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Adolf Hitler.
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He is the architect of one
of the greatest disasters
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the world has ever seen.
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The most photographed leader
of the early 20th century.
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He spent hours in front of a mirror
practising different poses.
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Every photo is a performance.
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Hitler was photographed from boyhood
to the Blitzkrieg...
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He wants to be at the front,
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he wants to share the excitement,
he wants to smell the cordite.
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...to the bunker.
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These images reveal the secrets
of Hitler's inner life
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and the people he led.
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Hitler comes in and he tells you
you are important.
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He tells you he has a plan
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and he tells you he knows what's
gone wrong and he can fix it.
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Featuring rarely seen
and newly digitised images,
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this is the story of the rise
and fall of Adolf Hitler,
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picture by picture, frame by frame.
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I think Hitler created an image
of political celebrity
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that never existed before.
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The manipulation of media,
the presentation of himself,
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you can draw a line from that
to what film and rock stars
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are doing today.
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August 1st, 1936.
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The opening ceremony
of the Berlin Olympics.
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Over 4,000 athletes from 49 nations
process around the stadium.
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CHEERING
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The torch relay, a Nazi innovation,
reaches its climax.
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What the Nazis did was
to look at the pageantry
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of the Olympic movement,
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they coupled that with
the pageantry of Nazism.
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"We can blend the swastika
and the Olympic rings
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"both literally and metaphorically,
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"but also what we can do
is to show the world
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"that with our sporting prowess,
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"that is indicative of our now...
our political and economic prowess."
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The star of the show
is the German Fuhrer.
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100,000 cheer his arrival.
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The cameras are all on Adolf Hitler.
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This image is taken from the
Berlin Olympics in August, 1936,
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and what you have is Hitler,
as head of state,
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is patron of the Games.
That was his formal role.
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And you've got a member of
the German Olympic Committee
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on the right of the shot
and you've got the head
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of the Olympic organisation
on the left of the shot.
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They're wearing their kind of
chains of office
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and they are looking,
these other two men,
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like a very old form
of European statesmen.
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And then you've got in the middle,
you've got Hitler
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in his paramilitary uniform.
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And around him you've got a
selection of men in army uniforms
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and you've also got men
in SS uniforms,
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somewhat more sinisterly here.
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This tells the story of the new
European order that is emerging.
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And Hitler knows that the eyes
of the world are not going to be
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on these grey-haired old men who are
members of the Olympic Committee
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or the German Olympic Committee,
he knows that the eyes of the world
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are on him.
He's in the middle, he's in charge.
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The Olympics effectively
have become a Nazi games.
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CHEERING
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Just eight years earlier,
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Hitler's fortunes
were very different.
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The Nazis were just one
of many small political parties.
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Control of Germany
was a distant dream.
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There's an election in 1928
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{\an8}and Hitler's Nazi Party
gets 2.6% of the vote,
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which is irrelevant figures, really.
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This is someone who's way
on the fringes of politics
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and is not really commanding
much attention at all.
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But of course, the following year,
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you have the Wall Street crash
in October of 1929,
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which pulls the rug out
of the German economy.
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And with that goes
that political stability
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that had been gained
through the mid 1920s.
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In July, 1930, the German
parliament - the Reichstag,
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was dissolved and
an election called.
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The Nazis swung into action.
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Hitler gave 20 big speeches
running up to polling day.
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By Hitler's side was the man
responsible for shaping his image.
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His official photographer,
Heinrich Hoffmann.
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This is one of many unseen,
newly-digitised images.
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Another Hoffman, taken at Nuremburg,
of an election rally.
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And what you get from the picture
is everyone is staring at him.
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This is a Messiah type figure.
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The mist in the room
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adds a tension for me.
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And you get this lone figure
in the middle,
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presumably all the crowd
are on the other side,
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he's isolated by this mist,
by this fog.
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It must have been a damp day
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and people breathing
probably caused this mist.
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But it's very, very austere
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and kind of scary.
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In many ways, the people here
that we see in focus
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are in the bad seats because
they can only see his back.
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The big crowd is on the other side
but the camera doesn't pick that up.
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His black suit stands out.
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Everybody else seems
to be in light colours.
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Maybe it was a spring day.
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There's a guy here in shirt sleeves.
There's a sort of summer hat.
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But he's in the sombre black suit,
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which all adds to the theatre
of oratory.
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And he's obviously saying something
very serious at the time
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and also winning votes,
getting support.
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What Hitler offered was
a way out of the depression.
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He promised that he would turn
around Germany's economic fortunes
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and also turn around political life
to make Germany great again.
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The election result
was the biggest shock
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in German parliamentary history.
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The Nazis went from 12 seats to 107
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and became the second largest party.
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No-one, including Hitler,
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had expected such success.
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But he was not yet in power.
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In 1932, Hitler ran
for Reich President
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{\an8}against 85-year-old
Paul von Hindenburg,
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{\an8}who had just completed
a seven-year term of office.
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Now, Hindenburg is the anointed
icon of all Germans.
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He's really more than a president,
he's a monarch.
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He's their greatest general
of World War I.
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He is the personification
of Germany
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and how do you as an ex-corporal
stand against a Field Marshal?
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But this time, the Nazis
had a new propaganda tool.
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The aeroplane.
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Despite his fear of flying,
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it enabled Hitler
to give 20 major speeches
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from the Baltic to Bavaria
in less than a week,
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speaking to almost
a million people.
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Of course, today, we look at this
black and white news reel footage
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of Hitler in his aircraft and we may
think of it as being old-fashioned.
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Forget all that. At the time,
in the early '30s,
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a politician travelling around
a country in an aeroplane,
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this is new, this is bold,
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this is very radical,
this is very modern.
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Hitler looks like the future.
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Heinrich Hoffmann accompanied
the Fuhrer everywhere
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and took photographs for newspapers
across Germany and the world.
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He also provided a photograph
for a stark
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and innovative election poster.
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Hitler is looking at you
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and he's asking you to have a
relationship with him, to trust him.
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And there's lots of influences here.
Silent movies, of course.
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He was a very big consumer of them.
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The sort of powerful impact of the
white face on the black background.
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One note, one message.
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Here is the face of future Germany.
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It's simple.
Dare I say it, trustworthy.
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"This is what I am. Check me out.
I hide nothing."
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Not looking at me
from below or above
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but straight at you -
equal, eyeball to eyeball.
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Hindenburg won the election.
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Over 19 million Germans voted
for the old soldier.
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Hitler came an impressive second.
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13 million people
bought into the Hitler cult.
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Hitler is about selling a fantasy.
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Hitler is about selling a story
to the German people
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and all he needs is for them
to buy it.
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Whether it's realistic
doesn't matter.
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What does Hitler want?
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He wants power
and he'll say anything to get it.
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In 1932, Germans went to the polls
five times
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for presidential
or general elections.
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Political divisions meant
that Germans had the choice
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of 62 parties.
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The Weimar Republic was in disarray.
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As the leader of the largest
single party,
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no-one could govern without Hitler.
