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There's one ritual that happens in every corner of the world.
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Chances are you did it today.
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Over millennia.
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Artists have turned eating into culture.
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A way to celebrate our roots.
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To bring us together.
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But at the end of the day, when you strip away everything else, food is really just
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one thing.
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It's fuel.
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It's where you get the power to live your life.
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Even when you're sitting completely still, your body needs a lot of energy to stay on.
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But nowhere is the need for fuel more apparent than when you push yourself to the absolute
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limit.
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As a Navajo distance runner,
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we run for very specific things.
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It's the celebration of life.
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It's a form of prayer.
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It's a teacher who shows us how to overcome obstacles in life.
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And finally, it's a form of medicine.
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It helps heal us.
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This is Navajo tea.
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It's very hydrating.
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On a cold morning like this, it's the perfect way to start a cold long run.
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Running in the Navajo culture in the way that I was raised, it's a part of life.
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We get up and we run every morning to the east to meet the creator at that innocent
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time of the day, the birth of that new day.
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As we begin our run, we start with a shout.
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When we feel the connection to the earth and to the sky and to the creator, we yell and
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announce that we're thankful for all those deities.
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Our breath is breathing in, Father Skye, the act of running is a prayer.
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I'm Sean Martin, I'm Navajo, and I'm an ultramarathon runner.
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The marathon is considered the ultimate test of human endurance.
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But an ultramarathon is in a whole other league, often upwards of a hundred miles or four
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standard marathons back to back to back to back.
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These feats are only for an elite class of athletes, and they send the body to the edge
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of collapse.
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See, the human body is an amazing machine capable of feats that seem impossible to most
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of us.
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Like all machines, it requires fuel.
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Every one of our nearly 40 trillion cells needs the juice to power on.
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And for us, it comes in one form, glucose.
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It's a sugar that allows cells to create energy.
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And it's locked inside every plant and seed on earth.
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The trick is extracting it.
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Like how crude oil has to be refined to make the gas that we pump, our bodies contain a
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factory that takes all the raw material from food and extracts glucose.
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You know it as the digestive system, or more commonly, the gut.
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It's a series of connected organs, from your mouth, through your intestines, and all the
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way to the other end.
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When I think of the gut, I think of three things.
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I think of an engine, I think of a tunnel, and I think of a strainer.
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It's the engine because it really is where the food comes in and it gets processed and
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digested and then it goes out to feed all the other parts of the body.
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It's a tunnel because when you think about it, it's a hollow tube that divides the body.
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So when something is in your gut, it's excluded from the rest of the body.
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And I like to think of it as a strainer.
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You dump something into a strainer and the liquid goes through into your little pot,
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whatever you're collecting it in, and then all the debris that's left gets dumped out.
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The liquid that goes through the strainer is glucose.
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And for an ultramarathon runner, getting that fuel is all about timing.
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Running, especially long distance, is a really tricky challenge when it comes to taking in
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the right amount of food and water to make sure you have the sugar needed to keep moving
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without eating too much to the point where you start cramping because you can't properly
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digest.
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So this is what we call blue corn mush.
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In Navajo, it's called twushqing.
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It's like a porridge.
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The corn itself is really easy on the stomach.
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And then we add juniper ash to the roasted corn.
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And then with the ash mixed in, it is a really good source of energy that'll last for quite
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a long time.
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Starches like corn break down into glucose in the gut.
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And getting that sugar before a run is crucial for Sean.
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But it doesn't happen instantly.
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Luckily, a while ago, humans discovered how to jump start the breakdown before we ever
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take a bite.
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We don't know exactly when hominins started using fire.
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You know, it could have been as long ago as two million years ago, two and a half million
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years ago, perhaps longer than that.
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But one of the major things that it did for us was to allow us to cook our food and to
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unlock more nutrients.
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Eating releases about 80 percent more energy than raw food.
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That's great news for an endurance runner, especially because exercise actually makes
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digestion slow down.
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Running and digestion are both really active processes in the sense that they both require
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a lot of blood flow.
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So somebody who's an endurance runner, a lot of blood flow gets diverted away from other
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parts of the body and in particular the digestive system and gets diverted to the large muscles
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in the body.
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One of the things I had to learn really early in running these distances was to be able
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to eat enough to have enough energy and fuel during the long runs, but at the same time
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not too much to feel heavy and bog down.
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When I have blue corn mush before a morning run, I like to have it at least an hour before
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just so my body has time to digest a little bit and absorb some of that nutrients.
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Yep, that's what I was raised on.
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Digestion really consists of six distinct phases.
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The first is ingestion, just taking the food in.
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When you eat, mouse saliva breaks food down and binds it into a single mass, ready to
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be swallowed into the esophagus.
