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We're the same. Me and you. Well, kind of. In one big way. We were both born. And it's
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not just us. All seven and a half billion of us living on planet Earth right now. We
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all got exactly the same start in life. We all started as one cell big. What a miracle
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is it that we are the complex beings we are that are capable of everything that we do.
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More than 131 million humans are born each year. 250 every minute. While our understanding
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of how babies develop and who can create life is evolving, the simple equation that begins
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all human life remains. One sperm and one egg. That egg formed before the mother was
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even born. An unbroken lineage connecting generations and defining what it means to
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look at the history of life on Earth. We humans are relative newbies. Only a few hundred thousand
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years have passed since our evolutionary ancestors created the first Homo sapiens. But in the last
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50 years, we've witnessed a revolution in reproduction. Science is giving us extraordinary
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new insights into the miracle of life from what's really happening inside the womb to unlocking the
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secrets of attraction. And as the saying goes, it actually does take two to tango. You know,
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in dancing, you see one plus one equals one. So when you dance together, you need one couple.
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So not two people, it's one. My name is Ale. My name is Alex, and we're professional ballroom
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dances in Los Angeles, California. When I first saw Alex, I remember I kind of like, who is that
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guy? New guy in our dance studio. There was something what I liked about his body, about his
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look, but I didn't like his dance partner. I remember I was like, he has to have a better
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dance partner. I remember the time when I saw Aller, I would never forget that moment. When I
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danced with her first time, I was quite overwhelmed with how I felt. Just the way how she moved on
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the floor, how she smiled, how she expressed herself, then you get attracted to this. Though it
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may feel like love at first sight, what you're really feeling in those first heady days is lust,
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the engine of sexual desire and the fuel that's firing up your libido. Those are hormones.
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We tend to think of hormones as just this sort of vague notion or women being moody,
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but hormones have a specific definition. Hormones are packets of teeny tiny chemicals released from
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one gland and targeted to another far away part of the body. Turns out, sex is literally on our
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minds. Just above the brainstem are the pituitary gland in the hypothalamus. Those areas of the
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brain send signals down to the ovaries and the testes to start pumping out more estrogen and
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testosterone. Hormones that not only rev up your sex drive, they effectively shut down the logical
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part of your brain. In other words, love literally makes us dumb. When I'm around Alex,
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I'm always crazy. Every time when I touch you, when I smell him, I think I lose my mind. I can't
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control myself. I have to run away from her sometimes, you know. She just attacks me and
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I feel like I'm a gazelle and she's a tiger. When your hormones are raging or when they're too high
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or too low, we're just talking teeny little nanograms difference up or down. Coming from
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our brains, coming from our ovaries and our testes. These teeny weeny tiny chemicals that have such
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huge impact all over the body on our growth, the way we think on our behavior. I'm just fascinated
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by that. I'm attracted to them. I'm aroused by hormones, I can say. When humans move from feelings
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of lust to attraction, a different set of hormones are released, dopamine and norepinephrine. This
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cocktail of chemicals causes our hearts to race. Our palms to sweat, our cheeks to flush. We feel
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more energetic, euphoric, giddy even. Attraction also reduces our serotonin levels, causing new
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lovers to lose sleep and their taste for food. Our sense of smell, our sense of sight, our sense
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of touch all have to do with the way our hormones are reacting in our brains. Precisely how, precisely
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how much, we're just beginning to learn. When I'm close to Allah, there is a special scent, the smell
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of maybe peaches, right? There are some kind of fruits that I want to eat. It's very sweet, very
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delicious. Alex always smells good. He smells perfect. I don't even want him to take a shower.
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Across the animal kingdom, bees and moths, elephants and mice, even fish attract others of
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their species through scent. These creatures and many others secrete special chemical substances
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called pheromones. Pheromones signal that the female of the species is feeling conorandy. Here's
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the real deal on pheromones. If you're a female silkworm moth and you want to catch your guy,
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a male silkworm moth, you can emit a pheromone. It will travel pretty far, hit some guy and he
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will come back to you like a sex slave. He will mount you. We can't do that. Humans do not emit
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pheromones. Most women I think can manipulate men, but it's through other ways other than pheromones.