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Right-wing parties thought
they could use him
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to defeat communists
and social democrats.
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So what the establishment
politicians are doing in late 1932
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and then early '33
is wanting to try and bring Hitler
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and that sort of dead weight,
that mass of Nazi deputies
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in the chamber, bring them on side
into some sort of conservative
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coalition government
so that they can control parliament
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and they can get their agenda through.
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So they think they can use Hitler.
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He knew that power
was within his grasp.
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In January, 1933, Heinrich Hoffmann
met Hitler in a hotel in Berlin.
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For a decade he had used Hoffmann
and his camera
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to test out new suits,
new hats, new uniforms.
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Now Hitler wanted to see how
he looked wearing something
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appropriate for an establishment politician.
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We see Hitler looking
quite uncomfortable,
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a little bit out of place.
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I think the reason for this
is that here he is wearing
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this very formal dress
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complete with a top hat,
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that would've been much more
the attire of the aristocracy
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or the higher circles
in German society
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and Hitler didn't come
from that background.
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Hitler's a bit like a wolf
in sheep's clothing.
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So here he looks respectable,
he's in formal dress,
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he looks like perhaps
he could be trusted,
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and yet nothing could be
further from the truth.
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Soon after this picture was taken,
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conservative politician
Franz von Papen
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{\an8}persuaded President Hindenburg
to make Hitler Chancellor,
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{\an8}with himself as Vice Chancellor.
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To keep Hitler in check, the Nazis
would be outnumbered in the Cabinet,
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with just two members.
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Von Papen made a fatal error.
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He said he would have Hitler
in the coalition government
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and he would squeeze him
into the corner so tight
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that the pips would squeak,
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fundamentally underestimating how
canny an operator Adolf Hitler was.
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Hitler was sworn in as the head
of the government, or Chancellor,
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on the morning of
the 30th January, 1933.
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Later that evening, he watched
from the Reich Chancellery
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as hundreds of stormtroopers
marched past in celebration.
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Nazi Propaganda Minister
Joseph Goebbels
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described the day as a fairy tale.
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But for Germany and the world,
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it was the start of a nightmare.
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On the 27th of February, 1933,
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less than a month after Adolf Hitler
had been sworn in as Chancellor,
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00:12:58,720 --> 00:13:02,040
a young Dutch communist crept
into the German parliament,
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the Reichstag, with four packets
of firelighters
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00:13:05,320 --> 00:13:07,240
and set it ablaze.
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A disaster for German democracy,
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An opportunity for Hitler.
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Although Chancellor,
he was hamstrung
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by being part of
a coalition government.
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The fire was an opportunity for
the Party to change all that.
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So they portray it as
an attempted coup
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00:13:26,480 --> 00:13:29,040
against their Nazi
coalition government.
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00:13:29,040 --> 00:13:32,960
The newspapers of the political left
are all banned overnight,
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the Communist Party is outlawed,
so those politicians
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of the Communist Party are sent
to the concentration camps.
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00:13:38,320 --> 00:13:41,200
Socialists are also put under
heavy restrictions at the time.
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On the 21st of March,
Joseph Goebbels orchestrated
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a special ceremony
showing Hitler as a statesman -
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the man unifying the nation.
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00:13:54,280 --> 00:13:57,480
In the 1920s, Heinrich Hoffmann
had faked a picture
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00:13:57,480 --> 00:14:00,560
to make Hindenburg
and Hitler seem close.
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He'd simply stuck a picture
of the President...
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00:14:04,760 --> 00:14:06,640
...onto a picture of Hitler.
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00:14:08,760 --> 00:14:12,480
Now Hoffmann had both men together
in his viewfinder.
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00:14:12,480 --> 00:14:14,480
No trickery was needed.
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00:14:18,280 --> 00:14:22,640
Two days later, the Reichstag
assembled at the Kroll Opera House -
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00:14:22,640 --> 00:14:24,480
their temporary home.
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00:14:24,480 --> 00:14:29,720
Intimidated by the SS outside,
the deputies passed an Enabling Act
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00:14:29,720 --> 00:14:34,360
that gave Hitler the right to make
laws without Reichstag approval
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00:14:34,360 --> 00:14:36,400
for the next four years.
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They had voted
for their own abolition.
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So already by the summer of 1933,
246
00:14:43,720 --> 00:14:47,240
he effectively has dictatorial power
over Germany,
247
00:14:47,240 --> 00:14:51,160
which is quite a remarkable
turnaround in less than six months.
248
00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:57,000
The anti-Semitism at the heart of
the Nazi Party was now unleashed.
249
00:14:57,000 --> 00:15:00,720
Assaults on Jewish businesses
and the beating-up of Jews
250
00:15:00,720 --> 00:15:05,720
by the paramilitary stormtroopers,
the SA, became commonplace.
251
00:15:05,720 --> 00:15:09,000
The moment a party takes over
252
00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:12,040
a government which supports
253
00:15:12,040 --> 00:15:16,440
anti-Semitic ideas,
these anti-Semitic ideas
254
00:15:16,440 --> 00:15:20,000
became somehow legalised, legitimised,
255
00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:22,480
and therefore also more attractive.
256
00:15:22,480 --> 00:15:26,480
You now can do things
without being ashamed of.
257
00:15:26,480 --> 00:15:29,520
Before that, beating up Jews,
you know,
258
00:15:29,520 --> 00:15:31,400
you would cross a borderline.
259
00:15:32,520 --> 00:15:34,720
After 1933, no.
260
00:15:36,040 --> 00:15:38,080
It's very difficult for me
to understand.
261
00:15:38,080 --> 00:15:40,000
Actually, I can't understand it.
262
00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:43,480
How can you beat up Jews
and sleep well at night?
263
00:15:43,480 --> 00:15:45,640
Or, to take a more radical example,
264
00:15:45,640 --> 00:15:48,600
how can you kill Jews
and sleep at night?
265
00:15:53,760 --> 00:15:57,480
Photographer Heinrich Hoffmann,
himself an arch anti-Semite,
266
00:15:57,480 --> 00:16:00,640
was not interested in capturing
images of SA violence
267
00:16:00,640 --> 00:16:02,240
and thuggery.
268
00:16:03,280 --> 00:16:06,720
This photograph was taken in
the cellar of the Brown House-
269
00:16:06,720 --> 00:16:09,240
the Nazi HQ in Munich.
270
00:16:09,240 --> 00:16:12,480
This is almost as kind of
Nazi as it gets
271
00:16:12,480 --> 00:16:16,240
in terms of being surrounded
by his most loyal
272
00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:17,960
and faithful comrades.
273
00:16:17,960 --> 00:16:21,800
Some of them would have been
called the Alter Kampfer -
274
00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:25,480
the old fighters, and I would
suggest that this man here
275
00:16:25,480 --> 00:16:28,960
looks relatively old,
but a lot of them are quite young.
276
00:16:28,960 --> 00:16:31,720
And a lot of these guys
may have joined the party
277
00:16:31,720 --> 00:16:35,480
a little bit later, but they're all
wearing brown shirts.