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Through a process of relaxing and contracting muscles, the esophagus pushes the food on
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its way.
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The pulses are so powerful that you could hang upside down and still move food against
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gravity into the stomach.
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The stomach is basically a vat of acid, so strong it can dissolve metal.
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The juices kill off dangerous bacteria, and enzymes turn the solid mass into liquid, and
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then it's on to the small intestine.
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It's here, where glucose is finally extracted and then absorbed into the gut's lining, where
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it then enters the bloodstream.
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Now it is ready to refuel the body.
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But glucose can't reach hungry cells all by itself.
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It needs to be carried through the blood by a hormone called insulin.
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Insulin is hugely important in glucose metabolism.
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What do we mean?
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When you're eating, you need insulin to come out and bury that sugar and those carbohydrates
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where they're needed to convert it to energy.
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Most of us know someone or have heard of someone with diabetes.
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Those are people who have problems with their insulin system.
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So they have trouble controlling their sugar levels.
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But how does glucose actually become fuel?
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Well, your cells have doors, and insulin opens those doors.
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Once the glucose is inside, it burns into raw energy and heat.
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Usually that requires oxygen, but some cells, like muscles, can do it without.
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Which tells us that this chemical process evolved even before the atmosphere had oxygen.
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Under normal circumstances, insulin keeps the amount of sugar in your blood in range,
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and levels drop as glucose gets burned for gas.
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But for a marathon runner, things work a little differently.
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During exercise, there is the suppression of insulin, which lowers blood sugar.
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So that we see in people who are doing intense activity, their sugar levels can rise to almost
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diabetic levels because their bodies know that they need that sugar to do the intense
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activity.
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And on the flip side, the cells of elite endurance athletes are also much more sensitive
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to insulin.
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Three times more, in fact.
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Glucose floods in, so an ultramarathoner's body can get more raw fuel to cells faster.
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During an ultra is one of those times muscles have to burn glucose without oxygen.
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When you're out of breath, you can bet your cells are too.
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The upshot is that you can keep running, but there are byproducts.
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As you push on, lactic acid builds up, which means soreness.
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At a certain point, even the most efficient bodies start to break down.
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As I'm running, I'm paying attention to overall effort, how my body's feeling inside, what
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the muscles are feeling like, little aches and pains, tightness all over the body.
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As you go further in an ultramarathon, those little tiny aches and pains have the potential
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to turn into something bigger that could ultimately end your race early.
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All runners have felt muscle aches and exhaustion, but marathoners have to face hitting the wall.
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It usually happens at about mile 20.
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That's when the body's natural glucose reserves are totally dried up.
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The gas tank is empty.
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A fog settles in, and focusing becomes increasingly difficult.
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Some runners get cramps, and others just can't continue the race, unless they refuel.
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About every 15 to 20 minutes, I like to take a gel or blue corn mush.
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Every body is different, and some people feel that during the run they need to take a small
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amount of carbohydrates or sugar as they're running, others get cramps from doing it,
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some people get diarrhea, it all depends on the body.
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It's not about replacing calories, it's about getting sugar into the blood as quickly as
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possible to start reviving those overworked cells.
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The trick is to refuel before you run out of gas.
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Our bodies can be pushed to extremes as long as we know how to support them.
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The record for the longest run stands at 350 continuous miles.
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When I finish an ultra, I usually feel really good.
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As a Navajo distance runner, it's an enormous amount of connection, thinking about our loved
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ones, thinking about our ancestors, and it's very emotional.
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Chances are you don't eat with the same precision as an endurance athlete.
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Most of us eat when we're hungry, a few times a day.
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But is inhaling food every few hours actually what's best for us?
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Today we have access to foods year-round that we wouldn't have had access to through most
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of our evolutionary past.
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Our bodies are adapted to dealing with periodic scarcity that we don't encounter now.
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We evolved in a world where sometimes you just didn't catch dinner.
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Or frost killed the plants.
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And obviously we survived.
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Hunger is a part of our DNA.
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So while long-term starvation is bad, choosing not to eat sometimes might actually be good.
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Food is a huge part of my life in every way.
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It's sustenance.
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You know, it keeps me going and it keeps me alive.
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Food is also a part of my work.
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And food is also meditation for me.
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My name is Deepthi Sharma.
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I am a practicing spiritual Hindu.
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Growing up, Hinduism was a pretty big part of my life.
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So I fast as part of my religious practice.
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I've tried to incorporate those different beliefs and rituals into my everyday life
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today.
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Jews fast for a lot of different reasons.
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It's a form of discipline.
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It's a form of cleansing.
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To remember family members that have passed away, I grew up fasting for those reasons.
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And I continue to because I believe it's just a wonderful tradition.
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Fasting is a test of will.
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That's probably why it's part of so many religions.
