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JUPITER,
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A COSMIC COLOSSUS
REIGNING OVER THE OTHER PLANETS.
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00:00:06,706 --> 00:00:09,975
TAKE THE PLANET EARTH,
NOW GET 1,000 OF THEM,
4
00:00:09,976 --> 00:00:11,911
AND THAT'S THE SIZE OF JUPITER.
5
00:00:11,912 --> 00:00:14,415
HIDDEN
BENEATH ITS SWIRLING CLOUDS
6
00:00:14,416 --> 00:00:17,916
LIE THE SECRETS OF OUR
SOLAR SYSTEM'S FOUNDATION,
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00:00:17,917 --> 00:00:20,419
OF OUR PLANET'S
VIOLENT YOUTH...
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00:00:20,420 --> 00:00:21,820
WHEN THE BIGGEST THING
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
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00:00:21,821 --> 00:00:23,355
IS MOVING THIS FAR THIS FAST,
10
00:00:23,356 --> 00:00:25,358
IT CHANGES EVERYTHING AROUND IT.
11
00:00:25,359 --> 00:00:28,160
...AND THE BIRTH OF LIFE.
12
00:00:28,161 --> 00:00:31,496
IF IT WASN'T FOR JUPITER,
RIGHT WHERE I'M STANDING,
13
00:00:31,497 --> 00:00:35,368
THERE MIGHT BE
GIGANTIC METEOR IMPACT CRATER.
14
00:00:38,139 --> 00:00:40,540
NOW, SCIENTISTS ARE UNLOCKING
15
00:00:40,541 --> 00:00:44,410
THE GIANT PLANET'S SECRETS
AND DISCOVERING THAT JUPITER,
16
00:00:44,411 --> 00:00:48,080
MORE THAN ANY OTHER PLANET,
SHAPES OUR SOLAR SYSTEM'S
17
00:00:48,081 --> 00:00:52,551
PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE.
18
00:00:52,552 --> 00:00:55,187
WITHOUT JUPITER, MOST CERTAINLY,
19
00:00:55,188 --> 00:00:56,855
WE WOULDN'T BE HERE
TO TALK ABOUT IT.
20
00:00:56,856 --> 00:00:59,858
-- CaptIOns by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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00:00:59,859 --> 00:01:02,896
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
22
00:01:10,406 --> 00:01:11,773
JUPITER
23
00:01:11,774 --> 00:01:16,577
NAMED AFTER THE ROMAN KING
OF THE GODS, THE GOD OF THE SKY,
24
00:01:16,578 --> 00:01:20,749
IT LOOMS BETWEEN
THE FOUR INNER ROCKY PLANETS
25
00:01:20,750 --> 00:01:24,084
AND THE THREE
FROZEN GAS GIANTS BEYOND.
26
00:01:24,085 --> 00:01:27,455
IT IS OUR LARGEST PLANET BY FAR.
27
00:01:27,456 --> 00:01:29,390
JUPITER IS THE KING
OF THE PLANETS,
28
00:01:29,391 --> 00:01:31,992
AND THAT'S BECAUSE IT
IS THE BIGGEST OF THE PLANETS.
29
00:01:31,993 --> 00:01:34,795
IT HAS A STORM ON IT
THAT'S ACTUALLY FOUR TIMES
30
00:01:34,796 --> 00:01:36,197
BIGGER THAN THE EARTH ITSELF,
31
00:01:36,198 --> 00:01:38,298
AND IT'S BEEN RAGING
FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS.
32
00:01:38,299 --> 00:01:42,503
IT HAS DOZENS OF MOONS,
THIS GIGANTIC MAGNETIC FIELD.
33
00:01:42,504 --> 00:01:44,973
EVERYTHING ABOUT JUPITER
IS JUST HUGE.
34
00:01:44,974 --> 00:01:46,374
IT DOESN'T DO ANYTHING SMALL.
35
00:01:46,375 --> 00:01:48,542
IF YOU WERE LOOKING
AT OUR SOLAR SYSTEM FROM AFAR,
36
00:01:48,543 --> 00:01:49,577
YOU'D LOOK AND YOU'D SAY,
37
00:01:49,578 --> 00:01:51,646
"OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
IS MADE OF THE SUN,
38
00:01:51,647 --> 00:01:53,681
JUPITER, AND ASSORTED RUBBLE.
39
00:01:53,682 --> 00:01:55,916
THIS VAST PLANET
40
00:01:55,917 --> 00:01:58,921
CONTAINS THE CLUES
TO OUR SOLAR SYSTEM'S FORMATION,
41
00:01:59,022 --> 00:02:03,324
ITS EVOLUTION,
AND ITS EVENTUAL DEATH.
42
00:02:03,325 --> 00:02:07,628
JUPITER
IS A COSMIC TIME CAPSULE.
43
00:02:07,629 --> 00:02:10,299
IF ONLY WE COULD OPEN IT.
44
00:02:10,300 --> 00:02:12,635
IN THE ROMAN MYTH,
JUPITER, THE GOD,
45
00:02:12,636 --> 00:02:15,670
DREW A VEIL OF CLOUDS AROUND HIM
TO HIDE HIS MISCHIEF,
46
00:02:15,671 --> 00:02:16,739
AND THAT'S, TO SOME EXTENT,
47
00:02:16,740 --> 00:02:18,641
WHAT'S HAPPENED
WHEN WE LOOK AT JUPITER.
48
00:02:18,642 --> 00:02:21,008
WE'RE SEEING NOT THE SURFACE
OF A PLANET,
49
00:02:21,009 --> 00:02:23,779
BUT THE EDGE OF A CLOUD.
50
00:02:23,780 --> 00:02:27,782
THIS SHROUD OF GAS
HIDES JUPITER'S DEEPEST SECRETS.
51
00:02:27,783 --> 00:02:29,484
ONE OF THE BIG
MYSTERIES OF JUPITER
52
00:02:29,485 --> 00:02:32,287
IS WHAT'S AT THE VERY CENTER.
WHAT IS ITS CORE?
53
00:02:32,288 --> 00:02:34,355
AND THIS IS SOMETHING
THAT WE ACTUALLY DON'T KNOW YET.
54
00:02:34,356 --> 00:02:37,960
BUT WE DO KNOW THAT
WHAT'S HAPPENING INSIDE JUPITER
55
00:02:37,961 --> 00:02:40,294
GIVES THE PLANETS ITS POWER.
56
00:02:40,295 --> 00:02:43,031
IF WE WANT TO KNOW
MORE ABOUT WHAT'S GOING ON
57
00:02:43,032 --> 00:02:45,099
IN THIS KING
OF THE PLANETS,
58
00:02:45,100 --> 00:02:46,435
WE'RE GOING TO NEED
TO BE ABLE
59
00:02:46,436 --> 00:02:48,103
TO PART THOSE CLOUDS
AND PEER INSIDE.
60
00:02:48,104 --> 00:02:49,538
SIMPLE PHYSICS TELLS US
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00:02:49,539 --> 00:02:53,943
ITS MASSIVE ATMOSPHERE
IS THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES.
62
00:02:53,944 --> 00:02:56,513
BECAUSE IT'S A GAS GIANT,
THE ATMOSPHERE,
63
00:02:56,514 --> 00:02:59,483
AS YOU GET DEEPER INTO IT,
JUST GETS DENSER AND DENSER
64
00:02:59,484 --> 00:03:02,152
AND THE PRESSURE
GETS HIGHER AND HIGHER.
65
00:03:02,153 --> 00:03:04,721
FROM THE CLOUD TOPS
TO THE PLANET'S CENTER
66
00:03:04,722 --> 00:03:06,923
IS 43,000 MILES.
67
00:03:06,924 --> 00:03:11,261
THAT'S A THREE-DAY,
NONSTOP JOURNEY IN A JUMBO JET.
68
00:03:11,262 --> 00:03:15,597
THE DECENT WOULD BE
A HELLISH ROLLER COASTER RIDE.
69
00:03:15,598 --> 00:03:19,001
AND WE KNOW THIS,
BECAUSE WE'VE TRIED.
70
00:03:19,002 --> 00:03:21,738
THE GALILEO PROBE
ORBITED JUPITER FOR YEARS
71
00:03:21,739 --> 00:03:23,539
LOOKING AT THE CLOUD TOPS
OF THE PLANET
72
00:03:23,540 --> 00:03:25,307
AND THE MOONS THAT ORBIT IT.
73
00:03:25,308 --> 00:03:27,175
BUT AT THE END OF THE MISSION,
THEY DECIDED THEY COULD DO
74
00:03:27,176 --> 00:03:29,881
ONE MORE SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT.
75
00:03:29,882 --> 00:03:32,883
DECEMBER 7, 1995.
76
00:03:32,884 --> 00:03:38,422
NASA'S GALILEO SPACE CRAFT
DROPS A 750-POUND TITANIUM PROBE
77
00:03:38,423 --> 00:03:41,959
INTO JUPITER'S ATMOSPHERE.
78
00:03:41,960 --> 00:03:47,632
IT SLAMS INTO THE CLOUD TOPS
AT OVER 106,000 MILES AN HOUR.
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00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:55,074
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80
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EVEN THOUGH JUPITER LOOKS CALM
AND SERENE FROM A DISTANCE,
81
00:03:59,444 --> 00:04:00,711
AS YOU GET CLOSER,
82
00:04:00,712 --> 00:04:03,148
YOU REALIZE
THAT THERE ARE FEROCIOUS WINDS,
83
00:04:03,149 --> 00:04:04,849
THERE ARE LIGHTNING STORMS,
84
00:04:04,850 --> 00:04:08,852
AND THERE ARE PRESSURES
THAT WOULD CRUSH ANY INSTRUMENT.
85
00:04:08,853 --> 00:04:11,990
THE PLANET IS 1,000 TIMES
THE MASS OF THE EARTH,
86
00:04:11,991 --> 00:04:13,990
AND THAT MEANS AS YOU GO INWARD,
87
00:04:13,991 --> 00:04:18,462
THE PRESSURES AND DENSITIES
BECOME VERY LARGE.
88
00:04:18,463 --> 00:04:22,132
THE PROBE SENSORS
REVEAL THAT HYDROGEN
89
00:04:22,133 --> 00:04:26,736
MAKES UP 90%
OF JUPITER'S ATMOSPHERE.
90
00:04:26,737 --> 00:04:30,008
TEMPERATURES SOAR
TO OVER 300 DEGREES.
91
00:04:31,512 --> 00:04:34,915
WINDS RAGE AT 400 MILES AN HOUR.
92
00:04:37,950 --> 00:04:42,689
IT'S HOTTER AND MORE TURBULENT
THAN SCIENTISTS EVER IMAGINED.
93
00:04:44,825 --> 00:04:47,893
58 MINUTES AFTER
ENTERING JUPITER'S ATMOSPHERE,
94
00:04:47,894 --> 00:04:51,896
AND JUST 95 MILES DOWN,
THE PROBE...
95
00:04:51,897 --> 00:04:55,234
VAPORIZES,
96
00:04:55,235 --> 00:04:59,373
LEAVING MOST OF JUPITER'S
SECRETS BEYOND OUR REACH.
97
00:05:02,310 --> 00:05:06,612
WE CAN'T REACH
THE PLANET'S CENTER,
98
00:05:06,613 --> 00:05:10,850
BUT AT THE NATIONAL IGNITION
FACILITY OUTSIDE SAN FRANCISCO,
99
00:05:10,851 --> 00:05:15,990
SCIENTISTS CAN RECREATE
CONDITIONS DEEP INSIDE JUPITER.