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Humans may not be slaves to scent like silkworm moths, but how a person smells does appear to
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sway our choice of mates. One study found that in a blind test, women preferred the scent of a man
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with a symmetrical face. Body symmetry, where the right and left sides are almost mirror images,
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is considered a universal indicator of attractiveness. The moment she touches me,
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I feel that going through my fingers to my heart. I love to dance with Alex. Such an amazing gift
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that I can dance with someone who I really love. I'm a touchy person, so I need to touch. For me to
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say it's not enough. In a lot of other social primates, touch is important for maintaining
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relationships. For example, it's normal to groom each other. It's also something that can be done
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sort of strategically to make alliances or to apologize. So it's clear that touch is important
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that way. Brain scans show that a simple caress on the arm activates an area of the frontal lobe
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that signals the coming reward. Similar touch patterns have also been shown to deactivate
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regions of the brain related to stress. I have a surprise for you. Close your eyes, don't look.
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How did you carry it here? It's so hot. We got married in 2006 in Russia. We have three
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beautiful children, Daniel, Michael, and Angelina. Daniel is 13, Michael is eight, and Angelina is
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turning six. Happy birthday. I cannot imagine my life without Alex. He is my everything. He is my
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world. I cannot envision what I would do without her. When it comes to the human reproductive
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system, it's a tale of two extremes. Males produce sperm, the smallest cell, while females produce
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eggs, the largest cell in the human body. The structure of the egg is actually fascinating
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because it's the only cell in the human body that we can visualize with the naked eye. The egg is
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about the size of the tip of a pencil. When a baby girl is born, her ovaries already contain all the
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eggs she will ever produce, somewhere around a million. By the time she hits puberty, a fraction
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will remain. Of those, only about 400 eggs will mature and have even the slightest chance of being
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fertilized. A male, on the other hand, produces exponentially more sperm. In a lifetime, men will
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create 525 billion sperm. Each second they are creating about 1,500 sperm. It's a fascinating
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number and means a lot of disposable sperm that we don't use. A sperm is a blob of DNA with a tail,
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not nearly as complicated as the egg. Each ejaculate has about 200 million sperm. Most of them
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never even make it close to the egg. Because most of them are losers, they swim the wrong way,
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they dawdle. It's a pretty torturous journey to get to the egg.
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Completing that journey takes speed and stamina. Recently, researchers discovered that sperm don't
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actually move their tails back and forth like eels, as was commonly thought. Instead, they found that
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sperm actually move more like playful otters, spiraling in a corkscrew motion in search of an egg.
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The fascinating part about the sperm is that when a boy or a girl embryo are created, it is because
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of the difference between sperm. One theory is male sperm swim faster, so they will get to the
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egg faster, but they die sooner, whereas female sperm swim slower and are more persistent. They
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will actually last longer. While the baby's gender may not be in the mother's control,
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the choices she makes day-to-day during a pregnancy will have a profound effect on her baby for its
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entire life. From what she eats to how much she moves, doctors are discovering new insights into
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how nearly every decision has lasting impact.
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When I heard stories of very powerful ladies who were pregnant still dancing, I think it changed
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everything. My name is Jacqueline. Most people call me Jack. I'm 31 this year. I'm a dancer,
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a dance instructor in Singapore.
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The fact that I can be pregnant and still dance, it's like a dream to me.
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Well, how's the pregnancy going on now?
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No, great.
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So we are seeing the baby now. I said, this is the hand. You see the fingers just waving at us?
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Do you see that? That's the fingers that was just waving at us.
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Jacqueline is nearing the halfway point in her pregnancy. During the second trimester,
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her baby will triple in size and unique features will emerge from the pattern of its hair
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to its individual footprints and fingerprints.
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In the second trimester of pregnancy, the baby will go from being about 2.5 to 3 centimeters
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and grow almost up to several inches. Though Jacqueline's baby will grow rapidly in the next
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few weeks, its most impressive growth spurt happened at the start of her pregnancy.
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If that pace continued, her baby would weigh 3,000 pounds at birth.
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It's an extraordinary fact that at one point each of us as people were only one cell big.
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Those cells divided in two and four and eight and then started to specialize as we developed as
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humans. Cells can collaborate with one another to create very complex beings like who we are
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as humans. They're really the unsung heroes of the body. So you can see that the baby is in the
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amniotic sac. This is the placenta. The baby is taking nutrients through the absorption of the
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placenta. The placenta is an organ that allowed us to grow offspring within our bodies to a much
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greater level of development than what you see in other mammals.