278
00:16:35,480 --> 00:16:40,240
So what we know is that they're all
in the Sturmabteilung, or the SA.
279
00:16:41,760 --> 00:16:44,000
They look slightly uneasy
280
00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:47,640
because, you know, Hitler is this
sort of God-like figure to them.
281
00:16:47,640 --> 00:16:50,480
They're nervous.
Clearly they're nervous.
282
00:16:51,520 --> 00:16:53,400
And they're also feeling honoured.
283
00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:56,000
They look a bit stiff.
A little bit formal.
284
00:16:56,000 --> 00:17:00,240
But they certainly are going to be
dead proud to be in this shot.
285
00:17:02,280 --> 00:17:05,440
Look at that expression.
What does that remind you of?
286
00:17:06,480 --> 00:17:10,720
That reminds me exactly
of that picture of him at school.
287
00:17:10,720 --> 00:17:12,640
It's the same expression.
288
00:17:12,640 --> 00:17:15,480
That friendless kid
in the back of the class
289
00:17:15,480 --> 00:17:18,720
is now the ruler of Germany.
290
00:17:20,280 --> 00:17:23,000
This is a man who's recently
become Chancellor
291
00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:25,480
and there's a look in his eyes
that realises
292
00:17:25,480 --> 00:17:29,280
the enormity of what he's achieved
and who he's done it for.
293
00:17:29,280 --> 00:17:32,240
And he knows that all these men
in this room
294
00:17:32,240 --> 00:17:34,320
are desperate for him to succeed.
295
00:17:35,360 --> 00:17:37,240
It's quite a tableau.
296
00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:44,720
Hitler wasted no time
in consolidating power.
297
00:17:45,760 --> 00:17:50,240
His aim? To gain control of all
sections of German society.
298
00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:55,000
So through 1933, '34 and into '35,
you have this process
299
00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:57,720
that's known as Gleichschaltung,
or Coordination,
300
00:17:57,720 --> 00:18:02,200
which is where any sort of rival
or even independent sources of power
301
00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:06,000
within politics, within society,
are swiftly either removed,
302
00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:09,120
outlawed, banned or Nazified.
303
00:18:09,120 --> 00:18:12,240
So it would have effective oversight
over trade institutions,
304
00:18:12,240 --> 00:18:15,520
sporting institutions, sports clubs.
It didn't matter what it was.
305
00:18:15,520 --> 00:18:19,560
So you have this process by which
the tentacles of the Nazi state
306
00:18:19,560 --> 00:18:22,480
spread into every aspect of life.
307
00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:26,480
So this is the building
of the Nazi dictatorship.
308
00:18:28,720 --> 00:18:31,480
The government department
responsible for shaping
309
00:18:31,480 --> 00:18:36,000
public attitudes was the Ministry
of Enlightenment and Propaganda,
310
00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:38,240
headed by Joseph Goebbels.
311
00:18:40,280 --> 00:18:43,240
The mass rally was
a key propaganda weapon,
312
00:18:43,240 --> 00:18:46,720
held at a purpose-built parade
ground in Nuremburg,
313
00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:48,720
featuring music,
314
00:18:48,720 --> 00:18:52,640
speeches and displays
of military might.
315
00:18:57,040 --> 00:18:59,520
It starts with the build-up,
316
00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:01,560
where stormtroopers
go down the aisle,
317
00:19:01,560 --> 00:19:04,080
filling the air with eau de cologne,
spraying it.
318
00:19:04,080 --> 00:19:08,200
And you have the music,
the orchestration
319
00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:12,280
the marching along, the bearing
of standards, the singing,
320
00:19:12,280 --> 00:19:14,360
but you also have
the special effects.
321
00:19:14,360 --> 00:19:18,560
Hitler on his podium has
all these light work buttons
322
00:19:18,560 --> 00:19:21,240
where he can create
all these lighting effects.
323
00:19:22,280 --> 00:19:24,720
Hitler was always the star.
324
00:19:24,720 --> 00:19:27,400
The focus of adulation
and the cameras.
325
00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:28,840
Sieg Heil!
326
00:19:30,760 --> 00:19:34,360
Film footage of the rallies help
explain Hitler's charismatic power.
327
00:19:35,400 --> 00:19:38,720
The ranting Hitler is the only
Hitler which we know
328
00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:40,840
but it's not actually what happened.
329
00:19:40,840 --> 00:19:43,320
What you see is a process
of seduction.
330
00:19:43,320 --> 00:19:48,480
He'd begin very softly and he'd
only gradually work up to the rant.
331
00:19:48,480 --> 00:19:52,360
So it would be a brilliant
dramaturgic display
332
00:19:52,360 --> 00:19:55,000
of gesture and vocalisation.
333
00:19:55,000 --> 00:19:58,480
It would be an act,
a very self-conscious act,
334
00:19:58,480 --> 00:20:02,480
which would climax
and the climax was the harangue.
335
00:20:02,480 --> 00:20:07,000
It was this demented, mad,
eye-swirling, strange,
336
00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:10,480
almost otherworldly
hysterical performance,
337
00:20:10,480 --> 00:20:14,480
which can only be understood
as a climax.
338
00:20:14,480 --> 00:20:17,680
Im ganzen deutschen Reich
ist es nicht anders!
339
00:20:17,680 --> 00:20:20,720
But if you consume
the whole experience,
340
00:20:20,720 --> 00:20:23,720
the whole speech,
it was very, very different
341
00:20:23,720 --> 00:20:27,240
to if you just see
the hysterical high points.
342
00:20:27,240 --> 00:20:29,400
It's very important to grasp that
343
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:33,360
if we actually look at why
and how Hitler was so effective.
344
00:20:33,360 --> 00:20:36,720
Die einzige Macht und alleinige
Macht ist Deutschland!
345
00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:40,240
What does psychology say
about the way big rallies
346
00:20:40,240 --> 00:20:43,240
with flags and fireworks
and marches and speeches,
347
00:20:43,240 --> 00:20:46,000
how do these affect
the way that we think?
348
00:20:46,000 --> 00:20:49,240
The research shows that this makes
us feel attached to our country
349
00:20:49,240 --> 00:20:52,440
but in a specific way - in the way
of being attached to it as an idea,
350
00:20:52,440 --> 00:20:55,000
a big, beautiful glittering idea,
351
00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:56,920
but not as a practical list
of things.
352
00:20:56,920 --> 00:20:59,720
So you're not attached to your
country in that you want to
353
00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:04,000
improve taxation or infrastructure
around roads or anything like that.
354
00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:06,720
You're attached to your country
in that you love the flag
355
00:21:06,720 --> 00:21:09,000
and you love the name
and you love the music
356
00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:11,240
and you are the greatest country
on Earth,
357
00:21:11,240 --> 00:21:14,000
and you're willing to defend
against corrupt people
358
00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:16,480
and outsiders who make
your country less great.
359
00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:18,160
That's what the rally does.