100
00:05:19,060 --> 00:05:20,629
THERE ARE A LOT
OF OTHER FACILITIES
101
00:05:20,630 --> 00:05:23,129
WHERE WE CAN GENERATE, SAY,
102
00:05:23,130 --> 00:05:25,631
STATES THAT ARE FOUND
AT THE CENTER OF THE EARTH
103
00:05:25,632 --> 00:05:28,835
OR SOME OF THE OTHER
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS,
104
00:05:28,836 --> 00:05:30,436
BUT THIS IS THE ONLY PLACE
105
00:05:30,437 --> 00:05:33,941
YOU CAN RECREATE
THE DEEPEST INTERIOR OF JUPITER.
106
00:05:33,942 --> 00:05:35,943
THE TEAM TAKES HYDROGEN,
107
00:05:35,944 --> 00:05:37,979
THE MOST COMMON ELEMENT
IN JUPITER,
108
00:05:37,980 --> 00:05:41,514
AND FREEZES IT,
INCREASING ITS DENSITY.
109
00:05:41,515 --> 00:05:46,086
THEN, THEY FIRE UP
THE WORLD'S LARGEST LASER.
110
00:05:46,087 --> 00:05:48,787
MULTIPLE LASER BEAMS RACE
THROUGH A SERIES
111
00:05:48,788 --> 00:05:50,456
OF AMPLIFICATION CHAMBERS,
112
00:05:50,457 --> 00:05:54,194
INTENSIFYING
BY A QUADRILLION TIMES,
113
00:05:54,195 --> 00:05:59,066
UNTIL, PERFECTLY SYNCHRONIZED,
THE BEAMS CONVERGE.
114
00:05:59,067 --> 00:06:01,268
FOR 20 BILLIONTHS OF A SECOND,
115
00:06:01,269 --> 00:06:06,105
THE LASER BOMBARDS THE HYDROGEN
WITH 1,000 TIMES MORE ENERGY
116
00:06:06,106 --> 00:06:10,544
THAN THE ENTIRE UNITED STATES
USES AT ANY GIVEN MOMENT.
117
00:06:10,545 --> 00:06:14,614
IT TURNS OUT THAT AT
THOSE VERY EXTREME PRESSURES,
118
00:06:14,615 --> 00:06:18,184
A HUNDRED MILLION ATMOSPHERES
OF PRESSURES,
119
00:06:18,185 --> 00:06:21,121
CHEMISTRY
IS JUST COMPLETELY DIFFERENT.
120
00:06:23,957 --> 00:06:27,727
INSTEAD OF REALLY DISTORTING
THE CHEMICAL BOND,
121
00:06:27,728 --> 00:06:32,766
NOW, YOU'RE DISTORTING
HOW THE ATOM ITSELF BEHAVES.
122
00:06:32,767 --> 00:06:35,968
MATTER BEHAVES
IN A FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT WAY
123
00:06:35,969 --> 00:06:39,605
THAN WE EXPERIENCE IT HERE
ON EARTH.
124
00:06:39,606 --> 00:06:40,874
THE ATOMS BREAK DOWN,
125
00:06:40,875 --> 00:06:44,843
TRANSFORMING THE HYDROGEN GAS
INTO A LIQUID --
126
00:06:44,844 --> 00:06:47,983
A LIQUID METAL CONCENTRATED
DEEP INSIDE THE PLANET.
127
00:06:47,984 --> 00:06:49,783
ESSENTIALLY, YOU WOULD HAVE
128
00:06:49,784 --> 00:06:52,454
THIS VERY DENSE STRUCTURE,
129
00:06:52,455 --> 00:06:55,389
AND IT PERHAPS WOULD LOOK
LIKE THIS MASSIVE BALL
130
00:06:55,390 --> 00:06:58,158
OF MERCURY
AT THE CENTER OF JUPITER.
131
00:06:58,159 --> 00:06:59,427
UNDER IMMENSE PRESSURE,
132
00:06:59,428 --> 00:07:02,230
THE LIQUID HYDROGEN EMITS ENERGY
AS HEAT,
133
00:07:02,231 --> 00:07:05,999
PUSHING TEMPERATURES AT THE EDGE
OF THIS METALLIC SPHERE
134
00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:09,704
UP TO 11,000 DEGREES.
135
00:07:09,705 --> 00:07:13,641
WHAT LIES INSIDE
REMAINS A MYSTERY.
136
00:07:13,642 --> 00:07:15,610
THERE COULD BE
A LITTLE ROCKY PLANET
137
00:07:15,611 --> 00:07:18,312
UNDERNEATH ALL OF THAT GAS
AND ALL OF THAT LIQUID.
138
00:07:18,313 --> 00:07:21,149
IT COULD BE MORE OF A BALL
OF SUPER COMPRESSED ICE.
139
00:07:21,150 --> 00:07:23,586
THERE PROBABLY IS SOMETHING
SOLID DOWN THERE.
140
00:07:24,022 --> 00:07:26,957
IT'S THE PROCESSES
HAPPENING INSIDE JUPITER
141
00:07:26,958 --> 00:07:30,860
THAT GIVE THE PLANET
ITS POWER --
142
00:07:30,861 --> 00:07:36,099
POWER TO SHAPE THE SOLAR SYSTEM
SINCE ITS EARLIEST DAYS.
143
00:07:36,100 --> 00:07:37,368
APART FROM THE SUN,
144
00:07:37,369 --> 00:07:42,305
JUPITER IS THE BIGGEST INFLUENCE
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
145
00:07:42,306 --> 00:07:45,409
BUT THIS MONSTER IS SHRINKING.
146
00:07:45,410 --> 00:07:49,147
IS JUPITER LOSING ITS POWER?
147
00:07:56,554 --> 00:08:00,190
A THOUSAND TIMES
MORE MASSIVE THAN THE EARTH,
148
00:08:00,191 --> 00:08:02,827
JUPITER COULD SWALLOW
ALL THE OTHER PLANETS
149
00:08:02,828 --> 00:08:07,899
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM TWICE
AND STILL HAVE ROOM FOR MORE.
150
00:08:07,900 --> 00:08:11,902
BUT THIS GIANT
IS GETTING SMALLER.
151
00:08:11,903 --> 00:08:13,603
GRAVITY IS STILL BRINGING
152
00:08:13,604 --> 00:08:17,108
ALL OF THE GASES
AND LIQUIDS TOGETHER.
153
00:08:17,109 --> 00:08:21,313
AND THAT HEATS UP
THE INTERIOR OF JUPITER.
154
00:08:21,314 --> 00:08:24,449
THIS HEAT RISES UP
TO JUPITER'S SURFACE
155
00:08:24,450 --> 00:08:26,550
AND ESCAPES INTO SPACE.
156
00:08:26,551 --> 00:08:29,320
THE PLANET COOLS AND SHRINKS,
157
00:08:29,321 --> 00:08:32,857
MAKING THE GAS GIANT
A THIRD SMALLER TODAY
158
00:08:32,858 --> 00:08:35,292
THAN WHEN IT FIRST FORMED.
159
00:08:35,293 --> 00:08:36,594
AS THE PLANET COOLS,
160
00:08:36,595 --> 00:08:40,732
THE SHRINKING SLOWS FROM
AN INCH A YEAR IN ITS INFANCY
161
00:08:40,733 --> 00:08:43,468
TO JUST A FEW FRACTIONS
OF AN INCH TODAY.
162
00:08:43,469 --> 00:08:47,305
AND SCIENTISTS CALCULATE
IT COULD CONTINUE SHRINKING
163
00:08:47,306 --> 00:08:48,908
FOR 1,000 BILLION YEARS.
164
00:08:48,909 --> 00:08:51,979
EVEN THEN, IT WILL ALWAYS BE
THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S
165
00:08:51,980 --> 00:08:54,348
BIGGEST, MOST POWERFUL PLANET.
166
00:08:56,549 --> 00:09:00,320
JUPITER IS SHRINKING TOO SLOWLY
FOR US TO SEE,
167
00:09:00,321 --> 00:09:03,590
BUT WE CAN SEE THE EFFECT
OF THIS RISING HEAT.
168
00:09:03,591 --> 00:09:05,624
THIS IS ACTUALLY ONE
OF THE REASONS JUPITER
169
00:09:05,625 --> 00:09:07,259
HAS THE SPECTACULAR WEATHER --
170
00:09:07,260 --> 00:09:09,463
ALL OF THOSE BEAUTIFUL BANDS
OF CLOUDS.
171
00:09:12,866 --> 00:09:16,370
ON EARTH, THE SUN'S HEAT
DRIVES OUR WEATHER.
172
00:09:16,371 --> 00:09:19,940
SWITCH OFF THE SUN,
AND OUR WEATHER WOULD STOP.
173
00:09:19,941 --> 00:09:23,309
BUT JUPITER'S WEATHER
WOULD KEEP ON GOING.
174
00:09:23,310 --> 00:09:25,812
ITS WEATHER DOESN'T COME
FROM THE SUN.
175
00:09:25,813 --> 00:09:29,450
IT COMES FROM DEEP
INSIDE THE PLANET ITSELF.
176
00:09:29,451 --> 00:09:33,854
HEAT RISES UP
THROUGH THE BOILING SOUP OF GAS,
177
00:09:33,855 --> 00:09:38,658
CHURNING ITS COCKTAIL
OF VOLATILE CHEMICALS,
178
00:09:38,659 --> 00:09:44,530
CREATING JUPITER'S SPECTACULAR
SWIRLING CLOUDS.
179
00:09:44,531 --> 00:09:48,567
AND THE WHOLE TIME,
THE GIANT PLANET SPINS.
180
00:09:48,568 --> 00:09:50,803
AT 29,000 MILES AN HOUR,
181
00:09:50,804 --> 00:09:54,307
JUPITER ROTATES
FASTER THAN ANY OTHER PLANET
182
00:09:54,308 --> 00:09:56,077
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
183
00:09:57,446 --> 00:10:00,782
JUPITER ROTATES ON ITS AXIS
ABOUT ONCE EVERY NINE HOURS,
184
00:10:00,783 --> 00:10:02,984
COMPARED TO A 24-HOUR DAY
FOR US.
185
00:10:02,985 --> 00:10:06,086
SO, HUGE, SUPER-HEATED CLOUDS
FROM THE INTERIOR
186
00:10:06,087 --> 00:10:08,121
GET SMEARED OUT BY THE ROTATION,
187
00:10:08,122 --> 00:10:10,524
AND WE HAVE THE BEAUTIFUL CLOUD
TOPS OF JUPITER.
188
00:10:10,525 --> 00:10:15,363
THIS MARRIAGE OF HEAT
AND MOTION SPAWNS A MONSTER.
189
00:10:17,433 --> 00:10:20,533
JUPITER'S RED SPOT
IS A GIGANTIC CYCLONE,
190
00:10:20,534 --> 00:10:22,669
LARGER THAN THE SIZE
OF THE EARTH,
191
00:10:22,670 --> 00:10:26,274
AND HAS BEEN ROTATING STABLY
WITH WINDS IN EXCESS
192
00:10:26,275 --> 00:10:30,410
OF 250 MILES PER HOUR
FOR OVER THREE CENTURIES.
193
00:10:30,411 --> 00:10:35,316
IMAGINE A STORM
THAT LASTS FOR 300 YEARS.
194
00:10:35,317 --> 00:10:39,019
ON EARTH, CYCLONES
DIE WHEN THEY HIT LAND,
195
00:10:39,020 --> 00:10:42,690
BUT JUPITER HAS NO LAND
TO STOP ITS STORMS,
196
00:10:42,691 --> 00:10:45,591
ALMOST UNLIMITED HEAT
TO FUEL THEM
197
00:10:45,592 --> 00:10:47,630
AND A RAPID ROTATION.