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What this means is that the offspring protected for a longer period of time and it's also sort
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of efficiently nourished and maintained and it's buffered from the outside world to a certain
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extent by the mom. This is clearly a strategy that became quite successful because in most
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areas of the world, placental mammals have seemingly outcompeted marsupials.
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The placenta is a fascinating organ. It's the only temporary organ we have in the human body.
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The placenta allows for the formation of the umbilical cord.
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The baby is able to get oxygen from mom and get rid of waste and carbon dioxide
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all because of the umbilical cord. It's almost like the amniotic scuba gear.
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But that's not all. The placenta serves as a critical buffer between mom and fetus.
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If Jacqueline's blood were to mix with her babies, her body would attack it as an outside
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invader. But inside the placenta, a microscopically thin barrier of cells separates the two blood
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supplies. So we can see that some of the features are growing. Can you see the eyes?
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Oh. Eyes are growing here. That's the nose.
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The baby is really active. Can you see that? The legs are kicking. Did you drink coffee today?
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You didn't? No, I touched coffee. Okay. Since the last time we've seen the baby.
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Moms are often advised to reduce caffeine intake during pregnancy because it passes
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through the placenta and can cause the baby's heart to beat even faster. Though smaller than
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a thumbnail, the fetal heart beats twice as fast as the average adult heart, pumping an astonishing
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100 pints of blood per day. So let's listen to the heartbeat. This is the classical moment.
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So the heartbeat is about 150.
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Yeah, the heartbeat is very strong.
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For expectant parents, few things in life top hearing your baby's heartbeat for the first time.
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That rush of excitement may even help make up for some of the side effects Jacqueline and others
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experience during pregnancy. From nausea and swollen ankles to bloating and constipation,
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carrying a baby isn't always a picnic.
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Do you find that there's any changes to your taste buds at this moment?
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Lemon. Yeah, lemon just makes me puke. I see. Yeah, I don't know why.
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Who used to like lemon when when you were not pregnant?
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I like sour taste, like really sour. I love it. Yeah, so I was quite shocked.
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Changing taste buds is a common side effect of pregnancy.
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Medically, the condition is known as discusia.
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While the cause of discusia is not fully understood, rising hormone levels are often blamed.
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I'm Chinese, so I love Chinese spicy food. Like my best friend cheers me up when I'm down.
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Compared to before, I don't eat spicy food as often because it also causes some discomfort,
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like bloating, you know, especially in the first trimester.
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Are you sure what my baby is tasting
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inside? If my baby could taste everything that I ate, it would be quite a ride.
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At this point, we really want to make sure that mom is maintaining her nutrition and her ability
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to rest because the placenta needs to be able to continue to give oxygen to the baby.
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We know that the baby's five senses have been really starting to be honed, especially taste.
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What a pregnant woman eats and drinks not only provides nourishment,
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it may also influence her child's food preferences later in life.
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A baby develops taste buds in utero as it gulps down a yellowish liquid called amniotic fluid.
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Think of it as a kind of first food, a complex mixture of chemicals
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shown to contain both tastes and smells.
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They've done studies with amniotic fluid where they had women eat certain foods that were
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considered to be a little bit more potent like garlic. And when they did smell tests,
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they noticed that people were able to recognize the smell of flavors like garlic.
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But it's not only Jacqueline's daily diet that directly impacts her fetus.
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Research shows how much she moves can be just as influential.
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I've been dancing since I was nine years old, but of course during pregnancy,
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I kind of have to buffer that explosiveness.
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I would like to think that every time when I move, the baby is moving as well.
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Sometimes when I feel something in my womb, I don't know if it's actually the baby.
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Most women won't start feeling their baby's move until around the 16th week of their pregnancy.
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These flutters are called quickening. That motion is critical to its development.
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Leg movement during the embryonic stage helps certain cells know if they're to become bone or cartilage.
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At our studio and company here, this is the first time that somebody is pregnant.
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So we're all like getting used to having a pregnant woman in the studio.
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In Singapore, it's not that common. People that are pregnant being still active.
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Everybody's like really careful with me.
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If I sleep just a little, everybody's like take it easy, rest.
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I secretly feel like the baby enjoys movement.
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It's not just mom's behavior that so influences the health of an unborn baby.
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From what we eat to the stress we feel, science shows us that the life experience of even the
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grandparents affect their offspring all the way down to the cellular level.
