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Narrator: WE LIVE IN A GALAXY
CALLED THE MILKY WAY,
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00:00:05,273 --> 00:00:09,577
AN EMPIRE WITH
HUNDREDS OF BILLIONS OF STARS.
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00:00:09,610 --> 00:00:12,746
Dr. Krauss: HOW DID WE GET HERE,
AND WHAT'S OUR FUTURE?
4
00:00:12,780 --> 00:00:15,383
IN EVERY WAY, THOSE QUESTIONS
INVOLVE GALAXIES.
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00:00:15,416 --> 00:00:19,720
Narrator: THERE ARE 200 BILLION
GALAXIES IN THE KNOWN UNIVERSE,
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00:00:19,753 --> 00:00:23,457
EACH ONE UNIQUE, ENORMOUS,
AND DYNAMIC.
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00:00:23,491 --> 00:00:25,259
Dr. Kaku:
GALAXIES ARE VIOLENT.
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00:00:25,293 --> 00:00:27,528
THEY WERE BORN
IN A VIOLENT HISTORY.
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00:00:27,561 --> 00:00:29,630
THEY WILL DIE A VIOLENT DEATH.
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00:00:29,663 --> 00:00:32,433
Narrator:
WHERE DO GALAXIES COME FROM?
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00:00:32,466 --> 00:00:36,537
HOW DO THEY WORK?
WHAT IS THEIR FUTURE?
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00:00:36,570 --> 00:00:38,939
AND HOW WILL THEY DIE?
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00:00:38,972 --> 00:00:41,942
-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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00:00:41,975 --> 00:00:44,978
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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00:00:53,387 --> 00:00:58,626
THIS IS OUR GALAXY,
THE MILKY WAY.
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00:00:58,659 --> 00:01:03,497
IT'S AROUND
12 BILLION YEARS OLD.
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00:01:03,531 --> 00:01:06,334
THE GALAXY ITSELF IS A HUGE DISK
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00:01:06,367 --> 00:01:10,838
WITH GIANT SPIRAL ARMS
AND A BULGE IN THE MIDDLE.
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00:01:12,806 --> 00:01:18,246
IT'S JUST ONE OF A HUGE NUMBER
OF GALAXIES IN THE UNIVERSE.
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00:01:18,279 --> 00:01:20,448
GALAXIES ARE,
FIRST AND FOREMOST,
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00:01:20,481 --> 00:01:22,150
LARGE COLLECTIONS OF STARS.
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00:01:22,183 --> 00:01:25,886
THE AVERAGE GALAXY
MAY CONTAIN 100 BILLION STARS.
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00:01:28,055 --> 00:01:30,491
THEY'RE REALLY
STELLAR NURSERIES,
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00:01:30,524 --> 00:01:34,295
THE PLACE WHERE STARS ARE BORN
AND WHERE THEY ALSO DIE.
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00:01:37,165 --> 00:01:39,900
Narrator:
THE STARS IN A GALAXY ARE BORN
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00:01:39,933 --> 00:01:44,638
IN CLOUDS OF DUST AND GAS
CALLED NEBULAS.
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00:01:44,672 --> 00:01:48,809
THESE ARE THE PILLARS
OF CREATION IN THE EAGLE NEBULA,
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00:01:48,842 --> 00:01:53,481
A STAR NURSERY
DEEP IN THE MILKY WAY.
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00:01:57,518 --> 00:02:01,489
OUR GALAXY CONTAINS
MANY BILLIONS OF STARS,
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00:02:01,522 --> 00:02:03,491
AND AROUND MANY OF THEM
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00:02:03,524 --> 00:02:08,829
ARE SYSTEMS
OF PLANETS AND MOONS.
32
00:02:08,862 --> 00:02:13,334
BUT FOR A LONG TIME, WE DIDN'T
KNOW MUCH ABOUT GALAXIES.
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00:02:13,367 --> 00:02:15,236
JUST A CENTURY AGO,
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00:02:15,269 --> 00:02:19,740
WE THOUGHT THAT THE MILKY WAY
WAS ALL THERE WAS.
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00:02:19,773 --> 00:02:23,877
SCIENTISTS CALLED IT
OUR ISLAND UNIVERSE.
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00:02:23,911 --> 00:02:27,715
FOR THEM,
NO OTHER GALAXIES EXISTED.
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00:02:27,748 --> 00:02:33,721
THEN, IN 1924, ASTRONOMER
EDWIN HUBBLE CHANGED ALL THAT.
38
00:02:33,754 --> 00:02:36,224
HUBBLE WAS OBSERVING
THE UNIVERSE
39
00:02:36,224 --> 00:02:38,659
WITH THE MOST ADVANCED TELESCOPE
AT THE TIME,
40
00:02:38,692 --> 00:02:43,497
THE 100-INCH HOOKER ON
MOUNT WILSON NEAR LOS ANGELES.
41
00:02:45,065 --> 00:02:47,335
DEEP IN THE NIGHT SKY,
42
00:02:47,368 --> 00:02:52,540
HE SAW FUZZY BLOBS OF LIGHT
THAT WERE FAR, FAR AWAY.
43
00:02:52,573 --> 00:02:57,010
HE REALIZED THEY WEREN'T
INDIVIDUAL STARS AT ALL.
44
00:02:57,044 --> 00:02:59,880
THEY WERE
WHOLE CITIES OF STARS --
45
00:02:59,913 --> 00:03:05,819
GALAXIES
WAY BEYOND THE MILKY WAY.
46
00:03:05,853 --> 00:03:08,756
ASTRONOMERS
HAD AN EXISTENTIAL SHOCK.
47
00:03:08,789 --> 00:03:10,858
IN ONE YEAR,
48
00:03:10,891 --> 00:03:14,962
WE WENT FROM THE UNIVERSE
BEING THE MILKY WAY GALAXY
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00:03:14,995 --> 00:03:18,932
TO A UNIVERSE
OF BILLIONS OF GALAXIES.
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00:03:22,570 --> 00:03:25,906
Narrator: HUBBLE HAD MADE
ONE OF THE GREATEST DISCOVERIES
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00:03:25,939 --> 00:03:27,675
IN THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY --
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00:03:27,708 --> 00:03:29,009
THE UNIVERSE CONTAINS
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00:03:29,042 --> 00:03:33,281
NOT JUST ONE
BUT A GREAT NUMBER OF GALAXIES.
54
00:03:35,082 --> 00:03:37,451
THIS IS THE WHIRLPOOL GALAXY.
55
00:03:37,485 --> 00:03:40,288
IT HAS TWO GIANT SPIRAL ARMS
56
00:03:40,288 --> 00:03:44,292
AND CONTAINS
AROUND 160 MILLION STARS.
57
00:03:47,461 --> 00:03:52,900
AND GALAXY M87,
A GIANT ELLIPTICAL GALAXY --
58
00:03:52,933 --> 00:03:56,203
IT'S ONE OF THE OLDEST
IN THE UNIVERSE,
59
00:03:56,304 --> 00:03:59,106
AND THE STARS GLOW GOLD.
