.
1460
00:42:36,622 --> 00:42:39,791
>> WE DO NOT KNOW HOW TO EAT
1461
00:42:39,791 --> 00:42:41,126
PROPERLY.
1462
00:42:41,126 --> 00:42:43,194
WE FEED OURSELVES, BUT WE FAIL
1463
00:42:43,194 --> 00:42:45,163
TO GIVE OURSELVES THE PROPER
1464
00:42:45,163 --> 00:42:46,064
NUTRITION.
1465
00:42:46,064 --> 00:42:47,999
AND AFTER A WHILE, IT BECOMES
1466
00:42:47,999 --> 00:42:50,035
CUMULATIVE, AND THAT'S WHEN WE
1467
00:42:50,035 --> 00:42:52,037
START DEVELOPING DEGENERATIVE
1468
00:42:52,037 --> 00:42:53,639
DISEASES.
1469
00:42:53,639 --> 00:42:55,073
I'D LIKE TO WELCOME YOU TO THE
1470
00:42:55,073 --> 00:42:56,207
HALL OF HUMAN ORIGINS.
1471
00:42:56,207 --> 00:42:57,643
WE'RE GONNA TAKE A BIG LEAP IN
1472
00:42:57,643 --> 00:43:00,211
TIME NOW INTO WHAT WE CALL THE
1473
00:43:00,211 --> 00:43:02,280
VERY EARLY PALEOLITHIC.
1474
00:43:02,280 --> 00:43:03,448
IF YOU'LL FOLLOW ME OVER THIS
1475
00:43:03,448 --> 00:43:04,683
WAY, I'LL BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN IT
1476
00:43:04,683 --> 00:43:05,083
TO YOU.
1477
00:43:05,083 --> 00:43:06,551
>> GREAT.
1478
00:43:08,720 --> 00:43:10,355
>> WE'RE NOW 2 MILLION YEARS
1479
00:43:10,355 --> 00:43:11,289
INTO THE PAST.
1480
00:43:11,289 --> 00:43:13,391
WHAT I'D LIKE TO POINT OUT IS
1481
00:43:13,391 --> 00:43:15,360
THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE THESE
1482
00:43:15,360 --> 00:43:16,494
PEOPLE LIVED.
1483
00:43:16,494 --> 00:43:18,596
ALL OPEN GRASSLAND -- WHAT WE
1484
00:43:18,596 --> 00:43:19,698
CALL SAVANNA.
1485
00:43:19,698 --> 00:43:21,800
THERE'S TREES IN THE BACKGROUND,
1486
00:43:21,800 --> 00:43:23,468
BUT IT'S VERY OPEN, VERY
1487
00:43:23,468 --> 00:43:25,403
DANGEROUS TERRITORY FOR THEM.
1488
00:43:25,403 --> 00:43:26,705
>> SO WHEN WE HEAR THAT THE
1489
00:43:26,705 --> 00:43:28,206
EARLIEST MODERN HUMANS CAME FROM
1490
00:43:28,206 --> 00:43:29,407
AFRICA AND CAME FROM THE
1491
00:43:29,407 --> 00:43:30,341
SAVANNA, THIS IS A
1492
00:43:30,341 --> 00:43:31,476
REPRESENTATION OF THAT?
1493
00:43:31,476 --> 00:43:33,011
>> THIS IS AN EXCELLENT
1494
00:43:33,011 --> 00:43:34,112
REPRESENTATION.
1495
00:43:34,112 --> 00:43:35,981
WHAT I'D LIKE, NOW, TO DO IS
1496
00:43:35,981 --> 00:43:37,315
SHOW YOU SOMETHING.
1497
00:43:37,315 --> 00:43:38,583
>> LOOK AT THAT.
1498
00:43:38,583 --> 00:43:39,617
>> ALL RIGHT.
1499
00:43:39,617 --> 00:43:41,486
THIS IS A FOSSILIZED SKULL,
1500
00:43:41,486 --> 00:43:43,421
APPROXIMATELY 2 MILLION YEARS
1501
00:43:43,421 --> 00:43:46,692
OLD...IN EXCELLENT CONDITION.
1502
00:43:46,692 --> 00:43:51,963
TO FIND A SPECIMEN LIKE THIS SO
1503
00:43:51,963 --> 00:43:54,199
PERFECTLY PRESERVED -- THESE
1504
00:43:54,199 --> 00:43:56,567
PEOPLE WERE NOW BECOMING MORE
1505
00:43:56,567 --> 00:43:58,804
AND MORE MEAT EATERS, AND WE
1506
00:43:58,804 --> 00:44:01,272
FEEL THAT THIS HAD A GREAT DEAL
1507
00:44:01,272 --> 00:44:03,441
TO DO WITH EXPANSION OF THE
1508
00:44:03,441 --> 00:44:04,175
BRAIN.
1509
00:44:04,175 --> 00:44:06,644
OUR BODIES EVOLVED THE WAY THEY
1510
00:44:06,644 --> 00:44:08,079
ARE NOW QUICKLY.
1511
00:44:08,079 --> 00:44:10,548
OUR BRAIN, HOWEVER, TOOK AWHILE
1512
00:44:10,548 --> 00:44:11,717
TO CATCH UP.
1513
00:44:11,717 --> 00:44:13,952
HOWEVER, WITH A HIGH-PROTEIN
1514
00:44:13,952 --> 00:44:16,421
DIET -- THAT'S WHAT THEY HAD --
1515
00:44:16,421 --> 00:44:18,589
THAT WAS THE SECRET FOR
1516
00:44:18,589 --> 00:44:20,291
INSUFFLATING OUR BRAIN AND FOR
1517
00:44:20,291 --> 00:44:22,127
THE GREATER INTELLIGENCE THAT WE
1518
00:44:22,127 --> 00:44:22,894
HAVE TODAY.
1519
00:44:22,894 --> 00:44:24,295
>> DOES THAT MEAN GROWING OUR
1520
00:44:24,295 --> 00:44:24,730
BRAIN?
1521
00:44:24,730 --> 00:44:26,464
>> YES, IT DOES.
1522
00:44:26,464 --> 00:44:27,699
IT DOES, YEAH.
1523
00:44:27,699 --> 00:44:29,534
THEY WOULD ACTUALLY CRACK OPEN
1524
00:44:29,534 --> 00:44:31,436
THE SKULLS OF THESE ANIMALS AND
1525
00:44:31,436 --> 00:44:33,204
ACTUALLY GET THE BRAIN TISSUE
1526
00:44:33,204 --> 00:44:34,672
OUT -- WHICH IS HIGH IN
1527
00:44:34,672 --> 00:44:36,474
CHOLESTEROL -- BREAK OPEN THE
1528
00:44:36,474 --> 00:44:39,610
LONG BONES AND GET THE MARROW
1529
00:44:39,610 --> 00:44:41,646
OUT AND EAT THAT.
1530
00:44:41,646 --> 00:44:45,383
SO ALREADY, EARLY FOSSIL HUMANS
1531
00:44:45,383 --> 00:44:47,953
WERE CONSUMING MEAT.
1532
00:44:47,953 --> 00:44:49,487
>> AND -- AND THAT MADE A BIG
1533
00:44:49,487 --> 00:44:51,122
DIFFERENCE IN OUR EVOLUTION AND
1534
00:44:51,122 --> 00:44:52,423
HOW OUR BRAINS DEVELOPED.
1535
00:44:52,423 --> 00:44:54,492
>> WE BELIEVE IT MADE ALL THE
1536
00:44:54,492 --> 00:44:56,561
DIFFERENCE IN OUR EVOLUTION.
1537
00:44:56,561 --> 00:44:59,464
IF WE HAD STAYED AS VEGETARIANS,
1538
00:44:59,464 --> 00:45:02,200
IN ALL PROBABILITY, I WOULDN'T
1539
00:45:02,200 --> 00:45:03,769
BE SPEAKING TO YOU ON THIS
1540
00:45:03,769 --> 00:45:05,236
PARTICULAR HIGH LEVEL OF
1541
00:45:05,236 --> 00:45:06,004
INTELLECT.
1542
00:45:06,004 --> 00:45:10,675
THIS IS A DIORAMA THAT FEATURES
1543
00:45:10,675 --> 00:45:13,244
ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS JUST
1544
00:45:13,244 --> 00:45:15,580
LIKE YOU AND I, ALBEIT, VERY
1545
00:45:15,580 --> 00:45:17,783
PRIMITIVE.
1546
00:45:17,783 --> 00:45:19,650
IF YOU LOOK AT THE BACKGROUND,
1547
00:45:19,650 --> 00:45:21,352
THEY'RE LIVING IN A TUNDRA
1548
00:45:21,352 --> 00:45:23,321
ENVIRONMENT, BUT THEY'VE ALREADY
1549
00:45:23,321 --> 00:45:25,056
CONSTRUCTED A HOUSE, A VERY
1550
00:45:25,056 --> 00:45:26,624
INTERESTING HOUSE MADE OF
1551
00:45:26,624 --> 00:45:27,658
MAMMOTH BONES.
1552
00:45:27,658 --> 00:45:29,127
>> IT'S ALL MAMMOTH BONES?
1553
00:45:29,127 --> 00:45:30,561
>> IT'S ALL MAMMOTH BONES,
1554
00:45:30,561 --> 00:45:31,196
CORRECT.
1555
00:45:31,196 --> 00:45:32,730
THESE ARE WHAT WE WOULD CALL
1556
00:45:32,730 --> 00:45:34,432
ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS JUST
1557
00:45:34,432 --> 00:45:36,167
LIKE YOU AND I, IDENTICAL IN ALL
1558
00:45:36,167 --> 00:45:36,802
RESPECTS.
1559
00:45:36,802 --> 00:45:38,269
SAME FORM OF INTELLIGENCE,
1560
00:45:38,269 --> 00:45:39,037
EVERYTHING.
1561
00:45:39,037 --> 00:45:40,738
HOWEVER, THEY'RE STILL LIVING IN
1562
00:45:40,738 --> 00:45:42,240
THE PALEOLITHIC, WHICH MEANS
1563
00:45:42,240 --> 00:45:45,977
THAT THEIR DIET, SO TO SPEAK, IS
1564
00:45:45,977 --> 00:45:48,679
LEAN MEAT, ANY FORM OF
1565
00:45:48,679 --> 00:45:50,615
VEGETATION THEY COULD GET,
1566
00:45:50,615 --> 00:45:52,683
FRUITS, BERRIES, NUTS, FISH,
1567
00:45:52,683 --> 00:45:53,318
OKAY?
1568
00:45:53,318 --> 00:45:56,187
EVERYTHING IS COMING FROM A
1569
00:45:56,187 --> 00:45:58,990
WORLD THAT WAS PRISTINE, AS
1570
00:45:58,990 --> 00:46:02,160
OPPOSED TO A WORLD TODAY THAT IS
1571
00:46:02,160 --> 00:46:04,529
HIGHLY POLLUTED, OKAY?
1572
00:46:04,529 --> 00:46:06,998
THE HUMANS HERE ARE MODERN LIKE
1573
00:46:06,998 --> 00:46:08,033
YOU AND I.
1574
00:46:08,033 --> 00:46:09,534
THEY ARE CLOTHED.
1575
00:46:09,534 --> 00:46:11,937
WE KNOW THAT THEY USED NEEDLES
1576
00:46:11,937 --> 00:46:13,771
TO SEW THEIR CLOTHING.
1577
00:46:13,771 --> 00:46:15,907
THEY'RE ACTUALLY BURYING SOME
1578
00:46:15,907 --> 00:46:17,208
MEAT RIGHT HERE.
1579
00:46:17,208 --> 00:46:18,043
>> OH, RIGHT THERE.
1580
00:46:18,043 --> 00:46:19,310
>> RIGHT THERE, THEY ARE, RIGHT?
1581
00:46:19,310 --> 00:46:20,879
>> THEIR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM.
1582
00:46:20,879 --> 00:46:22,747
>> THEIR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM.
1583
00:46:22,747 --> 00:46:24,415
OKAY, SO THEY'RE ADVANCING
1584
00:46:24,415 --> 00:46:25,383
CONSIDERABLY.
1585
00:46:25,383 --> 00:46:27,352
THEY'RE STILL WHAT WE CALL "IN
1586
00:46:27,352 --> 00:46:28,486
THE STONE AGE."
1587
00:46:28,486 --> 00:46:30,555
THEY'RE STILL MAKING THEIR TOOLS
1588
00:46:30,555 --> 00:46:31,857
OF STONE AND BONE.
1589
00:46:31,857 --> 00:46:33,724
NO METAL EXISTS BEFORE THIS.
1590
00:46:33,724 --> 00:46:35,593
SO WE'RE ROUGHLY DEALING WITH
1591
00:46:35,593 --> 00:46:38,363
A PERIOD MAYBE 30,000, 40,000
1592
00:46:38,363 --> 00:46:40,899
YEARS B.P., BEFORE THE PRESENT,
1593
00:46:40,899 --> 00:46:43,201
ALL RIGHT, JUST BEFORE A BIG
1594
00:46:43,201 --> 00:46:45,003
CHANGE WOULD START TAKING
1595
00:46:45,003 --> 00:46:46,938
PLACE IN HUMAN EVOLUTION, A
1596
00:46:46,938 --> 00:46:49,875
CHANGE WE CALL A DIETARY CHANGE.
1597
00:46:49,875 --> 00:46:51,809
SO THIS IS JUST BEFORE THE
1598
00:46:51,809 --> 00:46:53,979
BEGINNING OF AGRICULTURE, JUST
1599
00:46:53,979 --> 00:46:56,281
BEFORE THE BIG SWITCHOVER IN A
1600
00:46:56,281 --> 00:46:58,083
DIFFERENT PHASE OF HUMAN
1601
00:46:58,083 --> 00:46:59,017
EVOLUTION.
1602
00:46:59,017 --> 00:47:01,219
AND THIS WAS NUTRITIONALLY
1603
00:47:01,219 --> 00:47:03,588
SUPERIOR, THIS KIND OF DIET.
1604
00:47:03,588 --> 00:47:05,290
THIS REPRESENTS THE
1605
00:47:05,290 --> 00:47:07,893
PRE-AGRICULTURAL AGE.
1606
00:47:07,893 --> 00:47:11,562
AFTER THAT, WE START TO DECLINE.
1607
00:47:11,562 --> 00:47:12,597
>> THINGS CHANGE.
1608
00:47:12,597 --> 00:47:13,598
>> THINGS CHANGE.
1609
00:47:13,598 --> 00:47:14,499
THINGS CHANGE.
1610
00:47:14,499 --> 00:47:16,201
>> THE FOODS THAT WERE AVAILABLE
1611
00:47:16,201 --> 00:47:17,936
TO THEM IN NATURE IS WHAT HELPED
1612
00:47:17,936 --> 00:47:19,537
MOVE EVOLUTION FORWARD, RIGHT?
1613
00:47:19,537 --> 00:47:20,571
>> WE BELIEVE SO.
1614
00:47:20,571 --> 00:47:21,572
DEFINITELY, YEAH.
1615
00:47:21,572 --> 00:47:22,640
IT WAS A STRUGGLE.
1616
00:47:22,640 --> 00:47:23,708
IT WAS A STRUGGLE.
1617
00:47:23,708 --> 00:47:26,644
IT WAS SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
1618
00:47:26,644 --> 00:47:29,780
AND TODAY, WE ARE IT.
1619
00:47:29,780 --> 00:47:32,217
WE'RE THE END PRODUCT OF THAT
1620
00:47:32,217 --> 00:47:33,584
LONG SURVIVAL.
1621
00:47:33,584 --> 00:47:35,220
>> ALSO LOCATED IN NEW YORK IS
1622
00:47:35,220 --> 00:47:36,821
THE WENNER-GREN FOUNDATION FOR
1623
00:47:36,821 --> 00:47:38,489
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH, WHICH
1624
00:47:38,489 --> 00:47:39,824
SUPPORTS SIGNIFICANT AND
1625
00:47:39,824 --> 00:47:41,092
INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN
1626
00:47:41,092 --> 00:47:42,727
HUMANITY'S BIOLOGICAL AND
1627
00:47:42,727 --> 00:47:44,595
CULTURAL ORIGINS, DEVELOPMENT,
1628
00:47:44,595 --> 00:47:45,630
AND VARIATION.
1629
00:47:45,630 --> 00:47:47,432
EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGIST AND
1630
00:47:47,432 --> 00:47:49,067
PRESIDENT OF THE FOUNDATION
1631
00:47:49,067 --> 00:47:50,902
LESLIE AIELLO'S RESEARCH FOCUSES
1632
00:47:50,902 --> 00:47:52,437
ON THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN
1633
00:47:52,437 --> 00:47:54,239
ADAPTATION, INCLUDING EVOLUTION
1634
00:47:54,239 --> 00:47:56,908
OF DIET, THE BRAIN, LANGUAGE,
1635
00:47:56,908 --> 00:47:58,209
AND COGNITION.
1636
00:47:58,209 --> 00:48:00,011
>> WELL, WHAT WE CALL THE IDEAL
1637
00:48:00,011 --> 00:48:01,712
HUMAN DIET DEPENDS ON WHAT WE
1638
00:48:01,712 --> 00:48:03,381
CALL HUMAN BECAUSE WE'VE HAD
1639
00:48:03,381 --> 00:48:04,950
7 MILLION YEARS OF HUMAN
1640
00:48:04,950 --> 00:48:08,486
EVOLUTION, THAT BEING DEFINED AS
1641
00:48:08,486 --> 00:48:10,521
THE TIME THAT WE SEPARATED FROM
1642
00:48:10,521 --> 00:48:12,423
OUR CLOSEST LIVING ANCESTORS,
1643
00:48:12,423 --> 00:48:13,591
THE CHIMPANZEES.
1644
00:48:13,591 --> 00:48:15,493
BUT THROUGHOUT THAT 7 MILLION
1645
00:48:15,493 --> 00:48:17,428
YEARS, WE WEREN'T HUMAN AS WE
1646
00:48:17,428 --> 00:48:18,896
WOULD DEFINE IT TODAY.
1647
00:48:18,896 --> 00:48:20,932
AND FOR PROBABLY 5 MILLION YEARS
1648
00:48:20,932 --> 00:48:22,934
THROUGHOUT THAT TIME PERIOD, IF
1649
00:48:22,934 --> 00:48:25,003
WE SAW ONE OF THESE ANCESTORS ON
1650
00:48:25,003 --> 00:48:26,972
THE STREET, WE'D RECOGNIZE THEM
1651
00:48:26,972 --> 00:48:28,974
AS AN APE STANDING ON TWO LEGS.
1652
00:48:28,974 --> 00:48:30,375
AND THEIR DIET WAS
1653
00:48:30,375 --> 00:48:32,277
CORRESPONDINGLY DIFFERENT.