360
00:21:18,160 --> 00:21:21,000
It takes your mind off
that miserable, practical stuff
361
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:24,160
that no-one likes to talk about
and just tells you how great you are
362
00:21:24,160 --> 00:21:26,720
and that you should celebrate that
and fight for that
363
00:21:26,720 --> 00:21:28,760
and die for that
if that's what's required.
364
00:21:29,880 --> 00:21:31,720
CHANTING
365
00:21:32,760 --> 00:21:35,320
Not every German
could attend a rally.
366
00:21:38,520 --> 00:21:42,000
The cinema gave the Nazis
the ability to spread the image
367
00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:45,440
and message of the Fuhrer
to a wider audience.
368
00:21:45,440 --> 00:21:48,720
Movie-going was hugely popular.
369
00:21:48,720 --> 00:21:50,720
By the end of the 1930s,
370
00:21:50,720 --> 00:21:54,720
over 600 million cinema tickets
were sold every year.
371
00:21:55,760 --> 00:22:00,160
This was an audience
the Nazis could exploit.
372
00:22:00,160 --> 00:22:03,480
They understand how important
the cinema is
373
00:22:03,480 --> 00:22:10,920
{\an8}because the cinema has this ability
to engage people on tap emotionally.
374
00:22:10,920 --> 00:22:15,240
{\an8}And it's that emotional engagement
that they want,
375
00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:20,000
cos they want people to become
excited by his presence.
376
00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:26,800
They would send projection
facilities to schools and clubs.
377
00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:30,960
And you would sit there
and you would watch the newsreels
378
00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:33,680
or the educational films,
379
00:22:33,680 --> 00:22:37,680
which were basically all about
ideological persuasion,
380
00:22:37,680 --> 00:22:40,600
and can be a perfect German
Aryan citizen.
381
00:22:44,520 --> 00:22:49,360
The 1934 Nuremburg Rally was filmed
by a young actor and director
382
00:22:49,360 --> 00:22:51,200
named Leni Riefenstahl.
383
00:22:53,280 --> 00:22:56,160
Hitler gave her a large budget,
384
00:22:56,160 --> 00:23:01,800
a crew of over 170 and suggested
the title of the finished film -
385
00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:04,360
Triumph of the Will.
386
00:23:04,360 --> 00:23:08,040
Every shot was carefully planned.
387
00:23:08,040 --> 00:23:11,240
You see Hitler arriving at
the Reichsparteitag,
388
00:23:11,240 --> 00:23:14,120
at the party rally,
in an aeroplane from above,
389
00:23:14,120 --> 00:23:18,320
coming through the sky,
coming down to Earth.
390
00:23:18,320 --> 00:23:22,680
And this is all what you need to
know about a leader and a redeemer.
391
00:23:23,920 --> 00:23:26,920
And that's brilliant from
a cinematographic point of view.
392
00:23:28,880 --> 00:23:32,080
{\an8}The low-angle shot, looking up.
We're sitting in the cinema,
393
00:23:32,080 --> 00:23:34,800
{\an8}we're looking up to Hitler
on the screen,
394
00:23:34,800 --> 00:23:38,720
behind a lectern,
on some kind of pedestal.
395
00:23:38,720 --> 00:23:40,840
That's reverence. This empowers us.
396
00:23:40,840 --> 00:23:43,920
That gives us a strong sense of
the greatness of the Fuhrer.
397
00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:48,400
But then we are also given his POV -
his point of view.
398
00:23:48,400 --> 00:23:50,360
We can see the masses at his feet.
399
00:23:50,360 --> 00:23:54,320
So we're almost empowered,
we're given a sense of what he sees
400
00:23:54,320 --> 00:23:58,440
and we're put in his shoes,
as a movie audience.
401
00:23:58,440 --> 00:24:01,360
The other great innovation, I think,
that she brings
402
00:24:01,360 --> 00:24:02,880
is the moving camera.
403
00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:06,640
So, we see different perspectives
of Hitler all the time.
404
00:24:06,640 --> 00:24:08,040
It's never static.
405
00:24:10,240 --> 00:24:13,120
The camera seems to be constantly
in motion.
406
00:24:13,120 --> 00:24:16,240
And at the same time,
it's a controlled motion.
407
00:24:19,560 --> 00:24:23,800
And soon enough, we realise that
the camera might be circling,
408
00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:27,920
but it's circling around Hitler.
Hitler is anchoring this movement.
409
00:24:31,520 --> 00:24:33,680
And this is important,
ideologically, because
410
00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:36,880
National Socialism wants to
present itself as a young, youthful,
411
00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:40,720
dynamic movement, but it doesn't
want to be anarchist either.
412
00:24:40,720 --> 00:24:43,240
Movement without control -
that's anarchism.
413
00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:47,080
Youthful, forward-looking,
redemptive, dynamic,
414
00:24:47,080 --> 00:24:50,400
but all centred on
and around Hitler.
415
00:24:53,280 --> 00:24:55,080
CHEERING, APPLAUSE
416
00:24:56,640 --> 00:25:00,400
Triumph of the Will played
to packed houses across Germany.
417
00:25:03,920 --> 00:25:07,200
It was just one of many
Nazi propaganda films,
418
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:13,680
many of them violently anti-Semitic,
that were popular in the 1930s.
419
00:25:13,680 --> 00:25:17,000
Nazi propaganda is not turning
good people bad.
420
00:25:17,000 --> 00:25:20,280
People had already,
were already close to bad ideas
421
00:25:20,280 --> 00:25:25,240
before the Nazi propaganda.
Nazi propaganda fostered these ideas
422
00:25:25,240 --> 00:25:30,520
and also gave them the legitimacy
to go after these ideas.
423
00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:33,640
People didn't have to be forced
to knock down Jews
424
00:25:33,640 --> 00:25:35,640
or to steal from Jews.
425
00:25:35,640 --> 00:25:40,200
It's more about fostering,
giving ideas more ground.
426
00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:43,520
But it's not about
changing people completely.
427
00:25:55,040 --> 00:25:59,720
Joseph Goebbels believed propaganda
was not just spreading ideology -
428
00:25:59,720 --> 00:26:03,280
it was about communication
and entertainment.
429
00:26:04,880 --> 00:26:08,960
Radio was a perfect way
to access every home.
430
00:26:08,960 --> 00:26:12,200
Germans were fed a selection
of music request programmes...
431
00:26:15,560 --> 00:26:16,960
...and Hitler's speeches.
432
00:26:21,320 --> 00:26:23,840
Radio at the time was still
a sort of coming technology,
433
00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:25,960
to some extent,
434
00:26:25,960 --> 00:26:29,000
and what the Nazi regime did
already in 1933
435
00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:33,000
was to produce subsidised
radio sets.
436
00:26:34,080 --> 00:26:36,120
{\an8}This was what was known as
the Volksempfanger,
437
00:26:36,120 --> 00:26:37,960
{\an8}which is rather a cheap radio set.
438
00:26:37,960 --> 00:26:40,720
{\an8}"People's receiver" is
the translation of its title.