60
00:04:05,679 --> 00:04:08,449
AND THIS IS THE SOMBRERO GALAXY.
61
00:04:08,482 --> 00:04:10,818
IT HAS A HUGE, GLOWING CORE
62
00:04:10,851 --> 00:04:14,622
WITH A RING OF GAS AND DUST
ALL AROUND IT.
63
00:04:17,758 --> 00:04:20,628
Dr. Kaku:
GALAXIES ARE GORGEOUS.
64
00:04:20,661 --> 00:04:22,530
THEY REPRESENT, IN SOME SENSE,
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00:04:22,563 --> 00:04:25,065
THE BASIC UNIT
OF THE UNIVERSE ITSELF.
66
00:04:25,098 --> 00:04:28,569
THEY'RE LIKE GIGANTIC PINWHEELS
TWIRLING IN OUTER SPACE.
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00:04:28,602 --> 00:04:32,340
IT'S LIKE FIREWORKS
CREATED BY MOTHER NATURE.
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00:04:35,776 --> 00:04:40,348
Narrator: GALAXIES ARE BIG --
REALLY, REALLY BIG.
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00:04:40,381 --> 00:04:43,351
ON EARTH,
WE MEASURE DISTANCE IN MILES.
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00:04:43,351 --> 00:04:48,422
IN SPACE,
ASTRONOMERS USE LIGHT-YEARS...
71
00:04:48,456 --> 00:04:52,192
THE DISTANCE LIGHT TRAVELS
IN A YEAR.
72
00:04:54,362 --> 00:04:58,999
THAT'S JUST UNDER
6 TRILLION MILES.
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00:04:59,032 --> 00:05:00,501
Dr. Krauss:
HERE WE ARE,
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00:05:00,534 --> 00:05:03,270
25,000 LIGHT-YEARS AWAY
FROM THE CENTER OF OUR GALAXY,
75
00:05:03,371 --> 00:05:07,007
AND OUR GALAXY IS
OVER 100,000 LIGHT-YEARS ACROSS.
76
00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:09,377
BUT EVEN THAT,
AS LARGE AS IT IS,
77
00:05:09,377 --> 00:05:12,446
IS KIND OF A SPECK
IN THE COSMIC-DISTANCE SCALE.
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00:05:12,480 --> 00:05:15,949
Narrator: OUR MILKY WAY GALAXY
MAY SEEM BIG TO US,
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00:05:15,983 --> 00:05:18,486
BUT COMPARED TO SOME OTHERS
OUT THERE...
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00:05:20,120 --> 00:05:23,824
...IT'S ACTUALLY PRETTY SMALL.
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00:05:23,857 --> 00:05:26,960
ANDROMEDA,
OUR NEAREST GALACTIC NEIGHBOR,
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00:05:26,994 --> 00:05:29,697
IS OVER 200,000
LIGHT-YEARS ACROSS --
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00:05:29,730 --> 00:05:33,166
TWICE THE SIZE OF THE MILKY WAY.
84
00:05:33,200 --> 00:05:36,136
M87 IS THE LARGEST
ELLIPTICAL GALAXY
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00:05:36,169 --> 00:05:40,641
IN OUR OWN COSMIC BACKYARD,
AND MUCH BIGGER THAN ANDROMEDA.
86
00:05:43,110 --> 00:05:48,682
BUT M87 IS TINY
COMPARED TO THIS GIANT.
87
00:05:48,716 --> 00:05:51,719
6 MILLION LIGHT-YEARS ACROSS,
88
00:05:51,752 --> 00:05:57,558
IC 1011 IS THE BIGGEST GALAXY
EVER FOUND.
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00:05:57,591 --> 00:06:02,996
IT'S 60 TIMES LARGER
THAN OUR MILKY WAY.
90
00:06:03,030 --> 00:06:07,935
WE KNOW GALAXIES ARE BIG
AND THEY'RE EVERYWHERE,
91
00:06:07,968 --> 00:06:09,102
BUT WHY IS THAT?
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00:06:09,136 --> 00:06:11,739
Dr. Strauss:
ONE OF THE VERY BIG QUESTIONS
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00:06:11,772 --> 00:06:15,008
WE HAVE IN ASTROPHYSICS
IS WHERE GALAXIES COME FROM.
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00:06:15,042 --> 00:06:18,145
WE REALLY DON'T HAVE A COMPLETE
UNDERSTANDING OF THAT.
95
00:06:21,314 --> 00:06:24,251
THE UNIVERSE STARTED
IN WHAT WE CALL A BIG BANG,
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00:06:24,284 --> 00:06:26,820
AN EXTREMELY HOT
AND EXTREMELY DENSE PHASE
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00:06:26,854 --> 00:06:29,623
ABOUT 13.7 BILLION YEARS AGO.
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00:06:29,657 --> 00:06:32,460
WE KNOW THAT NOTHING
LIKE A GALAXY COULD HAVE EXISTED
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00:06:32,460 --> 00:06:33,694
AT THAT TIME.
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00:06:33,727 --> 00:06:36,630
SO GALAXIES MUST HAVE BEEN BORN,
THEY MUST HAVE FORMED,
101
00:06:36,664 --> 00:06:38,466
OUT OF THAT VERY EARLY UNIVERSE.
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00:06:38,499 --> 00:06:42,536
Narrator:
IT TAKES GRAVITY TO MAKE STARS
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00:06:42,570 --> 00:06:46,907
AND EVEN MORE GRAVITY TO PULL
STARS TOGETHER INTO GALAXIES.
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00:06:46,940 --> 00:06:48,709
THE FIRST STARS FORMED
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00:06:48,742 --> 00:06:52,112
JUST 200 MILLION YEARS
AFTER THE BIG BANG.
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00:06:52,145 --> 00:06:55,048
THEN GRAVITY
PULLED THEM TOGETHER,
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00:06:55,082 --> 00:06:57,350
BUILDING THE FIRST GALAXIES.
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00:06:59,553 --> 00:07:03,824
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE HAS
ALLOWED US TO PEER BACK IN TIME
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00:07:03,857 --> 00:07:06,059
TO ALMOST THE DAWN OF TIME...
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00:07:07,795 --> 00:07:11,865
...THE PERIOD WHEN GALAXIES
HAVE JUST BEGUN TO FORM.
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00:07:11,899 --> 00:07:15,335
Narrator: THE HUBBLE SEES
LOTS OF GALAXIES.
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00:07:15,368 --> 00:07:18,772
BUT THE LIGHT WE SEE TODAY
FROM THOSE GALAXIES
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00:07:18,806 --> 00:07:24,377
LEFT THERE THOUSANDS, MILLIONS,
EVEN BILLIONS OF YEARS AGO.