198
00:10:49,766 --> 00:10:51,766
JUPITER IS BASICALLY STOKING
199
00:10:51,767 --> 00:10:54,636
THE FIRES OF THE GREAT RED SPOT.
200
00:10:54,637 --> 00:10:57,640
WE'RE USED TO STORMS GROWING
AND THEN GOING AWAY ON EARTH,
201
00:10:57,641 --> 00:10:59,342
BUT IF THEY'RE SPINNING
THE RIGHT WAY,
202
00:10:59,343 --> 00:11:01,910
BECAUSE JUPITER IS SO BIG
AND SPINNING SO QUICKLY,
203
00:11:01,911 --> 00:11:05,815
THEY FEED INTO EACH OTHER,
AND IT KEEPS THE STORM ALIVE.
204
00:11:07,283 --> 00:11:09,919
LONG AFTER THE OTHER PLANETS
FREEZE AND DIE,
205
00:11:09,920 --> 00:11:13,255
JUPITER WILL
STILL BE PUMPING OUT HEAT,
206
00:11:13,256 --> 00:11:16,592
DRIVING ITS MONSTER STORMS,
207
00:11:16,593 --> 00:11:19,796
THANKS TO ITS IMMENSE SIZE.
208
00:11:23,700 --> 00:11:26,101
AND THE SECRET OF ITS SIZE
209
00:11:26,102 --> 00:11:29,405
LIES IN THE INFANCY
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
210
00:11:29,406 --> 00:11:32,141
JUST OVER 4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO,
211
00:11:32,142 --> 00:11:34,876
IN THE DISK
OF DUST AND GAS LEFTOVER
212
00:11:34,877 --> 00:11:38,981
FROM THE SUN'S FORMATION,
THE FIRST PLANET FORMS.
213
00:11:38,982 --> 00:11:42,754
JUPITER BEGAN TO FORM EARLY ON
AND BEGAN TO GOBBLE UP
214
00:11:42,755 --> 00:11:47,424
WATER, FROZEN COMETS, METEORS,
AND GROW.
215
00:11:47,425 --> 00:11:50,458
WHEN YOU IMAGINE
A LITTER OF ANIMALS,
216
00:11:50,459 --> 00:11:52,828
ONE OF THEM USUALLY WINS.
217
00:11:52,829 --> 00:11:54,229
AND THE ONE THAT WINS IS THE ONE
218
00:11:54,230 --> 00:11:56,998
THAT BEGINS TO EAT THE MOST
FIRST.
219
00:11:56,999 --> 00:11:59,804
THE SAME THING HAPPENED
WITH JUPITER, IN SOME SENSE.
220
00:11:59,805 --> 00:12:01,972
JUPITER FORMS AT THE RIGHT TIME
221
00:12:01,973 --> 00:12:06,543
AND IN THE RIGHT PLACE --
JUST INSIDE THE FROST LINE,
222
00:12:06,544 --> 00:12:10,914
THE POINT 325 MILLION MILES
FROM THE SUN
223
00:12:10,915 --> 00:12:15,019
WHERE WATER VAPOR TURNS TO ICE.
224
00:12:15,020 --> 00:12:16,554
CLOSE TO THE SUN,
225
00:12:16,555 --> 00:12:18,655
ROCKY PLANETS
CANNOT GROW VERY BIG.
226
00:12:18,656 --> 00:12:20,190
A LITTLE BIT
BIGGER THAN THE EARTH,
227
00:12:20,191 --> 00:12:22,092
AND THE PLANET FALLS APART.
228
00:12:22,093 --> 00:12:23,660
FURTHER OUT, HOWEVER,
229
00:12:23,661 --> 00:12:26,630
ICE IS A GLUE
THAT CAN HOLD ROCK TOGETHER.
230
00:12:26,631 --> 00:12:29,934
AND SO YOU HAVE
MASSIVE ROCKY ICE PLANETS
231
00:12:29,935 --> 00:12:35,340
BIG ENOUGH TO CAPTURE HYDROGEN
GAS AND BECOME A GAS GIANT.
232
00:12:37,608 --> 00:12:38,943
CLOSE TO THE SUN,
233
00:12:38,944 --> 00:12:43,213
GAS IS TOO HOT AND ENERGETIC
TO STICK TO ANYTHING.
234
00:12:43,214 --> 00:12:46,784
OUT HERE,
GAS IS COLD AND SLUGGISH.
235
00:12:46,785 --> 00:12:50,820
SO, WHEN GRAVITY PULLS GAS
TOWARDS JUPITER'S CORE,
236
00:12:50,821 --> 00:12:52,421
IT STICKS,
237
00:12:52,422 --> 00:12:53,993
AND JUPITER BALLOONS.
238
00:12:54,194 --> 00:12:56,896
AND AS IT GREW,
ITS GRAVITY GREW,
239
00:12:56,897 --> 00:12:59,732
AND THEREFORE, ITS ABILITY
TO GOBBLE UP MORE INCREASED.
240
00:12:59,733 --> 00:13:02,068
SO IT WAS THE LUCKY WINNER
241
00:13:02,069 --> 00:13:06,573
BY STARTING EARLY
AND EATING OFTEN.
242
00:13:06,574 --> 00:13:09,842
THE PLANET
EATS EVERYTHING IN ITS REACH
243
00:13:09,843 --> 00:13:13,414
UNTIL IT BECOMES THE GIANT
WE SEE TODAY.
244
00:13:15,614 --> 00:13:21,187
BUT 4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO,
JUPITER IS IN THE WRONG PLACE.
245
00:13:21,188 --> 00:13:27,128
IT'S SPIRALING TOWARDS THE SUN
AND A FIERY DEATH.
246
00:13:36,137 --> 00:13:39,872
THE BIGGEST PLANET
WITH THE BIGGEST INFLUENCE,
247
00:13:39,873 --> 00:13:43,177
JUPITER IS UNIQUE
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM,
248
00:13:46,546 --> 00:13:50,016
BUT NOT IN OUR GALAXY.
249
00:13:50,017 --> 00:13:53,721
OCTOBER 1995,
SCIENTISTS DISCOVER
250
00:13:53,722 --> 00:13:57,059
THE FIRST PLANET
BEYOND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
251
00:13:59,193 --> 00:14:01,194
51 LIGHT-YEARS FROM EARTH,
252
00:14:01,195 --> 00:14:05,699
51 PEGASI B
IS A GIANT GAS PLANET,
253
00:14:05,700 --> 00:14:09,835
SIMILAR TO JUPITER
IN EVERY WAY EXCEPT ONE.
254
00:14:09,836 --> 00:14:13,073
THE FIRST EXOPLANET FOUND
ORBITING A STAR LIKE THE SUN
255
00:14:13,074 --> 00:14:14,607
WAS A HUGE SURPRISE.
256
00:14:14,608 --> 00:14:16,142
IT WAS CALLED A HOT JUPITER
257
00:14:16,143 --> 00:14:18,545
BECAUSE IT'S SOMETHING
ROUGHLY THE SIZE OF JUPITER,
258
00:14:18,546 --> 00:14:21,548
BUT IT WAS TREMENDOUSLY CLOSE IN
TO ITS STAR,
259
00:14:21,549 --> 00:14:23,917
MUCH CLOSER, EVEN,
THAN MERCURY IS TO THE SUN.
260
00:14:23,918 --> 00:14:25,954
SINCE THAT FIRST DISCOVERY,
261
00:14:25,955 --> 00:14:29,590
ASTRONOMERS HAVE IDENTIFIED
HUNDREDS OF GAS GIANTS
262
00:14:29,591 --> 00:14:31,893
OUTSIDE OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
263
00:14:31,894 --> 00:14:36,764
MANY ORBIT EXTREMELY CLOSE
TO THEIR PARENT STAR.
264
00:14:36,765 --> 00:14:41,670
THE PLANET WASP-33 B,
378 LIGHT-YEARS AWAY,
265
00:14:41,671 --> 00:14:44,505
ORBITS SO CLOSE TO ITS STAR
266
00:14:44,506 --> 00:14:49,844
THAT ITS SURFACE
IS A SCORCHING 5,800 DEGREES.
267
00:14:49,845 --> 00:14:53,648
IT'S THE HOTTEST PLANET
EVER OBSERVED IN THE UNIVERSE.
268
00:14:53,649 --> 00:14:56,284
NOW, WE KNOW THAT PLANETS
LIKE THAT CAN'T FORM THERE.
269
00:14:56,285 --> 00:14:58,888
IT'S JUST TOO HOT TO BE ABLE
TO COALESCE FROM ALL THE GAS.
270
00:14:58,889 --> 00:15:03,058
THESE HOT JUPITERS
MUST HAVE FORMED FARTHER OUT.
271
00:15:03,059 --> 00:15:05,059
HOW DO YOU GET
A JUPITER-LIKE PLANET
272
00:15:05,060 --> 00:15:06,562
THAT CLOSE TO A STAR?
273
00:15:06,563 --> 00:15:09,664
SOMEHOW, YOU NEED TO BE ABLE
TO BUILD A BIG PLANET
274
00:15:09,665 --> 00:15:11,332
AND THEN MOVE IT IN.
275
00:15:11,333 --> 00:15:13,269
AND THIS HAD US ASKING
ALL KINDS OF QUESTIONS.
276
00:15:13,270 --> 00:15:15,804
IF WE SEE IT GOING
ON ELSEWHERE IN THE UNIVERSE,
277
00:15:15,805 --> 00:15:17,841
IS THAT HOW OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM
WORKED, TOO?
278
00:15:17,842 --> 00:15:19,408
SO NOW, WHEN WE LOOK AT JUPITER,
279
00:15:19,409 --> 00:15:21,611
WE THINK, "ALL RIGHT,
THAT'S WHERE IT IS TODAY,
280
00:15:21,612 --> 00:15:23,712
"BUT IT DOESN'T MEAN
IT'S ALWAYS BEEN THERE.
281
00:15:23,713 --> 00:15:25,380
"IT COULD HAVE MOVED
ALL OVER THE PLACE,
282
00:15:25,381 --> 00:15:27,082
"AND IT JUST ENDED UP
WHERE IT IS --
283
00:15:27,083 --> 00:15:28,318
WHERE WE FIND IT TODAY."
284
00:15:28,319 --> 00:15:30,819
THE QUESTION IS HOW?
285
00:15:30,820 --> 00:15:34,456
HOW DID THIS GIANT PLANET
END UP WHERE IT IS TODAY?
286
00:15:34,457 --> 00:15:37,893
AND WHAT EFFECT
DID A MIGRATING JUPITER
287
00:15:37,894 --> 00:15:39,163
HAVE ON THE OTHER PLANETS?
288
00:15:39,164 --> 00:15:43,732
IN 2011, WALSH AND HIS TEAM
RE-IMAGINED THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
289
00:15:43,733 --> 00:15:47,270
THEY SET JUPITER ADRIFT,
AND IN THE PROCESS,
290
00:15:47,271 --> 00:15:51,408
THEY SOLVE ONE OF THE SOLAR
SYSTEM'S GREATEST PUZZLES.
291
00:15:51,409 --> 00:15:54,443
WE WOULD BUILD OUR MODELS,
WOULD GET A VENUS
292
00:15:54,444 --> 00:15:57,247
RIGHT WHERE THE VENUS
IS SUPPOSED TO BE,
293
00:15:57,248 --> 00:16:00,717
WOULD GET AN EARTH RIGHT WHERE
THE EARTH IS SUPPOSED TO BE.