1654
00:48:32,277 --> 00:48:34,379
IT WASN'T IDENTICAL TO MODERN
1655
00:48:34,379 --> 00:48:36,881
APES, BUT WHAT WE THINK IS THEY
1656
00:48:36,881 --> 00:48:39,184
WERE SUBSISTING PRIMARILY ON
1657
00:48:39,184 --> 00:48:41,619
VEGETABLE MATERIALS -- FRUITS,
1658
00:48:41,619 --> 00:48:43,221
LEAVES, THAT TYPE OF THING --
1659
00:48:43,221 --> 00:48:44,956
SUPPLEMENTING, OF COURSE, WITH A
1660
00:48:44,956 --> 00:48:47,392
BIT OF ANIMAL MATERIAL.
1661
00:48:47,392 --> 00:48:49,227
BUT AT ABOUT 2 MILLION YEARS
1662
00:48:49,227 --> 00:48:51,262
AGO, WE THINK THE CHANGE REALLY
1663
00:48:51,262 --> 00:48:52,030
HAPPENED.
1664
00:48:52,030 --> 00:48:53,698
AND AT THIS TIME, OUR
1665
00:48:53,698 --> 00:48:55,733
ANCESTORS -- WE CALL THEM
1666
00:48:55,733 --> 00:48:58,803
HOMO ERECTUS -- WERE RADICALLY
1667
00:48:58,803 --> 00:49:00,338
DIFFERENT IN BODY FORM.
1668
00:49:00,338 --> 00:49:02,273
THEY WERE ABOUT 50%, AGAIN, AS
1669
00:49:02,273 --> 00:49:04,242
BIG AS THESE EARLIER ANCESTORS.
1670
00:49:04,242 --> 00:49:05,943
AND IF YOU SAW THEM ON THE
1671
00:49:05,943 --> 00:49:07,778
STREET, THEY WOULD LOOK MORE
1672
00:49:07,778 --> 00:49:08,479
LIKE US.
1673
00:49:08,479 --> 00:49:10,448
THEY WOULD HAVE THE SAME BODY
1674
00:49:10,448 --> 00:49:12,217
PROPORTIONS -- LONG LEGS,
1675
00:49:12,217 --> 00:49:13,884
RELATIVELY SHORT ARMS IN
1676
00:49:13,884 --> 00:49:16,054
RELATION TO THOSE LEGS, AND VERY
1677
00:49:16,054 --> 00:49:18,089
IMPORTANTLY, SMALLER TEETH AND
1678
00:49:18,089 --> 00:49:19,157
JAWS.
1679
00:49:19,157 --> 00:49:21,059
NOW, THIS INDICATES THAT THERE
1680
00:49:21,059 --> 00:49:22,660
WAS SOMETHING DEFINITELY
1681
00:49:22,660 --> 00:49:24,395
DIFFERENT ABOUT THE DIET OF
1682
00:49:24,395 --> 00:49:27,832
THESE ANCESTORS TO 1.7 MILLION
1683
00:49:27,832 --> 00:49:29,300
YEARS AGO.
1684
00:49:29,300 --> 00:49:31,002
THE QUESTION IS, WHAT WAS
1685
00:49:31,002 --> 00:49:31,836
DIFFERENT?
1686
00:49:31,836 --> 00:49:33,638
MANY OF THE EARLIEST MODERN
1687
00:49:33,638 --> 00:49:35,606
HUMANS WERE ACTUALLY ALSO VERY
1688
00:49:35,606 --> 00:49:36,807
BIG INDIVIDUALS.
1689
00:49:36,807 --> 00:49:38,543
AND SO, YOU KNOW, SO THIS IDEA
1690
00:49:38,543 --> 00:49:40,211
THAT OUR EARLY ANCESTORS WERE
1691
00:49:40,211 --> 00:49:41,779
SMALL PEOPLE AND WE'VE JUST
1692
00:49:41,779 --> 00:49:43,548
GOTTEN BIGGER SINCE THEN REALLY
1693
00:49:43,548 --> 00:49:44,349
ISN'T TRUE.
1694
00:49:44,349 --> 00:49:46,417
AND IT LOOKS LIKE, YOU KNOW,
1695
00:49:46,417 --> 00:49:48,586
THERE WERE PERIODS FROM THESE
1696
00:49:48,586 --> 00:49:50,021
LARGE INDIVIDUALS.
1697
00:49:50,021 --> 00:49:51,389
MANY MODERN HUMANS ARE MUCH
1698
00:49:51,389 --> 00:49:52,123
SMALLER.
1699
00:49:52,123 --> 00:49:53,624
OUR EARLY HUNTER AND GATHERER
1700
00:49:53,624 --> 00:49:54,992
ANCESTORS -- ONE OF MY OLD
1701
00:49:54,992 --> 00:49:56,594
PROFESSORS USED TO SAY THIS WAS
1702
00:49:56,594 --> 00:49:57,628
THE HIGH PERIOD OF
1703
00:49:57,628 --> 00:49:59,164
HUMAN EVOLUTION, AND IT'S BEEN
1704
00:49:59,164 --> 00:50:01,966
DOWNHILL SINCE THEN BECAUSE THEY
1705
00:50:01,966 --> 00:50:03,734
WERE EATING A HUGE DIVERSITY OF
1706
00:50:03,734 --> 00:50:04,535
FOODSTUFFS.
1707
00:50:04,535 --> 00:50:06,737
WE GO TO THE SUPERMARKET, AND
1708
00:50:06,737 --> 00:50:08,273
WHEN WE MAKE A SALAD, WE THINK
1709
00:50:08,273 --> 00:50:09,607
THAT WE'RE EATING A LOT OF
1710
00:50:09,607 --> 00:50:11,176
DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGGIES, YOU
1711
00:50:11,176 --> 00:50:11,609
KNOW.
1712
00:50:11,609 --> 00:50:13,078
BUT IN COMPARISON TO WHAT OUR
1713
00:50:13,078 --> 00:50:14,479
EARLY ANCESTORS WERE EATING,
1714
00:50:14,479 --> 00:50:15,380
THIS ISN'T TRUE.
1715
00:50:15,380 --> 00:50:18,349
THEY HAD A HUGE DIVERSITY.
1716
00:50:18,349 --> 00:50:20,718
ONCE YOU START AGRICULTURE, YOU
1717
00:50:20,718 --> 00:50:23,088
SERIOUSLY REDUCE THE VARIETY IN
1718
00:50:23,088 --> 00:50:25,823
YOUR FOOD, AND THIS ALSO REDUCES
1719
00:50:25,823 --> 00:50:27,725
THE VARIETY OF NUTRIENTS YOU
1720
00:50:27,725 --> 00:50:28,226
GET.
1721
00:50:28,226 --> 00:50:31,028
AND WHAT WE THINK WE'RE SEEING
1722
00:50:31,028 --> 00:50:33,831
WHEN WE SEE THE REAL REDUCTION
1723
00:50:33,831 --> 00:50:36,534
IN THE SKELETONS, WHEN WE SEE
1724
00:50:36,534 --> 00:50:39,237
EVIDENCE IN THE SKELETONS OF,
1725
00:50:39,237 --> 00:50:41,372
REALLY, NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY,
1726
00:50:41,372 --> 00:50:43,608
THAT WHAT WE'RE TRACKING IS THIS
1727
00:50:43,608 --> 00:50:45,810
REDUCTION OF VARIATION IN THE
1728
00:50:45,810 --> 00:50:46,711
DIET.
1729
00:50:46,711 --> 00:50:48,913
WE AREN'T GETTING WHAT WE WERE
1730
00:50:48,913 --> 00:50:51,382
BUILT TO NEED, AND I THINK THAT
1731
00:50:51,382 --> 00:50:53,918
THAT'S THE BOTTOM LINE.
1732
00:50:53,918 --> 00:50:55,720
>> IN 2003, AT A SYMPOSIUM ON
1733
00:50:55,720 --> 00:50:57,322
THE EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN
1734
00:50:57,322 --> 00:50:59,190
DIET -- THE KNOWN, THE UNKNOWN,
1735
00:50:59,190 --> 00:51:00,725
AND THE UNKNOWABLE -- AT THE
1736
00:51:00,725 --> 00:51:02,360
UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, ONE
1737
00:51:02,360 --> 00:51:03,761
REMARKABLE DEVELOPMENT CAUGHT MY
1738
00:51:03,761 --> 00:51:04,962
ATTENTION ABOVE ALL OTHERS
1739
00:51:04,962 --> 00:51:06,697
PRESENTED -- THAT WE WERE JUST
1740
00:51:06,697 --> 00:51:08,099
NOW ENTERING A PERIOD OF
1741
00:51:08,099 --> 00:51:09,334
EXPLODING SCIENTIFIC
1742
00:51:09,334 --> 00:51:11,136
UNDERSTANDING WITH RAPID CHANGES
1743
00:51:11,136 --> 00:51:12,603
IN SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGY,
1744
00:51:12,603 --> 00:51:14,172
BRINGING TO LIGHT NEW FACTS
1745
00:51:14,172 --> 00:51:15,906
ABOUT THE HUMAN DIET THAT WERE
1746
00:51:15,906 --> 00:51:17,542
PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWABLE.
1747
00:51:17,542 --> 00:51:19,076
THREE YEARS LATER WHEN I WAS
1748
00:51:19,076 --> 00:51:20,778
INTERVIEWING PROFESSOR CORDAIN,
1749
00:51:20,778 --> 00:51:22,513
HE SAID, "YOU REALLY SHOULD TALK
1750
00:51:22,513 --> 00:51:23,648
TO MIKE RICHARDS AT
1751
00:51:23,648 --> 00:51:25,049
THE MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE.
1752
00:51:25,049 --> 00:51:26,617
HE'S GOT SOME NEW TECHNOLOGY
1753
00:51:26,617 --> 00:51:28,253
THAT CAN TELL YOU EXACTLY WHAT
1754
00:51:28,253 --> 00:51:29,620
HUMANS ATE IN THE PAST."
1755
00:51:29,620 --> 00:51:30,988
ON MY WAY TO LEIPZIG, MIKE
1756
00:51:30,988 --> 00:51:32,423
SUGGESTED I VISIT ONE OF HIS
1757
00:51:32,423 --> 00:51:33,924
DEPARTMENT'S DIG SITES IN THE
1758
00:51:33,924 --> 00:51:35,526
SOUTH OF FRANCE TO SEE THE HUMAN
1759
00:51:35,526 --> 00:51:37,162
NUTRITION DISCOVERY PROCESS FROM
1760
00:51:37,162 --> 00:51:38,629
START TO FINISH.
1761
00:51:38,629 --> 00:51:39,464
>> THEY CAME HERE.
1762
00:51:39,464 --> 00:51:40,698
THEY WERE BUTCHERING THESE
1763
00:51:40,698 --> 00:51:41,199
ANIMALS.
1764
00:51:41,199 --> 00:51:42,500
THEY WERE LEAVING BEHIND THE
1765
00:51:42,500 --> 00:51:43,734
BONES AND THE STONE TOOLS.
1766
00:51:43,734 --> 00:51:45,035
WE WANT TO KNOW A LITTLE BIT
1767
00:51:45,035 --> 00:51:46,237
MORE ABOUT THAT.
1768
00:51:46,237 --> 00:51:48,339
WERE THEY CUTTING OFF THE MEATY
1769
00:51:48,339 --> 00:51:50,208
PARTS AND TAKING THOSE WITH
1770
00:51:50,208 --> 00:51:50,775
THEM?
1771
00:51:50,775 --> 00:51:52,543
DO YOU FIND EVIDENCE OF THOSE
1772
00:51:52,543 --> 00:51:53,678
PARTS STILL HERE?
1773
00:51:53,678 --> 00:51:55,946
WHAT EXACTLY WAS THE PROCESS
1774
00:51:55,946 --> 00:51:58,449
THAT LED TO THE CREATION OF THIS
1775
00:51:58,449 --> 00:52:00,318
THICK DEPOSIT OF BONES?
1776
00:52:00,318 --> 00:52:01,486
WELL, YOU'RE STANDING IN THE
1777
00:52:01,486 --> 00:52:02,553
SITE OF JONZAC, ALSO KNOWN
1778
00:52:02,553 --> 00:52:04,155
AS CHEZ PINAUD.
1779
00:52:04,155 --> 00:52:05,590
MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC AND
1780
00:52:05,590 --> 00:52:07,392
EARLY UPPER PALEOLITHIC SITE
1781
00:52:07,392 --> 00:52:09,026
THAT WAS -- REALLY, IT WAS
1782
00:52:09,026 --> 00:52:11,028
DISCOVERED, IN EFFECT, 100 YEARS
1783
00:52:11,028 --> 00:52:13,231
AGO WHEN THEY CUT THIS ROAD THAT
1784
00:52:13,231 --> 00:52:14,399
WE'RE STANDING IN.
1785
00:52:14,399 --> 00:52:16,267
THEY CUT A ROAD TO GET ACCESS TO
1786
00:52:16,267 --> 00:52:18,102
THE LIMESTONE FACE, HERE, WHICH
1787
00:52:18,102 --> 00:52:19,337
THEY THEN QUARRIED.
1788
00:52:19,337 --> 00:52:21,071
AND WHEN THEY BUILT THIS ROAD,
1789
00:52:21,071 --> 00:52:23,208
THEY SLICED THROUGH THE SITE.
1790
00:52:23,208 --> 00:52:24,942
AND YOU CAN PROBABLY SEE THE
1791
00:52:24,942 --> 00:52:26,811
RICHNESS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL
1792
00:52:26,811 --> 00:52:27,812
LEVELS, THERE.
1793
00:52:27,812 --> 00:52:29,747
YOU SEE THAT TAG THAT SAYS SW-08
1794
00:52:29,747 --> 00:52:31,482
AND ALL THOSE DARK THINGS IN
1795
00:52:31,482 --> 00:52:33,284
THIS SECTION ARE STONE TOOLS.
1796
00:52:33,284 --> 00:52:34,219
>> OH. WOW.
1797
00:52:34,219 --> 00:52:36,221
>> IT'S A VERY RICH LAYER THAT
1798
00:52:36,221 --> 00:52:39,790
APPEARS, AS WELL, DOWN HERE.
1799
00:52:39,790 --> 00:52:41,826
THEY DIDN'T REPORT IT TO ANYBODY
1800
00:52:41,826 --> 00:52:42,593
OFFICIAL.
1801
00:52:42,593 --> 00:52:44,495
IT DIDN'T REALLY MAKE IT INTO
1802
00:52:44,495 --> 00:52:46,397
ANY PUBLICATIONS, AND THE SITE
1803
00:52:46,397 --> 00:52:48,333
WENT UNNOTICED AGAIN FOR ABOUT
1804
00:52:48,333 --> 00:52:49,166
100 YEARS.
1805
00:52:49,166 --> 00:52:50,835
AND IT WAS IN THE 1990s THAT A
1806
00:52:50,835 --> 00:52:52,570
FRENCH GEOLOGIST WORKING IN THE
1807
00:52:52,570 --> 00:52:54,038
REGION CAME HERE AND TOOK
1808
00:52:54,038 --> 00:52:55,806
ADVANTAGE OF THE ROAD CUT, CAME
1809
00:52:55,806 --> 00:52:57,475
ACROSS THE STONE TOOLS AND THE
1810
00:52:57,475 --> 00:52:58,909
BONES IN THE SECTION, AND
1811
00:52:58,909 --> 00:53:00,711
BROUGHT IT TO THE ATTENTION OF A
1812
00:53:00,711 --> 00:53:02,247
LOCAL FRENCH ARCHAEOLOGIST.
1813
00:53:02,247 --> 00:53:04,749
WHAT WE DO IS WE STUDY THE BONES
1814
00:53:04,749 --> 00:53:06,451
AND STONE TOOLS LEFT BEHIND BY,
1815
00:53:06,451 --> 00:53:08,018
FIRST, NEANDERTHALS AND THEN
1816
00:53:08,018 --> 00:53:09,720
MODERN PEOPLE AT THE TOP OF THE
1817
00:53:09,720 --> 00:53:12,890
SEQUENCE, AND RECONSTRUCT WHAT
1818
00:53:12,890 --> 00:53:16,227
KINDS OF STONE TOOLS WE FIND AND
1819
00:53:16,227 --> 00:53:17,962
WHAT KINDS OF ANIMALS THEY WERE
1820
00:53:17,962 --> 00:53:19,397
HUNTING AT WHAT PERIODS.
1821
00:53:19,397 --> 00:53:21,131
AND, INDEED, WERE THEY HUNTING,
1822
00:53:21,131 --> 00:53:22,833
OR WERE THE BONES BROUGHT HERE
1823
00:53:22,833 --> 00:53:24,535
BY OTHER KINDS OF ANIMALS LIKE
1824
00:53:24,535 --> 00:53:26,304
VARIOUS KINDS OF CARNIVORES AND
1825
00:53:26,304 --> 00:53:26,971
SO FORTH?
1826
00:53:26,971 --> 00:53:28,205
>> AND ARE THESE ALL ANIMAL
1827
00:53:28,205 --> 00:53:29,474
BONES AT THIS POINT IN TIME?
1828
00:53:29,474 --> 00:53:30,641
>> YEP. ALL ANIMAL BONES.
1829
00:53:30,641 --> 00:53:32,577
AND THEN THAT BRINGS US UP TO
1830
00:53:32,577 --> 00:53:34,512
THIS LAYER OF LARGE LIMESTONE
1831
00:53:34,512 --> 00:53:35,946
BLOCKS THAT YOU SEE.
1832
00:53:35,946 --> 00:53:38,015
BELOW THOSE LIMESTONE BLOCKS, WE
1833
00:53:38,015 --> 00:53:39,550
KNOW IT'S NEANDERTHALS.
1834
00:53:39,550 --> 00:53:41,619
ABOVE THOSE LIMESTONE BLOCKS, WE
1835
00:53:41,619 --> 00:53:42,887
KNOW IT'S MODERNS.
1836
00:53:42,887 --> 00:53:44,622
AND DURING THAT TIME PERIOD
1837
00:53:44,622 --> 00:53:46,357
REPRESENTED BY THOSE LAYERS
1838
00:53:46,357 --> 00:53:48,293
THERE, THE CHANGE HAPPENED, AND
1839
00:53:48,293 --> 00:53:49,894
THEN WHAT HAPPENED WHEN THOSE
1840
00:53:49,894 --> 00:53:51,362
TWO GROUPS MET EACH OTHER?
1841
00:53:51,362 --> 00:53:52,697
DID THEY, INDEED, MEET?
1842
00:53:52,697 --> 00:53:54,432
WHAT WAS THAT INTERACTION LIKE?