114
00:07:24,411 --> 00:07:27,214
IT'S TAKEN ALL THAT TIME
TO REACH US,
115
00:07:27,247 --> 00:07:29,617
SO WHAT WE SEE TODAY
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00:07:29,650 --> 00:07:33,987
IS THE ANCIENT HISTORY
OF THOSE GALAXIES.
117
00:07:34,021 --> 00:07:35,856
WHEN WE LOOK
AT THE HUBBLE DEEP FIELD,
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00:07:35,889 --> 00:07:37,324
WHAT WE SEE ARE LITTLE SMUDGES.
119
00:07:37,357 --> 00:07:39,760
THEY DON'T LOOK MUCH LIKE
THE GALAXIES WE SEE TODAY.
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00:07:39,793 --> 00:07:42,596
THEY'RE JUST
LITTLE SMUDGES OF LIGHT
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00:07:42,630 --> 00:07:44,264
THAT WE CAN BARELY DISCERN.
122
00:07:44,297 --> 00:07:47,835
THOSE SMUDGES OF LIGHT CONTAIN
MILLIONS OR BILLIONS OF STARS
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00:07:47,868 --> 00:07:50,303
THAT HAVE JUST BEGUN
TO MERGE TOGETHER.
124
00:07:50,337 --> 00:07:53,006
Narrator:
THESE FAINT SMUDGES
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00:07:53,040 --> 00:07:56,009
ARE THE EARLIEST GALAXIES
OF ALL.
126
00:07:56,043 --> 00:07:57,711
THEY WERE FORMED
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00:07:57,745 --> 00:08:03,551
AROUND ONE BILLION YEARS AFTER
THE BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE.
128
00:08:03,584 --> 00:08:06,820
BUT THAT'S AS FAR BACK
AS HUBBLE CAN SEE.
129
00:08:06,854 --> 00:08:09,256
IF WE WANT
TO GO EVEN FURTHER BACK IN TIME,
130
00:08:09,289 --> 00:08:12,192
WE NEED A DIFFERENT KIND
OF TELESCOPE --
131
00:08:12,225 --> 00:08:15,028
ONE TOO BIG
TO LAUNCH INTO SPACE.
132
00:08:20,634 --> 00:08:25,973
WELL, NOW WE HAVE ONE, IN THE
HIGH DESERT OF NORTHERN CHILE.
133
00:08:26,006 --> 00:08:32,079
THIS IS ACT,
THE ATACAMA COSMOLOGY TELESCOPE.
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00:08:32,112 --> 00:08:34,447
AT 17,000 FEET,
135
00:08:34,481 --> 00:08:39,186
IT'S THE HIGHEST GROUND-BASED
TELESCOPE IN THE WORLD.
136
00:08:42,723 --> 00:08:45,092
Dr. Staggs:
I REALLY LIKE WORKING
137
00:08:45,125 --> 00:08:47,595
IN THE EXTREME ENVIRONMENT
OF ACT.
138
00:08:47,595 --> 00:08:52,600
IT'S VERY, VERY COLD OFTEN,
AND THE WIND BLOWS VIOLENTLY.
139
00:08:52,600 --> 00:08:55,669
BUT THE GOOD THING ABOUT IT
FROM OUR POINT OF VIEW
140
00:08:55,703 --> 00:08:59,206
IS THAT THE SKY IS VERY,
VERY CLEAR ALMOST ALL THE TIME.
141
00:09:01,041 --> 00:09:03,010
Narrator:
CLEAR SKIES ARE IMPORTANT
142
00:09:03,043 --> 00:09:07,848
FOR ACT's PRECISE MIRRORS TO
FOCUS ON THE EARLIEST GALAXIES.
143
00:09:10,017 --> 00:09:13,787
WITH ACT, WE'RE ABLE TO ZOOM IN
WITH UNPRECEDENTED DETAIL
144
00:09:13,821 --> 00:09:16,156
ON PARTS OF THE SKY.
145
00:09:16,189 --> 00:09:20,127
WE CAN ALSO STUDY THE PROGRESS
OF GROWTH OF STRUCTURES,
146
00:09:20,160 --> 00:09:22,062
WHERE STRUCTURES
ARE THINGS LIKE GALAXIES
147
00:09:22,095 --> 00:09:23,230
AND CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES,
148
00:09:23,263 --> 00:09:27,434
WITH A VERY FINE-SCALE DETAIL.
149
00:09:27,467 --> 00:09:31,004
Narrator: ACT DOESN'T DETECT
VISIBLE LIGHT.
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00:09:31,038 --> 00:09:33,874
IT DETECTS COSMIC MICROWAVES
FROM THE TIME
151
00:09:33,907 --> 00:09:37,510
THE UNIVERSE WAS JUST A FEW
HUNDRED THOUSAND YEARS OLD.
152
00:09:39,079 --> 00:09:42,549
THE TELESCOPE NOT ONLY DETECTS
EARLY GALAXIES --
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00:09:42,650 --> 00:09:46,119
IT ACTUALLY SEES HOW THEY GREW.
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00:09:46,153 --> 00:09:47,888
WE'RE ABLE TO TRACK THE PROGRESS
155
00:09:47,921 --> 00:09:50,991
OF THE FORMATIONS OF GALAXIES
AND CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES.
156
00:09:51,024 --> 00:09:55,663
WE SEE THE FOOTPRINTS OF ALL
THE GALAXIES THAT HAVE GROWN
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00:09:55,696 --> 00:09:57,665
IN THE TIME
BETWEEN WHEN THE UNIVERSE WAS
158
00:09:57,665 --> 00:09:59,667
A FEW HUNDRED THOUSAND YEARS OLD
TILL NOW.
159
00:10:01,401 --> 00:10:04,404
Narrator: ACT HAS HELPED
ASTRONOMERS UNDERSTAND
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00:10:04,437 --> 00:10:06,173
HOW GALAXIES HAVE EVOLVED
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00:10:06,206 --> 00:10:09,810
SINCE ALMOST
THE BEGINNING OF TIME ITSELF.
162
00:10:11,344 --> 00:10:13,647
Dr. Strauss: AND WE CAN START
ANSWERING THE QUESTION,
163
00:10:13,681 --> 00:10:16,784
WHAT DID GALAXIES LOOK LIKE
WHEN THEY WERE YOUNG?
164
00:10:16,817 --> 00:10:19,753
HOW DID THEY COMPARE
WITH MODERN
165
00:10:19,787 --> 00:10:21,154
HOW HAVE THEY GROWN?
166
00:10:23,924 --> 00:10:26,927
Narrator: ASTRONOMERS ARE SEEING
HOW GALAXIES EVOLVE
167
00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:29,629
FROM GROUPS OF STARS
168
00:10:29,663 --> 00:10:32,265
INTO THE PATCHWORK OF SYSTEMS
WE SEE TODAY.