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But it also has powerful physical effects inside the body.
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Digestion uses up a lot of resources from the body, a lot of blood flow.
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So when you fast, you basically allow your digestive tract to take a break.
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And it benefits the rest of the body too because of our evolutionary past.
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Research actually suggests that fasting might help our cognition, memory, ability to learn
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and be better for our bodies.
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If you're eating three meals a day, your body relies on glucose for energy.
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Whatever isn't immediately used by cells goes to the liver.
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It's the body's energy reservoir.
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When you're not eating, liver burns that sugar and releases it into the blood.
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But when you fast, all that changes.
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After about eight hours of no food, the liver runs out of sugar to burn.
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So you got to tap into a new resource, fat.
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Under the skin, round internal organs and in between muscles are pockets of fat.
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Fat cells travel to the liver and it breaks them down into acids called ketones.
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Ketones can be used in the same way as glucose, by the brain, blood and muscles to power on.
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And they're actually a more efficient source of energy.
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Fasting seems to promote an increased production of a protein called brain-derived neurotrophic
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protein.
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And this seems to be something that increases new cells being laid down, both in the digestive
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tract as well as in the brain.
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I'm a working mother, I'm an entrepreneur, my schedule is all over the place, as in each
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day is very different for me.
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So a day of fasting for me is I usually try to eat one meal a day.
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If in between I feel sluggish or exhausted, I try to consume a piece of fruit and I drink
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water throughout the day because for me it's really hard.
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What DeepD does is called intermittent fasting and it can take a couple different forms.
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Some people don't eat for a full 24 hours, others just seriously limit their calories
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once or twice a week.
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I try to adapt to what works for me in my lifestyle because it's important to take
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care of my body, my health, my sanity, most importantly.
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As I am spending time with other people, talking to them about work, what I do and what they
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do, I started a company, Food to Eat, where we partner with immigrant, women and minority
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owned restaurants in New York City.
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We love coming into restaurants, getting to know the owners, like where are you guys from?
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Like why did you start this restaurant?
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We essentially help these local restaurants be able to book more catering opportunities
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at large corporate offices.
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So our clients are like The Skim, Microsoft, Warby Parker.
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We love to get them to think about diversity and inclusion.
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But before we onboard these restaurants, we taste their food.
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The first dish is a soupy tamper.
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Wow.
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Wow.
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That looks amazing.
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Those look so good.
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But I will not be eating today because I'm Hindu and I'm actually fasting.
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Yeah.
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The fact that fasting is mostly mind over matter is particularly tough, considering
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how hard-wired that connection is between our stomach and our brain.
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Digestion begins long before the food actually hits the gut.
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In fact, the thought of food or the smell of food can actually stimulate the release
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of digestive enzymes.
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When we see something appetizing, receptors in the brain fire signals for the mouth to
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start producing saliva to help break down that food before we even swallow it.
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Within our saliva is an enzyme that kick-starts the chemical part of digestion,
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preparing the body for the task ahead.
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So I always bring somebody along with me just to enjoy the food more than I do, I guess.
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Give feedback.
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Yeah, give feedback.
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I'm eating for two.
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Okay.
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Where should I start?
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Here you go.
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Here you go.
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Wow.
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I'm so hungry.
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I haven't eaten anything.
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This is definitely torture.
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The stomach is really fascinating in how it can tell your brain, I'm full or I'm hungry.
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Our brains actually get a signal when our stomach is stretched out, saying, oh my gosh,
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I'm full, don't eat anymore.
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And on the other hand, when our stomachs are empty, this also triggers our brain in saying,
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eat and fill me up.
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Our guts can directly affect our moods and vice versa.
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While scientists have connected fasting with an increase in mental flexibility, they've
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also found an increase in anger.
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The irritable, hot-tempered feeling that comes along with hunger.
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When we aren't eating and glucose levels drop, adrenaline and cortisol levels rise.
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These chemicals in the brain that trigger for hunger are the same ones that trigger
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for anger, rage and other emotions.
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We refer to the gut as the enteric nervous system.
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And we have about five times as many neurons in the gut as we have in the spinal cord.
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90% of serotonin, the feel-good hormone, is produced in the gut.
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And we know that many other neurotransmitters are also produced in the gut.
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So it really has a whole separate system in there that is helping to regulate mood
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and feelings, et cetera.
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I can't wait to come back and to eat for real, because that looks great.
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When I'm fasting, my body definitely feels it.
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There's a difference in when I'm stuffing my face.
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My body does feel a little sluggish and a little weaker.
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There's a lot of discipline of what you're able to push yourself through.
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But there is this energy, this power that comes from within.
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The fact that a lack of fuel might make you healthier isn't the only irony lurking in
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the gut.