294
00:16:00,718 --> 00:16:02,184
BUT WHERE MARS IS TODAY,
295
00:16:02,185 --> 00:16:05,054
WE WERE USUALLY GETTING A VENUS
OR EARTH-MASSED PLANET.
296
00:16:05,055 --> 00:16:07,957
NO MATTER WHAT WE DID, NO MATTER
HOW WE CHANGED THE MODEL,
297
00:16:07,958 --> 00:16:10,226
WE WERE ALWAYS GETTING
A REALLY BIG MARS.
298
00:16:10,227 --> 00:16:11,394
ALL OF OUR SIMULATION
299
00:16:11,395 --> 00:16:13,163
SHOWED THAT MARS,
WHERE IT IS IN THE DISK,
300
00:16:13,164 --> 00:16:15,866
SHOULD BE AT LEAST TEN TIMES
THE MASS THAT IT IS.
301
00:16:15,867 --> 00:16:20,002
SOMETHING CAME IN
AND LITERALLY ATE MARS' LUNCH.
302
00:16:20,003 --> 00:16:23,240
AND THAT SOMETHING WAS JUPITER.
303
00:16:23,241 --> 00:16:25,009
FOUR AND A HALF BILLION
YEARS AGO,
304
00:16:25,010 --> 00:16:29,547
JUPITER FORMS 325 MILLION MILES
FROM THE SUN,
305
00:16:29,548 --> 00:16:32,016
ROUGHLY A THIRD CLOSER
THAN IT IS TODAY.
306
00:16:32,017 --> 00:16:33,818
THE ORBITING PLANET COLLIDES
307
00:16:33,819 --> 00:16:37,221
WITH THE DEBRIS LEFT OVER
FROM THE SUN'S FORMATION,
308
00:16:37,222 --> 00:16:40,023
AND THESE COLLISIONS
SLOW IT DOWN.
309
00:16:40,024 --> 00:16:41,858
IT LOSES MOMENTUM,
310
00:16:41,859 --> 00:16:45,829
AND THE SUN'S GRAVITY
PULLS IT CLOSER.
311
00:16:45,830 --> 00:16:47,799
JUPITER SPIRALS INWARDS,
312
00:16:47,800 --> 00:16:53,471
GOBBLING UP THE RAW MATERIALS
THAT SHOULD HAVE MADE MARS.
313
00:16:53,472 --> 00:16:55,405
SO, SEEING THAT RESULT,
SEEING A GREAT SOLUTION
314
00:16:55,406 --> 00:16:59,077
TO THE SMALL MARS PROBLEM
WAS KIND OF THE EUREKA MOMENT.
315
00:16:59,078 --> 00:17:01,244
LIKE, WELL, MAYBE
THERE'S A MECHANISM OUT THERE.
316
00:17:01,245 --> 00:17:02,681
WE KNOW THAT PLANETS MIGRATE.
317
00:17:02,682 --> 00:17:04,348
SO, LET'S PUT THESE TWO THINGS
TOGETHER,
318
00:17:04,349 --> 00:17:06,651
AND MAYBE THIS IS GOING TO WORK.
319
00:17:06,652 --> 00:17:08,853
AS JUPITER TRAVELS INWARDS,
320
00:17:08,854 --> 00:17:13,523
IT BULLDOZES THE ROCKY MATERIAL
THAT LIES IN ITS PATH.
321
00:17:13,524 --> 00:17:16,527
ON THE INWARD MIGRATION,
THERE'S A LOT OF MATERIAL THERE.
322
00:17:16,528 --> 00:17:18,395
IT ACTUALLY PUSHES
ALMOST ALL OF THAT,
323
00:17:18,396 --> 00:17:20,531
ABOUT 80 % OF IT, INWARD.
324
00:17:20,532 --> 00:17:23,468
AND WHEN WE MAKE THE MOVIES
IN A CERTAIN WAY,
325
00:17:23,469 --> 00:17:25,271
IT REALLY LOOKS LIKE A SNOWPLOW.
326
00:17:29,542 --> 00:17:31,343
THE GAS AND DUST SQUEEZE
327
00:17:31,344 --> 00:17:34,145
INTO AN INNER DISK
AROUND THE SUN.
328
00:17:34,146 --> 00:17:35,381
AS JUPITER ORBITS,
329
00:17:35,382 --> 00:17:39,216
IT PUSHES AGAINST THIS DISK,
CREATING A BULGE.
330
00:17:39,217 --> 00:17:43,655
THE BULGE RACES ROUND THE DISK,
PULLING JUPITER WITH IT.
331
00:17:44,924 --> 00:17:48,993
JUPITER ACCELERATES AND TRIES
TO PULL AWAY FROM THE SUN.
332
00:17:48,994 --> 00:17:53,298
BUT THE DEBRIS BEHIND JUPITER
CONTINUES PUSHING INWARDS.
333
00:17:53,299 --> 00:17:54,866
IT'S A COSMIC STALEMATE,
334
00:17:54,867 --> 00:17:59,138
WITH THE PLANET TRAPPED BETWEEN
THE INNER AND OUTER DISKS.
335
00:18:02,107 --> 00:18:06,077
THEN, SOMETHING EXTRAORDINARY
HAPPENS.
336
00:18:06,078 --> 00:18:09,248
THE GIANT PLANET
CHANGES DIRECTION.
337
00:18:09,249 --> 00:18:10,616
AS WE'RE BUILDING THIS MODEL,
338
00:18:10,617 --> 00:18:13,018
WE'VE HAD THIS VISION
OF JUPITER COMING INWARDS,
339
00:18:13,019 --> 00:18:14,420
TURNING AROUND
AND GOING OUTWARDS.
340
00:18:14,421 --> 00:18:16,120
AND WE THOUGHT OF IT
AS A SAILBOAT,
341
00:18:16,121 --> 00:18:18,658
KIND OF TACKING, COMING ABOUT,
TURNING THROUGH THE WIND.
342
00:18:18,659 --> 00:18:20,559
SO, THE NAME
"THE GRAND TACK MODEL,"
343
00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:23,462
IT ACTUALLY
COMES FROM SAILING TERMINOLOGY.
344
00:18:23,463 --> 00:18:26,098
BUT JUPITER IS NO YACHT.
345
00:18:26,099 --> 00:18:29,135
IT'S A GIANT SUPERTANKER
OF A PLANET.
346
00:18:29,136 --> 00:18:31,604
CHANGING ITS COURSE
IS GOING TO TAKE SOMETHING
347
00:18:31,605 --> 00:18:34,241
SERIOUSLY POWERFUL.
348
00:18:34,242 --> 00:18:38,077
ENTER THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S
SECOND LARGEST PLANET,
349
00:18:38,078 --> 00:18:39,480
SATURN.
350
00:18:39,481 --> 00:18:41,615
LIKE JUPITER BEFORE IT,
351
00:18:41,616 --> 00:18:46,452
SATURN HAS SPIRALED INWARDS,
CLOSING IN ON THE GIANT PLANET.
352
00:18:46,453 --> 00:18:49,691
AMAZINGLY, THERE WAS
THIS WONDERFUL INTERPLAY
353
00:18:49,692 --> 00:18:51,325
BETWEEN JUPITER AND SATURN.
354
00:18:51,326 --> 00:18:53,594
AS THEY ATE UP ALL THE MATERIAL
AROUND THEM,
355
00:18:53,595 --> 00:18:56,730
THERE WAS A GAP
IN THE DISK LEFT OVER.
356
00:18:56,731 --> 00:18:59,534
WITH LESS MATERIAL
BEHIND JUPITER AND SATURN,
357
00:18:59,535 --> 00:19:02,102
THERE'S LESS HOLDING THE PLANETS
IN PLACE,
358
00:19:02,103 --> 00:19:04,572
ALLOWING THE FORCE
FROM THE BULGING DISK
359
00:19:04,573 --> 00:19:06,741
TO FLING JUPITER BACK OUT,
360
00:19:06,742 --> 00:19:10,010
WITH SATURN HITCHING A RIDE.
361
00:19:10,011 --> 00:19:13,080
THE KEY FOR STOPPING
JUPITER'S INWARD MIGRATION
362
00:19:13,081 --> 00:19:15,281
IN THE GRAND TACK IS SATURN.
363
00:19:15,282 --> 00:19:19,319
SATURN GROWING AT THE RIGHT TIME
AND AT THE RIGHT PLACE
364
00:19:19,320 --> 00:19:22,423
ALLOWED IT TO MIGRATE
CLOSE TO JUPITER AND CHANGE
365
00:19:22,424 --> 00:19:25,826
AND STOP
JUPITER'S INWARD MIGRATION.
366
00:19:25,827 --> 00:19:27,930
SATURN SAVES JUPITER
FROM A FIERY FATE.
367
00:19:30,031 --> 00:19:31,666
AND THIS GRAND TACK
368
00:19:31,667 --> 00:19:35,704
LEAVES A PARTING GIFT,
THE EARTH ITSELF,
369
00:19:37,706 --> 00:19:40,107
BECAUSE WHEN JUPITER
MIGRATES OUT,
370
00:19:40,108 --> 00:19:45,247
IT LEAVES BEHIND THE ROCKY
DEBRIS IT BULLDOZED IN.
371
00:19:45,248 --> 00:19:48,718
IT'S FROM THIS DEBRIS
THAT THE EARTH FORMS.
372
00:19:50,253 --> 00:19:52,922
BUT BEYOND MARS,
JUPITER'S POWERFUL GRAVITY
373
00:19:52,923 --> 00:19:56,892
PULLS ON THE DEBRIS, PREVENTING
IT FROM STICKING TOGETHER,
374
00:19:56,893 --> 00:20:01,463
LEAVING THE RUBBLE SCATTERED
AS A BAND OF ASTEROIDS.
375
00:20:01,464 --> 00:20:07,001
JUPITER'S GRAVITY IS SO STRONG
THAT IT DETERMINES IN SOME WAYS
376
00:20:07,002 --> 00:20:08,904
WHAT CAN EXIST WHERE
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
377
00:20:08,905 --> 00:20:10,708
AND WHAT CAN'T.
378
00:20:13,344 --> 00:20:16,145
THE ROCKY PLANETS,
379
00:20:16,146 --> 00:20:19,048
OUR PLANET,
380
00:20:19,049 --> 00:20:20,716
AND BEYOND MARS,
381
00:20:20,717 --> 00:20:23,152
THE ASTEROID BELT,
382
00:20:23,153 --> 00:20:27,589
THEY ALL EXIST BECAUSE
OF JUPITER'S EPIC JOURNEY.
383
00:20:27,590 --> 00:20:29,125
WHEN THE BIGGEST THING
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
384
00:20:29,126 --> 00:20:30,527
IS MOVING THIS FAR THIS FAST,
385
00:20:30,528 --> 00:20:32,363
IT CHANGES EVERYTHING AROUND IT.
386
00:20:33,431 --> 00:20:35,967
FIVE MILLION YEARS
AFTER IT FIRST FORMED,
387
00:20:35,968 --> 00:20:39,301
483 MILLION MILES FROM THE SUN,
388
00:20:39,302 --> 00:20:43,139
JUPITER
REACHES ITS PRESENT ORBIT.
389
00:20:43,140 --> 00:20:44,575
ITS OUTWARD MOVEMENT
390
00:20:44,576 --> 00:20:49,245
AND THE INWARD PULL OF THE SUN'S
GRAVITY ARE FINALLY BALANCED,
391
00:20:49,246 --> 00:20:53,916
BUT THIS IS STILL NOT THE SOLAR
SYSTEM THAT WE SEE TODAY.