1843
00:53:54,432 --> 00:53:56,501
AND HERE, YOU WOULD HAVE HAD
1844
00:53:56,501 --> 00:53:58,636
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS
1845
00:53:58,636 --> 00:54:00,671
OF NEANDERTHALS LIVING HERE,
1846
00:54:00,671 --> 00:54:02,607
WELL ADAPTED TO THIS REGION
1847
00:54:02,607 --> 00:54:05,676
DOING PERFECTLY WELL, PROBABLY.
1848
00:54:05,676 --> 00:54:07,512
AND THEN IN COME THESE MODERN
1849
00:54:07,512 --> 00:54:08,446
INDIVIDUALS.
1850
00:54:08,446 --> 00:54:09,747
HOW DID THEY REACT?
1851
00:54:09,747 --> 00:54:11,215
WHAT EXACTLY HAPPENED?
1852
00:54:11,215 --> 00:54:12,617
>> WELL, AND THUS FAR, WHEN IT
1853
00:54:12,617 --> 00:54:14,084
COMES DOWN TO DIET, CAN YOU TELL
1854
00:54:14,084 --> 00:54:15,520
FROM -- BESIDES THE RANGE HERE,
1855
00:54:15,520 --> 00:54:17,021
OBVIOUSLY, THE ANIMALS THAT WERE
1856
00:54:17,021 --> 00:54:18,456
HERE, CAN YOU TELL US WHAT THEY
1857
00:54:18,456 --> 00:54:19,324
ATE?
1858
00:54:19,324 --> 00:54:20,991
>> WELL, THE EVIDENCE, FOR THE
1859
00:54:20,991 --> 00:54:22,727
MOST PART, IS GOING TO COME FROM
1860
00:54:22,727 --> 00:54:24,462
THE BONES BECAUSE THAT'S WHAT'S
1861
00:54:24,462 --> 00:54:25,162
PRESERVED.
1862
00:54:25,162 --> 00:54:26,464
WE HAVE A LARGE TEAM HERE OF
1863
00:54:26,464 --> 00:54:27,865
INDIVIDUALS STUDYING THE FAUNA,
1864
00:54:27,865 --> 00:54:29,199
AND THEY CAN TELL YOU A LITTLE
1865
00:54:29,199 --> 00:54:30,501
BIT MORE IN DETAIL ABOUT THE
1866
00:54:30,501 --> 00:54:31,636
KINDS OF THINGS THEY ARE
1867
00:54:31,636 --> 00:54:32,136
FINDING.
1868
00:54:32,136 --> 00:54:33,070
>> THAT THEY ARE FINDING DOWN
1869
00:54:33,070 --> 00:54:33,371
THERE.
1870
00:54:33,371 --> 00:54:34,772
>> YEAH.
1871
00:54:34,772 --> 00:54:36,173
>> [ European accent ] WE HAVE
1872
00:54:36,173 --> 00:54:39,477
FOUND LOTS OF REINDEER DURING
1873
00:54:39,477 --> 00:54:40,678
THE EXCAVATION.
1874
00:54:40,678 --> 00:54:45,450
AND AS YOU CAN SEE, LONG BONE OF
1875
00:54:45,450 --> 00:54:47,952
A REINDEER, AND WE'VE GOT A
1876
00:54:47,952 --> 00:54:49,420
SCUTELLA OF REINDEER THERE.
1877
00:54:49,420 --> 00:54:51,856
JUST -- JUST THERE.
1878
00:54:51,856 --> 00:54:53,223
AND LOTS OF RIB.
1879
00:54:53,223 --> 00:54:55,092
>> IS THE PREFERENCE FOR
1880
00:54:55,092 --> 00:54:57,362
REINDEER BECAUSE REINDEER WAS
1881
00:54:57,362 --> 00:54:59,697
THE ANIMAL THAT WAS HERE, OR DO
1882
00:54:59,697 --> 00:55:00,865
WE HAVE A LOT OF REINDEER
1883
00:55:00,865 --> 00:55:02,066
BECAUSE THEY REALLY WANTED
1884
00:55:02,066 --> 00:55:02,600
REINDEER?
1885
00:55:02,600 --> 00:55:03,934
AND THERE WERE HORSE AND BISON
1886
00:55:03,934 --> 00:55:05,302
AROUND, BUT THEY IGNORED THOSE.
1887
00:55:05,302 --> 00:55:06,337
THOSE ARE THE KINDS OF
1888
00:55:06,337 --> 00:55:06,904
QUESTIONS.
1889
00:55:06,904 --> 00:55:08,038
>> RIGHT. SELECTIVE.
1890
00:55:08,038 --> 00:55:08,739
>> EXACTLY.
1891
00:55:08,739 --> 00:55:10,240
>> IS THERE ANYWHERE IN THIS
1892
00:55:10,240 --> 00:55:11,576
LAYERING THAT -- YOU SAID
1893
00:55:11,576 --> 00:55:12,810
NEANDERTHALS COMPLETELY
1894
00:55:12,810 --> 00:55:13,478
DISAPPEAR?
1895
00:55:13,478 --> 00:55:15,380
>> DON'T FIND NEANDERTHALS AFTER
1896
00:55:15,380 --> 00:55:17,448
THAT LAYER OF ROOT FALL.
1897
00:55:17,448 --> 00:55:19,249
THE MODERNS CAME IN.
1898
00:55:19,249 --> 00:55:20,885
>> SO MODERN HUMANS, MORE LIKE
1899
00:55:20,885 --> 00:55:21,285
US?
1900
00:55:21,285 --> 00:55:21,819
>> YES.
1901
00:55:21,819 --> 00:55:22,820
EXACTLY LIKE US.
1902
00:55:22,820 --> 00:55:23,988
>> EXACTL LIKE US.
1903
00:55:23,988 --> 00:55:25,756
>> THEY WERE MODERN HUMANS.
1904
00:55:25,756 --> 00:55:27,558
THEY DID -- THEY HAD A BRAIN
1905
00:55:27,558 --> 00:55:29,627
THAT WAS ORGANIZED, AS FAR AS WE
1906
00:55:29,627 --> 00:55:30,995
CAN TELL, LIKE OURS.
1907
00:55:30,995 --> 00:55:32,863
SO YOU HAVE TO IMAGINE THESE
1908
00:55:32,863 --> 00:55:34,732
NEANDERTHALS BEING EXTREMELY
1909
00:55:34,732 --> 00:55:37,902
CAPABLE HUNTERS, EXTREMELY
1910
00:55:37,902 --> 00:55:40,270
CAPABLE AT SURVIVING IN THIS
1911
00:55:40,270 --> 00:55:41,472
ENVIRONMENT.
1912
00:55:41,472 --> 00:55:43,741
THEY WERE VERY INTELLIGENT,
1913
00:55:43,741 --> 00:55:46,176
BIPEDAL HOMINIDS SUCCESSFULLY
1914
00:55:46,176 --> 00:55:47,612
ADAPTING TO THIS REGION, BUT
1915
00:55:47,612 --> 00:55:49,246
YET AT THE SAME TIME, NOT QUITE
1916
00:55:49,246 --> 00:55:49,580
US.
1917
00:55:49,580 --> 00:55:51,248
TO ME, THAT'S WHAT MAKES THEM SO
1918
00:55:51,248 --> 00:55:52,016
INTERESTING.
1919
00:55:52,016 --> 00:55:53,250
YEAH.
1920
00:55:53,250 --> 00:55:55,386
>> [ European accent ] WE WANT
1921
00:55:55,386 --> 00:55:57,422
TO REALLY UNDERSTAND IF THOSE
1922
00:55:57,422 --> 00:55:59,490
NEANDERTHALS WERE ENCOUNTERING
1923
00:55:59,490 --> 00:56:01,325
ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS
1924
00:56:01,325 --> 00:56:03,528
BECAUSE WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND IF
1925
00:56:03,528 --> 00:56:06,631
THEY INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER.
1926
00:56:06,631 --> 00:56:08,666
BECAUSE RIGHT AFTER THAT, THEY
1927
00:56:08,666 --> 00:56:09,667
DISAPPEARED.
1928
00:56:09,667 --> 00:56:11,769
AND, OF COURSE, ONE OF THE BIG
1929
00:56:11,769 --> 00:56:13,571
QUESTIONS IS WHY DID THEY
1930
00:56:13,571 --> 00:56:15,806
DISAPPEAR AND WHAT HAPPENED WHEN
1931
00:56:15,806 --> 00:56:17,074
THEY DISAPPEARED?
1932
00:56:17,074 --> 00:56:18,443
>> IT'S CERTAINLY ONE OF THE
1933
00:56:18,443 --> 00:56:19,343
BIGGER QUESTIONS.
1934
00:56:19,343 --> 00:56:20,277
IT'S KIND OF --
1935
00:56:20,277 --> 00:56:21,846
>> WHY ARE WE HERE AND THEY'RE
1936
00:56:21,846 --> 00:56:22,480
NOT HERE?
1937
00:56:22,480 --> 00:56:24,048
>> EXACTLY. EXACTLY.
1938
00:56:24,048 --> 00:56:26,383
WHAT HAPPENED, EXACTLY, THAT OUR
1939
00:56:26,383 --> 00:56:28,719
SPECIES IS THE ONE THAT WAS LEFT
1940
00:56:28,719 --> 00:56:29,620
STANDING?
1941
00:56:29,620 --> 00:56:30,855
>> WOULD YOU SAY, BASED ON THE
1942
00:56:30,855 --> 00:56:32,056
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE, THAT
1943
00:56:32,056 --> 00:56:34,158
THEY WERE HEALTHY COMPARED TO
1944
00:56:34,158 --> 00:56:35,993
HUMANS TODAY?
1945
00:56:35,993 --> 00:56:37,495
>> WELL, THEY WERE --
1946
00:56:37,495 --> 00:56:39,497
FORTUNATELY, THEY WERE HEALTHY
1947
00:56:39,497 --> 00:56:41,566
BECAUSE WE WOULD NOT BE HERE IF
1948
00:56:41,566 --> 00:56:43,133
THEY WERE NOT HEALTHY.
1949
00:56:43,133 --> 00:56:44,969
>> ALL OF THE FOSSILS EXCAVATED
1950
00:56:44,969 --> 00:56:46,837
AT THE DIG ARE TAKEN A FEW MILES
1951
00:56:46,837 --> 00:56:48,606
AWAY TO A FIELD LAB WHERE THEY
1952
00:56:48,606 --> 00:56:50,475
ARE IDENTIFIED, BAGGED, LABELED,
1953
00:56:50,475 --> 00:56:52,309
AND LOGGED PRIOR TO BEING TAKEN
1954
00:56:52,309 --> 00:56:54,111
BACK TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN
1955
00:56:54,111 --> 00:56:55,813
EVOLUTION'S LABORATORIES IN
1956
00:56:55,813 --> 00:56:56,881
LEIPZIG, GERMANY.
1957
00:56:56,881 --> 00:56:58,015
DEPARTMENT DIRECTOR
1958
00:56:58,015 --> 00:56:59,650
JEAN-JACQUES HUBLIN SPOKE WITH
1959
00:56:59,650 --> 00:57:01,351
ME MORE SPECIFICALLY ABOUT WHAT
1960
00:57:01,351 --> 00:57:02,887
THE INSTITUTE'S RESEARCH HAS
1961
00:57:02,887 --> 00:57:04,489
DISCOVERED ABOUT EARLY MODERN
1962
00:57:04,489 --> 00:57:05,823
HUMANS' HEALTH.
1963
00:57:05,823 --> 00:57:07,157
WELL, IF IT LOOKS LIKE
1964
00:57:07,157 --> 00:57:08,826
NEANDERTHAL AND MODERN HUMANS
1965
00:57:08,826 --> 00:57:10,427
EVOLVED AS HUNTER-GATHERERS,
1966
00:57:10,427 --> 00:57:12,162
WERE WE HEALTHY THEN, AND WERE
1967
00:57:12,162 --> 00:57:13,731
WE HEALTHIER THEN THAN NOW?
1968
00:57:13,731 --> 00:57:14,999
>> [ European accent ] WELL,
1969
00:57:14,999 --> 00:57:18,268
I'M SURE THAT THEY HAD A LOT OF
1970
00:57:18,268 --> 00:57:21,539
TROUBLES WITH THEIR HEALTH, BUT
1971
00:57:21,539 --> 00:57:23,340
VERY DIFFERENT KIND OF
1972
00:57:23,340 --> 00:57:25,409
PROBLEMS THAN THE ONE WE HAVE
1973
00:57:25,409 --> 00:57:25,943
NOW.
1974
00:57:25,943 --> 00:57:28,479
WE LIVE IN A SOCIETY WHICH IS
1975
00:57:28,479 --> 00:57:29,614
VERY SAFE.
1976
00:57:29,614 --> 00:57:32,116
WE DON'T HAVE MUCH ACCIDENTS.
1977
00:57:32,116 --> 00:57:34,785
ALTHOUGH WE HAVE VIOLENCE, IT'S
1978
00:57:34,785 --> 00:57:35,753
LIMITED.
1979
00:57:35,753 --> 00:57:38,989
AND SO WE ARE MAINLY PREOCCUPIED
1980
00:57:38,989 --> 00:57:40,591
WITH ALL THE ELSE PROBLEMS
1981
00:57:40,591 --> 00:57:42,426
RELATED TO OUR DIET AND OUR WAY
1982
00:57:42,426 --> 00:57:43,393
OF LIFE.
1983
00:57:43,393 --> 00:57:45,530
I THINK FOR THE NEANDERTHALS OR
1984
00:57:45,530 --> 00:57:47,632
FOR THE FIRST MODERN HUMANS IN
1985
00:57:47,632 --> 00:57:50,701
OUR REGIONS, THEY WERE MOSTLY
1986
00:57:50,701 --> 00:57:54,371
PREOCCUPIED IN FINDING FOOD.
1987
00:57:54,371 --> 00:57:56,674
AND THE KIND OF PROBLEMS THEY
1988
00:57:56,674 --> 00:57:58,843
HAD IN THEIR DAILY LIFE WITH
1989
00:57:58,843 --> 00:58:00,911
THEIR HEALTH WAS BASICALLY
1990
00:58:00,911 --> 00:58:02,947
RELATED TO ALL THE KIND OF
1991
00:58:02,947 --> 00:58:04,882
ACCIDENTS THEY COULD HAVE
1992
00:58:04,882 --> 00:58:07,051
LOOKING FOR FOOD AND HUNTING
1993
00:58:07,051 --> 00:58:07,918
ANIMALS.
1994
00:58:07,918 --> 00:58:09,453
IT'S VERY UNLIKELY THAT THEY HAD
1995
00:58:09,453 --> 00:58:11,556
A LOT OF OBESITY.
1996
00:58:11,556 --> 00:58:16,393
WHAT WE CAN SAY JUST LOOKING AT
1997
00:58:16,393 --> 00:58:18,529
THEIR SKELETONS IS THAT THEY
1998
00:58:18,529 --> 00:58:20,765
WERE VERY -- THEY LOOKED LIKE
1999
00:58:20,765 --> 00:58:23,167
VERY TALL, VERY STRONG, AND VERY
2000
00:58:23,167 --> 00:58:25,169
HEALTHY PEOPLE IN GENERAL.
2001
00:58:25,169 --> 00:58:28,739
FROM THE FARMERS, WE HAVE TO
2002
00:58:28,739 --> 00:58:32,242
SUFFER SOMETIMES SOME KIND OF
2003
00:58:32,242 --> 00:58:36,814
MISADAPTATION RELATED TO THE
2004
00:58:36,814 --> 00:58:38,949
FACT THAT INITIALLY, WE WERE NOT
2005
00:58:38,949 --> 00:58:40,785
REALLY MEANT TO EAT SO MUCH
2006
00:58:40,785 --> 00:58:44,154
CEREALS AND SUGAR AND THINGS
2007
00:58:44,154 --> 00:58:44,822
LIKE THAT.
2008
00:58:44,822 --> 00:58:46,356
>> THE NEXT DESTINATION IS THE
2009
00:58:46,356 --> 00:58:47,625
MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR
2010
00:58:47,625 --> 00:58:49,026
EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY'S
2011
00:58:49,026 --> 00:58:50,661
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN EVOLUTION IN
2012
00:58:50,661 --> 00:58:51,662
LEIPZIG, GERMANY.
2013
00:58:51,662 --> 00:58:52,963
PROFESSOR MIKE RICHARD'S
2014
00:58:52,963 --> 00:58:54,131
RESEARCH INVOLVES THE
2015
00:58:54,131 --> 00:58:55,733
APPLICATION OF STABLE ISOTOPE
2016
00:58:55,733 --> 00:58:57,201
ANALYSIS OF BONE COLLAGEN TO
2017
00:58:57,201 --> 00:58:58,603
DETERMINE HUMAN AND ANIMAL
2018
00:58:58,603 --> 00:59:00,771
DIETS, AS WELL AS DIETARY
2019
00:59:00,771 --> 00:59:03,007
CHANGES IN PREHISTORIC AND
2020
00:59:03,007 --> 00:59:04,508
HISTORIC EUROPE.
2021
00:59:04,508 --> 00:59:05,710
>> THESE ARE THE THINGS THAT I
2022
00:59:05,710 --> 00:59:06,844
THINK PEOPLE ARE COMPLETELY
2023
00:59:06,844 --> 00:59:07,511
CONFUSED ABOUT.
2024
00:59:07,511 --> 00:59:08,779
I MEAN, I CERTAINLY WAS GROWING
2025
00:59:08,779 --> 00:59:09,046
UP.
2026
00:59:09,046 --> 00:59:10,314
YOU JUST THINK THAT THESE ARE --
2027
00:59:10,314 --> 00:59:11,515
YOU KNOW, IT'S GOOD TO HAVE A
2028
00:59:11,515 --> 00:59:12,717
GLASS OF MILK, AND THAT'S GOOD
2029
00:59:12,717 --> 00:59:13,751
FOR YOU, AND HAVE LOTS OF
2030
00:59:13,751 --> 00:59:14,852
CEREALS EVERY DAY, AND THESE
2031
00:59:14,852 --> 00:59:15,586
KINDS OF THINGS.
2032
00:59:15,586 --> 00:59:16,854
BUT WHEN YOU REALLY THINK ABOUT
2033
00:59:16,854 --> 00:59:18,122
IT, YOU REALIZE THAT THESE DIETS
2034
00:59:18,122 --> 00:59:19,890
ARE NOT SO GOOD FOR YOU AT ALL.
2035
00:59:19,890 --> 00:59:22,192
I RUN A GROUP THAT'S IN A FIELD
2036
00:59:22,192 --> 00:59:24,394
CALLED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE,
2037
00:59:24,394 --> 00:59:26,563
SO WE SPECIALIZE IN APPLYING,
2038
00:59:26,563 --> 00:59:28,899
SORT OF, HARD SCIENCE TECHNIQUES
2039
00:59:28,899 --> 00:59:31,068
TO ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY.