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It's also home to a giant population of bacteria that, instead of making you sick, might actually
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be the key to a strong immune system.
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See, despite being in the middle of our body, the gut is our most direct connection to the
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outside world.
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It brings with it pieces of nature, and nature makes itself at home inside us.
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There's a symbiotic relationship between our own cells and foreign ones, an alien universe
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that runs right through us.
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The microbiome essentially describes the bacteria living in our gut.
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Scientists estimate we have over 10 trillion bacteria in our gut, which are playing a great
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role.
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They help us break down food, re-absorb nutrients of vitamins, and they even play a really critical
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role in keeping out the bad bacteria.
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The gut is a diverse environment where our own cells, food from outside, and the bacteria
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that live within us all coexist.
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And because bacteria and human cells are constantly touching, it's a perfect place for the body
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to learn what's safe and what's dangerous.
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Where is your immune system?
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It's in your gut.
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The thin mucous barrier that protects the gut is home to 80% of all the immune cells
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in the body.
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As we digest, these cells learn to tell the difference between friend and foe.
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They know that what we eat is fuel, even though it comes from the outside, and anything
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that can hurt us provokes a response.
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An intact intestinal membrane is really essential for protecting us from toxins and keeping
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us healthy.
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And when these cells malfunction, fuel can suddenly become poison.
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Hi guys.
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Okay, have some cream cheese and carrots.
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Your favorite.
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It's all allergy friendly.
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My name is Ava and I'm 11 years old.
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I'm allergic to dairy, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, nuts, tree nuts, I don't know if I said egg,
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but egg.
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It is kind of scary to have all these allergies, but like, as long as you stay away from them,
320
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they can't really hurt you.
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I'm going to be near dairy, I can be near nuts, I just can't eat it or touch it.
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For a variety of reasons we don't quite understand, some people are more predisposed to having
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allergies than others.
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What happens in these people is the immune system will see certain types of food as dangerous,
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attach onto it and trigger this huge cascade.
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Whenever I have dairy or some other allergens, then I'll probably start vomiting and I have
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to stay home from school, but I'm anaphylactic to nuts, so they could potentially kill me
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if I didn't get the right treatment in time.
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It's really terrible when you go into anaphylactic shock because you start grabbing at your throat.
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It's like you're underwater, but you can't get out.
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The health of the GI tract is one of the main factors that's involved in allergic reactions
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and why we're seeing so many people who are having food allergies and food sensitivities.
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An allergy is basically a case of mistaken identity, where the immune system sees food
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as toxic.
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There are a lot of different immune cells involved in an allergic reaction, but there's
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one special type of cell that starts it.
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They're called dendritic cells, and they live on the top layer of the gut's lining.
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They're the messengers of the immune system, and their job is to spot threats.
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When you eat something, dendritic cells beat two.
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00:31:52,860 --> 00:32:01,060
In a way, they try a piece of what's passing through to find out whether it's safe or not.
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Underneath this outer layer, deep in the gut's lining, are other immune cells that can be
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activated fast.
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Police say these cells absorb milk or a nut and decide it's dangerous.
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They raise an alarm for other cells to go to war.
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They release chemicals that attack the food.
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One of the most common is called immunoglobulin E.
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00:32:30,580 --> 00:32:38,020
Now, IgE historically was used to hunt down parasites in our body, but in some people,
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for whatever reason, the IgE will see food as foreign, which can cause all the symptoms
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we see with food allergies.
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You may throw up or break out in hives, classic signs of the body trying to get rid of poison.
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When the reaction happens once, it'll likely happen again.
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Often it starts early on.
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When Eva was born, she had a lot of feeding issues.
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She would vomit everything that ever went into her mouth.
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We know that one of the contributors to developing food allergies is whether we've been exposed
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to a lot of germs early on.
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From the moment we're born, bacteria starts putting down roots in the gut.
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This milk encompasses the exact ratio of protein, carbohydrates, and fat needed to
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give baby nutrition, but it also contains antibodies to promote healthy gut bacteria
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growth and to prevent the growth of some bad bacteria.
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Our infant immune system interacts with these bacteria, and if all goes well, this training
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makes it easy for us to process fuel.
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But if the body doesn't get exposed to enough germs, the immune system may never learn to
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fight the right stuff, and instead the body could end up attacking food.
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00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:14,000
Without the trillions of foreign organisms living inside us, we're more susceptible to
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disease.
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There are other effects too.
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The microbiome is also directly responsible for keeping us energized.
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We are completely animated by our microbes.
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We are really just the hive, but without our microbes, we are an empty hive.
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The microbes are the worker bees that are doing all the work.
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They're synthesizing the vitamins, they're breaking down the toxins, they are digesting
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the food.
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They also play a role in fat storage and helping us with our blood sugar.