392
00:20:53,917 --> 00:20:55,452
THE END POINT
OF THE GRAND TACK MODEL
393
00:20:55,453 --> 00:20:57,119
WAS ACTUALLY
THE IDEAL BEGINNINGS
394
00:20:57,120 --> 00:20:58,488
OF WHAT WE THINK HAPPENED
395
00:20:58,489 --> 00:21:02,358
LATER ON
IN SOLAR SYSTEM HISTORY.
396
00:21:02,359 --> 00:21:04,094
BUT FROM THIS STABLE ORBIT,
397
00:21:04,095 --> 00:21:09,099
JUPITER IS ABOUT TO TRIGGER
A DEADLY DOMINO EFFECT
398
00:21:09,100 --> 00:21:12,603
THAT THREATENS TO DESTROY
THE INFANT EARTH.
399
00:21:23,383 --> 00:21:25,351
FOUR AND A HALF
BILLION YEARS AGO,
400
00:21:25,352 --> 00:21:29,488
JUPITER ORBITS
BETWEEN THE ROCKY INNER PLANETS
401
00:21:29,489 --> 00:21:32,991
AND THE ICY OUTER PLANETS.
402
00:21:32,992 --> 00:21:35,193
FROM THIS
STRATEGIC VANTAGE POINT,
403
00:21:35,194 --> 00:21:38,696
THE GAS GIANT DOMINATES
OUR PLANETARY SYSTEM
404
00:21:38,697 --> 00:21:40,333
AND UNLEASHES HELL.
405
00:21:44,971 --> 00:21:47,740
IN THE EARLY ENVIRONMENT
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM,
406
00:21:47,741 --> 00:21:50,808
WHERE THERE WAS A LOT MORE JUNK
SURROUNDING THE EARTH
407
00:21:50,809 --> 00:21:53,612
AND IN THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM,
THE EARTH WAS BOMBARDED,
408
00:21:53,613 --> 00:21:57,451
AS WERE ALL OTHER OBJECTS,
AT AN INCREDIBLE RATE.
409
00:22:00,119 --> 00:22:04,123
IT'S AN INCREDIBLY VIOLENT TIME
IN SOLAR SYSTEM HISTORY.
410
00:22:04,124 --> 00:22:07,660
WE REFER TO THAT TIMESCALE ABOUT
SEVERAL HUNDRED MILLION YEARS
411
00:22:07,661 --> 00:22:09,560
AFTER THE PLANETS
ACTUALLY FORMED
412
00:22:09,561 --> 00:22:11,365
AS THE LATE HEAVY BOMBARDMENT.
413
00:22:18,271 --> 00:22:20,006
THESE WERE
VERY LARGE-SCALE IMPACTS
414
00:22:20,007 --> 00:22:22,743
AND THEY ACTUALLY DO CREATE
MELT POOLS --
415
00:22:22,744 --> 00:22:25,777
LIQUID ROCK ON THE FLOORS
OF THESE IMPACT CRATERS.
416
00:22:25,778 --> 00:22:28,314
AND SOME OF THOSE CRATERS
CAN GLOW HOT
417
00:22:28,315 --> 00:22:30,784
FOR TENS OF THOUSANDS,
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS,
418
00:22:30,785 --> 00:22:31,918
IN SOME CASES.
419
00:22:31,919 --> 00:22:33,720
IF YOU WERE ACTUALLY
ON THE EARTH AT THAT TIME,
420
00:22:33,721 --> 00:22:35,721
THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN
ENORMOUS BALLS OF DUST
421
00:22:35,722 --> 00:22:37,891
CONTINUOUSLY THROWN
INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.
422
00:22:37,892 --> 00:22:39,927
THE SKY WOULD BE HAZY, CLOUDY,
423
00:22:39,928 --> 00:22:42,095
AND THE TERRAIN
WOULD BE MOUNTAINOUS
424
00:22:42,096 --> 00:22:45,098
FROM THE RIMS
OF CRATERS ALL AROUND, ROCKY,
425
00:22:45,099 --> 00:22:47,401
AND A WHOLLY UNPLEASANT PLACE
TO BE.
426
00:22:58,580 --> 00:23:02,182
TODAY, THE SCARS HAVE HEALED.
427
00:23:02,183 --> 00:23:06,688
GLACIERS ADVANCE AND RETREAT.
428
00:23:06,689 --> 00:23:09,123
VOLCANOES ERUPT.
429
00:23:09,124 --> 00:23:13,126
WIND AND WATER
ERASE OUR PLANET'S DUST.
430
00:23:13,127 --> 00:23:17,699
BUT THE EVIDENCE
IS STILL VISIBLE IF WE LOOK UP.
431
00:23:17,700 --> 00:23:18,833
LOOK AT THE MOON.
432
00:23:18,834 --> 00:23:20,468
EVERY NIGHT,
YOU SEE THE MOON COMING OUT,
433
00:23:20,469 --> 00:23:22,002
AND IT'S POCKMARKED,
434
00:23:22,003 --> 00:23:23,904
BECAUSE FOR ABOUT A BILLION
YEARS
435
00:23:23,905 --> 00:23:27,475
AFTER THE SOLAR SYSTEM
WAS FORMED, THERE WAS CHAOS.
436
00:23:30,012 --> 00:23:33,781
IN 2011,
NASA'S SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE
437
00:23:33,782 --> 00:23:38,886
REVEALS THIS KIND OF BOMBARDMENT
AROUND ANOTHER STAR.
438
00:23:38,887 --> 00:23:42,857
ASTRONOMERS SEE A VAST DISK
OF GAS AND DUST
439
00:23:42,858 --> 00:23:46,729
CIRCLING A YOUNG STAR
CALLED ETA CORVI.
440
00:23:46,730 --> 00:23:50,298
THIS MAY BE EVIDENCE
OF ICY COMETS AND ASTEROIDS
441
00:23:50,299 --> 00:23:53,969
SWARMING
INTO ITS INNER SOLAR SYSTEM.
442
00:23:53,970 --> 00:23:55,470
FOUR BILLION YEARS AGO,
443
00:23:55,471 --> 00:23:58,541
THE SAME THING WAS HAPPENING
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
444
00:24:02,578 --> 00:24:05,614
THERE WAS A WAVE OF MATERIAL,
ASTEROIDS AND COMETS,
445
00:24:05,615 --> 00:24:08,016
THAT SWEPT IN
FROM THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM.
446
00:24:08,017 --> 00:24:11,287
IT TURNS OUT IT PROBABLY
CAME FROM JUPITER AND SATURN,
447
00:24:11,288 --> 00:24:12,587
THE OUTER PLANETS.
448
00:24:12,588 --> 00:24:13,989
AS THEY WERE ORBITING THE SUN,
449
00:24:13,990 --> 00:24:16,191
THEY WERE INTERACTING WITH
EACH OTHER GRAVITATIONALLY --
450
00:24:16,192 --> 00:24:19,460
A VERY COMPLICATED DANCE.
451
00:24:19,461 --> 00:24:21,162
JUPITER GOES
AROUND THE SUN THREE TIMES
452
00:24:21,163 --> 00:24:23,265
EVERY TWO TIMES
THAT SATURN DOES.
453
00:24:23,266 --> 00:24:25,333
AND SO, WHEN THEY
WOULD MIGRATE OUTWARDS,
454
00:24:25,334 --> 00:24:26,535
THEY'D BE LOCKED
IN THIS RESONANCE.
455
00:24:26,536 --> 00:24:27,835
THEY'D BE VERY CLOSE
TO EACH OTHER.
456
00:24:27,836 --> 00:24:30,337
AND AT SOME POINT,
AS THEY WERE MOVING AROUND,
457
00:24:30,338 --> 00:24:33,307
THEIR GRAVITATIONAL POWERS
BASICALLY COMBINED,
458
00:24:33,308 --> 00:24:35,810
GOT A LITTLE BIT BETTER
AT AFFECTING THE MATERIAL
459
00:24:35,811 --> 00:24:38,046
AROUND THEM.
460
00:24:38,047 --> 00:24:40,681
TOGETHER,
THE TWO INNER GAS GIANTS
461
00:24:40,682 --> 00:24:44,853
SLING THE TWO OUTER GAS GIANTS,
URANUS AND NEPTUNE,
462
00:24:44,854 --> 00:24:46,922
EVEN FARTHER OUT.
463
00:24:46,923 --> 00:24:50,360
URANUS AND NEPTUNE SWAP PLACES.
464
00:24:53,931 --> 00:24:57,133
NEPTUNE SLAMS
INTO THE FROZEN DUST AND GAS
465
00:24:57,134 --> 00:24:59,736
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S
OUTER REACHES,
466
00:24:59,737 --> 00:25:03,775
SCATTERING ICY DEBRIS
FAR AND WIDE.
467
00:25:05,742 --> 00:25:07,110
IN THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM,
468
00:25:07,111 --> 00:25:10,512
THIS DEBRIS
COLLIDES WITH THE ASTEROID BELT.
469
00:25:10,513 --> 00:25:13,982
BILLIONS OF COMETS
AND ASTEROIDS SWARM
470
00:25:13,983 --> 00:25:17,921
ACROSS THE ORBITS OF THE EARTH,
MOON, AND OTHER INNER PLANETS.
471
00:25:17,922 --> 00:25:19,757
IF THAT HAD PERSISTED,
472
00:25:19,758 --> 00:25:22,526
THEN LIFE
NEVER COULD HAVE EVOLVED.
473
00:25:22,527 --> 00:25:24,428
ONLY AFTER
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION YEARS
474
00:25:24,429 --> 00:25:26,999
WAS IT POSSIBLE
FOR LIFE ON EARTH TO DEVELOP.
475
00:25:31,002 --> 00:25:35,140
BUT THIS DESTRUCTION
CONTAINS THE SEEDS OF CREATION
476
00:25:35,141 --> 00:25:39,911
BECAUSE THE ICY COMETS
DELIVER A PRECIOUS CARGO.
477
00:25:39,912 --> 00:25:42,212
JUPITER PERIODICALLY DISTURBS
478
00:25:42,213 --> 00:25:45,083
OBJECTS IN THE OUTER SOLAR
SYSTEM, LARGELY WATER OBJECTS,
479
00:25:45,084 --> 00:25:46,785
AND DIRECTS
THE TOWARDS THE EARTH.
480
00:25:46,786 --> 00:25:48,720
NOWADAYS,
THAT WOULD BE A DISASTER,
481
00:25:48,721 --> 00:25:51,855
BUT IN FACT, IF YOU LOOK
AT THE WATER ON EARTH,
482
00:25:51,856 --> 00:25:54,425
IT'S QUITE LIKELY THAT ALMOST
ALL OF THE WATER ON EARTH
483
00:25:54,426 --> 00:25:57,662
THAT'S NOW HERE CAME FROM ICE
THAT IMPACTED UPON THE EARTH,
484
00:25:57,663 --> 00:25:59,231
DIRECTED HERE BY JUPITER.
485
00:26:03,502 --> 00:26:07,839
EVERY OCEAN, EVERY RIVER,
486
00:26:07,840 --> 00:26:12,210
EVERY DROP OF RAIN MAY OWE
ITS EXISTENCE TO JUPITER.
487
00:26:12,211 --> 00:26:17,383
THE GAS GIANT MAY HAVE EVEN
SOWED THE SEEDS OF LIFE ITSELF.
488
00:26:17,384 --> 00:26:18,817
THE CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
489
00:26:18,818 --> 00:26:23,789
OF LIFE MAY HAVE HITCHED A RIDE
TO EARTH ON-BOARD A COMET.
490
00:26:23,790 --> 00:26:28,493
WITHOUT JUPITER,
LIFE WOULD HAVE NEVER STARTED,
491
00:26:28,494 --> 00:26:31,030
AND IT WOULD HAVE
NEVER SURVIVED.
