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you
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mosaics an art form present a
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civilization Zenith and present after
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its collapse strong in some ways fragile
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and others used to portray gods
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reinforce patriotism honor the dead and
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decorate bathrooms its ancient and also
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new
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the first Western mosaics date from
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around 3300 BC and are found in auric
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now in southern Iraq
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made from clay cones embedded in mud
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they decorate the columns in a palace
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the standard of ore found south of
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Baghdad is made out of shell lapis
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lazuli limestone vitamin is used as glue
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it's on wood
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it's 3000 BC they figure it's 9 inches
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tall and 20 inches long there's two
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panels they portray peace and war by 800
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BC colored pebbles were starting to be
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used as pavement the Greeks raised this
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pebble technique to an art form making
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precise geometric patterns and detailed
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scenes of people and animals
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Rome adopted the Hellenistic art form
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and send it throughout the Roman Empire
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they used it to honor their heroes and
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portray the domestic scenes as this one
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at the Roman villa
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Castle lay in central Sicily Roman
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floors would frequently have a center
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design called an emblem otta
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this is a very complex piece of art and
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it would have an outline of a frame
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around it the comic musicians in Pompeii
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are an excellent example of this a
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master artist would complete this piece
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while apprentices would work on the
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geometric patterns and borders around
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the outside
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gladiators were another popular theme
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here found in the Libyan town of flight
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pompeii and herculaneum had their share
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of figurative mosaics preserved for us
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thanks to the volcano Vesuvius
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the famous floor found in the house of a
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fawn in Pompeii is believed to be a
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mosaic copy of a Greek painting the
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mosaic dates from the 1st century BC and
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it portrays a battle of Alexander and
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the Persian King Darius in 331 BC
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historians date that there were
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paintings made of this and that copies
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were circulated around the Empire this
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piece they think was moved from another
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place and put in Pompeii
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mosaics and the Bardo Museum of Tunis
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attest to the tradition in northern
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Africa here Virgil is inspired by the
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muses as he is writing the Aeneid his
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beautiful baptismal font portrays the
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divine work of salvation a large mosaic
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shows ulysses tied to the mast resisting
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the song of the sirens in March of 2015
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the Bardo was attacked by two terrorists
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they killed 20 people mostly tourists
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before being killed themselves black and
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white mosaics found in Ostia the Seaport
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for Rome were made for a lively
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middle-class merchant population the
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mosaics are extensive they cover the
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plazas the walkways and the bathhouse
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floors
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the Vatican holds many beloved works
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such as this untidy floor and these
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wonderful fish
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Rome carried mosaics to their far-flung
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provinces including this beautiful floor
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in London
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and to see God in the British Museum
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another treasure from the Roman
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occupation as Christianity replaced the
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Roman state religion mosaics were made
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for walls the Byzantine churches in
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Italy Sicily and Turkey found that
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mosaics would decorate uneven surfaces
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in cramped spaces with dazzling
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efficiency these mosaics often used gold
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and silver as well as glass the metals
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were encased in a clear glass and set at
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random angles so flickering candlelight
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would seem to glow Sicily has four
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outstanding examples of christ
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pantocrator' the true pinnacle of mosaic
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art
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after the fall of Rome the new Byzantine
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capital built the glorious aya sofya
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kept mosaic floors in the roman palace
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[Applause]
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and decorated delicate Chaura church
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with Christian images
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Ravenna Italy the fifth-century capital
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of the Western Roman Empire as some of
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the finest Byzantine mosaics the big
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three san vitale san Apollinaire nuovo
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and the mausoleum of Galla Placidia are
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famous for their artistry san vitale
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built in 546 AD as a wonderful frieze of
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the empress theodora and her retinue and
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Justinian the Emperor of the East the
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Tesori is made in uniform size and
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square in shape sawn Apollinaire nuovo
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built in 760 ad poster procession of 20
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virgins and the Magi on their way to the
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Holy Virgin and then a procession on the
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other side of 26 martyrs led by Saint
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Martin to the throne of Christ
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Jews during Roman and Byzantine periods
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included mosaics in their synagogues one
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in Jericho excavated in 1936 has images
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of the Ark of the Covenant a menorah a
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shofar and a Lowell of a Roman synagogue
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in ein gedi also has a Byzantine era
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mosaic floor is la mac-- architecture
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used mosaic techniques to decorate
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religious buildings and palaces after
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the conquest of the eastern
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provinces of the Byzantine Empire the
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Dome of the rock built in Jerusalem in
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688 was decorated inside and out with
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glass mosaic rich floral motifs follow
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the Byzantine tradition non-religious
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mosaics decorated the palaces of the
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caliphs and other high-ranking officials
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this is a Palestine bathhouse in hisham
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palace
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in 965 Moorish Spain produced the
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central dome of the Great Mosque of
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Cordoba with its glittering Nihad
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[Music]
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mosaics in the Islamic world gave way to
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tile and carved plaster as seen in the
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Alhambra of Granada
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[Music]
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medieval mosaic work continued in
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Venice's Saint Mark's Cathedral
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the Vatican and Rome
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[Applause]
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and the baptistry in Florence
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in the 16th century a Roman mosaic
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school was established by the Vatican to
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complete the decoration of the newly
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built seat Peter's Basilica
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instead of painted frescoes in that
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great Church Pope Clement the 8th wanted
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mosaics because there are brighter
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they reflect more light they last longer
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and can be decorated with jewels to
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heighten the majesty but in the
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Renaissance artists seem to turn from
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mosaics to painting so it's going to
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take a 300 year jump from the
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Renaissance to the 19th century Art
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Nouveau movement before mosaic returned
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to prominence transforming walls and
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floors with color Catalan artist
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Antoni gaudĂ used mosaics for air vents
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in his apartment building casa milĂ and
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medallions inspires for his now majestic
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sagrada familia parque guell near
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gaudi's home has a serpentine bench a
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favorite stop for many barcelona
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visitors paris boasts many a
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turn-of-the-century mosaic the grand and
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Petit Palais built for the exposition of
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1903 are awash with fine examples of
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mosaic art
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[Music]
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you
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the Madelaine church just blocks from
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the plastic on accord predates them it
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was the meeting place during the French
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Revolution
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the tomb of chemist Louis Pasteur was
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modeled after the mausoleum of Galla
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Placidia in Ravenna pastor's wife
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directed that all the animals
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benefitting from his work be pro trade
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around his crypt
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[Music]
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so the mosaic tradition handed down
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through history now has a new resurgence
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new materials new ideas new creators we
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get to watch enjoy and even participate
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[Music]
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you
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