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00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:56,640
So any alteration in our microbiome can actually increase our risk of obesity or diabetes.
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00:34:56,640 --> 00:35:02,080
We can alter our gut bacteria through lifestyle changes, diseases, antibiotics.
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00:35:02,080 --> 00:35:07,200
Research is still out on how we can go backwards then and fix our gut bacteria to make ourselves
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00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:08,200
healthy.
379
00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:13,800
All right, so eat, homework, and then off to basketball practice.
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00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:19,160
We kind of live through life feeling like there's this monster out there that could
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get her.
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00:35:20,680 --> 00:35:29,240
So in order to make life normal, we make sure that Ava has all the same alternatives.
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00:35:29,240 --> 00:35:34,120
Take the flax seed milk and mix it in with the rice flour.
384
00:35:34,120 --> 00:35:40,040
Whether allergies can be completely reversed is a question we have yet to answer.
385
00:35:40,040 --> 00:35:46,440
But it's no surprise that the solution might lie in restoring balance to the microbiome.
386
00:35:46,440 --> 00:35:51,200
But let's rewind.
387
00:35:51,200 --> 00:35:55,920
Now that we know allergies in the gut are connected, here's another question.
388
00:35:55,920 --> 00:36:00,840
What hurts the gut in the first place?
389
00:36:00,840 --> 00:36:05,840
We're seeing so many people who are having food allergies, and one of the main factors
390
00:36:05,840 --> 00:36:13,280
is we're exposed to so many things that really are microbial disruptors that can affect our
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00:36:13,280 --> 00:36:17,880
GI system and that healthy ecosystem of bacteria.
392
00:36:17,880 --> 00:36:23,200
We're exposed to so many pesticides and chemicals through our food supply.
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00:36:23,200 --> 00:36:28,560
The average American child will have 18 courses of antibiotics before their 18th birthday.
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00:36:28,560 --> 00:36:32,800
That's a time when we should be really stuffing our kids full of vegetables and trying to
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00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:35,560
get them to avoid antibiotics.
396
00:36:35,560 --> 00:36:41,520
Our microbiome ages with us as we age, but the good news is that it becomes more resilient.
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00:36:41,520 --> 00:36:46,120
Oh, it looks so good.
398
00:36:46,120 --> 00:36:54,400
I hope they make more foods for me, like coconut whipped cream, and it's delicious.
399
00:36:54,400 --> 00:36:57,400
Oh, that's a big bite.
400
00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:00,840
What makes me hopeful is that she's capable.
401
00:37:00,840 --> 00:37:07,880
As much as she's tempted, she won't try food that may make her sick.
402
00:37:07,880 --> 00:37:12,960
I double check the labels for all the food and just make all safe stuff.
403
00:37:12,960 --> 00:37:23,600
That way I'm not hurt at all.
404
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:32,840
Most broad spectrum antibiotics will remove a third of your gut bacteria.
405
00:37:32,840 --> 00:37:37,920
So it's such a balancing act trying to figure out how can we establish practices that can
406
00:37:37,920 --> 00:37:43,360
keep us safe from diseases, but at the same time not going too far so that we're endangering
407
00:37:43,360 --> 00:37:50,360
our health and our microbiome because we have super sanitized ourselves.
408
00:37:50,360 --> 00:38:00,000
But a sanitized environment doesn't totally decide your gut's fate.
409
00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:04,520
We're also learning that it's much more dynamic than other parts of the body.
410
00:38:04,520 --> 00:38:10,000
Based on a variety of factors, from environmental and lifestyle factors to genetics, our gut
411
00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:14,600
microbiome is changing constantly all day every day.
412
00:38:14,600 --> 00:38:22,360
It's like a microbial impression of your past and present, more unique than a fingerprint.
413
00:38:22,360 --> 00:38:26,560
And it's not just bacteria.
414
00:38:26,560 --> 00:38:33,320
There might be upwards of a trillion viruses roaming through our bodies at any given time.
415
00:38:33,320 --> 00:38:38,880
This microbiome is a living, breathing organism.
416
00:38:38,880 --> 00:38:41,400
Much like a garden.
417
00:38:41,400 --> 00:38:47,280
Which means that we can cultivate it.
418
00:39:17,280 --> 00:39:36,040
There are definitely some negative processes in the outside world that I think parallel
419
00:39:36,040 --> 00:39:40,600
what's going on in our digestive systems.
420
00:39:40,600 --> 00:39:44,920
Just as we're destroying the external environment, we're destroying our internal environment
421
00:39:44,920 --> 00:39:52,240
by being over-medicated and not paying attention to the food we're eating.
422
00:39:52,240 --> 00:39:57,480
The microbiome is like a moss that sits on top of the lining that separates the gut from
423
00:39:57,480 --> 00:40:02,440
the rest of the body.