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We're talking about epigenetics. Epigenetics is essentially the genetics
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that we are born with but the environment changing them. Meaning if you took the exact
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same embryo, a twin embryo that had the same egg and sperm genetics and you implanted it into
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two different women's uteri or one woman at two different times of her life,
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the expression or the epigenetics of that particular embryo would alter
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based on so many different aspects that we can't even completely account for anymore.
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Think about smoking. A woman who smokes is not only affecting her own health,
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she's affecting her unborn child and her unborn grandchildren because of the effect of the smoking
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on the reproductive cells, not just on the fetus, but on the fetal reproductive cells.
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That's an epigenetic phenomena that's three generations deep.
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From lifestyle choices to environmental factors, epigenetic changes passed down
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through generations are shown to affect the fetal reproductive cells of females and males.
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Researchers are now zeroing in on whether this type of epigenetic inheritance may be to blame
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for a rise in infertility rates, particularly among men.
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It's estimated that as many as one in seven couples trying to get pregnant experience infertility.
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Seeing Levi as a result of the trials and tribulations that we've been trying to
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bring him into this world, it's amazing. It's inexplicable because this is everything you've
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ever wanted. My name is Jenny Pierre. I am a wife, a mother of one, and soon to be two.
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When you're young, you don't really think about children. But when I met my husband, it was like,
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oh my God, I'm so in love. I want to see what we can make. It was just a no-brainer that, okay,
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once we start trying, you know, as soon as I'm off birth control, it's going to get into it,
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and boom, it's going to happen like in two seconds. Good job, Levi. Nope, that was not the case for us.
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Birthing as a metaphor to me is an example of what life really is like for everyone. I tell
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patients throughout the entire process, we cannot control what's going to happen. But if the end
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result gives us the yield that we want, which is a happy, healthy mother and baby,
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then it's worth everything, which is exactly how I would view life.
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We made the decision to start trying in 2015. After six months, you're looking at each other like,
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what is going on? Why are we not, you know, getting pregnant? Let's go see someone.
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I knew from the start, I was told by my doctor that I had about two to three fibroids.
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And she was like, it's not anything you need to worry about until it becomes a problem.
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Fibroids, like Jenny's, are non-cancerous tumors that grow inside and outside the uterine walls.
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They're made of muscle and fibrous tissue. No one knows exactly why fibroids occur.
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But it's estimated that up to 80% of women are affected by them. That's 26 million people in the
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U.S. alone. In Jenny's case, she had 15 fibroids removed, one the size of a tennis ball.
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We thought my fibroids was the big hoopla, like the big to-do,
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but Paul gets a sperm analysis and he has a low sperm count.
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I was really surprised and couldn't believe it. Come to find out that I had a very good celly.
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Infertility is actually a really big issue nowadays. A third of infertility within couples
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will be because of the man, a third will be because of the woman, and a third will be unexplained.
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In the man, there can be issues with the number of sperm or with the structure of the sperm.
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This can be due to things that are anatomical, like something called varicoseal.
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Varicoseal is a condition in which one testicle, often the left, is enlarged due to issues with
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blood supply. It's kind of like a varicose vein and affects sperm formation, movement, and function.
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Paul was able to have the problem corrected through surgery. He also took medication to
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boost his testosterone levels and jumpstart sperm production. So now what? My doctor said,
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until we've run out of resources or options, we're going to keep going. We called our doctor,
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hey, we've decided that we want to go straight to IVF. In vitro fertilization is an amazing
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scientific, technological entity that now doctors are being able to perform all the time.
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Essentially, they will give the woman a lot of hormones that are typically injected,
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a hormone called FSH, follicle stimulating hormone, predominantly.
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This will stimulate the woman's ovary to release many eggs.
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I don't want to say it was scary, but you know, you go to the doctor and you come back home with
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all these prescriptions, and next thing you know, you get this box, you know, it arrives at your
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house filled with needles. My hands were like, you know, sweaty and shaky. I think it was like
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three in the morning and three at night, and it was just like back to back, back to back, back to
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back. A lot of shots. A lot of shots. A lot of shots. Under ultrasound guidance through her vagina,
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they will actually extract the eggs, and then the lab technicians who have the sperm available,
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the egg and the sperm, then create the embryo within the lab. The embryo can either be frozen
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or can then be placed back into the woman's uterus to implant and create a healthy pregnancy.
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Good morning. We are on our way to get pregnant.
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Baby, whether you're a boy or a girl, we will love you unconditionally.