2040
00:59:31,068 --> 00:59:32,569
>> AND I UNDERSTAND YOU'RE ALSO
2041
00:59:32,569 --> 00:59:34,004
WORKING WITH EARLY HUMAN DIET?
2042
00:59:34,004 --> 00:59:34,538
>> YEAH.
2043
00:59:34,538 --> 00:59:35,840
MY MAIN SPECIALTY IS DIET.
2044
00:59:35,840 --> 00:59:39,109
I STUDY BONE CHEMISTRY AS A WAY
2045
00:59:39,109 --> 00:59:41,111
OF GETTING AT WHAT THE DIETS OF
2046
00:59:41,111 --> 00:59:43,080
PEOPLE AND ANIMALS WERE IN THE
2047
00:59:43,080 --> 00:59:44,114
PAST.
2048
00:59:44,114 --> 00:59:45,382
AND ONE OF THE MAIN THINGS WE'RE
2049
00:59:45,382 --> 00:59:46,617
LOOKING AT IS THE EVOLUTION OF
2050
00:59:46,617 --> 00:59:47,852
DIETS THROUGH TIME BY TRYING TO
2051
00:59:47,852 --> 00:59:49,353
GET THIS INFORMATION FROM THESE
2052
00:59:49,353 --> 00:59:50,655
BONES THEMSELVES AND DOING
2053
00:59:50,655 --> 00:59:51,956
SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF THE
2054
00:59:51,956 --> 00:59:53,323
COMPOSITION OF THESE BONES.
2055
00:59:53,323 --> 00:59:55,225
PEOPLE HAVE HYPOTHESIZED THAT
2056
00:59:55,225 --> 00:59:57,294
IT'S A TRAIT OF, LIKE, THE FIRST
2057
00:59:57,294 --> 00:59:58,996
HOMO, OUR SPECIES, IS THAT
2058
00:59:58,996 --> 01:00:00,965
ANIMAL PRODUCTS IS WHAT LED TO
2059
01:00:00,965 --> 01:00:03,000
OUR INCREASED BRAIN SIZE AND ALL
2060
01:00:03,000 --> 01:00:05,069
SORT OF THINGS THAT WE -- SET US
2061
01:00:05,069 --> 01:00:06,804
APART FROM OTHER PRIMATES.
2062
01:00:06,804 --> 01:00:08,205
AND THE PROBLEM IS YOU CAN --
2063
01:00:08,205 --> 01:00:09,373
THE EVIDENCE FOR THIS IS
2064
01:00:09,373 --> 01:00:10,207
CIRCUMSTANTIAL.
2065
01:00:10,207 --> 01:00:11,608
YOU FIND TOOLS THAT ARE BEING
2066
01:00:11,608 --> 01:00:13,110
USED TO CUT UP ANIMALS, YOU FIND
2067
01:00:13,110 --> 01:00:14,278
BUTCHERED ANIMAL BONES.
2068
01:00:14,278 --> 01:00:15,612
BUT THERE'S NO WAY TO REALLY
2069
01:00:15,612 --> 01:00:17,147
TELL WHAT PROPORTION OF THE DIET
2070
01:00:17,147 --> 01:00:18,048
THAT REPRESENTED.
2071
01:00:18,048 --> 01:00:19,449
AND PLANT FOODS JUST DON'T
2072
01:00:19,449 --> 01:00:21,051
SURVIVE, SO THEY'RE INVISIBLE.
2073
01:00:21,051 --> 01:00:22,619
SO WE HAVE TO USE THIS KIND OF
2074
01:00:22,619 --> 01:00:24,154
STUDY LOOKING DIRECTLY AT THE
2075
01:00:24,154 --> 01:00:25,723
FOSSILS THEMSELVES OR THE BONE
2076
01:00:25,723 --> 01:00:27,324
CHEMISTRY TO REALLY PROVE WHAT
2077
01:00:27,324 --> 01:00:28,826
PROPORTION OF THEIR DIET WAS
2078
01:00:28,826 --> 01:00:30,227
COMING FROM ANIMAL PROTEIN
2079
01:00:30,227 --> 01:00:31,395
VERSUS PLANT PROTEIN.
2080
01:00:31,395 --> 01:00:32,963
THE FIRST STEP IS TAKING THE
2081
01:00:32,963 --> 01:00:33,563
SAMPLE.
2082
01:00:33,563 --> 01:00:35,065
THAT USUALLY HAPPENS IN THE
2083
01:00:35,065 --> 01:00:36,767
MUSEUM OR IN THE FIELD, AND WE
2084
01:00:36,767 --> 01:00:38,535
TRY TO TAKE AS SMALL A SAMPLE AS
2085
01:00:38,535 --> 01:00:40,304
POSSIBLE, SO MAYBE LIKE THE SIZE
2086
01:00:40,304 --> 01:00:41,906
OF A THUMBNAIL IS WHAT WE CAN
2087
01:00:41,906 --> 01:00:42,639
WORK WITH.
2088
01:00:42,639 --> 01:00:44,241
WHEN WE GET THAT SAMPLE BACK TO
2089
01:00:44,241 --> 01:00:45,575
THE LAB, WE CLEAN OFF THE
2090
01:00:45,575 --> 01:00:47,177
OUTSIDE LAYER TO GET RID OF ANY
2091
01:00:47,177 --> 01:00:48,713
SORT OF CONTAMINANTS FROM THE
2092
01:00:48,713 --> 01:00:49,146
SOIL.
2093
01:00:49,146 --> 01:00:50,580
THEN, WE TAKE THAT BONE AND
2094
01:00:50,580 --> 01:00:52,182
WE PUT IT IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID,
2095
01:00:52,182 --> 01:00:53,784
AND THAT DISSOLVES AWAY MOST OF
2096
01:00:53,784 --> 01:00:55,519
THE BONE BECAUSE MOST OF BONE IS
2097
01:00:55,519 --> 01:00:57,121
MINERAL, AND THAT'S WHERE THESE
2098
01:00:57,121 --> 01:00:58,555
CONTAMINATIONS FROM THE SOIL
2099
01:00:58,555 --> 01:00:59,356
WILL COME IN.
2100
01:00:59,356 --> 01:01:00,758
SO WE WANT TO GET RID OF THAT
2101
01:01:00,758 --> 01:01:02,092
ENTIRELY, AND IT LEAVES THIS
2102
01:01:02,092 --> 01:01:02,626
PROTEIN.
2103
01:01:02,626 --> 01:01:04,161
AND THEN WE TAKE THAT
2104
01:01:04,161 --> 01:01:06,263
FREEZE-DRIED COLLAGEN -- WHITE,
2105
01:01:06,263 --> 01:01:08,298
FLUFFY COLLAGEN -- TO THE MASS
2106
01:01:08,298 --> 01:01:09,666
SPECTROMETERS, AND WE MEASURE
2107
01:01:09,666 --> 01:01:10,868
THE AMOUNT OF CARBON AND
2108
01:01:10,868 --> 01:01:12,202
NITROGEN IN IT TO MAKE SURE,
2109
01:01:12,202 --> 01:01:13,337
AGAIN, THAT IT'S REALLY
2110
01:01:13,337 --> 01:01:14,739
COLLAGEN, AND THEN WE MEASURE
2111
01:01:14,739 --> 01:01:15,706
THE ISOTOPE RATIOS.
2112
01:01:15,706 --> 01:01:17,574
AND WHEN WE GET THOSE NUMBERS,
2113
01:01:17,574 --> 01:01:19,109
WE COMPARE, FOR EXAMPLE,
2114
01:01:19,109 --> 01:01:20,878
NEANDERTHALS TO ANIMALS THAT
2115
01:01:20,878 --> 01:01:22,212
LIVED AT THE SAME TIME SO YOU
2116
01:01:22,212 --> 01:01:23,613
KNOW THAT IF YOU HAVE REINDEER,
2117
01:01:23,613 --> 01:01:24,915
YOU KNOW THEY'RE HERBIVORES.
2118
01:01:24,915 --> 01:01:26,383
AND THEN IF YOU HAVE WOLVES, YOU
2119
01:01:26,383 --> 01:01:27,517
KNOW THEY'RE CARNIVORES.
2120
01:01:27,517 --> 01:01:28,986
YOU BUILD UP THIS WHOLE SORT OF
2121
01:01:28,986 --> 01:01:30,487
FOOD WEB WITH ISOTOPE VALUES AND
2122
01:01:30,487 --> 01:01:31,789
YOU SEE HOW THEY ALL FIT IN.
2123
01:01:31,789 --> 01:01:33,157
WHEN WE PICK UP THE STORY WITH
2124
01:01:33,157 --> 01:01:34,491
THE NEANDERTHALS, WHICH IS THE
2125
01:01:34,491 --> 01:01:35,793
FIRST TIME WE CAN, THEN WE DO
2126
01:01:35,793 --> 01:01:37,127
SEE, REALLY, THEY ARE GETTING
2127
01:01:37,127 --> 01:01:38,428
ALL THEIR PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL
2128
01:01:38,428 --> 01:01:38,929
SOURCES.
2129
01:01:38,929 --> 01:01:40,297
SO, AS PREDICTED, WE PICK THAT
2130
01:01:40,297 --> 01:01:40,597
UP.
2131
01:01:40,597 --> 01:01:42,032
AND THEN WE SEE WITH MODERN
2132
01:01:42,032 --> 01:01:43,400
HUMANS, AS WELL, THE SAME
2133
01:01:43,400 --> 01:01:44,802
THING -- THAT THEY'RE VERY
2134
01:01:44,802 --> 01:01:46,203
SUCCESSFUL BECAUSE THEY'RE
2135
01:01:46,203 --> 01:01:47,905
EATING MOSTLY ANIMAL PROTEIN, AS
2136
01:01:47,905 --> 01:01:49,339
WELL, AND VERY LITTLE PLANT
2137
01:01:49,339 --> 01:01:51,241
FOODS IN EUROPE.
2138
01:01:51,241 --> 01:01:52,877
BUT A LARGER RANGE OF ANIMAL
2139
01:01:52,877 --> 01:01:54,678
FOODS, INCLUDING, I THINK, FISH,
2140
01:01:54,678 --> 01:01:56,781
WAS A BIG PART OF MODERN HUMANS.
2141
01:01:56,781 --> 01:01:58,648
SO THAT'S THE IDEA WE HAVE OF
2142
01:01:58,648 --> 01:02:00,050
THE PALEOLITHIC DIET.
2143
01:02:00,050 --> 01:02:01,185
THEN WE SEE FOR MODERN HUMANS,
2144
01:02:01,185 --> 01:02:02,352
IT'S A LOT OF ANIMAL PROTEIN, I
2145
01:02:02,352 --> 01:02:02,719
THINK.
2146
01:02:02,719 --> 01:02:03,921
I SPENT A LOT OF TIME WORKING ON
2147
01:02:03,921 --> 01:02:05,122
NEOLITHIC, POST NEOLITHIC SITES,
2148
01:02:05,122 --> 01:02:06,590
AS WELL, AND THERE YOU REALLY DO
2149
01:02:06,590 --> 01:02:07,992
SEE THE HUMANS WITH MUCH LOWER
2150
01:02:07,992 --> 01:02:09,326
NITROGEN ISOTOPE VALUES, AND
2151
01:02:09,326 --> 01:02:10,828
THEY'RE CLEARLY GETTING A LOT OF
2152
01:02:10,828 --> 01:02:12,062
THEIR PROTEIN FROM PLANTS.
2153
01:02:12,062 --> 01:02:13,964
>> AS AGRICULTURE MOVES IN.
2154
01:02:13,964 --> 01:02:14,832
>> YEAH.
2155
01:02:14,832 --> 01:02:15,499
YEAH.
2156
01:02:15,499 --> 01:02:16,700
>> BUT BEFORE THAT, THEY HAD THE
2157
01:02:16,700 --> 01:02:17,734
SAME KIND OF VALUES AS THE
2158
01:02:17,734 --> 01:02:18,302
NEANDERTHAL?
2159
01:02:18,302 --> 01:02:19,236
>> YEAH, EXCEPT FOR THIS
2160
01:02:19,236 --> 01:02:20,905
ADDITION OF THESE EXTRA FISH.
2161
01:02:20,905 --> 01:02:22,339
THAT SEEMS TO BE THE BIG
2162
01:02:22,339 --> 01:02:23,140
DIFFERENCE.
2163
01:02:23,140 --> 01:02:24,008
>> MAIN DIFFERENCE.
2164
01:02:24,008 --> 01:02:27,444
SO, UNTIL AGRICULTURE, WERE
2165
01:02:27,444 --> 01:02:29,179
THERE ANY HUMAN, MODERN HUMAN
2166
01:02:29,179 --> 01:02:30,047
VEGETARIANS?
2167
01:02:30,047 --> 01:02:31,315
>> I REALLY DON'T THINK SO.
2168
01:02:31,315 --> 01:02:32,316
[ LAUGHTER ]
2169
01:02:32,316 --> 01:02:33,650
I DO NOT THINK SO.
2170
01:02:33,650 --> 01:02:35,285
AND ACTUALLY, IT'S EXTREMELY
2171
01:02:35,285 --> 01:02:37,121
HARD TO FIND VEGETARIANS EVEN AT
2172
01:02:37,121 --> 01:02:38,188
THE GRAPH, THERE,
2173
01:02:38,188 --> 01:02:39,289
ARCHAEOLOGICALLY.
2174
01:02:39,289 --> 01:02:41,025
I DON'T -- IN ALL THE STUDIES,
2175
01:02:41,025 --> 01:02:42,659
WE'VE MEASURED THOUSANDS AND
2176
01:02:42,659 --> 01:02:44,328
THOUSANDS OF HUMANS FROM ALL
2177
01:02:44,328 --> 01:02:45,930
OVER THE WORLD, AND I THINK
2178
01:02:45,930 --> 01:02:47,697
WE'VE YET TO FIND A VEGETARIAN
2179
01:02:47,697 --> 01:02:48,398
OR VEGAN.
2180
01:02:48,398 --> 01:02:49,399
THERE'S NO WAY.
2181
01:02:49,399 --> 01:02:51,235
SOMETIMES, WE DO, BUT THEN WE GO
2182
01:02:51,235 --> 01:02:52,702
BACK AND REALIZE THAT WE
2183
01:02:52,702 --> 01:02:54,204
ACTUALLY SAMPLED A COW OR
2184
01:02:54,204 --> 01:02:56,240
SOMETHING BY MISTAKE.
2185
01:02:56,240 --> 01:02:58,575
YEAH, YOU, UH -- THERE ARE NO
2186
01:02:58,575 --> 01:03:00,845
VEGANS UNTIL RECENTLY, SO...
2187
01:03:00,845 --> 01:03:02,046
WHEN YOU GET REALLY BIG
2188
01:03:02,046 --> 01:03:03,313
VILLAGES, PEOPLE CROWDING
2189
01:03:03,313 --> 01:03:04,748
TOGETHER, AND HAVING A REALLY
2190
01:03:04,748 --> 01:03:06,283
HIGH, I GUESS, CEREAL -- AMOUNT
2191
01:03:06,283 --> 01:03:07,751
OF CEREALS IN THEIR DIET, YOU
2192
01:03:07,751 --> 01:03:09,319
REALLY SEE A DIFFERENCE IN THEIR
2193
01:03:09,319 --> 01:03:09,786
BONES.
2194
01:03:09,786 --> 01:03:11,355
AND THESE DISEASES THAT YOU
2195
01:03:11,355 --> 01:03:13,157
WOULD NEVER SEE -- YOU NEVER SAW
2196
01:03:13,157 --> 01:03:14,959
IN THE PALEOLITHIC, YOU START TO
2197
01:03:14,959 --> 01:03:16,693
SEE IN KIND OF HIGH ABUNDANCES.
2198
01:03:16,693 --> 01:03:18,462
>> SO DOES IT MAKE SCIENTIFIC
2199
01:03:18,462 --> 01:03:20,297
SENSE AS WELL AS LOGICAL SENSE
2200
01:03:20,297 --> 01:03:22,032
THAT WE CAN LEARN THINGS FROM
2201
01:03:22,032 --> 01:03:23,901
THEIR LIFESTYLE THAT WOULD THEN
2202
01:03:23,901 --> 01:03:24,768
APPLY TO US?
2203
01:03:24,768 --> 01:03:25,569
>> I THINK SO.
2204
01:03:25,569 --> 01:03:26,837
I THINK YOU THINK OF THIS
2205
01:03:26,837 --> 01:03:28,238
EVOLUTIONARY TRAJECTORY THAT
2206
01:03:28,238 --> 01:03:29,806
MADE -- HOW THESE HUMANS EVOLVED
2207
01:03:29,806 --> 01:03:31,075
TO THIS STATE, THE MODERN
2208
01:03:31,075 --> 01:03:32,576
HUMANS, WE GOT TO BE THIS WAY.
2209
01:03:32,576 --> 01:03:34,244
AND IT'S OVER MAYBE 100,000
2210
01:03:34,244 --> 01:03:35,980
YEARS OF EVOLUTION TO GET TO
2211
01:03:35,980 --> 01:03:37,547
BE THIS STATE OF ACTUALLY
2212
01:03:37,547 --> 01:03:39,483
ADAPTING TO THIS DIET OF BEING A
2213
01:03:39,483 --> 01:03:41,318
HUNTER-GATHERER, MOVING AROUND
2214
01:03:41,318 --> 01:03:43,187
A LOT, EATING THESE WILD FOODS.
2215
01:03:43,187 --> 01:03:44,521
I THINK THERE'S NO QUESTION THAT
2216
01:03:44,521 --> 01:03:45,822
FOR MOST OF THE TIME THAT WE'VE
2217
01:03:45,822 --> 01:03:48,358
BEEN AROUND, WE HAD A REALLY --
2218
01:03:48,358 --> 01:03:50,660
THAT KIND OF NOMADIC LIFESTYLE
2219
01:03:50,660 --> 01:03:53,097
WITH LOTS OF EXERCISE AND EATING
2220
01:03:53,097 --> 01:03:55,299
A LOT OF ANIMAL PROTEINS AND
2221
01:03:55,299 --> 01:03:56,833
WILD PLANT FOODS.