424
00:40:02,440 --> 00:40:13,480
It's one of the most diverse ecosystems on earth, controlled by more than 300,000 genes.
425
00:40:13,480 --> 00:40:21,280
And DNA, by comparison, comes from a pool of only 20,000 genes.
426
00:40:21,280 --> 00:40:35,120
But if we deprive our microbes for too long, the moss goes barren and bad bacteria spread.
427
00:40:35,120 --> 00:40:40,400
That makes it easier for other toxins to slip into the body.
428
00:40:40,400 --> 00:40:42,800
The same goes for farmland.
429
00:40:42,800 --> 00:40:47,920
When the soil is depleted by deforestation and pesticides, disease creeps in.
430
00:41:17,920 --> 00:41:44,640
So, how do we restore a landscape that's been damaged?
431
00:41:44,640 --> 00:41:51,320
The really optimistic message about the microbiome is we can change it.
432
00:41:51,320 --> 00:41:55,200
I like to think about gut health as sort of threefold.
433
00:41:55,200 --> 00:41:57,080
Remove, replace, and restore.
434
00:41:57,080 --> 00:42:00,600
Remove all the things that are potentially causing problems.
435
00:42:00,600 --> 00:42:05,480
And that would be a lot of the medications that are not absolutely necessary.
436
00:42:05,480 --> 00:42:08,100
Replace what can we do to replace gut bacteria?
437
00:42:08,100 --> 00:42:09,480
We can eat fermented food.
438
00:42:09,480 --> 00:42:10,520
We can roll in the dirt.
439
00:42:10,520 --> 00:42:11,520
We can get a dog.
440
00:42:11,520 --> 00:42:12,520
We can open a window.
441
00:42:12,520 --> 00:42:15,320
We can be exposed to nature.
442
00:42:15,320 --> 00:42:16,600
And lastly, restore.
443
00:42:16,600 --> 00:42:18,760
How can we restore our microbiome?
444
00:42:18,760 --> 00:42:22,840
We really get most of our gut bacteria from the food we eat.
445
00:42:22,840 --> 00:42:27,920
And conservation ecology, rewilding, means reintroducing species into a landscape where
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00:42:27,920 --> 00:42:29,660
they become extinct.
447
00:42:29,660 --> 00:42:34,080
And we can apply those same principles to our gut.
448
00:42:34,080 --> 00:42:42,380
Whether they're in your gut or in the ground, good bacteria need fuel to thrive.
449
00:42:42,380 --> 00:42:46,060
On George's land, that fuel comes from an unlikely source.
450
00:42:46,060 --> 00:42:51,620
We can do this for the first time.
451
00:42:51,620 --> 00:42:58,700
But we can't do this for the first time.
452
00:42:58,700 --> 00:43:02,580
We can't do this for the first time.
453
00:43:02,580 --> 00:43:06,100
We can't do this for the first time.
454
00:43:06,100 --> 00:43:25,620
The same fundamental building blocks of the physical world that make up the food that
455
00:43:25,620 --> 00:43:34,380
ultimately becomes the energy that fuels our mind and body are also in our waste products.
456
00:43:34,380 --> 00:43:37,780
All organic matter can be turned into energy.
457
00:43:37,780 --> 00:43:44,640
It's a cycle, which means that waste can become fuel.
458
00:43:44,640 --> 00:43:45,640
It comes from showing you the right conditions.
459
00:43:45,640 --> 00:43:50,740
It's been an ongoing research process,
460
00:43:50,760 --> 00:43:54,420
because we've got a whole lot of new chemotherapy
461
00:43:54,420 --> 00:43:58,100
so there is no need to Audio freezing.
462
00:43:59,540 --> 00:44:04,020
Namese allowed us as clickers.
463
00:44:04,020 --> 00:44:06,220
This would be it.
464
00:44:06,220 --> 00:44:22,220
Namese can respond EG
465
00:44:22,220 --> 00:44:26,220
in an ung in few say
466
00:44:26,220 --> 00:44:32,560
to see me
467
00:44:32,560 --> 00:44:33,300
for most of a stool.
468
00:44:33,300 --> 00:44:34,900
A stool is toxins waste matter
469
00:44:34,900 --> 00:44:35,900
passing out of the body.
470
00:44:35,900 --> 00:44:37,900
And it's mostly dead red blood cells
471
00:44:37,900 --> 00:44:38,900
and bacteria.
472
00:44:38,900 --> 00:44:40,900
And it's a dead red blood cells
473
00:44:40,900 --> 00:44:41,900
that tend to give it that brownish,
474
00:44:41,900 --> 00:44:45,900
nice beautiful chocolate color.