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The moment that they transferred the embryo, you have to wait two weeks
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in order to know if you have tested positive for your pregnancy.
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It's torture for those two-week time frames.
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I went to the doctor, did a blood test, and she came back. She was just like, listen,
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you're like pregnant, pregnant. We're pregnant. Okay, okay, let me stop eating myself.
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And we're just over the moon at this point, and so excited to just start planning.
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They've proven the house and changing doorknobs.
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Cannot deal. And they always tell you not to get too excited because
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you're not at the 12-week mark. For those 12 weeks, you become so paranoid in a way.
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Each year that a woman ages, her chance of getting pregnant
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does go down a small amount, and the chance of a miscarriage does go up a small amount.
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But at no point does it jump exponentially. The likelihood of a miscarriage in pregnancies that
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we recognize, meaning a woman has a positive pregnancy test, she's determined to be pregnant,
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is estimated at anywhere from 20 to 25 percent. So one in about four or five pregnancies will
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end in miscarriage. That number is probably higher when you include a lot of unrecognized
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or very early pregnancies. So that's estimated to be potentially as high as 50 percent of all
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pregnancies ending in loss. Most of the time when there is a miscarriage, we can comfort
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the patient by saying it is the chromosomes that were abnormal, and that's not something
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that's likely to recur in the next pregnancy. It's been a while since I've done this.
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And I don't remember either. So this is not as quick as I thought it was going to be,
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although we have practice. Nothing is ready. The third trimester, your anxiety is at a thousand.
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How do I get ready for this baby? And am I ready for this baby?
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After 26 weeks or so, we consider the third trimester. The baby is growing about half a
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pound a week at that point until what we consider the due date.
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The due date really is an estimate. Look at us. Teamworks.
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And those last four weeks of pregnancy, a lot of that time is just getting the baby nice and fat
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and a little extra sturdy to come out. That's why babies that might be born like a week early or a
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few days or two weeks early, they might be thinner, but they're healthy. They're fully developed.
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But you felt him move, right? You felt the brother move? Yeah. Okay, yeah.
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In my IVF journey, one of the hardest things was finding someone that looked like me that I could
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relate to. I've taken it upon myself to be the poster child in a way. Hey girl, what's going on?
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I am fine. I have so many questions. Where do we start? Today I have my friend Elizabeth coming
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over. She is quite interested in the IVF journey and I'm hoping to share my experience with her.
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I wanted to see a black woman that said, these are the difficulties that I'm dealing with.
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I have a whole protocol sheet for you to look at. Hey guys, white people are not the only people that
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do IVF. Asians are not the only ones that do IVF. Those are the only two faces that I saw
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waving the flag and saying, hey guys, I did IVF and I'm proud. This takes you through what your
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days would look like and how many shots you need to give yourselves per day. Because again,
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like I said, it's a lot. When we came out with our story, the feedback was just ridiculous.
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We, especially in the black community, need to stop making it a taboo subject. Just say, hey guys,
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there is no shame in this. I had fibroids. Hey, my husband had low sperm count as a black man.
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I'm really hoping that I encourage some black women or black families really.
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Everything that it took to get here is worth it. Oh yeah, it's worth it. It's so worth it.
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Jenny and Paul are nearing the finish line of her pregnancy.
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When it's time for her to give birth, it's her uterus that will be tapped to do the heavy lifting
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of labor. There's actually controversy about what the strongest muscle in the body is.
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Some people will say the jaw or the tongue, and while they are incredibly strong, many would
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argue that those ones are utilized every day, whereas the uterus is an amazing muscle and organ.
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Because it's all of a sudden, without being exercised, asked to change in shape and grow
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and stretch to several times its normal size, which no other muscular organ does in our body.
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And then, without, again, experience, it's asked to contract several times throughout
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the course of labor, asking the cervix then to open. The cervix is the muscle at the bottom
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of the uterus that acts as a gateway to the birth canal. Problem is, this passageway is about an
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inch too small for a baby's head, so nature came up with an evolutionary solution.
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During labor and delivery, babies are preparing for this massive Houdini exit
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from a seemingly small space going through a cervix.
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Now, we look at the human skull, the baby's skull, and sometimes we think it's one bone,
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but newborn babies have a special trick for fitting through a cervical canal.
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The bone is actually five bones connected by sutures, or kind of like expansion joints,
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so that that baby's skull can actually literally smish through a cervical canal.