492
00:26:33,099 --> 00:26:37,035
THE MAIN BOMBARDMENT
ENDED 3.8 BILLION YEARS AGO,
493
00:26:37,036 --> 00:26:39,005
BUT A THREAT REMAINS.
494
00:26:39,006 --> 00:26:44,143
EVERY DAY, NASA'S NEAR-EARTH
OBJECTS PROGRAM SCANS THE SKIES
495
00:26:44,144 --> 00:26:47,479
FOR POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS
ASTEROIDS AND COMETS.
496
00:26:47,480 --> 00:26:52,483
SO FAR,
THEY'VE SPOTTED OVER 10,000.
497
00:26:52,484 --> 00:26:57,055
AND IT ONLY TAKES ONE
TO CAUSE A CATASTROPHE.
498
00:26:57,056 --> 00:26:58,457
JUST THREE MILES WIDE,
499
00:26:58,458 --> 00:27:02,827
THIS SMALL COMET IS BIG ENOUGH
TO WIPE OUT LIFE ON EARTH.
500
00:27:02,828 --> 00:27:06,431
LUCKILY, JUPITER IS IN THE WAY.
501
00:27:06,432 --> 00:27:07,799
JUPITER ACTS, IN A LOT OF WAYS,
502
00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:09,635
LIKE THE PROTECTOR
OF THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM.
503
00:27:09,636 --> 00:27:11,172
BY SHEPHERDING COMETS
IN ITS VICINITY,
504
00:27:11,173 --> 00:27:12,771
EJECTING THEM
FROM THE SOLAR SYSTEM,
505
00:27:12,772 --> 00:27:15,910
JUPITER
HELPS PROTECT THE EARTH ITSELF.
506
00:27:18,712 --> 00:27:21,382
IN A SENSE, THE WAY OBJECTS
MOVE IN A SOLAR SYSTEM
507
00:27:21,383 --> 00:27:24,351
IS A LITTLE BIT
LIKE A ROLLER DERBY.
508
00:27:24,352 --> 00:27:26,720
YOU'VE GOT ALL OF THESE OBJECTS
MOVING AROUND THE SUN
509
00:27:26,721 --> 00:27:29,088
IN THE SAME DIRECTION, GOING
AROUND AND AROUND AND AROUND.
510
00:27:29,089 --> 00:27:33,226
BUT THEY HAVE GRAVITY, AND THEY
CAN INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER.
511
00:27:33,227 --> 00:27:34,896
IMAGINE THIS SKATER IN WHITE
512
00:27:34,897 --> 00:27:40,232
IS AN ICY COMET RACING IN
FROM THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM.
513
00:27:40,233 --> 00:27:44,337
THE SKATERS IN BLACK
ARE THE GAS GIANTS.
514
00:27:44,338 --> 00:27:47,540
THE COMETS VEER
ACROSS THE PLANETS' ORBITS
515
00:27:47,541 --> 00:27:51,178
UNTIL IT ENCOUNTERS JUPITER.
516
00:27:51,179 --> 00:27:54,381
JUPITER MOVES
FASTER THAN THE COMET.
517
00:27:54,382 --> 00:27:56,883
THEN, THE GIANT PLANET'S GRAVITY
518
00:27:56,884 --> 00:28:02,288
GRABS IT AND GIVES IT AN ASSIST
IN A SLINGSHOT MANEUVER.
519
00:28:02,289 --> 00:28:05,225
THE COMET STEALS
SOME OF JUPITER'S MOMENTUM,
520
00:28:05,226 --> 00:28:07,962
ACCELERATES,
AND CHANGES DIRECTION.
521
00:28:08,463 --> 00:28:10,766
JUPITER CAN FLING IT
OUT OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
522
00:28:10,767 --> 00:28:12,467
BY GIVING IT
THAT EXTRA VELOCITY,
523
00:28:12,468 --> 00:28:13,535
AND IT GOES AWAY.
524
00:28:13,536 --> 00:28:15,170
IT'S EJECTED.
525
00:28:15,171 --> 00:28:19,774
JUPITER SLINGS OBJECTS
OUT AND STANDS GUARD.
526
00:28:19,775 --> 00:28:23,444
EVERY YEAR, 200 TIMES
MORE COMETS AND ASTEROIDS
527
00:28:23,445 --> 00:28:26,480
SMASH INTO JUPITER
THAN THE EARTH.
528
00:28:26,481 --> 00:28:29,351
SOMETHING HAD TO BE THERE
LIKE A SHERIFF
529
00:28:29,352 --> 00:28:32,720
TO CLEAN OUT ALL THE RIFFRAFF
AND CLEAN OUT ALL THE DEBRIS,
530
00:28:32,721 --> 00:28:35,489
AND THAT'S THE PLANET JUPITER.
531
00:28:35,490 --> 00:28:38,860
IF IT WASN'T FOR JUPITER,
RIGHT WHERE I'M STANDING,
532
00:28:38,861 --> 00:28:42,597
THERE MIGHT BE
GIGANTIC METEOR IMPACT CRATER.
533
00:28:42,598 --> 00:28:45,165
WITHOUT JUPITER, MOST CERTAINLY,
534
00:28:45,166 --> 00:28:46,935
WE WOULDN'T BE HERE
TO TALK ABOUT IT.
535
00:28:48,971 --> 00:28:52,941
OUR LIVES DEPEND ON JUPITER.
536
00:28:52,942 --> 00:28:55,476
BECAUSE OF
THE INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT ROLE
537
00:28:55,477 --> 00:28:58,680
THAT JUPITER'S PLAYED IN
THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE ON EARTH,
538
00:28:58,681 --> 00:29:00,181
WHEN WE LOOK AT EXOPLANETS,
539
00:29:00,182 --> 00:29:02,483
WHEN WE LOOK FOR LIFE
ELSEWHERE IN THE UNIVERSE,
540
00:29:02,484 --> 00:29:06,020
WE MAY NOT NEED TO LOOK JUST
FOR THOSE HABITABLE PLANETS.
541
00:29:06,021 --> 00:29:08,489
WE MAY NEED TO LOOK
FOR JUPITERS OR OBJECTS
542
00:29:08,490 --> 00:29:12,495
LIKE THEM THAT HAVE SAVED THEM,
AS JUPITER SAVED US.
543
00:29:14,030 --> 00:29:18,536
JUPITER IS THE SECRET BEHIND
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM'S SUCCESS.
544
00:29:21,704 --> 00:29:27,575
IT MAKES LIFE ON EARTH POSSIBLE
AND HELPS PROTECT THAT LIFE.
545
00:29:27,576 --> 00:29:31,817
IT MAY EVEN NURTURE LIFE,
ALIEN LIFE.
546
00:29:42,693 --> 00:29:44,629
JUPITER DOMINATES
ITS NEIGHBORHOOD
547
00:29:44,630 --> 00:29:50,468
FOR MILLIONS OF MILES, LOOMING
OVER AT LEAST 67 MOONS,
548
00:29:50,469 --> 00:29:51,603
FROM GANYMEDE,
549
00:29:51,604 --> 00:29:53,871
WHICH IS LARGER
THAN THE PLANET MERCURY,
550
00:29:53,872 --> 00:29:56,606
TO A ROCK BARELY A MILE ACROSS.
551
00:29:56,607 --> 00:29:58,809
THE INNERMOST MOONS
ARE MORE ROCKY RICH.
552
00:29:58,810 --> 00:30:00,877
THE OUTERMOST MOONS
ARE MORE ICE RICH.
553
00:30:00,878 --> 00:30:02,380
SO, IN A LOT OF WAYS,
554
00:30:02,381 --> 00:30:04,317
A LITTLE MINIATURE SOLAR SYSTEM.
555
00:30:07,352 --> 00:30:10,287
JUPITER
IS A COSMIC PUPPET MASTER,
556
00:30:10,288 --> 00:30:13,958
CONTROLLING
AND MANIPULATING ITS MOONS
557
00:30:13,959 --> 00:30:17,896
AND PERHAPS MAKING
ONE OF THEM HOME TO LIFE.
558
00:30:17,897 --> 00:30:20,165
MARCH 1ST, 2007,
559
00:30:20,166 --> 00:30:25,604
NASA'S NEW HORIZONS PROBE
FLIES PAST IO,
560
00:30:25,605 --> 00:30:29,775
A MOON ROUGHLY
THE SAME SIZE AS OUR OWN.
561
00:30:29,776 --> 00:30:31,410
IO IS ONE
OF THE MOST INTERESTING MOONS
562
00:30:31,411 --> 00:30:32,577
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM,
563
00:30:32,578 --> 00:30:34,880
AND NOT JUST BECAUSE
IT LOOKS LIKE A PIZZA.
564
00:30:34,881 --> 00:30:36,816
IT'S COVERED WITH VOLCANOES.
565
00:30:36,817 --> 00:30:38,918
IN FACT, THESE VOLCANOES,
ONE WAY OR ANOTHER,
566
00:30:38,919 --> 00:30:40,719
HAVE BEEN CONTINUOUSLY ERUPTING
567
00:30:40,720 --> 00:30:43,622
SINCE WE'VE BEEN OBSERVING IO
WITH SPACE PROBES,
568
00:30:43,623 --> 00:30:45,325
FOR THE PAST 20 YEARS.
569
00:30:50,596 --> 00:30:51,797
THIS SMALL MOON
570
00:30:51,798 --> 00:30:55,834
IS THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S
MOST VOLCANIC BODY,
571
00:30:55,835 --> 00:31:00,806
WITH AT LEAST 400
ACTIVE VOLCANOES.
572
00:31:00,807 --> 00:31:04,242
TOGETHER, THEY PUMP OUT
100 TIMES MORE HEAT
573
00:31:04,243 --> 00:31:06,012
THAN VOLCANOES ON EARTH.
574
00:31:07,713 --> 00:31:10,816
IO'S ORBIT IS ACTUALLY SLIGHTLY
ECCENTRIC AROUND JUPITER.
575
00:31:10,817 --> 00:31:12,485
SOMETIMES,
IT'S A LITTLE CLOSER TO JUPITER;
576
00:31:12,486 --> 00:31:15,922
SOMETIMES,
A LITTLE FARTHER AWAY.
577
00:31:15,923 --> 00:31:18,024
AS THE GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD CHANGES,
578
00:31:18,025 --> 00:31:20,360
IO'S BODY, THE STRUCTURE
OF THE MOON ITSELF,
579
00:31:20,361 --> 00:31:23,529
IS TWISTED
AND PULLED BACK AND FORTH.
580
00:31:23,530 --> 00:31:27,566
AND THAT HEAT THROUGH FRICTION,
THE INTERIOR OF THE MOON,
581
00:31:27,567 --> 00:31:29,434
THAT HEAT BASICALLY MELTS IT,
582
00:31:29,435 --> 00:31:32,307
AND THAT ERUPTS THROUGH
THE SURFACE AS VOLCANOES.
583
00:31:35,409 --> 00:31:38,478
THE VOLCANOES ON IO
ARE REALLY FASCINATING.
584
00:31:38,479 --> 00:31:40,145
THEY'RE EJECTING VAST QUANTITIES
585
00:31:40,146 --> 00:31:42,918
OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
ABOVE THE SURFACE OF IO.
586
00:31:43,919 --> 00:31:46,354
IT'S SPLIT APART
BY THE ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
587
00:31:46,355 --> 00:31:48,889
FROM THE SUN
INTO SULFUR IONS, OXYGEN IONS,
588
00:31:48,890 --> 00:31:50,124
AND THOSE IONS INTERACT
589
00:31:50,125 --> 00:31:53,694
WITH THE MAGNETIC FIELD
OF THE PLANET JUPITER.