439
00:26:40,720 --> 00:26:44,600
And by 1939, you have something
like 15 million radio sets
440
00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:47,040
being produced amongst
the German population,
441
00:26:47,040 --> 00:26:50,160
and you also have communal listening
encouraged in workplaces
442
00:26:50,160 --> 00:26:53,520
and schools and so on.
So, this became a crucial weapon.
443
00:26:53,520 --> 00:26:58,480
So, a really integral part of
that seduction of the German people
444
00:26:58,480 --> 00:27:00,160
was carried out by radio.
445
00:27:02,360 --> 00:27:07,400
{\an8}This is a newly digitised photo from
Heinrich Hoffmann's archive.
446
00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:10,800
{\an8}This time, no sign of Hitler,
447
00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:13,240
{\an8}but you sense he's in the room.
448
00:27:15,080 --> 00:27:17,840
It's in a local village
or local town,
449
00:27:17,840 --> 00:27:20,680
everyone listening to the radio.
450
00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:23,760
And you can see in the middle
everyone's in focus
451
00:27:23,760 --> 00:27:27,320
because a light is coming in through
the doorway and the window.
452
00:27:27,320 --> 00:27:32,120
They're all nice and sharp. And you
can just sense their attention.
453
00:27:32,120 --> 00:27:35,280
And the crowd on the edges,
which are all out of focus,
454
00:27:35,280 --> 00:27:39,080
cos lenses only have a few feet
of depth field,
455
00:27:39,080 --> 00:27:41,080
and the people in the middle
are sharp.
456
00:27:41,080 --> 00:27:43,360
The people on the edges
are all out of focus,
457
00:27:43,360 --> 00:27:45,640
but that adds tension
to the picture.
458
00:27:47,440 --> 00:27:50,680
And I feel from it, they're
listening to something so serious.
459
00:27:50,680 --> 00:27:54,400
There's no smiles. And their lives
are about to change.
460
00:27:58,240 --> 00:28:00,000
Hoffmann took this photo
461
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:04,000
with a revolutionary lightweight
35mm camera,
462
00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:06,880
made by the German company Leica.
463
00:28:07,920 --> 00:28:12,080
This beautiful camera, which has
been so important to photographers
464
00:28:12,080 --> 00:28:18,040
down the years, was invented in 1924
by Ernst Leitz.
465
00:28:18,040 --> 00:28:21,760
The name Leica comes from
Leitz - "Lei-" -
466
00:28:21,760 --> 00:28:24,880
and then "-ca" for camera. Leica.
467
00:28:24,880 --> 00:28:26,760
And it was an instant hit
468
00:28:26,760 --> 00:28:31,840
and also promoted the use of colour
film with Kodak and Kodachrome.
469
00:28:31,840 --> 00:28:34,600
But this little beauty,
it's tough to use,
470
00:28:34,600 --> 00:28:37,120
cos you've got to remember
several things.
471
00:28:37,120 --> 00:28:40,800
You have a focusing ring, which
you have to focus the person on.
472
00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:42,920
You have to make sure you load
the film.
473
00:28:42,920 --> 00:28:46,400
You had to focus,
you had to cock the film,
474
00:28:46,400 --> 00:28:51,040
and then you took a picture
with that lovely silence.
475
00:28:52,080 --> 00:28:54,440
And it's a perfect piece
of engineering.
476
00:28:54,440 --> 00:28:59,200
And to have this one from way back
in the '30 in my hand is...
477
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:02,280
...a wonderful feeling.
It just feels so right.
478
00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:06,160
And all these years, we haven't
improved the ergonomics.
479
00:29:06,160 --> 00:29:07,880
The guy was a genius.
480
00:29:10,560 --> 00:29:14,880
Ernst Leitz ran a large factory
in the German city of Wetzlar.
481
00:29:16,800 --> 00:29:21,040
He was a compassionate employer,
prepared to fight for his workers.
482
00:29:21,040 --> 00:29:24,400
{\an8}He liked nothing better than
at 7.00 in the morning
483
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:29,400
{\an8}to walk up and down the factory
and speak to all the employees -
484
00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:32,440
you know, "How is your family?"
"You need to borrow any money?"
485
00:29:32,440 --> 00:29:35,840
And he was that kind of an owner.
486
00:29:35,840 --> 00:29:38,880
The Leica camera was born out
of that concern
487
00:29:38,880 --> 00:29:40,960
for the welfare of his employees.
488
00:29:42,040 --> 00:29:45,200
In 1924, when the German economy
was in ruins,
489
00:29:45,200 --> 00:29:49,680
Leitz feared he would have to
make staff redundant.
490
00:29:49,680 --> 00:29:55,440
He thought of the project as being a
way of keeping the workers engaged,
491
00:29:55,440 --> 00:29:57,760
of keeping the company going.
492
00:29:57,760 --> 00:30:02,240
And so 1924, he gave the decision
to produce the Leica,
493
00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:03,600
which was a risk.
494
00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:06,360
You know, there were other
35-millimetre cameras,
495
00:30:06,360 --> 00:30:09,160
but they were not
commercially successful.
496
00:30:10,760 --> 00:30:13,720
The camera was an instant success.
497
00:30:13,720 --> 00:30:16,440
Many photographers of note
bought one,
498
00:30:16,440 --> 00:30:18,960
as did thousands of
middle-class Germans.
499
00:30:21,720 --> 00:30:24,440
Ernst Leitz's company flourished.
500
00:30:24,440 --> 00:30:26,880
But dark clouds were gathering.
501
00:30:29,120 --> 00:30:33,760
Discriminatory Nazi laws introduced
after Hitler became Chancellor
502
00:30:33,760 --> 00:30:37,680
had had an instant impact on
the Jewish citizens of Wetzlar,
503
00:30:37,680 --> 00:30:41,480
especially the Nuremburg Laws
of 1935.
504
00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:46,760
{\an8}Nuremberg Laws are very important
because that's the moment
505
00:30:46,760 --> 00:30:53,560
{\an8}when Jews were turned, "legally",
in second-class citizens.
506
00:30:53,560 --> 00:30:56,160
They lose all their civil rights.
507
00:30:59,720 --> 00:31:03,440
Jews in the future in Germany
could be legally kicked out
508
00:31:03,440 --> 00:31:06,600
of very many professions.
They lost all their rights.
509
00:31:06,600 --> 00:31:09,280
They were not citizens any more.
510
00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:15,920
Parents are bringing their sons
to the factory and pleading,
511
00:31:15,920 --> 00:31:17,360
"Will you help us?"
512
00:31:17,360 --> 00:31:21,560
And Leitz gives them
long-term apprenticeships.
513
00:31:21,560 --> 00:31:24,320
Leitz didn't stop there.
514
00:31:24,320 --> 00:31:28,200
Seeing the increased danger
his Jewish employees were in,
515
00:31:28,200 --> 00:31:32,200
he arranged for them to find jobs
in Britain and the United States,
516
00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:34,480
even paying the travel costs.
517
00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:38,680
Not only was it difficult
to leave Germany,
518
00:31:38,680 --> 00:31:42,680
but countries overseas were opposed
to bringing in Jewish people.