169
00:10:32,299 --> 00:10:35,435
OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING
IS THAT STARS FORM CLUSTERS
170
00:10:35,468 --> 00:10:37,004
THAT BUILD INTO GALAXIES
171
00:10:37,037 --> 00:10:39,472
THAT BUILD
INTO CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES
172
00:10:39,506 --> 00:10:41,308
THAT BUILD
INTO SUPERCLUSTERS OF GALAXIES,
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00:10:41,341 --> 00:10:43,777
THE LARGEST STRUCTURES WE
OBSERVE IN THE UNIVERSE TODAY.
174
00:10:43,811 --> 00:10:47,347
Narrator:
EARLY GALAXIES WERE A MESS --
175
00:10:47,380 --> 00:10:51,518
LUMPY BUNCHES
OF STARS, GAS, AND DUST.
176
00:10:51,551 --> 00:10:55,455
BUT TODAY
GALAXIES LOOK NEAT AND ORDERLY.
177
00:10:55,488 --> 00:10:58,926
SO, HOW DO MESSY GALAXIES
TRANSFORM
178
00:10:58,959 --> 00:11:01,962
INTO BEAUTIFUL SPIRALS
AND PINWHEELS?
179
00:11:01,995 --> 00:11:04,464
THE ANSWER IS GRAVITY.
180
00:11:04,497 --> 00:11:08,736
GRAVITY SHAPES GALAXIES
AND CONTROLS THEIR FUTURE.
181
00:11:14,041 --> 00:11:16,744
THERE IS
AN UNIMAGINABLY POWERFUL
182
00:11:16,744 --> 00:11:20,080
AND INCREDIBLY DESTRUCTIVE
SOURCE OF GRAVITY
183
00:11:20,113 --> 00:11:22,883
AT THE HEART
OF MOST GALAXIES.
184
00:11:25,786 --> 00:11:32,059
AND THERE'S ONE BURIED DEEP AT
THE CENTER OF OUR OWN MILKY WAY.
185
00:11:42,770 --> 00:11:46,673
Narrator: GALAXIES HAVE EXISTED
FOR OVER 12 BILLION YEARS.
186
00:11:48,776 --> 00:11:51,812
WE KNOW
THESE VAST EMPIRES OF STARS
187
00:11:51,845 --> 00:11:53,847
COME IN ALL SHAPES AND SIZES,
188
00:11:53,881 --> 00:11:58,786
FROM SWIRLING SPIRALS
TO HUGE BALLS OF STARS.
189
00:11:58,786 --> 00:12:03,156
BUT THERE'S STILL A LOT
ABOUT GALAXIES WE DON'T KNOW.
190
00:12:03,190 --> 00:12:05,793
HOW DID GALAXIES COME TO HAVE
THE SHAPES THEY DO?
191
00:12:05,793 --> 00:12:08,328
WAS A SPIRAL GALAXY
ALWAYS A SPIRAL GALAXY?
192
00:12:08,361 --> 00:12:10,497
THE ANSWER
IS ALMOST CERTAINLY NO.
193
00:12:12,399 --> 00:12:15,936
Narrator: VERY YOUNG GALAXIES
ARE MESSY AND CHAOTIC,
194
00:12:15,969 --> 00:12:20,540
A JUMBLE
OF STARS, GAS, AND DUST.
195
00:12:20,573 --> 00:12:23,176
THEN, OVER BILLIONS OF YEARS,
196
00:12:23,210 --> 00:12:27,247
THEY EVOLVE
INTO NEAT, ORGANIZED STRUCTURES,
197
00:12:27,280 --> 00:12:30,984
LIKE THE WHIRLPOOL GALAXY...
198
00:12:31,018 --> 00:12:35,355
OR OUR OWN MILKY WAY.
199
00:12:35,388 --> 00:12:39,726
OUR MILKY WAY BEGAN NOT AS
A SINGLE BABY GALAXY, BUT MANY.
200
00:12:39,827 --> 00:12:41,428
WHAT IS NOW OUR MILKY WAY
201
00:12:41,461 --> 00:12:44,832
WAS ONCE COMPRISED
OF LOTS OF SMALL STRUCTURES,
202
00:12:44,865 --> 00:12:49,202
IRREGULARLY SHAPED OBJECTS
THAT BEGAN TO MERGE.
203
00:12:49,236 --> 00:12:52,472
Narrator: THE THING THAT PULLS
THE SMALL STRUCTURES TOGETHER
204
00:12:52,505 --> 00:12:53,974
IS GRAVITY.
205
00:12:54,007 --> 00:12:57,911
GRADUALLY,
IT PULLS STARS INWARD.
206
00:12:57,945 --> 00:13:01,381
THEY BEGIN SPINNING
FASTER AND FASTER
207
00:13:01,414 --> 00:13:05,085
AND FLATTEN INTO A DISK.
208
00:13:05,118 --> 00:13:07,587
STARS AND GAS ARE SWEPT
209
00:13:07,620 --> 00:13:11,624
INTO HUGE SPIRAL ARMS.
210
00:13:11,658 --> 00:13:15,863
THIS PROCESS WAS REPEATED
BILLIONS AND BILLIONS OF TIMES
211
00:13:15,863 --> 00:13:19,066
ACROSS THE UNIVERSE.
212
00:13:21,634 --> 00:13:24,504
EACH OF THESE GALAXIES
LOOKS DIFFERENT,
213
00:13:24,537 --> 00:13:27,407
BUT THEY DO HAVE
ONE THING IN COMMON --
214
00:13:27,440 --> 00:13:31,644
THEY ALL SEEM TO ORBIT
SOMETHING AT THEIR CENTER.
215
00:13:34,147 --> 00:13:36,449
FOR YEARS, SCIENTISTS WONDERED
216
00:13:36,483 --> 00:13:41,088
WHAT COULD BE POWERFUL ENOUGH
TO CHANGE HOW A GALAXY BEHAVES.
217
00:13:41,121 --> 00:13:45,125
THEY FOUND OUT -- A BLACK HOLE.
218
00:13:45,158 --> 00:13:48,461
AND NOT JUST
ANY KIND OF BLACK HOLE --
219
00:13:48,495 --> 00:13:51,731
A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
220
00:13:54,234 --> 00:13:57,037
THE FIRST CLUE THAT
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES EXISTED
221
00:13:57,070 --> 00:13:59,272
WAS THAT AT THE HEART
OF SOME GALAXIES,
222
00:13:59,306 --> 00:14:01,341
THERE WAS
AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OF ENERGY
223
00:14:01,374 --> 00:14:02,910
EMANATING OUT FROM THE CENTER.
224
00:14:02,910 --> 00:14:06,513
WHAT WE'RE SEEING IS THE BLACK
HOLES IN THESE GALAXIES
225
00:14:06,546 --> 00:14:09,182
FEASTING ON THE MATERIAL
AROUND THEM,
226
00:14:09,216 --> 00:14:13,020
SO IT'S LIKE HAVING
A HUGE THANKSGIVING DINNER.