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During the birthing process, the brain actually also gets squeezed, they realize,
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and that can actually alter what happens when the baby is born throughout the baby's entire lifetime.
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It may sound scary, but the fact that the baby's brain gets squeezed during labor
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is actually a good thing. Early research suggests that the journey through the birth canal provides
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a kind of healthy stress that appears to have a positive effect on how certain genes behave down
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the road. These genes are linked to immune responses, weight control, and some so-called
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tumor suppressor genes, and that's not the only benefit of labor. We also know that babies born
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vaginally get coated with a lot of the healthy germs that are in the birth canal or the mother's
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vagina as the baby's coming out. So babies do get some of their mother's immune system at birth
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as they're then developing their own.
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I started out as a doula about five years ago. A doula is a emotional and physical support person
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who works with families during pregnancy as well as postpartum after they have a baby.
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To be a companion and a witness to the miracle of birth, to be allowed in that space and invited
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into that space is such an honor. It's the best work that anybody could ever imagine.
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My name is Mack Brydom and I'm a doula and a family guide.
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Every birth that I've attended has been unique.
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There's no one way that's right to birth. It's really unique to each individual and their
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preferences. Ultimately the goal is that the baby comes out. Pregnancy never lasts forever
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and that that bond between the birthing parent and the baby can begin.
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Some of my favorite clients have been the queer and trans families that I've supported.
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Bearing witness to their journey really inspired me to pursue that path of becoming a parent myself.
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The human pattern of childbirth is really kind of unique because unlike even our closest
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living relatives like chimpanzees, human moms typically seek help. This is what is called
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obligate midwifery. What that means is that it's normal in humans to have assistance at the time
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of birth and this pattern is probably reflective of the fact that we have very difficult childbirth.
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It usually takes us longer. The process of labor is more dangerous for humans.
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Labor is probably one of the most physical endurance tests that any woman has ever had to
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go through. The labor process itself can take anywhere from you know one or two hours in a
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very fast case up to 24, 36, even longer. Right as the baby is about to come out there is that moment
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where I think everyone in the room is shocked that a head this big can come out of an orifice
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that looks so much smaller. Hi you guys. Hey how's it going? Good thank you how are you? We're good.
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We just started getting all the nursery out of yesterday. Yeah we're excited.
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I work from home which is really wonderful as a new parent. Great so our time today is really
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just all about how to take care of your newborn and your first-time parents.
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Becoming a parent is a really pivotal time in everybody's life. Let's talk a little bit about
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newborn appearance. This is my daughter. This is Rowan. I'm so in love with her that I just have to
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make sure that she gets little moments of glory in here. Rowan's four months old and the first
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four months of her life have been a roller coaster ride but a really a really fun one for the most
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part. I think we had a little bit of a leg up because I am a doula and I have some of the book
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smarts. On the first day of life baby's tummy is this big but you know she's a baby. She's
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unpredictable. There have been days that have been really challenging and there have been moments
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that have been really stressful. Ultimately she's an amazing little person and I can't wait to see
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who she becomes. Gee I wonder what's in here? As a doula supporting families I thought that I knew
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what to expect through pregnancy and birth. Oh hello. Welcome to our nursery. But ultimately
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once you go through it on your own and have that physical experience of gestating a baby and
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birthing a baby. We have cute photos and more cute photos. I have so much more respect and awe for the
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families that I support. And a cute daddy. I'm a trans man. I was assigned female at birth.
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I have a uterus and ovaries and the parts to be able to gestate a pregnancy.
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At the same time be true to myself as the man that I am.
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Before I met my spouse I didn't have a strong sense that I wanted to carry a baby.
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Once I met her and started to imagine our life together that's when the idea of being a
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gestational dad and carrying my baby felt like a dream that I could make a reality. Oh yeah.
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A big piece of that was that my spouse did not want to carry a pregnancy but she has always
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wanted to be a mom and I've always wanted to be a dad. Our process of getting pregnant was pretty
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long. We realized okay we have half the equation to make a baby. I joke that we have an abundance
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of uteri in our relationship. We asked a friend of ours to be our sperm donor and then from there
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I stopped taking hormones. So I was taking testosterone for about seven years. Waited
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for a cycle to return which took a little while and then we started doing intrauterine inseminations.
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It's moving its arms. Eventually after several attempts several more months going by
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we finally did conceive. I had a planned cesarean birth. For me as a trans man the idea of giving
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birth vaginally felt pretty incompatible with my sense of my body and myself.