519
00:31:42,680 --> 00:31:45,000
It was very difficult
for Jewish people
520
00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:47,240
to get into the United States.
521
00:31:47,240 --> 00:31:50,560
And blue-chip American companies
were anti-Semitic.
522
00:31:50,560 --> 00:31:53,280
So, to get a job with Kodak
was difficult,
523
00:31:53,280 --> 00:31:56,880
but here was a German company
with an agency in New York
524
00:31:56,880 --> 00:32:00,520
that was very happily employing
lots of young Jewish people.
525
00:32:02,480 --> 00:32:07,400
Ernst Leitz helped over 40
Jewish employees and family members
526
00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:10,160
start new lives outside Germany.
527
00:32:12,320 --> 00:32:15,480
The Nazis knew exactly what
Leitz was doing.
528
00:32:15,480 --> 00:32:17,680
They had spies in his factory.
529
00:32:17,680 --> 00:32:20,880
But Leica was important
to the regime.
530
00:32:20,880 --> 00:32:24,080
Ernst Leitz and his company
did have some leverage -
531
00:32:24,080 --> 00:32:30,200
number one, a world-famous company,
a source of pride for Germany.
532
00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:33,280
Number two, he was a great exporter
533
00:32:33,280 --> 00:32:37,080
and the Nazis were starved
for foreign currency -
534
00:32:37,080 --> 00:32:41,760
and especially in the later '30s,
when they were re-arming.
535
00:32:43,360 --> 00:32:47,280
In a way, there's a kind of a dance
or a tight rope act
536
00:32:47,280 --> 00:32:50,320
in the relationship between
the regime and Leitz.
537
00:32:50,320 --> 00:32:53,120
The Nazis have to be pragmatic
at this point
538
00:32:53,120 --> 00:32:58,320
because they need the output of the
factory, in terms of the armaments.
539
00:33:00,880 --> 00:33:03,280
As far as the world was concerned,
540
00:33:03,280 --> 00:33:06,160
Leica was a model
Third Reich company,
541
00:33:06,160 --> 00:33:08,320
obeying all the Nazi rules.
542
00:33:11,360 --> 00:33:14,640
In the advertisements
for the Leica camera,
543
00:33:14,640 --> 00:33:20,840
we see, for example, beautiful
Aryan women frolicking at beaches
544
00:33:20,840 --> 00:33:23,520
and all sorts of sports imagery.
545
00:33:23,520 --> 00:33:28,440
Later on, we see things with more of
a military emphasis.
546
00:33:30,720 --> 00:33:32,840
This is the public side,
547
00:33:32,840 --> 00:33:36,400
which is very much in contradict
with the private side
548
00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:38,320
of helping persecuted people.
549
00:33:40,360 --> 00:33:43,560
Even during the war,
with the borders closed,
550
00:33:43,560 --> 00:33:46,120
his dangerous work continued.
551
00:33:46,120 --> 00:33:51,600
Leitz's efforts turn to helping
political opponents of the regime
552
00:33:51,600 --> 00:33:54,520
and also employees and local towns,
553
00:33:54,520 --> 00:33:58,240
people who get in trouble
with the Nazis for making,
554
00:33:58,240 --> 00:34:03,680
for example, remarks or even jokes
about the Nazi leadership.
555
00:34:06,360 --> 00:34:09,160
Leitz fought the regime
until his factory was liberated
556
00:34:09,160 --> 00:34:12,520
by American troops in 1945.
557
00:34:13,880 --> 00:34:17,560
It had been a dangerous game,
full of bitter irony.
558
00:34:18,640 --> 00:34:23,840
Leitz himself is this
compassionate humanitarian,
559
00:34:23,840 --> 00:34:27,360
who is helping all manner of
persecuted people
560
00:34:27,360 --> 00:34:29,120
in all sorts of ways.
561
00:34:29,120 --> 00:34:33,600
And yet his camera, the Leica,
is beloved by the Nazis
562
00:34:33,600 --> 00:34:37,960
and is used by their chief
photographers, such as Hoffman,
563
00:34:37,960 --> 00:34:42,520
to record anti-Jewish propaganda
and the glories of the Reich.
564
00:34:42,520 --> 00:34:44,800
CROWD CHEERING
565
00:34:53,160 --> 00:34:55,720
In Germany in the 1930s,
566
00:34:55,720 --> 00:34:59,360
it was impossible to escape
the face of the Fuhrer.
567
00:34:59,360 --> 00:35:02,200
It was part of everyday life.
568
00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:07,240
Hitler's image was present in almost
all public buildings -
569
00:35:07,240 --> 00:35:12,680
{\an8}so if you went to an office,
to your town hall, local council,
570
00:35:12,680 --> 00:35:16,040
{\an8}in most school classrooms as well.
571
00:35:16,040 --> 00:35:19,800
Hitler's image is present
in all print media.
572
00:35:19,800 --> 00:35:22,040
It's depicted in most newspapers,
573
00:35:22,040 --> 00:35:26,960
and newspapers at this time are
routinely featuring illustrations.
574
00:35:26,960 --> 00:35:29,640
That might be Hitler
at public events,
575
00:35:29,640 --> 00:35:32,760
but it might also be these sort of
features about, you know,
576
00:35:32,760 --> 00:35:35,360
"Getting to know the Fuhrer
as a real man,
577
00:35:35,360 --> 00:35:38,200
"a good, relatable German."
578
00:35:43,080 --> 00:35:45,800
Thanks to the 1936 Berlin Olympics,
579
00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:49,800
Hitler's face became known
around the world.
580
00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:51,760
Nazi propaganda depicted him
581
00:35:51,760 --> 00:35:54,880
as a benign ruler of
a revitalised nation.
582
00:35:57,000 --> 00:36:01,640
{\an8}People came back from Berlin and
said that Germany was a great place.
583
00:36:01,640 --> 00:36:04,120
{\an8}That was Hitler's biggest victory.
584
00:36:07,840 --> 00:36:10,920
Almost all the photographs
of Hitler at the Games
585
00:36:10,920 --> 00:36:15,960
were taken by his friend and court
photographer, Heinrich Hoffman.
586
00:36:15,960 --> 00:36:21,600
One of his most famous pictures of
the 1930s was one of the smallest.
587
00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:23,960
And it made Hitler very wealthy.
588
00:36:25,320 --> 00:36:28,160
When Hitler becomes head of state,
like a lot of heads of state,
589
00:36:28,160 --> 00:36:30,480
he appears on the definitive
postage stamp.
590
00:36:30,480 --> 00:36:34,040
In some ways,
that's not that strange.
591
00:36:34,040 --> 00:36:37,040
But what's interesting about the
fact is that Hitler actually makes
592
00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:40,560
a vast amount of money by his
likeness being on postage stamps.
593
00:36:40,560 --> 00:36:43,160
The portrait is taken by Hoffman
594
00:36:43,160 --> 00:36:46,480
and it's licensed to
the post office,
595
00:36:46,480 --> 00:36:49,520
and there is a royalty collected
by Hitler
596
00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:51,680
on every stamp that was produced.