227
00:14:13,053 --> 00:14:16,523
Narrator:
THE MEAL IS GAS AND STARS,
228
00:14:16,556 --> 00:14:21,161
AND IT'S BEING EATEN
BY THE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
229
00:14:21,194 --> 00:14:25,598
WHEN BLACK HOLES EAT,
THEY SOMETIMES EAT TOO FAST
230
00:14:25,632 --> 00:14:28,435
AND SPIT THEIR DINNER
BACK OUT INTO SPACE
231
00:14:28,468 --> 00:14:31,638
IN BEAMS OF PURE ENERGY.
232
00:14:34,441 --> 00:14:36,776
IT'S CALLED A QUASAR.
233
00:14:40,948 --> 00:14:44,784
WHEN SCIENTISTS SEE A QUASAR
BLASTING FROM A GALAXY,
234
00:14:44,817 --> 00:14:47,854
THEY KNOW IT HAS
A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
235
00:14:51,959 --> 00:14:57,030
BUT WHAT ABOUT OUR GALAXY?
THERE'S NO QUASAR HERE.
236
00:14:58,765 --> 00:15:03,603
DOES THAT MEAN THERE'S
NO SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE?
237
00:15:03,636 --> 00:15:05,872
ANDREA GHEZ AND HER TEAM
238
00:15:05,973 --> 00:15:10,310
HAVE SPENT THE LAST 15 YEARS
TRYING TO FIND OUT.
239
00:15:10,343 --> 00:15:12,079
Dr. Ghez:
SO, THE KEY TO DISCOVERING
240
00:15:12,112 --> 00:15:15,882
A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE
AT THE CENTER OF OUR MILKY WAY
241
00:15:15,983 --> 00:15:17,850
IS TO WATCH HOW THE STARS MOVE.
242
00:15:17,884 --> 00:15:20,420
THE STARS MOVE
BECAUSE OF THE GRAVITY,
243
00:15:20,453 --> 00:15:23,056
JUST LIKE THE PLANETS
ORBITING THE SUN.
244
00:15:23,090 --> 00:15:27,027
Narrator: BUT THE STARS CLOSEST
TO THE CENTER OF THE GALAXY
245
00:15:27,060 --> 00:15:28,996
ARE HIDDEN BY CLOUDS OF DUST.
246
00:15:29,029 --> 00:15:33,333
SO GHEZ USED THE GIANT
KECK TELESCOPE IN HAWAII
247
00:15:33,366 --> 00:15:36,236
TO LOOK THROUGH THE CLOUDS.
248
00:15:36,269 --> 00:15:41,241
WHAT SHE SAW WAS A STRANGE
AND BRUTAL PLACE.
249
00:15:41,274 --> 00:15:43,376
Dr. Ghez:
EVERYTHING IS MORE EXTREME
250
00:15:43,410 --> 00:15:44,911
AT THE CENTER OF OUR GALAXY.
251
00:15:45,012 --> 00:15:46,379
THINGS MOVE REALLY FAST.
252
00:15:46,413 --> 00:15:50,517
STARS ARE GONNA BE
WHIZZING BY ONE ANOTHER.
253
00:15:50,550 --> 00:15:52,352
IT'S WINDY.
IT'S VIOLENT.
254
00:15:52,385 --> 00:15:55,022
IT'S UNLIKE
ANYPLACE ELSE IN OUR GALAXY.
255
00:15:58,025 --> 00:16:01,228
Narrator: GHEZ AND HER TEAM
BEGAN TO TAKE PICTURES
256
00:16:01,261 --> 00:16:06,133
OF A FEW STARS
ORBITING NEAR THE CENTER.
257
00:16:06,166 --> 00:16:08,601
Dr. Ghez: THE TASK HAS BEEN
TO MAKE A MOVIE
258
00:16:08,635 --> 00:16:10,103
OF THE STARS AT THE CENTER,
259
00:16:10,137 --> 00:16:11,538
AND SO YOU HAVE TO BE PATIENT,
260
00:16:11,571 --> 00:16:14,241
BECAUSE YOU TAKE A PICTURE,
AND THEN YOU TAKE ANOTHER ONE,
261
00:16:14,274 --> 00:16:15,275
AND YOU SEE IT MOVE.
262
00:16:17,244 --> 00:16:19,812
Narrator: THE PICTURES
OF THE ORBITING STARS
263
00:16:19,846 --> 00:16:21,814
REVEALED SOMETHING AMAZING.
264
00:16:23,650 --> 00:16:28,721
THEY WERE MOVING AT
SEVERAL MILLION MILES AN HOUR.
265
00:16:28,755 --> 00:16:31,324
Dr. Ghez:
WHEN WE HAD THE SECOND PICTURE
266
00:16:31,358 --> 00:16:34,427
WAS THE MOST EXCITING POINT
IN THIS EXPERIMENT,
267
00:16:34,461 --> 00:16:39,432
BECAUSE IT WAS CLEAR TO US THAT
THESE STARS WERE MOVING SO FAST
268
00:16:39,466 --> 00:16:42,835
THAT THE SUPERMASSIVE-BLACK-HOLE
HYPOTHESIS HAD TO BE RIGHT.
269
00:16:45,105 --> 00:16:47,307
Narrator:
AND IT WAS RIGHT.
270
00:16:47,340 --> 00:16:50,410
GHEZ AND HER TEAM TRACKED
THE MOVEMENT OF THE STARS
271
00:16:50,443 --> 00:16:52,912
AND PINPOINTED
WHAT THEY WERE ORBITING.
272
00:16:54,881 --> 00:16:57,484
THERE'S ONLY ONE THING
POWERFUL ENOUGH
273
00:16:57,517 --> 00:17:00,120
TO SLING BIG STARS AROUND
LIKE THAT --
274
00:17:00,153 --> 00:17:02,355
A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
275
00:17:02,389 --> 00:17:05,258
Dr. Ghez: IT'S THE GRAVITY
OF THE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE
276
00:17:05,292 --> 00:17:07,327
THAT MAKES THESE STARS ORBIT,
277
00:17:07,360 --> 00:17:09,729
SO THE CURVATURE
WAS THE DEFINITIVE PROOF
278
00:17:09,762 --> 00:17:12,932
OF A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE
AT THE CENTER OF OUR GALAXY.
279
00:17:12,965 --> 00:17:17,270
Narrator: THE BLACK HOLE
AT THE CENTER OF THE MILKY WAY
280
00:17:17,304 --> 00:17:22,409
IS GIGANTIC --
15 MILLION MILES ACROSS.
281
00:17:22,442 --> 00:17:25,845
SO, IS EARTH IN ANY DANGER?
282
00:17:25,878 --> 00:17:27,814
WE ARE IN ABSOLUTELY NO DANGER
283
00:17:27,847 --> 00:17:31,118
OF BEING SUCKED INTO
OUR SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
284
00:17:31,118 --> 00:17:32,785
IT'S SIMPLY TOO FAR AWAY.