2222
01:03:56,833 --> 01:03:58,302
BUT IF YOU JUST THINK OF WHAT'S
2223
01:03:58,302 --> 01:03:59,736
BEEN SUCCESSFUL IN TERMS OF US
2224
01:03:59,736 --> 01:04:01,138
AS A SPECIES, WE'VE SURVIVED,
2225
01:04:01,138 --> 01:04:02,639
YOU KNOW, 100,000 YEARS AND MOST
2226
01:04:02,639 --> 01:04:04,474
OF THAT -- 95% OF THAT -- WAS
2227
01:04:04,474 --> 01:04:06,243
THIS KIND OF ADAPTATION, WAS
2228
01:04:06,243 --> 01:04:08,178
EATING THESE WILD ANIMAL FOODS,
2229
01:04:08,178 --> 01:04:09,779
PLANTS FOODS WITH LOTS OF
2230
01:04:09,779 --> 01:04:10,547
EXERCISE.
2231
01:04:10,547 --> 01:04:11,815
THAT'S WHAT WE'VE BEEN VERY
2232
01:04:11,815 --> 01:04:12,549
SUCCESSFUL AT.
2233
01:04:12,549 --> 01:04:13,750
IT'S A NEW EXPERIMENT NOW.
2234
01:04:13,750 --> 01:04:15,119
THIS NEOLITHIC IS A VERY SHORT
2235
01:04:15,119 --> 01:04:16,520
PERIOD OF TIME, YOU KNOW, SINCE
2236
01:04:16,520 --> 01:04:17,988
WE'VE BEEN AROUND, LESS THAN 10%
2237
01:04:17,988 --> 01:04:19,323
MAYBE THAT MODERN HUMANS HAVE
2238
01:04:19,323 --> 01:04:20,657
BEEN AROUND SO, I DON'T KNOW.
2239
01:04:20,657 --> 01:04:22,026
MAYBE IT'S, YOU KNOW -- IF YOU
2240
01:04:22,026 --> 01:04:23,327
THINK OF IT THAT WAY, I MEAN,
2241
01:04:23,327 --> 01:04:24,628
WHAT WE ARE ADAPTED TO IS NOT
2242
01:04:24,628 --> 01:04:25,930
WHAT WE'RE LIVING RIGHT NOW.
2243
01:04:25,930 --> 01:04:28,598
THIS KIND OF PALEOLITHIC DIET, I
2244
01:04:28,598 --> 01:04:30,034
GUESS, IS PROBABLY THE MOST
2245
01:04:30,034 --> 01:04:31,435
OPTIMUM FOR MODERN HUMANS.
2246
01:04:31,435 --> 01:04:32,236
IT HAS TO BE.
2247
01:04:32,236 --> 01:04:33,370
IT'S WHAT, YOU KNOW,
2248
01:04:33,370 --> 01:04:35,039
EVOLUTIONARY PRESSURE HAS GOT US
2249
01:04:35,039 --> 01:04:36,640
TOWARDS, AND WE WERE SUCCESSFUL
2250
01:04:36,640 --> 01:04:37,807
IN THAT KIND OF DIET.
2251
01:04:37,807 --> 01:04:40,377
SO I THINK IT IS -- IT'S GOT TO
2252
01:04:40,377 --> 01:04:42,947
BE THE BEST DIET FOR HUMANS.
2253
01:04:42,947 --> 01:04:44,581
>> IF THIS WAY OF EATING IS THE
2254
01:04:44,581 --> 01:04:46,150
BEST DIET FOR HUMANS, I WANTED
2255
01:04:46,150 --> 01:04:47,751
TO UNDERSTAND HOW WE COULD USE
2256
01:04:47,751 --> 01:04:49,419
THIS KNOWLEDGE NOW IN OUR MODERN
2257
01:04:49,419 --> 01:04:50,487
WORLD.
2258
01:04:50,487 --> 01:04:52,022
I CALLED PROFESSOR CORDAIN TO
2259
01:04:52,022 --> 01:04:53,323
SEE IF ANYONE -- MEDICAL
2260
01:04:53,323 --> 01:04:55,025
PROFESSIONAL OR SCIENTIST -- WAS
2261
01:04:55,025 --> 01:04:56,426
PUTTING THIS EVOLUTIONARY
2262
01:04:56,426 --> 01:04:58,062
NUTRITION METHOD OF EATING INTO
2263
01:04:58,062 --> 01:04:59,529
PRACTICE WITH REAL PATIENTS.
2264
01:04:59,529 --> 01:05:00,697
HE SUGGESTED I CONTACT
2265
01:05:00,697 --> 01:05:01,765
DR. LANE SEBRING AT
2266
01:05:01,765 --> 01:05:02,899
THE SEBRING CLINIC IN
2267
01:05:02,899 --> 01:05:04,868
WIMBERLEY, TEXAS, WHO IS HAVING
2268
01:05:04,868 --> 01:05:06,403
EXTRAORDINARY RESULTS WITH HIS
2269
01:05:06,403 --> 01:05:07,938
PATIENTS EMPLOYING JUST SUCH AN
2270
01:05:07,938 --> 01:05:09,239
EVOLUTION-BASED METHOD OF
2271
01:05:09,239 --> 01:05:09,773
EATING.
2272
01:05:09,773 --> 01:05:11,308
>> ONE OF THE THINGS I TELL MY
2273
01:05:11,308 --> 01:05:12,943
PATIENTS, YOU KNOW, IT'S NICE TO
2274
01:05:12,943 --> 01:05:14,378
KNOW IMPROVEMENT'S POSSIBLE.
2275
01:05:14,378 --> 01:05:15,879
EVERY YEAR, THE DOCTOR ADDS A
2276
01:05:15,879 --> 01:05:17,247
NEW PILL TO YOUR LIST, AND
2277
01:05:17,247 --> 01:05:18,815
YOU'VE GOT ANOTHER PROBLEM, AND
2278
01:05:18,815 --> 01:05:20,484
THE HOPE STARTS TO FADE.
2279
01:05:20,484 --> 01:05:22,319
I SORT OF BREAK FOOD INTO TWO
2280
01:05:22,319 --> 01:05:24,054
CATEGORIES -- HUMAN FOOD AND
2281
01:05:24,054 --> 01:05:25,155
NON-HUMAN FOOD.
2282
01:05:25,155 --> 01:05:27,124
AND THE HUMAN FOODS WOULD BE THE
2283
01:05:27,124 --> 01:05:28,725
LEAN MEAT, CHICKEN, FISH,
2284
01:05:28,725 --> 01:05:30,560
TURKEY, ET CETERA, PREFERABLY
2285
01:05:30,560 --> 01:05:32,462
FROM AN ANIMAL EATING WHAT IT'S
2286
01:05:32,462 --> 01:05:33,563
DESIGNED TO EAT.
2287
01:05:33,563 --> 01:05:35,299
FRUITS, NUTS, AND VEGETABLES.
2288
01:05:35,299 --> 01:05:37,134
THE NON-HUMAN FOOD WOULD BE THE
2289
01:05:37,134 --> 01:05:38,868
GRAINS, WHICH IS PROBABLY THE
2290
01:05:38,868 --> 01:05:40,337
WORST PROBLEM WE'VE GOT.
2291
01:05:40,337 --> 01:05:41,771
DAIRY -- AFTER TWO YEARS OLD,
2292
01:05:41,771 --> 01:05:43,140
WE'RE NOT DESIGNED FOR DAIRY
2293
01:05:43,140 --> 01:05:44,608
AFTER TWO YEARS OLD, CERTAINLY
2294
01:05:44,608 --> 01:05:45,809
NOT FROM ANOTHER ANIMAL.
2295
01:05:45,809 --> 01:05:47,744
BEANS AND POTATOES.
2296
01:05:47,744 --> 01:05:49,179
AND SO THOSE ARE THE SIMPLE
2297
01:05:49,179 --> 01:05:50,780
CATEGORIES THAT I PUT THEM IN,
2298
01:05:50,780 --> 01:05:52,216
AND PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THAT.
2299
01:05:52,216 --> 01:05:53,250
I UNDERSTAND THAT.
2300
01:05:53,250 --> 01:05:55,619
AND IT HELPS ME TO MAKE CHOICES.
2301
01:05:55,619 --> 01:05:58,888
GRAINS CAUSE US TO LOSE HEIGHT.
2302
01:05:58,888 --> 01:06:00,690
THEY CAUSE A NARROWING OF THE
2303
01:06:00,690 --> 01:06:01,958
SPHENOID BONE HERE.
2304
01:06:01,958 --> 01:06:03,827
OUR BONES AREN'T STRONG ENOUGH
2305
01:06:03,827 --> 01:06:05,729
TO SUPPORT THE FULL WEIGHT, AND
2306
01:06:05,729 --> 01:06:07,531
SO -- AND BUTTRESS THE SKULL,
2307
01:06:07,531 --> 01:06:09,033
AND SO THIS IS NARROWED.
2308
01:06:09,033 --> 01:06:10,634
THIS BONE, NOW, IS NARROWED
2309
01:06:10,634 --> 01:06:11,135
DOWN.
2310
01:06:11,135 --> 01:06:12,969
AND SO WE HAVE SMALLER BRAINS AS
2311
01:06:12,969 --> 01:06:14,504
A RESULT OF EATING GRAINS.
2312
01:06:14,504 --> 01:06:16,306
WE HAVE MORE SCRUNCHED UP NOSES
2313
01:06:16,306 --> 01:06:17,507
WE CAN'T BREATHE THROUGH.
2314
01:06:17,507 --> 01:06:18,842
AND WE HAVE A JAW THAT CAN'T
2315
01:06:18,842 --> 01:06:20,310
HOLD A FULL COMPLEMENT OF TEETH,
2316
01:06:20,310 --> 01:06:21,811
AND SO WE GET OVERLAPPING TEETH,
2317
01:06:21,811 --> 01:06:23,047
OR WE HAVE NO ROOM FOR OUR
2318
01:06:23,047 --> 01:06:24,481
WISDOM TEETH, AND THAT'S COMMON
2319
01:06:24,481 --> 01:06:25,882
TO ALL CIVILIZED GROUPS ON THE
2320
01:06:25,882 --> 01:06:28,618
PLANET BECAUSE THEY EAT GRAINS
2321
01:06:28,618 --> 01:06:29,986
AND THAT HAPPENED WHEN THAT
2322
01:06:29,986 --> 01:06:31,255
BEGAN, AND IT FOLLOWS THE
2323
01:06:31,255 --> 01:06:32,756
INTRODUCTION OF GRAINS INTO THE
2324
01:06:32,756 --> 01:06:33,190
DIET.
2325
01:06:33,190 --> 01:06:35,159
THEY BRING IN GLUTEN, THEY BRING
2326
01:06:35,159 --> 01:06:36,993
IN YEAST, THEY CAUSE A CHRONIC
2327
01:06:36,993 --> 01:06:38,862
INFLAMMATORY STATE OF THE GUT.
2328
01:06:38,862 --> 01:06:43,433
AND AS A BIG INITIATOR OF ALMOST
2329
01:06:43,433 --> 01:06:45,102
ALL OUR CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY
2330
01:06:45,102 --> 01:06:47,003
DISEASES -- AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES,
2331
01:06:47,003 --> 01:06:48,038
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS --
2332
01:06:48,038 --> 01:06:49,073
VIRTUALLY ABSENT IN THE
2333
01:06:49,073 --> 01:06:50,474
ARCHAEOLOGIC RECORD PRIOR TO THE
2334
01:06:50,474 --> 01:06:51,775
INSTITUTION OF GRAINS INTO THE
2335
01:06:51,775 --> 01:06:52,142
DIET.
2336
01:06:52,142 --> 01:06:54,278
I TRY TO GET PATIENTS TO REALIZE
2337
01:06:54,278 --> 01:06:56,480
WHAT THEY NEED TO DO IS TO THINK
2338
01:06:56,480 --> 01:06:58,515
ABOUT PROTEIN AS TIME-RELEASED
2339
01:06:58,515 --> 01:07:00,617
GLUCOSE, OKAY?
2340
01:07:00,617 --> 01:07:01,951
YOU THINK ABOUT PROTEIN, THE
2341
01:07:01,951 --> 01:07:03,453
LIVER CAN TAKE PROTEIN AND TURN
2342
01:07:03,453 --> 01:07:04,454
IT INTO GLUCOSE IN A
2343
01:07:04,454 --> 01:07:05,522
TIME-RELEASE FASHION.
2344
01:07:05,522 --> 01:07:07,991
WORK HARDER MAKES MORE, OKAY?
2345
01:07:07,991 --> 01:07:09,926
THAT'S HOW WE'RE TRULY DESIGNED.
2346
01:07:09,926 --> 01:07:11,328
HOW BEAUTIFUL IS THAT?
2347
01:07:11,328 --> 01:07:13,063
SO YOU GOT STEADY ENERGY ALL DAY
2348
01:07:13,063 --> 01:07:13,497
LONG.
2349
01:07:13,497 --> 01:07:14,898
BUT IF YOU EAT A BUNCH OF
2350
01:07:14,898 --> 01:07:16,566
CARBOHYDRATES, THEN THE INSULIN
2351
01:07:16,566 --> 01:07:18,168
LEVEL GOES UP AND INSULIN GOES
2352
01:07:18,168 --> 01:07:19,803
TO THE LIVER AND SHUTS OFF THE
2353
01:07:19,803 --> 01:07:21,238
CONVERSION OF PROTEIN INTO
2354
01:07:21,238 --> 01:07:21,838
GLUCOSE.
2355
01:07:21,838 --> 01:07:23,973
SO NOW, IF YOU HAD A STEAK FOR
2356
01:07:23,973 --> 01:07:26,110
BREAKFAST, YOU CAN'T GET TO IT
2357
01:07:26,110 --> 01:07:27,644
FOR ENERGY, YOU SEE?
2358
01:07:27,644 --> 01:07:29,713
AND SO YOUR SUGARS ARE GONNA
2359
01:07:29,713 --> 01:07:31,415
START CRASHING PRETTY SOON.
2360
01:07:31,415 --> 01:07:32,882
AND AT THAT POINT, THE ONLY WAY
2361
01:07:32,882 --> 01:07:34,351
TO GET IT BACK UP IS EITHER TO
2362
01:07:34,351 --> 01:07:35,852
REST A LITTLE BIT -- AND YOU CAN
2363
01:07:35,852 --> 01:07:37,287
SORT OF STUFF MORE PROTEIN IN,
2364
01:07:37,287 --> 01:07:38,688
AND THEN THAT'LL BRING IT UP,
2365
01:07:38,688 --> 01:07:40,023
BUT A LOT OF TIMES, AT THAT
2366
01:07:40,023 --> 01:07:41,791
POINT, THEY'RE CRAVING CARBS.
2367
01:07:41,791 --> 01:07:43,260
THEY WANT SOMETHING QUICK, THEY
2368
01:07:43,260 --> 01:07:44,794
WANT IT NOW, AND THEY DON'T FEEL
2369
01:07:44,794 --> 01:07:45,195
GOOD.
2370
01:07:45,195 --> 01:07:46,996
EACH MEAL SHOULD START WITH A
2371
01:07:46,996 --> 01:07:48,532
MAJOR SOURCE OF PROTEIN.
2372
01:07:48,532 --> 01:07:50,167
SURROUND THAT WITH ALL THE
2373
01:07:50,167 --> 01:07:51,435
VEGETABLES YOU WANT.
2374
01:07:51,435 --> 01:07:52,869
AND THEN, IN BETWEEN MEALS, IF
2375
01:07:52,869 --> 01:07:54,338
YOU WANT SOME FRUITS AND NUTS,
2376
01:07:54,338 --> 01:07:55,905
OR MAYBE EVEN WITH THE MEAL YOU
2377
01:07:55,905 --> 01:07:56,973
CAN DO THAT, AS WELL.
2378
01:07:56,973 --> 01:07:58,575
LIKE, I LIKE TO THROW NUTS IN A
2379
01:07:58,575 --> 01:07:59,576
BIG, GREEN SALAD.
2380
01:07:59,576 --> 01:08:01,044
YOU KNOW, SOMETIMES FRUIT IN
2381
01:08:01,044 --> 01:08:01,945
THERE, AS WELL.
2382
01:08:01,945 --> 01:08:03,747
AND IF YOU NEED -- THOSE TWO
2383
01:08:03,747 --> 01:08:05,749
WORK -- THE FRUITS AND NUTS WORK
2384
01:08:05,749 --> 01:08:07,984
GREAT FOR SNACKS.
2385
01:08:09,853 --> 01:08:11,087
>> DOCTOR, HERE WE ARE AT
2386
01:08:11,087 --> 01:08:12,589
BROOKSHIRE BROTHERS SUPERMARKET,
2387
01:08:12,589 --> 01:08:14,057
LOCAL SUPERMARKET HERE IN TOWN.
2388
01:08:14,057 --> 01:08:15,292
AND MOST PEOPLE SHOP IN A
2389
01:08:15,292 --> 01:08:16,660
REGULAR SUPERMARKET AND, YOU
2390
01:08:16,660 --> 01:08:18,128
KNOW, THEY WANT TO REALLY KNOW
2391
01:08:18,128 --> 01:08:19,629
AND UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY SHOULD
2392
01:08:19,629 --> 01:08:21,131
BUY AND WHAT THEY SHOULDN'T BUY
2393
01:08:21,131 --> 01:08:22,532
WHEN THEY GO SHOPPING, SO HOW
2394
01:08:22,532 --> 01:08:24,033
ABOUT WE GO INSIDE AND YOU SHOW
2395
01:08:24,033 --> 01:08:25,569
US WHAT TO DO?
2396
01:08:32,008 --> 01:08:33,977
[ CASH REGISTER BEEPING ]
2397
01:08:38,715 --> 01:08:40,284
>> THE HEALTHIEST MEAT ARE THE
2398
01:08:40,284 --> 01:08:41,385
LARGER CUTS OF MEAT.
2399
01:08:41,385 --> 01:08:43,019
YOU KNOW, YOU WANT TO GET LARGER
2400
01:08:43,019 --> 01:08:44,888
CUTS OF MEAT.
2401
01:08:44,888 --> 01:08:47,657
AND SO, YOU KNOW, HERE WE'VE GOT
2402
01:08:47,657 --> 01:08:49,226
PORK TENDERLOIN.
2403
01:08:49,226 --> 01:08:51,295
HERE'S SOME MORE OF MY FAVORITE,
2404
01:08:51,295 --> 01:08:52,796
HERE -- SIRLOIN STEAK.
2405
01:08:52,796 --> 01:08:54,298
LOOKING FOR -- HERE WE GO.
2406
01:08:54,298 --> 01:08:55,232
SOME RIB EYES.
2407
01:08:55,232 --> 01:08:56,966
>> LET'S GET SOME DISTINCTIONS,
2408
01:08:56,966 --> 01:08:58,134
HERE, 'CAUSE A LOT OF PEOPLE
2409
01:08:58,134 --> 01:08:59,436
THAT ARE ON THE RUN OR WHATNOT,
2410
01:08:59,436 --> 01:09:00,704
THEY'LL GET FROZEN VEGETABLES OR
2411
01:09:00,704 --> 01:09:01,538
CANNED VEGETABLES.