597
00:36:51,680 --> 00:36:57,480
So, this stamp actually makes Hitler
a very wealthy man.
598
00:36:57,480 --> 00:37:01,360
Hoffmann claimed he saw the German
Postmaster General hand Hitler
599
00:37:01,360 --> 00:37:07,840
a 50 million Mark cheque, money made
from the proceeds of the stamps.
600
00:37:07,840 --> 00:37:12,200
I think it tells you quite a lot
about the hucksterish, gangster-like
601
00:37:12,200 --> 00:37:17,240
nature of the regime that Hitler,
like a classic tin-pot dictator,
602
00:37:17,240 --> 00:37:21,920
is trying cream as much cash out of
his own people as quickly as he can.
603
00:37:21,920 --> 00:37:26,200
It's the kind of quick buck morality
of a gangster.
604
00:37:28,200 --> 00:37:31,680
For the majority of Germans,
Hitler was a trusted figure,
605
00:37:31,680 --> 00:37:34,760
who held out the promise of
a better future.
606
00:37:34,760 --> 00:37:38,680
This scrapbook, made by the mother
of a Berlin family,
607
00:37:38,680 --> 00:37:44,560
shows how much Hitler and the Nazis
were part of their lives.
608
00:37:44,560 --> 00:37:48,840
It starts with the birth
of her child in May 1935.
609
00:37:48,840 --> 00:37:55,080
And it looks like a purely private
kind of documentation
610
00:37:55,080 --> 00:37:56,840
of family life.
611
00:37:57,880 --> 00:38:02,440
And then suddenly, we see completely
different themes emerging.
612
00:38:02,440 --> 00:38:04,960
So, in this double spread here,
613
00:38:04,960 --> 00:38:09,200
we see pictures, maps, flags
about the Olympic Games,
614
00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:12,280
which were in Berlin in 1936.
615
00:38:12,280 --> 00:38:17,120
We have all these incredibly kitsch
stickers about Christmas -
616
00:38:17,120 --> 00:38:20,160
Father Christmas,
little angels and so on -
617
00:38:20,160 --> 00:38:23,160
but then we also have
similarly kitsch stickers
618
00:38:23,160 --> 00:38:27,520
that show members of the German
Wehrmacht and even the SA
619
00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:31,720
presented as this kind of
quaint, colourful collage,
620
00:38:31,720 --> 00:38:35,560
so there's clearly here a sense
that the regime,
621
00:38:35,560 --> 00:38:40,080
and even its military forces,
can be pulled into this kind of
622
00:38:40,080 --> 00:38:45,160
child-centred world of the idyllic
and the perfect German life.
623
00:38:46,880 --> 00:38:50,360
In the family scrapbook are also
pictures of the Fuhrer,
624
00:38:50,360 --> 00:38:54,680
emphasising his place
in German history.
625
00:38:54,680 --> 00:38:57,080
So, here, we have a postcard
of Frederick the Great,
626
00:38:57,080 --> 00:39:02,200
who was an 18th-century Prussian
king and great military leader,
627
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:06,320
directly underneath a picture of
Hitler watching the Olympic Games
628
00:39:06,320 --> 00:39:10,720
and next to a postcard that shows
a picture of Hitler
629
00:39:10,720 --> 00:39:14,920
opening one of the first
German motorways.
630
00:39:14,920 --> 00:39:19,400
He's a personification of what
National Socialism is about
631
00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:23,360
and the fun, new times
it is promising
632
00:39:23,360 --> 00:39:28,920
to politically aligned families
like the one who made this album.
633
00:39:32,640 --> 00:39:35,600
Hitler's image was also used to sell
a leisure organisation
634
00:39:35,600 --> 00:39:40,720
set up in 1933 called
Kraft durch Freude -
635
00:39:40,720 --> 00:39:43,520
or "Strength Through Joy".
636
00:39:43,520 --> 00:39:46,240
KdF organised Germans' free time
637
00:39:46,240 --> 00:39:49,240
strictly in line
with Nazi principles.
638
00:39:49,240 --> 00:39:55,360
By the late 1930s, it had become the
world's largest tourist operator.
639
00:39:55,360 --> 00:39:59,120
But alongside holidays, there were
a range of other activities,
640
00:39:59,120 --> 00:40:01,360
sporting clubs and so on.
641
00:40:01,360 --> 00:40:05,440
So, the emphasis is very much
as the motto indicates -
642
00:40:05,440 --> 00:40:10,920
that joy, enjoying yourself
is a positive and valuable activity.
643
00:40:10,920 --> 00:40:13,200
It contributes to
your inner strength
644
00:40:13,200 --> 00:40:17,000
and makes you the ideal
Nazi citizen.
645
00:40:17,000 --> 00:40:19,280
For all their
anti-capitalist rhetoric,
646
00:40:19,280 --> 00:40:24,200
the Nazi learned a lot of their
lessons about political propaganda
647
00:40:24,200 --> 00:40:27,280
from the techniques of
commercial advertising.
648
00:40:27,280 --> 00:40:33,480
So, the idea that through
a product or a leisure opportunity,
649
00:40:33,480 --> 00:40:37,320
we are not just buying a moment
of happiness or enjoyment,
650
00:40:37,320 --> 00:40:41,520
but we're also buying a sort of
fantasy of how we want to be,
651
00:40:41,520 --> 00:40:47,640
the fun-loving, confident person
that we fantasise about.
652
00:40:47,640 --> 00:40:51,400
So, this is very much what
Nazi propaganda picks up on,
653
00:40:51,400 --> 00:40:54,760
this idea of propaganda
as a promise of a future
654
00:40:54,760 --> 00:40:58,800
and a vision of a better self.
655
00:40:58,800 --> 00:41:00,440
One of the most popular
selling points
656
00:41:00,440 --> 00:41:02,520
of the Strength Through Joy movement
657
00:41:02,520 --> 00:41:06,720
was the promise of a vehicle
for all, the "People's Car" -
658
00:41:06,720 --> 00:41:08,040
or Volkswagen.
659
00:41:09,920 --> 00:41:14,280
The Fuhrer, a long-standing
car enthusiast who couldn't drive,
660
00:41:14,280 --> 00:41:16,960
was used to promote it.
661
00:41:16,960 --> 00:41:20,320
So, the brochures that advertised
the People's Cars
662
00:41:20,320 --> 00:41:23,480
always started with a kind of
foreword by Hitler.
663
00:41:23,480 --> 00:41:26,160
And it showed Hitler with
the prototype of the car,
664
00:41:26,160 --> 00:41:31,200
but it was part of a product range
of the Fuhrer being seen
665
00:41:31,200 --> 00:41:34,960
as the provider of the goodies
for the nation.
666
00:41:36,640 --> 00:41:41,080
Germans were encouraged
to save money to buy the car.
667
00:41:41,080 --> 00:41:44,920
Even that scheme had
an ideological motive.
668
00:41:44,920 --> 00:41:48,560
In order to get one of these cars,
Germans had to invest quite heavily
669
00:41:48,560 --> 00:41:51,760
into a savings or sort of
coupon scheme.