285
00:17:36,456 --> 00:17:40,460
Narrator: IN FACT, THE EARTH
IS 25,000 LIGHT-YEARS AWAY
286
00:17:40,493 --> 00:17:44,797
FROM THE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE
AT THE CENTER OF THE MILKY WAY.
287
00:17:44,831 --> 00:17:48,435
THAT'S MANY TRILLIONS OF MILES.
288
00:17:48,468 --> 00:17:51,871
THE EARTH IS SAFE -- FOR NOW.
289
00:17:59,146 --> 00:18:01,381
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES MAY BE
290
00:18:01,414 --> 00:18:04,251
THE SOURCE
OF HUGE AMOUNTS OF GRAVITY,
291
00:18:04,284 --> 00:18:08,588
BUT THEY DON'T HAVE ENOUGH POWER
TO HOLD GALAXIES TOGETHER.
292
00:18:08,621 --> 00:18:11,524
IN FACT, ACCORDING TO
THE LAWS OF PHYSICS,
293
00:18:11,558 --> 00:18:13,593
GALAXIES SHOULD FLY APART.
294
00:18:16,163 --> 00:18:17,630
SO WHY DON'T THEY?
295
00:18:17,664 --> 00:18:20,633
BECAUSE THERE'S SOMETHING
OUT THERE
296
00:18:20,667 --> 00:18:25,071
EVEN MORE POWERFUL
THAN A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
297
00:18:25,172 --> 00:18:29,976
IT CAN'T BE SEEN, AND IT'S
VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO DETECT.
298
00:18:30,009 --> 00:18:34,947
IT'S CALLED DARK MATTER,
AND IT'S EVERYWHERE.
299
00:18:44,524 --> 00:18:46,793
Narrator:
ASTRONOMERS HAVE FIGURED OUT
300
00:18:46,826 --> 00:18:50,197
THAT SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES
LIVE AT THE HEART OF GALAXIES
301
00:18:50,197 --> 00:18:53,733
AND PULL STARS
AT INCREDIBLE SPEEDS.
302
00:18:53,766 --> 00:18:56,068
BUT THEY'RE NOT STRONG ENOUGH
303
00:18:56,102 --> 00:19:01,040
TO HOLD ALL THE STARS
IN A GIGANTIC GALAXY TOGETHER.
304
00:19:01,208 --> 00:19:05,212
SO, WHAT DOES
HOLD THEM TOGETHER?
305
00:19:05,245 --> 00:19:06,479
IT WAS A MYSTERY
306
00:19:06,513 --> 00:19:09,682
UNTIL A MAVERICK SCIENTIST
CAME UP WITH THE IDEA
307
00:19:09,716 --> 00:19:14,554
THAT SOMETHING UNKNOWN
WAS AT WORK.
308
00:19:14,587 --> 00:19:18,691
BACK IN THE 1930s,
SWISS ASTRONOMER FRITZ ZWICKY
309
00:19:18,725 --> 00:19:24,597
WONDERED WHY GALAXIES
STAYED TOGETHER IN GROUPS.
310
00:19:24,631 --> 00:19:27,967
BY HIS CALCULATIONS, THEY DIDN'T
GENERATE ENOUGH GRAVITY,
311
00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:32,239
SO THEY SHOULD FLY
AWAY FROM EACH OTHER.
312
00:19:32,272 --> 00:19:35,742
AND SO HE SAID, "WELL, I KNOW
THAT THEY HAVEN'T FLOWN APART.
313
00:19:35,775 --> 00:19:38,745
"I SEE THEM ALL
GATHERED TOGETHER IN
THIS NICE COLLECTION.
314
00:19:38,778 --> 00:19:42,515
THEREFORE, SOMETHING
MUST BE HOLDING THEM IN PLACE."
315
00:19:42,549 --> 00:19:45,818
BUT OUR OWN GRAVITY
WAS JUST NOT STRONG ENOUGH.
316
00:19:45,852 --> 00:19:47,287
AND SO HE CONCLUDED
317
00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:49,789
THAT IT MUST BE SOMETHING WHICH
NOBODY HAD DETECTED BEFORE,
318
00:19:49,822 --> 00:19:52,992
NOBODY HAD THOUGHT ABOUT, AND HE
GAVE IT THIS NAME, DARK MATTER.
319
00:19:53,025 --> 00:19:56,028
AND THIS IS REALLY
A STROKE OF GENIUS.
320
00:19:58,531 --> 00:20:02,068
FRITZ ZWICKY
WAS DECADES AHEAD OF HIS TIME,
321
00:20:02,101 --> 00:20:06,138
AND THAT'S WHY HE GRATED
ON THE ASTRONOMICAL COMMUNITY.
322
00:20:06,172 --> 00:20:08,441
BUT, YOU KNOW, HE WAS RIGHT.
323
00:20:12,044 --> 00:20:14,581
Narrator: IF WHAT ZWICKY CALLED
DARK MATTER
324
00:20:14,614 --> 00:20:16,483
HELD GALAXIES TOGETHER
IN GROUPS,
325
00:20:16,516 --> 00:20:21,288
PERHAPS IT ALSO HOLDS
INDIVIDUAL GALAXIES TOGETHER.
326
00:20:21,321 --> 00:20:25,958
TO FIND OUT, SCIENTISTS BUILT
VIRTUAL GALAXIES IN COMPUTERS
327
00:20:25,992 --> 00:20:29,262
WITH VIRTUAL STARS
AND VIRTUAL GRAVITY.
328
00:20:29,296 --> 00:20:31,398
WE DID A SIMULATION
329
00:20:31,431 --> 00:20:37,169
WHERE WE PUT A LOT OF PARTICLES
IN ORBIT IN A FLAT DISK,
330
00:20:37,203 --> 00:20:39,872
WHICH WAS JUST LIKE
THE PICTURE OF OUR GALAXY.
331
00:20:39,906 --> 00:20:43,576
AND WE EXPECTED TO FIND THAT
WE GET A PERFECTLY GOOD GALAXY,
332
00:20:43,610 --> 00:20:47,113
AND WE WERE LOOKING TO SEE
IF IT HAD A SPIRAL OR WHATNOT.
333
00:20:47,146 --> 00:20:50,249
BUT WE FOUND
IT ALWAYS CAME APART.
334
00:20:50,283 --> 00:20:52,885
Narrator: THERE JUST WASN'T
ENOUGH GRAVITY IN THE GALAXY
335
00:20:52,919 --> 00:20:54,354
TO HOLD IT TOGETHER.
336
00:20:54,387 --> 00:20:58,090
SO OSTRIKER THEN ADDED
EXTRA GRAVITY,
337
00:20:58,124 --> 00:21:00,527
FROM VIRTUAL DARK MATTER.
338
00:21:00,560 --> 00:21:02,329
IT SEEMED LIKE
A NATURAL THING TO TRY.