2412
01:09:01,538 --> 01:09:02,939
AND THEY DON'T FEEL LIKE THEY
2413
01:09:02,939 --> 01:09:03,973
HAVE TIME FOR FRESH.
2414
01:09:03,973 --> 01:09:05,074
IS IT ANY GOOD FOR US?
2415
01:09:05,074 --> 01:09:06,343
>> WELL, BETWEEN THE FROZEN AND
2416
01:09:06,343 --> 01:09:09,579
THE CANNED, THE FROZEN IS MUCH
2417
01:09:09,579 --> 01:09:10,347
BETTER.
2418
01:09:10,347 --> 01:09:11,915
MUCH BETTER FOR YOU.
2419
01:09:11,915 --> 01:09:13,950
IT'S NOT -- THEY OFTEN ADD SOME
2420
01:09:13,950 --> 01:09:15,885
SALT, BUT HERE'S SOME COLLARD
2421
01:09:15,885 --> 01:09:17,187
GREENS, ET CETERA.
2422
01:09:17,187 --> 01:09:18,522
BUT THESE ARE FROZEN.
2423
01:09:18,522 --> 01:09:20,290
THEY'RE USUALLY QUICK FROZEN,
2424
01:09:20,290 --> 01:09:22,192
AND SO MAINTAIN THEIR FRESHNESS.
2425
01:09:22,192 --> 01:09:24,093
IN SOME CASES, THE FROZEN CAN BE
2426
01:09:24,093 --> 01:09:25,695
EVEN BETTER THAN OLD FRESH
2427
01:09:25,695 --> 01:09:27,464
THAT'S BEEN LAYING AROUND FOR
2428
01:09:27,464 --> 01:09:29,199
A WHILE BECAUSE THIS SORT OF,
2429
01:09:29,199 --> 01:09:31,067
FOR THE MOST PART, CAN STOP ANY
2430
01:09:31,067 --> 01:09:34,204
SORT OF DECLINE BY FREEZING.
2431
01:09:36,306 --> 01:09:38,141
ROMAINE LETTUCE IS MUCH BETTER
2432
01:09:38,141 --> 01:09:39,643
FOR YOU THAN THE ICEBERG
2433
01:09:39,643 --> 01:09:40,310
LETTUCE.
2434
01:09:40,310 --> 01:09:42,111
THERE'S A LOT MORE IN IT.
2435
01:09:42,111 --> 01:09:43,247
>> JUST A LOT MORE NUTRITIONAL
2436
01:09:43,247 --> 01:09:43,613
VALUE?
2437
01:09:43,613 --> 01:09:45,815
>> A LOT MORE NUTRITIONAL VALUE
2438
01:09:45,815 --> 01:09:46,483
IN IT.
2439
01:09:46,483 --> 01:09:47,717
THE COLOR TELLS YOU AN AWFUL
2440
01:09:47,717 --> 01:09:48,051
LOT.
2441
01:09:48,051 --> 01:09:49,253
THE MORE COLOR IT'S GOT, THE
2442
01:09:49,253 --> 01:09:50,220
BETTER IT IS FOR YOU.
2443
01:09:50,220 --> 01:09:51,688
UNFORTUNATELY, SOMETIMES YOU
2444
01:09:51,688 --> 01:09:53,056
HAVE TO BE CAREFUL BECAUSE
2445
01:09:53,056 --> 01:09:54,291
THERE'S AN AWFUL LOT OF
2446
01:09:54,291 --> 01:09:55,692
PESTICIDES USED ON RED BELL
2447
01:09:55,692 --> 01:09:57,227
PEPPERS AND STRAWBERRIES AND A
2448
01:09:57,227 --> 01:09:58,695
FEW THINGS LIKE THAT BECAUSE
2449
01:09:58,695 --> 01:10:00,264
THEY HAVE TO DO THAT IF THEY'RE
2450
01:10:00,264 --> 01:10:01,431
NOT GOING TO BE GROWN
2451
01:10:01,431 --> 01:10:02,165
ORGANICALLY.
2452
01:10:02,165 --> 01:10:04,167
HERE, WE'VE GOT SOME BEAUTIFUL
2453
01:10:04,167 --> 01:10:04,801
FRUIT.
2454
01:10:04,801 --> 01:10:06,470
EACH ONE OF THESE IS GONNA BE
2455
01:10:06,470 --> 01:10:07,771
LOADED WITH NUTRIENTS.
2456
01:10:07,771 --> 01:10:09,205
IT'S REALLY HARD TO OVERDO THIS.
2457
01:10:09,205 --> 01:10:10,607
IF YOU'RE DIABETIC, YOU NEED TO
2458
01:10:10,607 --> 01:10:12,075
BE CAREFUL AND NOT HAVE TOO MUCH
2459
01:10:12,075 --> 01:10:12,509
FRUIT.
2460
01:10:12,509 --> 01:10:13,843
ONE OF THESE A DAY.
2461
01:10:13,843 --> 01:10:15,579
>> THERE'S STILL A LOT OF FRUIT
2462
01:10:15,579 --> 01:10:16,513
SUGAR IN FRUIT.
2463
01:10:16,513 --> 01:10:17,347
>> THERE IS.
2464
01:10:17,347 --> 01:10:18,348
RIGHT. FRUCTOSE.
2465
01:10:18,348 --> 01:10:19,916
AND FRUCTOSE CAN DO SOME BAD
2466
01:10:19,916 --> 01:10:21,585
THINGS TO YOU IN HIGH AMOUNTS.
2467
01:10:21,585 --> 01:10:22,352
>> RIGHT.
2468
01:10:22,352 --> 01:10:23,320
>> ESPECIALLY IF YOU'RE
2469
01:10:23,320 --> 01:10:23,820
DIABETIC.
2470
01:10:23,820 --> 01:10:25,955
EXERCISE UN-DOES THAT DAMAGE,
2471
01:10:25,955 --> 01:10:28,157
BY THE WAY, AND THAT'S ANOTHER
2472
01:10:28,157 --> 01:10:29,926
LECTURE, BUT THIS IS AN
2473
01:10:29,926 --> 01:10:32,128
EXCELLENT SOURCE OF ESPECIALLY
2474
01:10:32,128 --> 01:10:33,897
ENERGY THROUGH THE DAY.
2475
01:10:33,897 --> 01:10:35,064
YOU KNOW, EAT HALF AN APPLE
2476
01:10:35,064 --> 01:10:35,899
IN BETWEEN A MEAL.
2477
01:10:35,899 --> 01:10:36,500
IT'S GREAT.
2478
01:10:36,500 --> 01:10:37,767
THEN EAT THE OTHER HALF LATER.
2479
01:10:37,767 --> 01:10:38,435
OR AN ORANGE.
2480
01:10:38,435 --> 01:10:39,536
IT DOESN'T REALLY MATTER.
2481
01:10:39,536 --> 01:10:40,770
YOU SHOULD EAT THE ORANGE AND
2482
01:10:40,770 --> 01:10:41,705
NOT THE ORANGE JUICE.
2483
01:10:41,705 --> 01:10:43,072
ORANGE JUICE CAN BE WAY TOO MUCH
2484
01:10:43,072 --> 01:10:44,708
SUGAR.
2485
01:10:45,709 --> 01:10:47,511
PEOPLE HEAR, A LOT OF TIMES,
2486
01:10:47,511 --> 01:10:48,878
WHOLE GRAIN OATMEAL.
2487
01:10:48,878 --> 01:10:50,647
WHOLE GRAINS HAVE PROBLEMS,
2488
01:10:50,647 --> 01:10:52,549
NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS, THAT THE
2489
01:10:52,549 --> 01:10:54,351
REFINED GRAINS DON'T, SO YOU
2490
01:10:54,351 --> 01:10:55,852
CAN'T WIN EITHER WAY.
2491
01:10:55,852 --> 01:10:57,354
>> OH, THEY HAVE THEIR OWN SET
2492
01:10:57,354 --> 01:10:58,054
OF PROBLEMS?
2493
01:10:58,054 --> 01:10:59,589
>> THE WHOLE GRAIN THING THAT'S
2494
01:10:59,589 --> 01:11:00,924
COMING UP NOW, ACTUALLY --
2495
01:11:00,924 --> 01:11:01,891
>> IT'S A GIMMICK.
2496
01:11:01,891 --> 01:11:02,359
>> OH.
2497
01:11:02,359 --> 01:11:03,593
>> IT'S A GIMMICK, OKAY?
2498
01:11:03,593 --> 01:11:05,128
IT'S THEIR TOUTING WHOLE GRAIN,
2499
01:11:05,128 --> 01:11:06,262
IT SOUNDS KIND OF LIKE
2500
01:11:06,262 --> 01:11:06,996
"WHOLESOME."
2501
01:11:06,996 --> 01:11:07,831
>> IT DOES.
2502
01:11:07,831 --> 01:11:09,433
THEY HAVE HEARTS ON THERE,
2503
01:11:09,433 --> 01:11:09,999
RIGHT?
2504
01:11:09,999 --> 01:11:11,535
"HEALTHY FOR YOUR HEART."
2505
01:11:11,535 --> 01:11:14,037
>> THAT'S WHAT WE'RE LED TO
2506
01:11:14,037 --> 01:11:15,038
BELIEVE.
2507
01:11:15,038 --> 01:11:16,506
BUT IT'S MARKETING.
2508
01:11:16,506 --> 01:11:17,607
>> AND SO WHAT ARE THE NEW
2509
01:11:17,607 --> 01:11:18,808
PROBLEMS YOU GET IF YOU HAVE A
2510
01:11:18,808 --> 01:11:19,409
WHOLE GRAIN?
2511
01:11:19,409 --> 01:11:20,944
>> WELL, AGAIN, IT HOLDS A LOT
2512
01:11:20,944 --> 01:11:22,312
OF THE MINERALS IN THE GUT.
2513
01:11:22,312 --> 01:11:23,547
YOU CAN'T ABSORB THOSE.
2514
01:11:23,547 --> 01:11:25,214
IT BLOCKS THE ABSORPTION OF A
2515
01:11:25,214 --> 01:11:27,050
LOT OF THE NUTRIENTS WE NEED, SO
2516
01:11:27,050 --> 01:11:28,418
IT ACTUALLY RAISES YOUR
2517
01:11:28,418 --> 01:11:31,488
APPETITE...AND INCREASES YOUR
2518
01:11:31,488 --> 01:11:32,556
NEED FOR A GOOD MULTIPLE
2519
01:11:32,556 --> 01:11:33,790
VITAMIN THAT YOU SHOULD TAKE
2520
01:11:33,790 --> 01:11:35,124
SEPARATE FROM THE WHOLE GRAINS.
2521
01:11:35,124 --> 01:11:36,493
YOU TAKE A MULTIPLE VITAMIN WITH
2522
01:11:36,493 --> 01:11:37,861
MINERALS, AND YOU'VE GOT A BUNCH
2523
01:11:37,861 --> 01:11:39,095
OF GRAINS THAT GO WITH THAT,
2524
01:11:39,095 --> 01:11:40,630
YOU'RE NOT GONNA GET ANY OF IT.
2525
01:11:42,031 --> 01:11:43,900
>> SO YOU WERE GIVING ME THAT
2526
01:11:43,900 --> 01:11:45,702
TOP LIST OF THINGS TO AVOID,
2527
01:11:45,702 --> 01:11:47,270
AND THAT INCLUDED BREAD.
2528
01:11:47,270 --> 01:11:49,906
THE STAPLE OF AMERICAN LIFE,
2529
01:11:49,906 --> 01:11:51,675
PRETTY MUCH.
2530
01:11:51,675 --> 01:11:52,942
>> IT'S WHAT -- UNFORTUNATELY,
2531
01:11:52,942 --> 01:11:53,943
IT'S NOT GOOD FOR US.
2532
01:11:53,943 --> 01:11:54,578
>> OH, OKAY.
2533
01:11:54,578 --> 01:11:55,812
>> IF WE DON'T CHANGE SOME
2534
01:11:55,812 --> 01:11:57,180
THINGS, WE'RE NOT GONNA FIX THIS
2535
01:11:57,180 --> 01:11:57,681
PROBLEM.
2536
01:11:57,681 --> 01:12:01,985
SO HERE'S A WHITE BREAD.
2537
01:12:01,985 --> 01:12:03,186
THERE'S NOT MUCH IN HERE THAT'S
2538
01:12:03,186 --> 01:12:04,020
GOOD FOR YOU AT ALL.
2539
01:12:04,020 --> 01:12:05,188
IT BLOCKS -- AGAIN, IT BLOCKS
2540
01:12:05,188 --> 01:12:06,255
THE ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS, IT
2541
01:12:06,255 --> 01:12:09,058
PROMOTES OSTEOPOROSIS,
2542
01:12:09,058 --> 01:12:10,594
ET CETERA.
2543
01:12:10,594 --> 01:12:12,762
IT'S SUGAR.
2544
01:12:12,762 --> 01:12:16,766
TWO SLICES OF FRENCH BREAD...
2545
01:12:16,766 --> 01:12:19,135
1/4 CUP OF SUGAR, AND A MEDIUM
2546
01:12:19,135 --> 01:12:21,237
BAKED POTATO ARE VIRTUALLY
2547
01:12:21,237 --> 01:12:22,271
IDENTICAL.
2548
01:12:22,271 --> 01:12:22,972
>> OH, OKAY.
2549
01:12:22,972 --> 01:12:24,408
SO, TWO PIECES OF FRENCH BREAD
2550
01:12:24,408 --> 01:12:25,675
ARE THE SAME AS 1/4 CUP OF
2551
01:12:25,675 --> 01:12:26,109
SUGAR.
2552
01:12:26,109 --> 01:12:26,743
>> EXACTLY.
2553
01:12:26,743 --> 01:12:28,144
>> BAKED POTATO -- SAME AS 1/4
2554
01:12:28,144 --> 01:12:28,878
CUP OF SUGAR.
2555
01:12:28,878 --> 01:12:30,279
>> SOME PEOPLE, THE SUGAR GOES
2556
01:12:30,279 --> 01:12:31,781
UP FASTER WITH THE BREAD THAN IT
2557
01:12:31,781 --> 01:12:33,249
DOES WITH THE 1/4 CUP OF SUGAR.
2558
01:12:33,249 --> 01:12:33,950
>> REALLY?
2559
01:12:33,950 --> 01:12:34,518
>> YES.
2560
01:12:34,518 --> 01:12:35,985
>> NOW, THAT'S INTERESTING.
2561
01:12:35,985 --> 01:12:37,854
>> NOT EVERYONE, BUT SOME
2562
01:12:37,854 --> 01:12:38,622
PEOPLE.
2563
01:12:38,622 --> 01:12:39,956
HERE WE'VE GOT --
2564
01:12:39,956 --> 01:12:40,924
>> OAT NUT.
2565
01:12:40,924 --> 01:12:42,058
OATMEAL BREAD.
2566
01:12:42,058 --> 01:12:42,726
>> YEAH.
2567
01:12:42,726 --> 01:12:44,561
THIS IS SUPPOSED TO BE GOOD FOR
2568
01:12:44,561 --> 01:12:45,662
US, BUT IT'S NOT.
2569
01:12:45,662 --> 01:12:47,697
THIS ACTUALLY HAS PROBLEMS THAT
2570
01:12:47,697 --> 01:12:49,198
THIS ONE DOESN'T HAVE.
2571
01:12:49,198 --> 01:12:50,534
IT ACTUALLY HOLDS MORE OF THE
2572
01:12:50,534 --> 01:12:51,968
MINERALS INTO THE GUT FROM BEING
2573
01:12:51,968 --> 01:12:53,236
ABSORBED THAN THIS ONE DOES.
2574
01:12:53,236 --> 01:12:55,238
>> BECAUSE IT'S GOT THE WHOLE
2575
01:12:55,238 --> 01:12:55,972
GRAIN.
2576
01:12:55,972 --> 01:12:58,007
>> AND THAT PARTICULAR -- THOSE
2577
01:12:58,007 --> 01:13:00,009
MOLECULES BIND UP A LOT OF OUR
2578
01:13:00,009 --> 01:13:01,511
MINERALS THAT WE NEED.
2579
01:13:01,511 --> 01:13:02,879
>> SO THIS WHOLE NEW, ONCE
2580
01:13:02,879 --> 01:13:04,313
AGAIN, THIS WHOLE-GRAIN PUSH
2581
01:13:04,313 --> 01:13:05,715
THAT'S GOING ON NOW KIND OF
2582
01:13:05,715 --> 01:13:07,116
COMING AGAINST THE LOW CARB
2583
01:13:07,116 --> 01:13:08,552
THING, YOU'RE SAYING THIS IS
2584
01:13:08,552 --> 01:13:09,786
MUCH HEALTHIER FOR YOU.
2585
01:13:09,786 --> 01:13:11,788
IT'S NOT -- IT'S JUST NOT
2586
01:13:11,788 --> 01:13:12,722
ACCURATE.
2587
01:13:12,722 --> 01:13:14,724
IT'S A MARKETING STRATEGY, MUCH
2588
01:13:14,724 --> 01:13:16,259
LIKE SELLING US ON SOY.
2589
01:13:16,259 --> 01:13:17,393
>> OKAY.
2590
01:13:17,393 --> 01:13:18,061
ALL RIGHT.
2591
01:13:18,061 --> 01:13:20,830
>> SO THERE'S REALLY -- NOT GOOD
2592
01:13:20,830 --> 01:13:21,898
FOR YOU.
2593
01:13:21,898 --> 01:13:22,832
THIS IS A "NO."
2594
01:13:22,832 --> 01:13:24,400
>> THIS IS BIG ON THE "NO" LIST.
2595
01:13:24,400 --> 01:13:26,436
>> THIS IS BIG ON THE "NO" LIST.
2596
01:13:30,073 --> 01:13:31,107
NOW, OKAY.
2597
01:13:31,107 --> 01:13:33,376
HERE'S A PERFECT EXAMPLE OF
2598
01:13:33,376 --> 01:13:35,912
SOMETHING THAT COULD BE MARKETED
2599
01:13:35,912 --> 01:13:37,113
AS FAT FREE.
2600
01:13:37,113 --> 01:13:39,015
AND FAT FREE IS SUPPOSED TO BE
2601
01:13:39,015 --> 01:13:39,983
GOOD FOR YOU.
2602
01:13:39,983 --> 01:13:41,685
FAT FREE IS SUPPOSED TO BE GOOD
2603
01:13:41,685 --> 01:13:43,186
FOR US, BUT IN FACT -- AND
2604
01:13:43,186 --> 01:13:44,554
THERE'S NO FAT IN HERE.