590
00:31:53,695 --> 00:31:56,564
JUPITER'S MAGNETIC FIELD
CARRIES CHEMICALS
591
00:31:56,565 --> 00:32:00,669
AND CHARGED PARTICLES
AWAY FROM IO
592
00:32:00,670 --> 00:32:03,173
AND ONTO ITS NEIGHBORING MOON,
EUROPA,
593
00:32:05,141 --> 00:32:07,942
MAKING THIS DISTANT,
FROZEN WORLD
594
00:32:07,943 --> 00:32:11,146
ONE OF OUR BEST HOPES
OF FINDING ALIEN LIFE.
595
00:32:13,615 --> 00:32:15,549
WHEN WE GOT UP CLOSE
TO EUROPA WITH SPACECRAFT,
596
00:32:15,550 --> 00:32:17,852
WE SAW IT WAS COVERED
IN CRACKS AND RIDGES,
597
00:32:17,853 --> 00:32:19,022
WHICH LOOKED VERY MUCH
598
00:32:19,023 --> 00:32:21,389
LIKE THE WAY
ICE FLOES LOOK HERE ON EARTH.
599
00:32:21,390 --> 00:32:23,793
AND IT TURNS OUT
THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT'S GOING ON.
600
00:32:23,794 --> 00:32:26,627
WE KNOW, BECAUSE OF SEEING
THE FLEXURE OF THE ICE
601
00:32:26,628 --> 00:32:29,264
AND THE CRACKS IN THE ICE
ON THE SURFACE OF EUROPA
602
00:32:29,265 --> 00:32:31,600
THAT THERE'S PROBABLY
A SUB-SURFACE OCEAN
603
00:32:31,601 --> 00:32:34,302
DEEPER THAN THE DEEPEST
OF EARTH'S OCEANS THERE
604
00:32:34,303 --> 00:32:36,072
ON THAT LITTLE ICY MOON.
605
00:32:41,743 --> 00:32:46,248
JUPITER'S GRAVITY
PUSHES AND PULLS EUROPA,
606
00:32:46,249 --> 00:32:48,950
CREATING FRICTION,
607
00:32:48,951 --> 00:32:53,823
GENERATING HEAT
AND MELTING EUROPA FROM WITHIN.
608
00:32:56,090 --> 00:32:58,527
JUPITER IS SO FAR AWAY
FROM THE SUN THAT IT'S NATURAL
609
00:32:58,528 --> 00:33:01,062
TO ASSUME THAT ANYTHING
AROUND IT IS FROZEN.
610
00:33:01,063 --> 00:33:04,399
THE FACT THAT GRAVITY
CAN HEAT SOMETHING UP ENOUGH
611
00:33:04,400 --> 00:33:07,268
TO PRODUCE LIQUID WATER
IS PROFOUNDLY IMPORTANT.
612
00:33:07,269 --> 00:33:10,805
ALL OF THE INDICATIONS OF LIQUID
WATER UNDER THE SURFACE
613
00:33:10,806 --> 00:33:12,074
HAVE BEEN INDIRECT --
614
00:33:12,075 --> 00:33:14,875
THE WAY THE SURFACE LOOKS,
THE RESURFACING OF IT.
615
00:33:14,876 --> 00:33:18,913
BUT VERY RECENTLY,
WE GOT DIRECT EVIDENCE OF WATER
616
00:33:18,914 --> 00:33:22,350
UNDER THE SURFACE OF EUROPA
IN THE FORM OF A GEYSER --
617
00:33:22,351 --> 00:33:27,522
A PLUME OF WATER BEING EJECTED
FROM THE SOUTH POLE OF THE MOON.
618
00:33:27,523 --> 00:33:29,759
NOVEMBER 2013,
619
00:33:29,760 --> 00:33:33,029
ANALYZING PHOTOGRAPHS
FROM THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE,
620
00:33:33,030 --> 00:33:38,767
SCIENTISTS SPOT TWO GIANT
GEYSERS SPEWING WATER 124 MILES
621
00:33:38,768 --> 00:33:42,437
INTO THE ATMOSPHERE
ABOVE EUROPA'S SOUTH POLE.
622
00:33:42,438 --> 00:33:44,105
IT'S THE BEST EVIDENCE YET
623
00:33:44,106 --> 00:33:48,576
OF LIQUID WATER
BENEATH EUROPA'S FROZEN CRUST.
624
00:33:48,577 --> 00:33:51,814
SEEING DIRECT EVIDENCE
OF LIQUID WATER ON EUROPA
625
00:33:51,815 --> 00:33:53,582
IS TERRIBLY EXCITING.
626
00:33:53,583 --> 00:33:57,152
FINDING LIQUID WATER IS VERY
IMPORTANT FOR FINDING BIOLOGY.
627
00:33:57,153 --> 00:33:59,988
WE DON'T KNOW THAT WHEREVER
THERE'S WATER, THERE'S BIOLOGY,
628
00:33:59,989 --> 00:34:01,323
BUT WE'RE PRETTY SURE
THAT WITHOUT IT,
629
00:34:01,324 --> 00:34:02,860
IT WOULD BE A LOT TOUGHER.
630
00:34:03,862 --> 00:34:05,095
FOR LIFE TO EVOLVE,
631
00:34:05,096 --> 00:34:08,732
IT NEEDS WATER
AND OTHER CHEMICALS.
632
00:34:08,733 --> 00:34:12,069
AND THAT'S WHERE JUPITER'S
MAGNETOSPHERE COMES IN,
633
00:34:12,070 --> 00:34:14,705
THE NETWORK
THAT TRANSPORTS CHEMICALS
634
00:34:14,706 --> 00:34:18,774
FROM VOLCANIC MOON IO TO EUROPA.
635
00:34:18,775 --> 00:34:21,710
SCIENTISTS THINK THE
MAGNETOSPHERE DELIVERS SULFUR,
636
00:34:21,711 --> 00:34:24,480
CARBON AND OTHER MINERALS,
637
00:34:24,481 --> 00:34:25,881
AND THAT ITS RADIATION
638
00:34:25,882 --> 00:34:30,018
SPLITS APART FROZEN WATER
MOLECULES ON EUROPA'S SURFACE
639
00:34:30,019 --> 00:34:32,757
INTO HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN.
640
00:34:35,293 --> 00:34:37,995
FROM A BIOLOGY POINT OF VIEW,
WHAT'S IMPORTANT IS
641
00:34:37,996 --> 00:34:40,763
THAT THERE'S INTERESTING STUFF
BEING MADE ON THE SURFACE,
642
00:34:40,764 --> 00:34:43,968
AND IF THAT STUFF COULD
GET CARRIED INTO THE OCEAN,
643
00:34:43,969 --> 00:34:45,570
ORGANISMS MIGHT APPRECIATE.
644
00:34:45,838 --> 00:34:49,174
SO, EUROPA'S GEYSERS
ARE A MAJOR DISCOVERY.
645
00:34:49,175 --> 00:34:52,711
ONE OF THE MORE EXCITING ASPECTS
OF SEEING THIS GEYSER ON EUROPA
646
00:34:52,712 --> 00:34:54,645
IS IT MEANS
THAT THE LIQUID OCEAN
647
00:34:54,646 --> 00:34:56,915
UNDERNEATH THE SURFACE
HAS A WAY OF GETTING OUT,
648
00:34:56,916 --> 00:34:58,883
WHICH MEANS MAYBE THERE'S A WAY
OF STUFF
649
00:34:58,884 --> 00:35:02,520
FROM THE SURFACE
GETTING INTO THE OCEAN ITSELF.
650
00:35:02,521 --> 00:35:04,754
IT COULD BE THAT IN THIS OCEAN,
651
00:35:04,755 --> 00:35:10,828
THERE'S A NUTRIENT-RICH SUPPLY
OF FOOD.
652
00:35:10,829 --> 00:35:12,263
LIFE NEEDS WATER.
653
00:35:12,264 --> 00:35:16,767
IT NEEDS FOOD
AND SOMETHING ELSE.
654
00:35:16,768 --> 00:35:18,636
YOU ALSO NEED AN ENERGY SOURCE.
655
00:35:18,637 --> 00:35:20,272
ON THE EARTH, MOSTLY,
THAT'S THE SUN.
656
00:35:20,273 --> 00:35:22,640
IT'S LIGHT COMING DOWN
AND WARMING THE SURFACE.
657
00:35:22,641 --> 00:35:24,808
ON EUROPA, THOUGH,
IF YOU'RE DEEP IN THAT OCEAN,
658
00:35:24,809 --> 00:35:26,811
IT'S PROBABLY PITCH BLACK.
659
00:35:29,514 --> 00:35:32,318
BUT LIFE CAN EXIST
WITHOUT THE SUN.
660
00:35:33,853 --> 00:35:35,486
IF YOU GO
TO THE OCEAN FLOORS ON EARTH,
661
00:35:35,487 --> 00:35:38,457
THERE ARE PLACES WHERE THERE ARE
VENTS, CRACKS IN THE CRUST,
662
00:35:38,458 --> 00:35:41,060
AND GASSES AND ALL SORTS
OF NOXIOUS CHEMICALS
663
00:35:41,061 --> 00:35:44,663
ARE COMING UP,
BUT THERE'S LIFE THERE.
664
00:35:44,664 --> 00:35:47,832
AN OCEAN THAT THERE COULD BE
THIS FLOW OF NUTRIENTS
665
00:35:47,833 --> 00:35:51,470
FROM THE SUB-SURFACE
INTO AN OXYGEN-RICH WATER
666
00:35:51,471 --> 00:35:54,439
AND LIFE LIVING
AT THIS BOUNDARY BETWEEN THEM,
667
00:35:54,440 --> 00:35:56,776
THAT'S AN EXAMPLE
RIGHT IN FRONT OF US
668
00:35:56,777 --> 00:36:00,013
OF HOW AN ECOSYSTEM
COULD BE SHAPED THAT WAY.
669
00:36:00,014 --> 00:36:02,448
LIFE EVOLVES
TO MATCH THE CONDITIONS
670
00:36:02,449 --> 00:36:04,151
IN WHICH IT FINDS ITSELF.
671
00:36:04,152 --> 00:36:06,486
THE CONDITIONS
UNDER THE SURFACE OF EUROPA
672
00:36:06,487 --> 00:36:08,388
ARE VERY SIMILAR
TO THE CONDITIONS
673
00:36:08,389 --> 00:36:10,156
AT THE BOTTOM
OF THE OCEAN HERE ON EARTH.
674
00:36:10,157 --> 00:36:12,625
WE MAY FIND LIFE THERE,
675
00:36:12,626 --> 00:36:15,229
AND IF WE DO, IT MAY LOOK
QUITE A BIT LIKE
676
00:36:15,230 --> 00:36:17,798
LIFE UNDER THE OCEAN
HERE ON EARTH.
677
00:36:21,702 --> 00:36:24,537
IF THERE IS LIFE
BENEATH EUROPA'S SURFACE,
678
00:36:24,538 --> 00:36:26,440
IT MAY OUTLIVE US ALL.
679
00:36:28,409 --> 00:36:32,645
THIS INHOSPITABLE WORLD
COULD BECOME A LAST REFUGE
680
00:36:32,646 --> 00:36:35,480
FOR LIFE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM,
681
00:36:35,481 --> 00:36:38,317
BECAUSE 5 BILLION YEARS
FROM NOW,
682
00:36:38,318 --> 00:36:41,655
THE SUN IS DESTINED TO DIE.