339
00:21:02,329 --> 00:21:04,063
AND IT SOLVED THE PROBLEM.
IT FIXED IT.
340
00:21:05,732 --> 00:21:10,537
Narrator: GRAVITY FROM DARK
MATTER HELD THE GALAXY TOGETHER.
341
00:21:10,570 --> 00:21:12,339
Dr. Benson:
DARK MATTER ACTS
342
00:21:12,339 --> 00:21:15,041
AS A SORT OF PROTECTIVE
SCAFFOLDING FOR GALAXIES
343
00:21:15,074 --> 00:21:17,810
THAT REALLY HOLDS THEM UP
AND HOLDS THEM IN PLACE
344
00:21:17,844 --> 00:21:20,012
AND PREVENTS THEM
FROM FALLING APART.
345
00:21:20,046 --> 00:21:22,982
Narrator:
NOW SCIENTISTS ARE DISCOVERING
346
00:21:23,015 --> 00:21:26,886
THAT DARK MATTER DOESN'T JUST
HOLD GALAXIES TOGETHER --
347
00:21:26,919 --> 00:21:30,156
IT MIGHT HAVE SPARKED THEM
INTO LIFE.
348
00:21:30,189 --> 00:21:33,192
Dr. Kaku: WE THINK
THAT DARK MATTER WAS CREATED
349
00:21:33,225 --> 00:21:34,527
OUT OF THE BIG BANG,
350
00:21:34,561 --> 00:21:36,796
AND DARK MATTER BEGAN TO CLUMP,
351
00:21:36,829 --> 00:21:39,532
AND THESE CLUMPINGS
OF DARK MATTER
352
00:21:39,566 --> 00:21:43,636
EVENTUALLY BECAME THE NUCLEI,
THE SEEDS, FOR OUR GALAXY.
353
00:21:43,670 --> 00:21:46,473
Narrator: BUT SCIENTISTS
STILL HAVE NO IDEA
354
00:21:46,506 --> 00:21:49,175
WHAT DARK MATTER ACTUALLY IS.
355
00:21:49,208 --> 00:21:52,078
DARK MATTER IS WEIRD BECAUSE
WE DON'T UNDERSTAND IT AT ALL.
356
00:21:52,111 --> 00:21:54,146
IT'S CLEARLY
NOT MADE OF THE SAME STUFF
357
00:21:54,180 --> 00:21:55,515
THAT YOU AND I ARE MADE OF.
358
00:21:55,548 --> 00:21:58,250
YOU CAN'T PUSH AGAINST IT.
YOU CAN'T FEEL IT.
359
00:21:58,284 --> 00:22:00,152
YET IT'S PROBABLY ALL AROUND US.
360
00:22:00,186 --> 00:22:02,389
IT'S A GHOSTLIKE MATERIAL
361
00:22:02,422 --> 00:22:07,159
THAT WILL PASS RIGHT THROUGH YOU
AS IF YOU DIDN'T EXIST AT ALL.
362
00:22:10,229 --> 00:22:13,065
Narrator: WE MIGHT NOT KNOW
MUCH ABOUT DARK MATTER,
363
00:22:13,099 --> 00:22:17,937
BUT THE UNIVERSE IS FULL OF IT.
364
00:22:17,970 --> 00:22:20,707
SO, THE DARK MATTER,
WEIGHT-FOR-WEIGHT,
365
00:22:20,740 --> 00:22:24,143
MAKES UP AT LEAST SIX TIMES
AS MUCH OF THE UNIVERSE
366
00:22:24,176 --> 00:22:27,313
AS DOES NORMAL MATTER, THE STUFF
THAT WE'RE ALL MADE FROM.
367
00:22:27,414 --> 00:22:28,815
AND WITHOUT IT,
368
00:22:28,848 --> 00:22:32,184
THE UNIVERSE JUST WOULDN'T WORK
THE WAY THAT IT SEEMS TO WORK.
369
00:22:32,218 --> 00:22:33,986
Narrator:
BUT THE UNIVERSE DOES WORK,
370
00:22:34,020 --> 00:22:39,125
SO MAYBE DARK MATTER IS REAL.
371
00:22:39,158 --> 00:22:40,493
STRANGE STUFF,
372
00:22:40,527 --> 00:22:44,731
AND RECENTLY, IT'S BEEN DETECTED
IN DEEP SPACE --
373
00:22:44,764 --> 00:22:49,669
NOT DIRECTLY BUT BY OBSERVING
WHAT IT DOES TO LIGHT.
374
00:22:49,702 --> 00:22:55,442
IT BENDS IT IN A PROCESS
CALLED GRAVITATIONAL LENSING.
375
00:22:55,442 --> 00:22:58,711
GRAVITATIONAL LENSING
REALLY ALLOWS US TO TEST
376
00:22:58,745 --> 00:23:00,713
THE PRESENCE OF DARK MATTER.
377
00:23:00,747 --> 00:23:02,982
AND THE WAY THAT WORKS IS THAT,
378
00:23:03,015 --> 00:23:05,452
AS A BEAM OF LIGHT
FROM SOME DISTANT GALAXY
379
00:23:05,452 --> 00:23:06,753
IS TRAVELING TOWARDS US,
380
00:23:06,786 --> 00:23:09,489
IF IT PASSES BY A LARGE
COLLECTION OF DARK MATTER,
381
00:23:09,522 --> 00:23:12,258
ITS PATH WILL BE DEFLECTED
AROUND THAT DARK MATTER
382
00:23:12,291 --> 00:23:13,726
BY THE GRAVITATIONAL PULL.
383
00:23:16,095 --> 00:23:18,598
Narrator:
WHEN THE HUBBLE TELESCOPE LOOKS
384
00:23:18,631 --> 00:23:19,999
DEEP INTO THE UNIVERSE,
385
00:23:20,032 --> 00:23:23,770
SOME GALAXIES DO SEEM
DISTORTED AND STRETCHED.
386
00:23:25,705 --> 00:23:29,942
THAT'S CAUSED BY THE DARK
MATTER, WHICH WARPS THE IMAGE.
387
00:23:29,976 --> 00:23:33,980
IT'S SORT OF LIKE
LOOKING THROUGH A GOLDFISH BOWL.
388
00:23:34,013 --> 00:23:36,583
Dr. Benson: BY PROBING
THE SHAPES OF THOSE GALAXIES
389
00:23:36,616 --> 00:23:38,150
AND THE DEGREE OF DISTORTION,
390
00:23:38,184 --> 00:23:40,487
WE CAN REALLY MEASURE
VERY ACCURATELY
391
00:23:40,487 --> 00:23:42,855
THE AMOUNT OF DARK MATTER
THAT'S THERE.
392
00:23:45,558 --> 00:23:47,093
Narrator:
IT'S CLEAR NOW
393
00:23:47,126 --> 00:23:50,129
THAT DARK MATTER IS A VITAL
INGREDIENT OF THE UNIVERSE.