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In my work as a doula I know that cesarean rates in the US especially are much higher than they
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need to be. There are a lot of cesareans that are performed unnecessarily but in my case it felt like
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the right choice. Whether they're born through a c-section or vaginal birth when a newborn first
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emerges from the womb their body systems are hard at work adjusting to life on the outside.
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The transition from fetus to newborn involves the most complex series of physiological adaptations
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a human will experience in its lifetime. When babies are in utero their lungs are filled with
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fluid and there are certain channels in the cardiovascular system which are designed to
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bypass their lungs because they get their oxygen from the umbilical cord. But once babies leave the
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womb and everything changes the atmospheric pressure in their new world triggers a big change
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in their heart and lungs. They attempt to rid all the fluid out of their lungs and the
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cardiovascular system immediately undergoes changes to accommodate this. Their lungs slowly
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fill with air and they're able to now live breathe and thrive in their new environment.
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Before Rowan was born we got to the hospital really early in the morning
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and a few hours later she was there.
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The actual birth was incredible it was not something I'd ever seen before.
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It was intense it was beautiful seeing her little face made it all worth it.
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You know it made every ache and pain and every time I puked during pregnancy and during birth
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it made it all worth it because I got to see my little person be born.
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In the moments after birth a newborn will experience hunger, thirst, cold for the first
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time ever. They'll be completely reliant on those around them for survival.
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But they do have a secret weapon to help them adjust to life outside the womb.
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Vernix Casiosa.
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This white waxy cream protected their skin from amniotic fluid inside the womb.
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It contains a complex mix of proteins, lipids, amino acids, and antimicrobial compounds.
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It's believed to be unique to the human species.
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Outside the womb Vernix Casiosa helps prevent heat loss and research suggests that its scent
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may help trigger neural connections in the newborn's brain that are needed for breastfeed.
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For us the idea of feeding Rowan breast milk was important. I have had top surgery and so I don't
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have the ability to feed baby from my body. We've been really privileged to have people in our life
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who are already lactating and have pumped that milk and donated that milk to us to feed Rowan.
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Babies who are fed breast milk benefit from nearly 200 different sugars that the milk contains.
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Those sugars feed the microbes that will, over time, help the baby develop a healthy digestive
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system. Breast milk, the third most common ingredient in it, is something called an HMO,
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a human milk oligosaccharide. And human milk oligosaccharides are completely indigestible by
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babies. So why is a third most common ingredient in breast milk something that a baby can't even
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digest? It's because it's not there to feed the baby, it's there to feed the baby,
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it's there to feed the baby's gut bacteria and help those bacteria to repel staph and other
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potentially dangerous bacteria. So there's real symbiosis there between what's going on in the
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breast milk and what's going on in the baby's gut. Babies who don't breastfeed can also benefit from
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human milk oligosaccharide as synthetic versions are added to some brands of infant formula.
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All done. Nice work.
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Rowan really completes our family. When she was born I feel like I already knew her.
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I felt her kick inside of me and it's a really big gift that so many dads don't get to have.
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The assumption is that women want to have babies and men can't. Our family turned that
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expectation on its head. Now that Rowan is here it just doesn't really matter how we got here.
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The experience has been so empowering because it's basically the ultimate definition of father as
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protector and I feel like I've played that role from the time that Rowan was growing inside of me.
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So regardless of where we live in the world one thing that unifies all of us is that we were all
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born. We all came into this world in much the same way. Why am I emotional? Come on.
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It's just birth. I knew scientifically there was no question that we all started as one cell big
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and I knew that consciousness is something that develops and yet nothing could prepare me
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for living through the experience of incubating a new human. My little baby wondering
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when was she starting to think? Is her personality starting to develop?
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The developing brain is fascinating. From the first cells laid down during fetal development,
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the potential of the human brain is vast. The capacity to learn, to feel and empathize with
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others. Humanity is locked into those hundred million cells. With each generation the human
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species evolves. While it's hard to say any one given baby is going to be born perfect,
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I do believe that we have this ability to really encourage children to move and grow and evolve
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into beings that are far better than we were. We really are an insanely fascinating species.
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You strip away everything, privilege, socio-economics, race, religion. We literally are the same
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organisms. We go through the exact same physiologic struggles and if that doesn't
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unify people then I have no idea what's going to.
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To order Human The World Within on DVD, visit shoppbs.org or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS.
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