683
00:36:53,635 --> 00:36:56,437
JUPITER,
MORE THAN ANY OTHER PLANET,
684
00:36:56,438 --> 00:36:58,906
HAS LEFT ITS MARK
ON OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
685
00:36:58,907 --> 00:37:01,241
THE LARGEST PLANET
WITH THE STRONGEST GRAVITY,
686
00:37:01,242 --> 00:37:06,046
IT SHAPED OUR PAST
AND INFLUENCES OUR PRESENT.
687
00:37:06,047 --> 00:37:09,683
BUT THE PLANET'S FUTURE
HANGS IN THE BALANCE.
688
00:37:09,684 --> 00:37:14,089
THE ULTIMATE FATE OF JUPITER
MAY REST ON THE FATE OF THE SUN.
689
00:37:14,090 --> 00:37:16,191
AND IN 4 TO 5 BILLION YEARS,
690
00:37:16,192 --> 00:37:19,227
THE SUN WILL EXPAND
TO BECOME A RED GIANT,
691
00:37:19,228 --> 00:37:23,230
PERHAPS EATING UP THE EARTH
IN THE PROCESS.
692
00:37:23,231 --> 00:37:25,299
WE THINK THAT THE SUN'S
OUTER LAYERS ARE GONNA
693
00:37:25,300 --> 00:37:28,236
EXPAND POSSIBLY
EVEN TO THE ORBIT OF MARS.
694
00:37:28,237 --> 00:37:30,671
THE EARTH IS POSSIBLY
GOING TO BE ENGULFED
695
00:37:30,672 --> 00:37:33,442
AND COMPLETELY DEVOURED
BY THE EXPANDING SUN.
696
00:37:33,443 --> 00:37:35,109
AND WHEN THAT HAPPENS,
OF COURSE,
697
00:37:35,110 --> 00:37:36,746
IT'S GAME OVER FOR EARTH.
698
00:37:38,181 --> 00:37:40,216
FIVE BILLION YEARS FROM NOW,
699
00:37:40,217 --> 00:37:44,152
THE INNER ROCKY PLANETS
WILL BURN UP.
700
00:37:44,153 --> 00:37:46,254
WILL JUPITER BE NEXT?
701
00:37:46,255 --> 00:37:48,758
FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOMEBODY
ORBITING AROUND JUPITER,
702
00:37:48,759 --> 00:37:51,861
THE SUN IS GOING TO TURN
INTO THIS ANGRY, FIERY THING.
703
00:37:51,862 --> 00:37:53,162
AND YET,
704
00:37:53,163 --> 00:37:57,033
JUPITER ITSELF IS PROBABLY GOING
TO BE RELATIVELY SAFE.
705
00:37:57,034 --> 00:37:58,602
IT MAY LOSE
SOME OF ITS ATMOSPHERE,
706
00:37:58,603 --> 00:37:59,968
BUT JUPITER'S A BIG PLANET.
707
00:37:59,969 --> 00:38:01,337
IT HAS PLENTY TO SPARE.
708
00:38:01,338 --> 00:38:05,975
CLEARLY, THE REGION OF THE EARTH
WILL BECOME UNINHABITABLE.
709
00:38:05,976 --> 00:38:08,111
BUT WHAT'S ALSO EQUALLY CLEAR IS
710
00:38:08,112 --> 00:38:10,513
THE REGIONS
WE NOW THINK OF AS REMOTE,
711
00:38:10,514 --> 00:38:14,585
FAR AWAY, FROZEN,
BECOME MUCH MORE ATTRACTIVE.
712
00:38:16,054 --> 00:38:17,555
IT'LL BE WARMER,
713
00:38:17,556 --> 00:38:19,423
SO ITS MOONS
MIGHT ACTUALLY WARM UP.
714
00:38:19,424 --> 00:38:21,091
AND IT HAS ICY MOONS.
715
00:38:21,092 --> 00:38:24,562
RIGHT NOW, THEY'RE FROZEN WATER,
BUT WITH THE WARM SUN
716
00:38:24,563 --> 00:38:27,029
FOR MILLIONS OR TENS
OF MILLIONS OF YEARS,
717
00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:28,966
THEY MAY ACTUALLY LIQUEFY.
718
00:38:28,967 --> 00:38:32,937
AND EUROPA MAY BECOME BASICALLY
A GIGANTIC WATER DROPLET,
719
00:38:32,938 --> 00:38:36,573
A SELF-CONTAINED OCEAN
ORBITING JUPITER.
720
00:38:36,574 --> 00:38:38,309
IT'S AN AMAZING THOUGHT.
721
00:38:40,878 --> 00:38:43,647
PERHAPS
EUROPA WILL BE LIFE'S LAST,
722
00:38:43,648 --> 00:38:47,116
BEST REFUGE AS THE SUN DIES.
723
00:38:47,117 --> 00:38:50,120
AS THE SUN EVOLVES,
724
00:38:50,121 --> 00:38:53,489
WILL THE MOONS OF JUPITER --
COULD IT BE
725
00:38:53,490 --> 00:38:57,361
THAT THEY BECOME
THE PRIME PLACES
726
00:38:57,362 --> 00:39:01,131
THAT WE EITHER TRAVEL TO,
OR PERHAPS,
727
00:39:01,132 --> 00:39:03,433
LIFE ONCE AGAIN BEGINS?
728
00:39:03,434 --> 00:39:06,904
IN OUR DYING SOLAR SYSTEM,
729
00:39:06,905 --> 00:39:11,841
JUPITER'S MOONS
MAY OFFER A SAFE HAVEN FOR LIFE.
730
00:39:11,842 --> 00:39:15,012
BUT JUPITER'S TIME
IN THE SUN IS LIMITED.
731
00:39:21,454 --> 00:39:24,221
AFTER THE SUN UNDERGOES
ITS DRAMATIC RED GIANT PHASE,
732
00:39:24,222 --> 00:39:26,823
IT'S GOING TO COLLAPSE DOWN
AND END ITS LIFE
733
00:39:26,824 --> 00:39:28,058
ALMOST WITH A WHIMPER.
734
00:39:28,059 --> 00:39:29,862
IT WILL BECOME A WHITE DWARF.
735
00:39:33,331 --> 00:39:35,299
YOU WOULDN'T EVEN BE ABLE
TO SEE THE SUN
736
00:39:35,300 --> 00:39:37,134
FROM THE SURFACE OF JUPITER
737
00:39:37,135 --> 00:39:39,837
WHEN THE SUN
UNDERGOES ITS FINAL STAGE
738
00:39:39,838 --> 00:39:42,305
TO BECOME A PIECE
OF NUCLEAR WASTE
739
00:39:42,306 --> 00:39:45,042
DRIFTING IN OUTER SPACE.
740
00:39:45,043 --> 00:39:50,781
JUPITER AND ITS MOONS
WILL BECOME DARK ONCE MORE.
741
00:39:50,782 --> 00:39:52,716
AS THE SUN
EVOLVES INTO A WHITE DWARF,
742
00:39:52,717 --> 00:39:56,187
JUPITER WILL PROBABLY
GO LARGELY UNAFFECTED.
743
00:39:56,188 --> 00:39:57,990
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE SUN
744
00:39:57,991 --> 00:39:59,790
WON'T CHANGE ITS ORBIT
VERY MUCH.
745
00:39:59,791 --> 00:40:02,158
AND IT'S JUST GONNA
KEEP TRUCKING ALONG AND CONTINUE
746
00:40:02,159 --> 00:40:06,129
TO ORBIT THAT OLD WHITE DWARF
FOR BILLIONS OF YEARS.
747
00:40:06,130 --> 00:40:07,064
JUPITER WILL LIVE ON,
748
00:40:07,065 --> 00:40:10,802
AND WITH IT, THE HOPE OF LIFE.
749
00:40:10,803 --> 00:40:13,204
IF THERE'S LIFE
UNDERNEATH THE ICE ON EUROPA
750
00:40:13,205 --> 00:40:15,941
SOMEWHERE IN THE OCEAN
BENEATH THE SURFACE,
751
00:40:15,942 --> 00:40:19,211
IT'S POSSIBLE
THAT IT COULD STILL CONTINUE,
752
00:40:19,212 --> 00:40:21,514
WARMED BY THE TIDAL FORCES
FROM JUPITER
753
00:40:21,515 --> 00:40:26,151
EVEN AFTER THE SUN HAS MET
ITS END AS A WHITE DWARF.
754
00:40:26,152 --> 00:40:28,121
THE THING IS
EUROPA IS ALREADY
755
00:40:28,122 --> 00:40:29,787
A SHELL OF ICE WITH LIQUID WATER
756
00:40:29,788 --> 00:40:32,590
THAT DOESN'T REALLY
NEED THE ENERGY FROM THE SUN.
757
00:40:32,591 --> 00:40:34,860
SO, IF THERE'S LIFE THERE,
758
00:40:34,861 --> 00:40:37,429
IT'S NOT GONNA CARE
WHETHER THE SUN'S ALIVE OR DEAD.
759
00:40:37,430 --> 00:40:40,700
THEY ACTUALLY MIGHT OUTLIVE
THE SUN ITSELF.
760
00:40:40,701 --> 00:40:43,003
FIVE BILLION YEARS FROM NOW,
761
00:40:43,004 --> 00:40:46,006
JUPITER WILL TAKE CENTER STAGE.
762
00:40:50,044 --> 00:40:52,979
JUPITER DETERMINES
MORE THAN ANY OTHER PLANET,
763
00:40:52,980 --> 00:40:55,182
HOW OUR SOLAR SYSTEM WORKS,
764
00:40:55,183 --> 00:40:59,686
MUCH AS A CONDUCTOR GOVERNS
THE DYNAMICS OF AN ORCHESTRA.
765
00:40:59,687 --> 00:41:01,621
AS WE UNLOCK
THE PLANET'S SECRETS,
766
00:41:01,622 --> 00:41:03,322
WE'RE DISCOVERING JUPITER
767
00:41:03,323 --> 00:41:06,592
IS THE KEY
TO OUR SOLAR SYSTEM'S SUCCESS.
768
00:41:06,593 --> 00:41:07,894
WE'RE TALKING ABOUT A PLANET
769
00:41:07,895 --> 00:41:11,463
THAT DOMINATES
THE ENTIRE SOLAR SYSTEM,
770
00:41:11,464 --> 00:41:14,066
WHOSE GRAVITY
DETERMINES THE VERY STRUCTURE
771
00:41:14,067 --> 00:41:17,503
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM ITSELF,
772
00:41:17,504 --> 00:41:22,809
A PLANET WHOSE EVOLUTION HELPED
TO CLEAN OUT THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
773
00:41:22,810 --> 00:41:24,209
SO, WE SEE THAT THE PAST
774
00:41:24,210 --> 00:41:27,515
AND THE FUTURE
DEPENDS ON JUPITER.
775
00:41:30,183 --> 00:41:31,550
JUPITER HAS BEEN HERE
776
00:41:31,551 --> 00:41:34,487
SINCE THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S
EARLIEST DAYS,
777
00:41:34,488 --> 00:41:39,092
AND IT'LL BE HERE AT THE END.
778
00:41:39,093 --> 00:41:44,796
CREATOR, PROTECTOR,
NURTURER, AND SURVIVOR,
779
00:41:44,797 --> 00:41:48,501
JUPITER SHAPED THE SOLAR SYSTEM
THAT WE SEE TODAY
780
00:41:48,502 --> 00:41:54,542
AND MAKES LIFE POSSIBLE
ON EARTH AND PERHAPS BEYOND.
781
00:00:0,500 --> 00:00:2,00
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