475
00:44:45,900 --> 00:44:47,900
And so what we do at soil
476
00:44:47,900 --> 00:44:48,900
is we try to think about
477
00:44:48,900 --> 00:44:51,900
how can we use the example of nature
478
00:44:51,900 --> 00:44:55,900
to create a system whereby
479
00:44:55,900 --> 00:44:57,900
the nutrients that we consume
480
00:44:57,900 --> 00:45:00,900
instead of going into the water
481
00:45:00,900 --> 00:45:02,900
where they pollute aquatic ecosystems
482
00:45:02,900 --> 00:45:05,900
actually get back onto the soil
483
00:45:05,900 --> 00:45:07,900
so that they can produce more food.
484
00:45:07,900 --> 00:45:10,900
And we do that by taking human poop
485
00:45:10,900 --> 00:45:18,900
and turning it into incredible fertile soil.
486
00:45:18,900 --> 00:45:21,900
Even though it's organic matter,
487
00:45:21,900 --> 00:45:23,900
if it's not treated properly,
488
00:45:23,900 --> 00:45:29,900
human waste can be deadly.
489
00:45:29,900 --> 00:45:32,900
99% of human waste in Haiti
490
00:45:32,900 --> 00:45:35,900
is going untreated into the environment.
491
00:45:35,900 --> 00:45:38,900
Those pathogens are making their way
492
00:45:38,900 --> 00:45:41,900
into the water that people use to drink.
493
00:45:41,900 --> 00:45:43,900
And that's why waterborne disease
494
00:45:43,900 --> 00:45:45,900
continues to be one of the leading
495
00:45:45,900 --> 00:45:47,900
causes of death in Haiti.
496
00:45:47,900 --> 00:45:50,900
But if you know how to treat it well,
497
00:45:50,900 --> 00:45:52,900
then you can actually transform it
498
00:45:52,900 --> 00:45:54,900
and harvest the amazing nutrients
499
00:45:54,900 --> 00:45:58,900
that it has within it.
500
00:45:58,900 --> 00:46:00,900
It's a decomposition of compost
501
00:46:00,900 --> 00:46:02,900
that really, really makes it easy.
502
00:46:02,900 --> 00:46:04,900
It's something that I love the most.
503
00:46:04,900 --> 00:46:07,900
It's a temperature that really makes it easy.
504
00:46:10,900 --> 00:46:13,900
We're going to put it in a bottle.
505
00:46:13,900 --> 00:46:15,900
And we're going to decompose it.
506
00:46:19,900 --> 00:46:21,900
Human waste, on its own,
507
00:46:21,900 --> 00:46:23,900
would not reach the temperatures
508
00:46:23,900 --> 00:46:24,900
to treat the pathogens.
509
00:46:24,900 --> 00:46:27,900
But when you mix it with agricultural waste,
510
00:46:27,900 --> 00:46:30,900
that's when you get that perfect mixture.
511
00:46:49,900 --> 00:46:52,900
Over time, the waste breaks down into compounds
512
00:46:52,900 --> 00:46:56,900
that can be put back into the ecosystem.
513
00:46:58,900 --> 00:47:00,900
We're going to put it in a bottle
514
00:47:00,900 --> 00:47:02,900
to make sure it doesn't break.
515
00:47:06,900 --> 00:47:08,900
We're going to put it in a bottle
516
00:47:08,900 --> 00:47:10,900
to make sure it doesn't break.
517
00:47:17,900 --> 00:47:21,900
If you really want a healthy forest environment,
518
00:47:21,900 --> 00:47:23,900
the best way to do that is to actually
519
00:47:23,900 --> 00:47:26,900
leave the forest alone.
520
00:47:27,900 --> 00:47:29,900
How can we sort of stand back
521
00:47:29,900 --> 00:47:33,900
and allow this ecosystem to really blossom on its own?
522
00:47:35,900 --> 00:47:38,900
If you want a really healthy gastrointestinal tract,
523
00:47:38,900 --> 00:47:41,900
the best thing to do is to really limit
524
00:47:41,900 --> 00:47:44,900
what you're putting in there and limit it to food.
525
00:47:48,900 --> 00:47:50,900
The health of Georgia's crops
526
00:47:50,900 --> 00:47:52,900
is actually more connected to your own gut
527
00:47:52,900 --> 00:47:54,900
than you might think.
528
00:47:56,900 --> 00:47:59,900
Because just like plants need good soil to thrive,
529
00:47:59,900 --> 00:48:02,900
the microbiome needs plants.
530
00:48:06,900 --> 00:48:09,900
Healthy bacteria like a lot of plant fiber,
531
00:48:09,900 --> 00:48:13,900
and plant fiber is mostly indigestible.