2605
01:13:44,554 --> 01:13:45,655
SO IT'S FAT FREE, BUT THERE'S
2606
01:13:45,655 --> 01:13:46,756
NOTHING WORSE FOR YOU ON THE
2607
01:13:46,756 --> 01:13:47,791
PLANET THAN TO EAT ALL THIS
2608
01:13:47,791 --> 01:13:48,157
SUGAR.
2609
01:13:48,157 --> 01:13:49,292
>> BUT IT'S GOT "BETTER" RIGHT
2610
01:13:49,292 --> 01:13:49,893
ON THE FRONT.
2611
01:13:49,893 --> 01:13:51,795
[ BOTH LAUGH ]
2612
01:13:51,795 --> 01:13:53,497
>> RIGHT, BUT IT'S NOT.
2613
01:13:53,497 --> 01:13:54,864
>> SO, IT'S FAT FREE, AND
2614
01:13:54,864 --> 01:13:56,533
THERE'S NOTHING WORSE FOR YOU.
2615
01:13:56,533 --> 01:13:58,201
>> HIGH-FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP.
2616
01:13:58,201 --> 01:13:59,068
>> AH, OKAY.
2617
01:13:59,068 --> 01:14:00,336
>> THIS IS WHAT YOU'RE REALLY
2618
01:14:00,336 --> 01:14:01,104
TRYING TO AVOID.
2619
01:14:01,104 --> 01:14:02,138
CLOGS UP YOUR ARTERIES.
2620
01:14:02,138 --> 01:14:03,206
>> THAT'S THE NUMBER-ONE
2621
01:14:03,206 --> 01:14:03,807
INGREDIENT.
2622
01:14:03,807 --> 01:14:04,941
>> THAT'S ABOUT ALL IT IS.
2623
01:14:04,941 --> 01:14:06,009
>> OH, OKAY.
2624
01:14:06,009 --> 01:14:08,244
>> AFTER THAT IS SALT.
2625
01:14:08,244 --> 01:14:10,246
SO THERE'S NOTHING IN THERE THAT
2626
01:14:10,246 --> 01:14:10,980
YOU WANT.
2627
01:14:10,980 --> 01:14:11,748
>> RIGHT.
2628
01:14:11,748 --> 01:14:13,517
AND THAT'S TRUE FOR PROBABLY
2629
01:14:13,517 --> 01:14:15,318
MOST OF THE SYRUPS AND THOSE
2630
01:14:15,318 --> 01:14:16,452
KINDS OF THINGS.
2631
01:14:16,452 --> 01:14:17,587
>> THEN YOU'VE GOT THE
2632
01:14:17,587 --> 01:14:19,155
SUGAR-FREE VERSION, AND THEN YOU
2633
01:14:19,155 --> 01:14:20,557
HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT, "WHAT DO
2634
01:14:20,557 --> 01:14:21,525
THEY PUT IN HERE?"
2635
01:14:21,525 --> 01:14:22,826
IT'S PROBABLY NOT FOUND IN
2636
01:14:22,826 --> 01:14:23,326
NATURE.
2637
01:14:23,326 --> 01:14:24,528
IT'S PROBABLY SOMETHING
2638
01:14:24,528 --> 01:14:25,895
COMPLETELY MANUFACTURED, OUR
2639
01:14:25,895 --> 01:14:27,463
BODY KNOWS NOTHING OF WHAT TO DO
2640
01:14:27,463 --> 01:14:28,798
WITH IT, AND OFTEN WORKS AS
2641
01:14:28,798 --> 01:14:30,534
NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE BRAIN
2642
01:14:30,534 --> 01:14:32,068
THAT MESS UP OUR THINKING,
2643
01:14:32,068 --> 01:14:33,570
CAUSE FOGGING OF THINKING,
2644
01:14:33,570 --> 01:14:34,337
ET CETERA.
2645
01:14:34,337 --> 01:14:35,605
EVEN SHOWN TO PRODUCE
2646
01:14:35,605 --> 01:14:37,006
DEPRESSION.
2647
01:14:39,876 --> 01:14:41,578
HERE'S SOMETHING OFF THE SHELF.
2648
01:14:41,578 --> 01:14:42,411
LOOK AT THIS.
2649
01:14:42,411 --> 01:14:44,914
[ PLASTIC RUSTLING ]
2650
01:14:44,914 --> 01:14:45,815
>> MY GOODNESS.
2651
01:14:45,815 --> 01:14:47,216
IT ALMOST LOOKS LIKE CANDY,
2652
01:14:47,216 --> 01:14:48,652
LIKE, AT HALLOWEEN THAT YOU
2653
01:14:48,652 --> 01:14:50,286
WOULD GET WITH ALL THE SUGAR.
2654
01:14:50,286 --> 01:14:52,155
>> THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT IT IS.
2655
01:14:52,155 --> 01:14:53,890
IT'S JUST COATED WITH THICK
2656
01:14:53,890 --> 01:14:57,026
ICING ON THESE LITTLE MINI
2657
01:14:57,026 --> 01:14:58,595
WHEATS.
2658
01:14:58,595 --> 01:14:59,796
AND SO THE INGREDIENTS, THERE'S
2659
01:14:59,796 --> 01:15:00,564
WHOLE-GRAIN WHEAT.
2660
01:15:00,564 --> 01:15:01,731
WE'VE ALREADY TALKED ABOUT THE
2661
01:15:01,731 --> 01:15:02,966
FACT THAT HOW THERE'S NOTHING IN
2662
01:15:02,966 --> 01:15:04,000
WHEAT THAT'S GOOD FOR YOU,
2663
01:15:04,000 --> 01:15:04,400
REALLY.
2664
01:15:04,400 --> 01:15:05,602
I MEAN, IF YOU LOOK AT IT, IT'S
2665
01:15:05,602 --> 01:15:06,770
KIND OF THE SCOURGE OF HEALTH,
2666
01:15:06,770 --> 01:15:08,672
THE BEGINNING OF THE DOWNFALL OF
2667
01:15:08,672 --> 01:15:09,472
OUR HEALTH.
2668
01:15:09,472 --> 01:15:10,907
SUGAR IS NEXT, SORBITOL,
2669
01:15:10,907 --> 01:15:12,776
GELATIN REDUCED DOWN, THEY THROW
2670
01:15:12,776 --> 01:15:14,611
SOME MINERALS IN HERE, WHICH ARE
2671
01:15:14,611 --> 01:15:16,445
NOT GONNA BE ABSORBED BECAUSE OF
2672
01:15:16,445 --> 01:15:17,981
THE GRAINS HOLD THAT.
2673
01:15:17,981 --> 01:15:19,148
AND IT'S WHOLE GRAIN, SO IT'S
2674
01:15:19,148 --> 01:15:20,083
GONNA HOLD IT EVEN MORE.
2675
01:15:20,083 --> 01:15:21,250
SO THIS IS -- YOU'RE BETTER OFF
2676
01:15:21,250 --> 01:15:22,285
NOT EATING THAN EATING THIS
2677
01:15:22,285 --> 01:15:23,152
UNLESS YOU'RE DYING OF
2678
01:15:23,152 --> 01:15:24,220
STARVATION, YOU CAN'T GET ANY
2679
01:15:24,220 --> 01:15:25,021
SUGAR TO THE BRAIN.
2680
01:15:25,021 --> 01:15:26,155
THIS WILL HELP YOU GET SUGAR TO
2681
01:15:26,155 --> 01:15:27,323
THE BRAIN, AND THAT'S ALL IT'LL
2682
01:15:27,323 --> 01:15:28,658
DO FOR YOU.
2683
01:15:31,427 --> 01:15:32,495
>> EVERY ONCE IN A WHILE, IT
2684
01:15:32,495 --> 01:15:33,563
LOOKS TO ME LIKE MAYBE SOME
2685
01:15:33,563 --> 01:15:34,731
OF THE GOOD STUFF IS HIDDEN IN
2686
01:15:34,731 --> 01:15:35,565
THE MIDDLE OF THE...
2687
01:15:35,565 --> 01:15:36,633
>> THIS IS ABOUT IT.
2688
01:15:36,633 --> 01:15:37,400
>> ...AISLES.
2689
01:15:37,400 --> 01:15:38,234
OH, THIS IS IT?
2690
01:15:38,234 --> 01:15:39,468
>> THIS IS ABOUT IT.
2691
01:15:39,468 --> 01:15:42,806
HERE, YOU'VE GOT SOME WALNUTS.
2692
01:15:42,806 --> 01:15:44,140
VERY GOOD FOOD.
2693
01:15:44,140 --> 01:15:45,775
>> THOSE LOOK GREAT.
2694
01:15:45,775 --> 01:15:47,977
>> PECANS, ALMONDS -- THESE,
2695
01:15:47,977 --> 01:15:49,378
THEY'RE HARD TO OVERDO.
2696
01:15:49,378 --> 01:15:50,680
>> SO, THIS IS A "YES."
2697
01:15:50,680 --> 01:15:51,781
>> THIS IS A "YES."
2698
01:15:51,781 --> 01:15:52,949
THIS IS A BIG "YES."
2699
01:15:52,949 --> 01:15:55,018
>> THERE'S JUST SO MANY THINGS
2700
01:15:55,018 --> 01:15:57,286
HERE IN THE STORE THAT CAN DO US
2701
01:15:57,286 --> 01:15:59,155
DAMAGE IF WE'RE NOT REALLY
2702
01:15:59,155 --> 01:15:59,823
AWARE.
2703
01:15:59,823 --> 01:16:01,457
>> THE ANSWER IS, IN TRUTH,
2704
01:16:01,457 --> 01:16:02,558
ALMOST ALL OF IT.
2705
01:16:02,558 --> 01:16:03,593
ALMOST ALL OF IT.
2706
01:16:03,593 --> 01:16:05,261
IF YOU GO TO THE FRUITS AND THE
2707
01:16:05,261 --> 01:16:06,930
NUTS AND THE VEGETABLES AND THE
2708
01:16:06,930 --> 01:16:08,632
LEAN MEATS, CHICKEN, THEN YOU'RE
2709
01:16:08,632 --> 01:16:09,098
GOOD.
2710
01:16:09,098 --> 01:16:10,333
IT'S WONDERFUL FOR YOU, YOU
2711
01:16:10,333 --> 01:16:10,734
KNOW?
2712
01:16:10,734 --> 01:16:12,135
AND PEOPLE ARE OVER HERE AT THE
2713
01:16:12,135 --> 01:16:13,469
CHECKOUT IN THIS LITTLE TOWN.
2714
01:16:13,469 --> 01:16:14,704
THEY SEE ME CHECKING OUT, AND
2715
01:16:14,704 --> 01:16:16,072
I'M PRETTY GOOD ABOUT HOW I EAT.
2716
01:16:16,072 --> 01:16:17,173
AND THEY SEE AND THEY JUST
2717
01:16:17,173 --> 01:16:18,507
THINK, "BOY, I WISH I WAS GOING
2718
01:16:18,507 --> 01:16:19,776
TO YOUR HOUSE FOR DINNER," YOU
2719
01:16:19,776 --> 01:16:20,143
KNOW?
2720
01:16:20,143 --> 01:16:21,310
BUT I'VE LOADED UP THE STEAKS
2721
01:16:21,310 --> 01:16:22,545
AND THE ROASTS AND ALL THE FRESH
2722
01:16:22,545 --> 01:16:23,813
GREENS AND SALADS, AND IT'S MUCH
2723
01:16:23,813 --> 01:16:24,380
MORE COLOR.
2724
01:16:24,380 --> 01:16:25,514
AND HERE COMES SOMEBODY RIGHT
2725
01:16:25,514 --> 01:16:26,616
BEHIND ME WITH -- YOU KNOW,
2726
01:16:26,616 --> 01:16:27,751
THEY'RE KIND OF HIDING THEIR
2727
01:16:27,751 --> 01:16:28,952
STUFF 'CAUSE THEY KNOW WHAT I DO
2728
01:16:28,952 --> 01:16:29,986
AND HOW I THINK ABOUT IT.
2729
01:16:29,986 --> 01:16:31,320
AND I HAD A PATIENT ONE TIME
2730
01:16:31,320 --> 01:16:32,656
THAT TOLD ME, SHE SAID, "YOU
2731
01:16:32,656 --> 01:16:33,957
KNOW, DR. SEBRING, AFTER
2732
01:16:33,957 --> 01:16:35,158
READING ABOUT THIS, AND I
2733
01:16:35,158 --> 01:16:36,592
REALIZE THAT NOTHING WE BOUGHT
2734
01:16:36,592 --> 01:16:37,426
WAS GOOD FOR US.
2735
01:16:37,426 --> 01:16:38,928
NOTHING WE ATE WAS GOOD FOR US."
2736
01:16:38,928 --> 01:16:40,063
I SHOP VERY DIFFERENTLY NOW.
2737
01:16:40,063 --> 01:16:41,197
IT'S A LOT QUICKER SHOPPING.
2738
01:16:41,197 --> 01:16:42,065
I'M JUST IN AND OUT.
2739
01:16:42,065 --> 01:16:43,332
I GRAB THESE FEW THINGS, AND I'M
2740
01:16:43,332 --> 01:16:43,833
RIGHT OUT.
2741
01:16:43,833 --> 01:16:44,901
I DON'T HAVE TO PERUSE THE
2742
01:16:44,901 --> 01:16:46,135
AISLES IN TRYING TO FIGURE OUT,
2743
01:16:46,135 --> 01:16:47,336
"IS THIS GOOD FOR ME OR THAT?"
2744
01:16:47,336 --> 01:16:48,738
I ALREADY KNOW IT'S NOT.
2745
01:16:48,738 --> 01:16:50,106
WHEN WE STARTED EATING MEATS,
2746
01:16:50,106 --> 01:16:51,574
THAT ALLOWED THE BRAIN TO DOUBLE
2747
01:16:51,574 --> 01:16:52,108
IN SIZE.
2748
01:16:52,108 --> 01:16:55,111
OVER 25% OF OUR ENERGY IS USED
2749
01:16:55,111 --> 01:16:56,713
IN THE BRAIN.
2750
01:16:56,713 --> 01:16:58,715
AND I'VE SEEN STUDIES AS HIGH AS
2751
01:16:58,715 --> 01:17:00,583
70% DEPENDING ON WHAT FACTORS
2752
01:17:00,583 --> 01:17:01,885
THEY'RE LOOKING AT.
2753
01:17:01,885 --> 01:17:04,821
SO, WE GOT THIS COMPACT SOURCE
2754
01:17:04,821 --> 01:17:07,824
OF FOOD, WHICH WAS ANIMAL WITH
2755
01:17:07,824 --> 01:17:10,894
THE PROTEINS AND FATS THAT VERY
2756
01:17:10,894 --> 01:17:12,962
NUTRIENT DENSE, AND THAT ALLOWED
2757
01:17:12,962 --> 01:17:14,831
US, THEN, TO DOUBLE THE BRAIN
2758
01:17:14,831 --> 01:17:15,398
SIZE.
2759
01:17:15,398 --> 01:17:17,166
SO WE DON'T WANT TO FORSAKE
2760
01:17:17,166 --> 01:17:17,701
THAT.
2761
01:17:17,701 --> 01:17:19,736
THERE'S A REASON WHY THAT WORKED
2762
01:17:19,736 --> 01:17:21,771
THAT WAY, AND WHEN WE DO, WE GET
2763
01:17:21,771 --> 01:17:22,772
INTO TROUBLE.
2764
01:17:22,772 --> 01:17:24,874
AND, YOU KNOW, SOMETIMES, I FEEL
2765
01:17:24,874 --> 01:17:26,976
LIKE WE'RE ON THE PRECIPICE HERE
2766
01:17:26,976 --> 01:17:28,377
OF FALLING OFF.
2767
01:17:28,377 --> 01:17:30,279
I FEEL LIKE MAYBE WE'VE JUST
2768
01:17:30,279 --> 01:17:32,081
LEARNED JUST ENOUGH IN TIME
2769
01:17:32,081 --> 01:17:34,250
THROUGH CORDAIN AND BOYD EATON,
2770
01:17:34,250 --> 01:17:36,219
ET CETERA, THAT THAT'S GONNA
2771
01:17:36,219 --> 01:17:37,787
GIVE US THE KNOWLEDGE.
2772
01:17:37,787 --> 01:17:39,288
WE'LL GRAB OURSELVES BEFORE WE
2773
01:17:39,288 --> 01:17:40,589
FALL OFF THE PRECIPICE OF
2774
01:17:40,589 --> 01:17:41,357
HEALTH, HERE.
2775
01:17:41,357 --> 01:17:42,926
WE'RE JUST GOING, AND IT'S GOING
2776
01:17:42,926 --> 01:17:44,227
FAST, AND NOBODY'S PAYING
2777
01:17:44,227 --> 01:17:44,861
ATTENTION.
2778
01:17:44,861 --> 01:17:47,330
EVERYBODY'S GOT THEIR INDIVIDUAL
2779
01:17:47,330 --> 01:17:49,699
PLAN FOR THEMSELVES, BASICALLY,
2780
01:17:49,699 --> 01:17:51,968
TO PERPETUATE THEIR WEALTH OR
2781
01:17:51,968 --> 01:17:53,236
WHAT HAVE YOU.
2782
01:17:53,236 --> 01:17:54,370
AND INSTEAD OF LOOKING AT THE
2783
01:17:54,370 --> 01:17:55,304
BIG PICTURE, THEY'RE NOT
2784
01:17:55,304 --> 01:17:56,605
THINKING ABOUT THEIR KIDS, THEIR
2785
01:17:56,605 --> 01:17:57,073
GRANDKIDS.
2786
01:17:57,073 --> 01:17:58,274
I MEAN, NUTRITIONISTS, A LOT OF
2787
01:17:58,274 --> 01:17:59,208
THEM ARE SAYING THAT THE
2788
01:17:59,208 --> 01:18:00,209
CHILDREN BORN TODAY WON'T
2789
01:18:00,209 --> 01:18:01,310
OUTLIVE THEIR PARENTS 'CAUSE
2790
01:18:01,310 --> 01:18:02,178
THEY'VE NEVER HAD GOOD
2791
01:18:02,178 --> 01:18:02,678
NUTRITION.
2792
01:18:02,678 --> 01:18:04,714
AND I'VE GOT 11-YEAR-OLD
2793
01:18:04,714 --> 01:18:07,283
TYPE 2 DIABETICS IN MY PRACTICE.
2794
01:18:07,283 --> 01:18:08,952
>> TYPE 2 IS DIETARY-INDUCED
2795
01:18:08,952 --> 01:18:09,719
DIABETICS?
2796
01:18:09,719 --> 01:18:10,754
>> DIETARY INDUCED.