670
00:41:51,760 --> 00:41:54,760
The idea is that saving
is authentically German,
671
00:41:54,760 --> 00:41:59,280
a virtuous, solid activity, as
opposed to buying things on credit,
672
00:41:59,280 --> 00:42:03,240
which is a sign of
international finance, capitalism,
673
00:42:03,240 --> 00:42:05,520
Jewish banks and all that.
674
00:42:05,520 --> 00:42:09,240
Through rituals like these,
the desirable practice,
675
00:42:09,240 --> 00:42:13,200
like saving towards
an anticipated joyous future,
676
00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:17,480
were embedded into everyday life.
677
00:42:17,480 --> 00:42:21,800
{\an8}In April 1938, motor engineer
Ferdinand Porsche
678
00:42:21,800 --> 00:42:26,320
{\an8}gave Hitler a birthday present
of a model of a People's Car,
679
00:42:26,320 --> 00:42:28,880
{\an8}later nicknamed the Beetle.
680
00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:32,520
This picture is quite fun
in some ways,
681
00:42:32,520 --> 00:42:36,000
cos you've got Hitler chortling over
a Beetle with Ferdinand Porsche,
682
00:42:36,000 --> 00:42:38,960
and they are looking the fact that
the engine's in the back.
683
00:42:38,960 --> 00:42:42,640
It's one of the first things that
everybody notes about the Beetle.
684
00:42:42,640 --> 00:42:44,680
I think when you look at
this picture of Porsche,
685
00:42:44,680 --> 00:42:48,160
it does remind you of the fact that
Hitler and his relationship
686
00:42:48,160 --> 00:42:51,640
with industrialists was so important
to him.
687
00:42:51,640 --> 00:42:54,280
We always think about
Hitler's mass appeal.
688
00:42:54,280 --> 00:42:56,480
You know, we think of those crowds
and those rallies,
689
00:42:56,480 --> 00:42:59,440
but actually part of Hitler's
path to power
690
00:42:59,440 --> 00:43:02,960
and so much of his retention
of power is related to the fact
691
00:43:02,960 --> 00:43:06,000
that he actually groomed
these industrialists,
692
00:43:06,000 --> 00:43:08,280
he got them on side.
693
00:43:08,280 --> 00:43:11,000
But of course, if you sort of
step back from that picture,
694
00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:12,520
from the kind of jollity,
695
00:43:12,520 --> 00:43:15,640
actually, the story of the birth of
the Beetle is a classic story
696
00:43:15,640 --> 00:43:18,760
of kind of Nazi
overreaching ambition
697
00:43:18,760 --> 00:43:22,240
and actual deep incompetence.
698
00:43:22,240 --> 00:43:25,880
Only 600 of the People's Cars
were ever finished.
699
00:43:25,880 --> 00:43:30,880
And despite its populist promise,
most went to the Nazi leadership.
700
00:43:33,000 --> 00:43:36,600
In 1942, the British used
this photograph
701
00:43:36,600 --> 00:43:40,560
in hundreds of propaganda leaflets
which they dropped over German lines
702
00:43:40,560 --> 00:43:43,040
in North Africa.
703
00:43:43,040 --> 00:43:47,160
Below it, mocking Hitler's slogan
"Strength Through Joy",
704
00:43:47,160 --> 00:43:52,520
was a photograph of dead German
soldiers next to the Kubelwagen,
705
00:43:52,520 --> 00:43:55,680
the military version
of Porsche's car.
706
00:43:58,240 --> 00:44:03,920
Production of the Volkswagen stopped
in 1939, as Germany geared for war.
707
00:44:06,320 --> 00:44:08,520
The Nazis had been expanding
the air force,
708
00:44:08,520 --> 00:44:11,800
army and navy since the mid-1930s.
709
00:44:13,480 --> 00:44:15,560
Rearmament was responsible
for the bulk
710
00:44:15,560 --> 00:44:17,920
of the nation's economic growth.
711
00:44:19,720 --> 00:44:22,640
On February the 14th, 1939,
712
00:44:22,640 --> 00:44:26,360
the pride of the German fleet,
the battleship Bismarck,
713
00:44:26,360 --> 00:44:28,440
was ready to be launched.
714
00:44:31,320 --> 00:44:35,880
Hitler travelled to Hamburg
for the occasion.
715
00:44:35,880 --> 00:44:39,000
Even before a shot has been fired
in the Second World War,
716
00:44:39,000 --> 00:44:41,840
he's very much at the top
of his power.
717
00:44:41,840 --> 00:44:45,080
You can see the adulation
on these chaps' faces.
718
00:44:45,080 --> 00:44:48,320
It's like they're meeting
a pop star.
719
00:44:48,320 --> 00:44:50,400
These are Hitler's generation
of men.
720
00:44:50,400 --> 00:44:55,120
These are also Hitler's kind of
social peers in many ways.
721
00:44:55,120 --> 00:44:58,080
They come from a similar lower
middle class,
722
00:44:58,080 --> 00:45:00,120
maybe more artisanal background,
723
00:45:00,120 --> 00:45:03,160
so Hitler identifies with these
people and they identify with him.
724
00:45:03,160 --> 00:45:07,760
For them, Hitler is their saviour.
They owe him their jobs.
725
00:45:07,760 --> 00:45:11,960
Look how neatly this man's jacket
is pressed.
726
00:45:11,960 --> 00:45:14,600
Look at that.
That is not common for the time,
727
00:45:14,600 --> 00:45:17,960
to have your workman's jacket
neatly pressed and ironed.
728
00:45:17,960 --> 00:45:20,400
You better believe that
his wife knew that morning
729
00:45:20,400 --> 00:45:22,320
he was going to meet his Fuhrer,
730
00:45:22,320 --> 00:45:24,800
and he was going to look
his darned best.
731
00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:28,000
And you can see in the background
here, you can just see Goering,
732
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:31,880
the familiar, sort of somewhat
rotund features of Goering.
733
00:45:31,880 --> 00:45:35,080
These men feel that they've turned
Germany around,
734
00:45:35,080 --> 00:45:37,360
and these are the men for whom
they've done that.
735
00:45:37,360 --> 00:45:39,640
And these men
are genuinely grateful.
736
00:45:41,880 --> 00:45:45,600
Just a few months later,
Germany would be at war.
737
00:45:50,120 --> 00:45:55,560
The loyalty of these men, encouraged
by images of a benign Fuhrer
738
00:45:55,560 --> 00:46:00,680
and nurtured by years of propaganda,
would be severely tested.
739
00:46:03,440 --> 00:46:07,400
Hitler is lucky. He is also clever.
740
00:46:07,400 --> 00:46:10,400
But most of all,
I think he's a gambler.
741
00:46:10,400 --> 00:46:15,960
But as any gambler will tell you,
you can't carry on taking big risks
742
00:46:15,960 --> 00:46:18,160
and expect to get away
with it forever.
743
00:46:41,440 --> 00:46:45,600
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