532
00:48:13,900 --> 00:48:15,900
And it's indigestible because
533
00:48:15,900 --> 00:48:17,900
it's really not there to feed us,
534
00:48:17,900 --> 00:48:19,900
it's there to feed our gut bacteria.
535
00:48:19,900 --> 00:48:22,900
When the fiber gets broken down by gut bacteria,
536
00:48:22,900 --> 00:48:24,900
it's fermented into substances
537
00:48:24,900 --> 00:48:27,900
that are really important for the health of the gut.
538
00:48:30,900 --> 00:48:32,900
After they break down fiber,
539
00:48:32,900 --> 00:48:34,900
gut bacteria release something called
540
00:48:34,900 --> 00:48:37,900
short-chain fatty acids,
541
00:48:37,900 --> 00:48:39,900
basically microbial poop.
542
00:48:39,900 --> 00:48:43,900
Short-chain fatty acids strengthen the lining of the colon.
543
00:48:43,900 --> 00:48:46,900
This not only prevents disease,
544
00:48:46,900 --> 00:48:49,900
it helps the departure of our own waste.
545
00:48:49,900 --> 00:48:53,900
So, you could say that the gut is doing its own recycling.
546
00:48:54,900 --> 00:48:56,900
What does a healthy gut look like?
547
00:48:56,900 --> 00:48:58,900
A great example is a bacteria called
548
00:48:58,900 --> 00:49:02,900
fecalobacterium prosnitsii.
549
00:49:02,900 --> 00:49:04,900
It's protective against colon cancer,
550
00:49:04,900 --> 00:49:07,900
heart disease, and diabetes.
551
00:49:07,900 --> 00:49:10,900
But you can't just sort of transport them in,
552
00:49:10,900 --> 00:49:13,900
just like when you're trying to rewild land,
553
00:49:13,900 --> 00:49:14,900
you have to figure out,
554
00:49:14,900 --> 00:49:16,900
how do I create the right environment
555
00:49:16,900 --> 00:49:19,900
to really encourage the growth of these indigenous species?
556
00:49:19,900 --> 00:49:22,900
If you're not feeding the f. prosnitsii
557
00:49:22,900 --> 00:49:24,900
a high-fiber plant diet,
558
00:49:24,900 --> 00:49:27,900
they're not going to repopulate and recolonize your gut
559
00:49:27,900 --> 00:49:29,900
in a sufficient number to be helpful.
560
00:49:52,900 --> 00:50:19,900
I like to sometimes say, not, we are what we eat,
561
00:50:19,900 --> 00:50:22,900
but rather we are what our cells eat.
562
00:50:22,900 --> 00:50:25,900
I think it would be healthy for us as humans
563
00:50:25,900 --> 00:50:28,900
to think about what they need
564
00:50:28,900 --> 00:50:32,900
when we think about what it takes to be a good gardener.
565
00:50:32,900 --> 00:50:35,900
Watering those plants, giving them sun.
566
00:50:35,900 --> 00:50:47,900
We forget that our own bodies are also like a garden.
567
00:50:47,900 --> 00:50:49,900
What we know about this system
568
00:50:49,900 --> 00:50:56,900
is changing more rapidly than any other.
569
00:50:56,900 --> 00:50:58,900
What excites me about our gut
570
00:50:58,900 --> 00:51:02,900
is that it's almost a symphony.
571
00:51:02,900 --> 00:51:05,900
Between a half dozen organs,
572
00:51:05,900 --> 00:51:09,900
a ton of bacteria,
573
00:51:09,900 --> 00:51:12,900
hormones, and chemicals.
574
00:51:12,900 --> 00:51:15,900
It's more than just breaking down and digesting food.
575
00:51:15,900 --> 00:51:17,900
If you strip away everything,
576
00:51:17,900 --> 00:51:22,900
we all feel the exact same thing.
577
00:51:22,900 --> 00:51:25,900
We go through the exact same physiologic struggles.
578
00:51:25,900 --> 00:51:29,900
It's more than just an engine.
579
00:51:29,900 --> 00:51:32,900
It's a unique footprint
580
00:51:32,900 --> 00:51:36,900
and an entire universe.
581
00:51:36,900 --> 00:51:39,900
It is influenced by so many things.
582
00:51:39,900 --> 00:51:43,900
By the food we eat, by the places we've lived,
583
00:51:43,900 --> 00:51:46,900
the experiences we've had.
584
00:51:46,900 --> 00:51:51,900
In fact, we refer to the gut as the second brain.
585
00:51:51,900 --> 00:51:54,900
It reflects everything about us.
586
00:51:54,900 --> 00:51:57,900
It's the hub. It's the center.
587
00:52:14,900 --> 00:52:17,900
To order Human The World Within on DVD,
588
00:52:17,900 --> 00:52:22,900
visit shoppbs.org or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS.
51693
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