2797
01:18:10,754 --> 01:18:12,255
WHEN I FIRST GRADUATED MEDICAL
2798
01:18:12,255 --> 01:18:13,622
SCHOOL, I NEVER SAW ANYBODY
2799
01:18:13,622 --> 01:18:15,158
UNDER 55 WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES.
2800
01:18:15,158 --> 01:18:16,659
I'VE GOT CHILDREN HAVEN'T EVEN
2801
01:18:16,659 --> 01:18:18,795
HIT PUBERTY YET, AND THEY'VE
2802
01:18:18,795 --> 01:18:20,396
GOT TYPE 2 DIABETES.
2803
01:18:20,396 --> 01:18:23,066
AND SO WE'VE MADE A LOT OF
2804
01:18:23,066 --> 01:18:26,069
MISTAKES, HERE, AND HOPEFULLY,
2805
01:18:26,069 --> 01:18:28,537
WE CAN TURN THIS AROUND.
2806
01:18:28,537 --> 01:18:30,073
>> MY 10-YEAR GLOBAL SEARCH FOR
2807
01:18:30,073 --> 01:18:31,574
THE PERFECT HUMAN DIET HAS BEEN
2808
01:18:31,574 --> 01:18:32,942
AN AMAZING AND ENLIGHTENING
2809
01:18:32,942 --> 01:18:34,243
TREASURE HUNT, REVEALING A
2810
01:18:34,243 --> 01:18:35,478
WEALTH OF ANCESTRAL AND
2811
01:18:35,478 --> 01:18:37,113
TRADITIONAL DIETARY INSIGHTS, AS
2812
01:18:37,113 --> 01:18:38,347
WELL AS THE MOST RECENT
2813
01:18:38,347 --> 01:18:39,883
ANTHROPOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDINGS
2814
01:18:39,883 --> 01:18:41,117
OF OUR SPECIES' DIETARY
2815
01:18:41,117 --> 01:18:42,551
EVOLUTION.
2816
01:18:42,551 --> 01:18:44,120
BUT WHAT I FIND MOST FASCINATING
2817
01:18:44,120 --> 01:18:45,588
IS THE KNOWLEDGE THAT HAS BEEN
2818
01:18:45,588 --> 01:18:47,023
UNLOCKED THROUGH TECHNOLOGICAL
2819
01:18:47,023 --> 01:18:48,024
ADVANCEMENTS IN THE
2820
01:18:48,024 --> 01:18:50,794
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES, NAMELY
2821
01:18:50,794 --> 01:18:52,962
HARD, SCIENTIFIC PROOF OF WHAT
2822
01:18:52,962 --> 01:18:54,998
WAS PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWABLE --
2823
01:18:54,998 --> 01:18:56,833
WHAT WE ACTUALLY ATE TO DEVELOP
2824
01:18:56,833 --> 01:18:58,634
THE HEALTH, STRENGTH, AND BRAIN
2825
01:18:58,634 --> 01:19:00,269
POWER TO BECOME THE DOMINANT
2826
01:19:00,269 --> 01:19:02,238
SPECIES ON THE PLANET.
2827
01:19:02,238 --> 01:19:03,773
WE CAN NOW CLEARLY SEE THAT
2828
01:19:03,773 --> 01:19:05,008
WHENEVER AND WHEREVER
2829
01:19:05,008 --> 01:19:06,609
DOMESTICATED GRAINS AND PLANT
2830
01:19:06,609 --> 01:19:08,344
FOODS BECAME OUR SPECIES' MAJOR
2831
01:19:08,344 --> 01:19:09,946
SOURCE OF PROTEIN, OUR HEALTH
2832
01:19:09,946 --> 01:19:12,048
DECLINED, AND THAT ANIMAL
2833
01:19:12,048 --> 01:19:13,682
PROTEINS AND FATS ARE
2834
01:19:13,682 --> 01:19:15,684
IRREPLACEABLE IN AN OPTIMAL
2835
01:19:15,684 --> 01:19:16,685
HUMAN DIET.
2836
01:19:16,685 --> 01:19:18,454
THIS KNOWLEDGE IS A GAME
2837
01:19:18,454 --> 01:19:19,255
CHANGER.
2838
01:19:19,255 --> 01:19:20,589
CLEARLY, THE PREVAILING MEDIA
2839
01:19:20,589 --> 01:19:21,925
AND GOVERNMENT MESSAGE IS THAT
2840
01:19:21,925 --> 01:19:23,192
MEAT AND ANIMAL PROTEIN ARE
2841
01:19:23,192 --> 01:19:24,493
INHERENTLY UNHEALTHY, AND WE
2842
01:19:24,493 --> 01:19:25,561
SHOULD BE EATING LESS.
2843
01:19:25,561 --> 01:19:26,996
BUT I HOPE THAT WHAT WE'VE
2844
01:19:26,996 --> 01:19:28,397
LEARNED ON OUR SEARCH WILL
2845
01:19:28,397 --> 01:19:29,999
ELEVATE AND INSPIRE THE PUBLIC
2846
01:19:29,999 --> 01:19:31,467
CONVERSATION TO INCLUDE THE
2847
01:19:31,467 --> 01:19:33,102
FULLEST RANGE OF WHAT IS NOW
2848
01:19:33,102 --> 01:19:34,904
KNOWN ABOUT THE AUTHENTIC HUMAN
2849
01:19:34,904 --> 01:19:36,739
DIET AND THAT IT WILL EVENTUALLY
2850
01:19:36,739 --> 01:19:38,507
BE ENTHUSIASTICALLY EMBRACED BY
2851
01:19:38,507 --> 01:19:40,209
OUR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS WHEN
2852
01:19:40,209 --> 01:19:42,011
FORMING PUBLIC POLICY.
2853
01:19:42,711 --> 01:19:44,313
>> DO I THINK WE CAN FIND OUR
2854
01:19:44,313 --> 01:19:46,082
WAY OUT OF THE OBESITY EPIDEMIC?
2855
01:19:46,082 --> 01:19:47,550
I MEAN, THE TECHNIQUES ARE
2856
01:19:47,550 --> 01:19:49,018
THERE TO GET US OUT OF IT.
2857
01:19:49,018 --> 01:19:50,686
WHETHER PEOPLE CHOOSE TO ADOPT
2858
01:19:50,686 --> 01:19:52,421
THOSE TECHNIQUES AND METHODS IS
2859
01:19:52,421 --> 01:19:53,456
ANOTHER QUESTION.
2860
01:19:53,456 --> 01:19:55,058
IF THEY DO, UNQUESTIONABLY WE
2861
01:19:55,058 --> 01:19:56,125
CAN GET OUT OF IT.
2862
01:19:56,125 --> 01:19:57,593
IT'S EASY TO GET OUT OF IT.
2863
01:19:57,593 --> 01:19:59,195
>> WHAT'S THE DEFINITION OF A
2864
01:19:59,195 --> 01:19:59,595
FAD?
2865
01:19:59,595 --> 01:20:01,330
GENERALLY, A FAD IS A SHORT-TERM
2866
01:20:01,330 --> 01:20:02,832
THING THAT A WHOLE BUNCH OF
2867
01:20:02,832 --> 01:20:04,567
PEOPLE ARE -- TO USE A WORD THAT
2868
01:20:04,567 --> 01:20:06,235
DIDN'T USE TO EXIST -- GLOMMING
2869
01:20:06,235 --> 01:20:07,937
ON TO BECAUSE SOMEBODY HAS JUST
2870
01:20:07,937 --> 01:20:09,605
DECIDED TO PUBLICIZE IT OR MAKE
2871
01:20:09,605 --> 01:20:10,907
IT FAMOUS.
2872
01:20:10,907 --> 01:20:12,141
AND, SO LET'S SEE.
2873
01:20:12,141 --> 01:20:13,977
COULD A FAD DIET BE SOMETHING
2874
01:20:13,977 --> 01:20:15,879
THAT OUR ANCESTORS WERE EATING
2875
01:20:15,879 --> 01:20:17,380
FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS?
2876
01:20:17,380 --> 01:20:18,982
I DON'T THINK THAT FITS INTO THE
2877
01:20:18,982 --> 01:20:19,682
WORD "FAD."
2878
01:20:19,682 --> 01:20:22,185
>> I DIDN'T INVENT THIS DIET.
2879
01:20:22,185 --> 01:20:24,187
ALL WE DID IS WE UNCOVERED WHAT
2880
01:20:24,187 --> 01:20:25,488
WAS ALREADY THERE.
2881
01:20:25,488 --> 01:20:27,423
WE UNCOVERED THE DIET THAT ALL
2882
01:20:27,423 --> 01:20:29,425
HUMAN BEINGS ATE ON THIS PLANET
2883
01:20:29,425 --> 01:20:30,960
UNTIL 10,000 YEARS AGO.
2884
01:20:30,960 --> 01:20:32,728
SO WE DID DETECTIVE WORK IN
2885
01:20:32,728 --> 01:20:34,697
FINDING OUT WHAT THAT DIET IS,
2886
01:20:34,697 --> 01:20:36,765
BUT DON'T ATTRIBUTE THIS DIET TO
2887
01:20:36,765 --> 01:20:37,200
ME.
2888
01:20:37,200 --> 01:20:38,902
THERE WILL BE OTHER SCIENTISTS
2889
01:20:38,902 --> 01:20:40,569
THAT WILL COME ALONG, BUT THE
2890
01:20:40,569 --> 01:20:42,205
FUNDAMENTAL TENET OF THE DIET
2891
01:20:42,205 --> 01:20:43,839
WILL NOT EVER BE SHOWN TO BE
2892
01:20:43,839 --> 01:20:45,474
WRONG BECAUSE IT'S BASED UPON
2893
01:20:45,474 --> 01:20:47,176
OUR GENES, AND IT'S BASED UPON
2894
01:20:47,176 --> 01:20:48,644
EVOLUTION THROUGH NATURAL
2895
01:20:48,644 --> 01:20:49,378
SELECTION.
2896
01:20:49,378 --> 01:20:50,980
>> I THINK YOU HAVE TO GO BACK
2897
01:20:50,980 --> 01:20:52,381
TO WHAT WE ARE BEING MOST
2898
01:20:52,381 --> 01:20:54,050
SUCCESSFULLY ADAPTED TO TO THIS
2899
01:20:54,050 --> 01:20:54,550
POINT.
2900
01:20:54,550 --> 01:20:55,985
SO I THINK THE PROCESS -- I
2901
01:20:55,985 --> 01:20:57,520
MEAN, THE REFINED SUGARS, WE'VE
2902
01:20:57,520 --> 01:20:58,754
GOT TO GET RID OF THOSE.
2903
01:20:58,754 --> 01:20:59,855
I THINK YOU HAVE TO HAVE MORE
2904
01:20:59,855 --> 01:21:00,957
EXERCISE THAT HAS TO BE BUILT
2905
01:21:00,957 --> 01:21:01,657
IN.
2906
01:21:01,657 --> 01:21:03,092
I MEAN, OUR PALEOLITHIC HUMANS
2907
01:21:03,092 --> 01:21:04,560
WERE MOVING AROUND ALL THE TIME.
2908
01:21:04,560 --> 01:21:05,861
THEY HAD A LOT OF EXERCISE.
2909
01:21:05,861 --> 01:21:07,296
I THINK MEAT EATING IS
2910
01:21:07,296 --> 01:21:09,165
IMPORTANT, AND PROCESSING FOOD
2911
01:21:09,165 --> 01:21:11,100
LIKE COOKING MEAT AND ALL THOSE
2912
01:21:11,100 --> 01:21:12,801
KIND OF THINGS -- IT'S WHAT
2913
01:21:12,801 --> 01:21:14,670
SEPARATES US AS A PRIMATE FROM
2914
01:21:14,670 --> 01:21:15,871
THE OTHER PRIMATES, I THINK.
2915
01:21:15,871 --> 01:21:18,341
>> WE HAVE THE SAME BIOLOGY THAT
2916
01:21:18,341 --> 01:21:20,476
OUR ANCESTORS DID, AND THAT
2917
01:21:20,476 --> 01:21:22,778
BIOLOGY IS ORIENTED TOWARD THE
2918
01:21:22,778 --> 01:21:25,114
LIFESTYLE, INCLUDING THE DIET,
2919
01:21:25,114 --> 01:21:26,983
THAT THEY ENJOYED AT THAT TIME.
2920
01:21:26,983 --> 01:21:28,051
>> VERY OFTEN, THE WORD
2921
01:21:28,051 --> 01:21:29,085
"CONVENIENCE" COMES UP.
2922
01:21:29,085 --> 01:21:30,353
YOU KNOW, "WELL, THIS IS NOT
2923
01:21:30,353 --> 01:21:30,954
CONVENIENT.
2924
01:21:30,954 --> 01:21:31,988
THAT'S NOT CONVENIENT."
2925
01:21:31,988 --> 01:21:33,356
AND I'VE SAID OVER AND OVER AND
2926
01:21:33,356 --> 01:21:35,191
OVER AGAIN, "HEALTH IS NOT
2927
01:21:35,191 --> 01:21:37,360
CONVENIENT, BUT IT'S NOT HALF AS
2928
01:21:37,360 --> 01:21:39,495
INCONVENIENT AS A FATAL ILLNESS.
2929
01:21:39,495 --> 01:21:42,098
WHICH WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHOOSE?"
2930
01:21:42,098 --> 01:21:43,632
>> I KNOW THAT FOR ME, ONCE I
2931
01:21:43,632 --> 01:21:45,334
UNDERSTOOD THE FULL STORY OF OUR
2932
01:21:45,334 --> 01:21:47,003
DIETARY EVOLUTION, IT MADE SENSE
2933
01:21:47,003 --> 01:21:48,504
TO EMBRACE THE PERFECT HUMAN
2934
01:21:48,504 --> 01:21:50,139
DIET'S OPTIMAL METHOD OF EATING
2935
01:21:50,139 --> 01:21:51,807
IN ORDER TO LIVE A FULL, HEALTHY
2936
01:21:51,807 --> 01:21:53,476
AND HAPPY LIFE, ESPECIALLY GIVEN
2937
01:21:53,476 --> 01:21:54,577
MY HEART CONDITION.
2938
01:21:54,577 --> 01:21:56,145
I'VE BEEN EATING THIS WAY FOR
2939
01:21:56,145 --> 01:21:57,646
MORE THAN FIVE YEARS NOW, AND
2940
01:21:57,646 --> 01:21:59,048
MUCH TO THE AMAZEMENT OF MY
2941
01:21:59,048 --> 01:22:00,549
DOCTORS, MY BLOODWORK CLEARLY
2942
01:22:00,549 --> 01:22:02,118
ILLUSTRATES THAT WAS ABSOLUTELY
2943
01:22:02,118 --> 01:22:03,719
THE RIGHT DECISION.
2944
01:22:03,719 --> 01:22:05,388
BUT WHAT GIVES ME THE MOST HOPE
2945
01:22:05,388 --> 01:22:06,990
THAT WE CAN SOLVE OUR EPIDEMIC
2946
01:22:06,990 --> 01:22:08,624
OF OBESITY AND CHRONIC DISEASE
2947
01:22:08,624 --> 01:22:10,159
IS THAT THERE IS BOTH A NEW
2948
01:22:10,159 --> 01:22:11,694
GROUND SWELL OF INTEREST IN
2949
01:22:11,694 --> 01:22:13,129
ANCESTRAL HEALTH AND MORE
2950
01:22:13,129 --> 01:22:14,597
PRACTICING PHYSICIANS LIKE
2951
01:22:14,597 --> 01:22:15,764
DR. LANE SEBRING ARE
2952
01:22:15,764 --> 01:22:17,166
SUCCESSFULLY USING THESE
2953
01:22:17,166 --> 01:22:18,467
EVOLUTIONARY NUTRITION
2954
01:22:18,467 --> 01:22:19,902
PRINCIPLES WITH PATIENTS,
2955
01:22:19,902 --> 01:22:21,670
PROVING DAILY THAT EATING A
2956
01:22:21,670 --> 01:22:23,472
PERFECT, HUMAN DIET OF HUMAN
2957
01:22:23,472 --> 01:22:25,441
FOODS AND ELIMINATING NON-HUMAN
2958
01:22:25,441 --> 01:22:28,177
FOODS MAKES SENSE, ENDS PATIENT
2959
01:22:28,177 --> 01:22:30,479
CONFUSION, AND MOST IMPORTANTLY,
2960
01:22:30,479 --> 01:22:32,081
IS BOTH PRACTICAL AND
2961
01:22:32,081 --> 01:22:33,149
SUSTAINABLE.
2962
01:22:33,149 --> 01:22:34,383
THANKFULLY, WE DON'T HAVE TO
2963
01:22:34,383 --> 01:22:35,718
WAIT FOR THE GOVERNMENT OR THE
2964
01:22:35,718 --> 01:22:37,120
MEDIA TO EXPAND THEIR SCIENTIFIC
2965
01:22:37,120 --> 01:22:38,487
UNDERSTANDING TO TAKE ADVANTAGE
2966
01:22:38,487 --> 01:22:40,089
OF THESE CRUCIAL DISCOVERIES.
2967
01:22:40,089 --> 01:22:41,757
THIS IS A METHOD OF EATING ANY
2968
01:22:41,757 --> 01:22:43,392
OF US CAN ADOPT BEGINNING WITH
2969
01:22:43,392 --> 01:22:45,028
OUR NEXT MEAL.
2970
01:22:45,028 --> 01:22:46,662
AS DAVID GETOFF POINTED OUT
2971
01:22:46,662 --> 01:22:48,297
EARLIER, THERE ARE THOSE WHO
2972
01:22:48,297 --> 01:22:49,865
WILL CRY THAT THIS IS JUST
2973
01:22:49,865 --> 01:22:51,500
ANOTHER FAD DIET, A PASSING
2974
01:22:51,500 --> 01:22:53,369
OBSESSION THAT WILL BE FORGOTTEN
2975
01:22:53,369 --> 01:22:54,703
IN A FEW SHORT YEARS.
2976
01:22:54,703 --> 01:22:56,372
BUT WHEN I ASKED LOREN CORDAIN'S
2977
01:22:56,372 --> 01:22:57,873
COLLEAGUE DR. BOYD EATON ABOUT
2978
01:22:57,873 --> 01:22:59,375
THAT MISCONCEPTION, I THINK HE
2979
01:22:59,375 --> 01:23:01,477
SUMMED IT UP PERFECTLY.
2980
01:23:01,477 --> 01:23:03,179
"IF THIS IS A FAD DIET, THEN
2981
01:23:03,179 --> 01:23:04,847
IT'S A TWO-MILLION-YEAR-OLD
2982
01:23:04,847 --> 01:23:06,482
FAD."
185098
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