394
00:23:52,198 --> 00:23:55,034
IT'S BEEN WORKING
SINCE THE DAWN OF TIME
395
00:23:55,067 --> 00:23:59,506
AND AFFECTS
EVERYTHING EVERYWHERE.
396
00:23:59,539 --> 00:24:02,575
IT TRIGGERS
THE BIRTH OF GALAXIES
397
00:24:02,609 --> 00:24:06,579
AND KEEPS THEM
FROM FALLING APART.
398
00:24:06,613 --> 00:24:09,682
WE CAN'T SEE IT OR DETECT IT,
399
00:24:09,716 --> 00:24:15,755
BUT, NEVERTHELESS, DARK MATTER
IS THE MASTER OF THE UNIVERSE.
400
00:24:26,298 --> 00:24:29,168
Narrator:
GALAXIES LOOK ISOLATED.
401
00:24:29,201 --> 00:24:32,539
IT'S TRUE -- THEY ARE
TRILLIONS OF MILES APART.
402
00:24:32,539 --> 00:24:36,543
BUT, ACTUALLY, THEY LIVE
IN GROUPS CALLED CLUSTERS.
403
00:24:38,611 --> 00:24:42,414
AND THESE CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES
ARE LINKED TOGETHER
404
00:24:42,448 --> 00:24:46,853
IN SUPERCLUSTERS, CONTAINING
TENS OF THOUSANDS OF GALAXIES.
405
00:24:46,886 --> 00:24:50,623
SO, WHERE DOES
OUR MILKY WAY GALAXY FIT IN?
406
00:24:50,657 --> 00:24:53,292
Dr. Kaku: IF YOU TAKE A LOOK
AT THE BIG PICTURE,
407
00:24:53,325 --> 00:24:55,227
YOU REALIZE THAT OUR GALAXY
408
00:24:55,261 --> 00:24:58,698
IS PART OF A LOCAL GROUP
OF GALAXIES, PERHAPS 30,
409
00:24:58,731 --> 00:25:01,200
AND OUR GALAXY AND ANDROMEDA
410
00:25:01,233 --> 00:25:05,337
ARE THE TWO BIGGEST GALAXIES
IN THIS LOCAL GROUP.
411
00:25:05,371 --> 00:25:07,940
BUT IF YOU LOOK
EVEN FARTHER OUT,
412
00:25:07,974 --> 00:25:13,212
WE ARE PART OF THE
VIRGO SUPERCLUSTER OF GALAXIES.
413
00:25:13,245 --> 00:25:15,147
Narrator:
SCIENTISTS ARE NOW MAPPING
414
00:25:15,181 --> 00:25:17,116
THE OVERALL STRUCTURE
OF THE UNIVERSE
415
00:25:17,149 --> 00:25:21,621
AND THE POSITION OF CLUSTERS
AND SUPERCLUSTERS OF GALAXIES.
416
00:25:25,758 --> 00:25:29,862
THIS IS APACHE POINT OBSERVATORY
IN NEW MEXICO,
417
00:25:29,896 --> 00:25:34,066
HOME TO THE SLOAN
DIGITAL SKY SURVEY, OR SDSS.
418
00:25:36,468 --> 00:25:39,806
IT'S A SMALL TELESCOPE
WITH A BIG PRICE TAG,
419
00:25:39,839 --> 00:25:41,941
AND IT HAS A UNIQUE MISSION.
420
00:25:51,350 --> 00:25:56,488
SDSS IS BUILDING THE FIRST
3-D MAP OF THE NIGHT SKY,
421
00:25:56,522 --> 00:25:59,992
A PROCESS THAT'S IDENTIFYING
THE EXACT POSITIONS
422
00:26:00,026 --> 00:26:04,631
OF TENS OF MILLIONS OF GALAXIES.
423
00:26:06,165 --> 00:26:10,202
TO DO IT,
SDSS GOES GALAXY HUNTING
424
00:26:10,236 --> 00:26:15,307
WAY OUT INTO SPACE,
FAR BEYOND OUR MILKY WAY.
425
00:26:15,341 --> 00:26:19,411
IT PINPOINTS
THE POSITIONS OF GALAXIES,
426
00:26:19,445 --> 00:26:23,683
AND THIS INFORMATION IS COPIED
ONTO ALUMINUM DISKS.
427
00:26:23,716 --> 00:26:27,887
Long: THESE ALUMINUM DISKS
ARE ABOUT 30 INCHES ACROSS,
428
00:26:27,920 --> 00:26:30,456
AND THEY HAVE 640 HOLES EACH,
429
00:26:30,489 --> 00:26:32,825
AND THESE HOLES CORRESPOND
430
00:26:32,859 --> 00:26:35,728
TO THE OBJECTS OF INTEREST
IN THE SKY.
431
00:26:35,762 --> 00:26:38,230
Narrator:
EACH OBJECT IS A GALAXY.
432
00:26:38,264 --> 00:26:41,033
LIGHT FROM THE GALAXY
IS CHANNELED THROUGH A HOLE
433
00:26:41,067 --> 00:26:43,703
AND DOWN A FIBEROPTIC CABLE.
434
00:26:43,736 --> 00:26:47,273
THIS METHOD RECORDS DATA
ON DISTANCE AND POSITION
435
00:26:47,306 --> 00:26:51,043
FROM THOUSANDS OF GALAXIES
AND PLOTS THEIR LOCATION IN 3-D.
436
00:26:51,077 --> 00:26:53,780
Long: IT'S TELLING US
ABOUT THEIR SHAPE.
437
00:26:53,813 --> 00:26:56,215
IT'S TELLING US
ABOUT THEIR MAKEUP.
438
00:26:56,248 --> 00:26:59,051
IT'S TELLING US
HOW THEY'RE DISTRIBUTED.
439
00:26:59,085 --> 00:27:01,320
AND ALL OF THIS
IS VERY IMPORTANT
440
00:27:01,353 --> 00:27:04,256
TO ASTRONOMY
AND UNDERSTANDING OUR UNIVERSE.
441
00:27:06,292 --> 00:27:08,928
Narrator: AND THIS
IS WHAT THEY'RE CREATING --
442
00:27:08,961 --> 00:27:12,198
THE BIGGEST 3-D MAP EVER.
443
00:27:15,567 --> 00:27:19,706
THE MAP IS SHOWING US THINGS
WE'VE NEVER SEEN BEFORE.
444
00:27:19,706 --> 00:27:25,244
IT SHOWS GALAXIES
IN CLUSTERS AND SUPERCLUSTERS...
445
00:27:25,277 --> 00:27:26,913
BUT PULL BACK EVEN MORE,
446
00:27:26,946 --> 00:27:30,349
AND WE SEE THAT THESE
SUPERCLUSTERS ARE CONNECTED
447
00:27:30,382 --> 00:27:34,821
INTO STRUCTURES
CALLED FILAMENTS.
448
00:27:34,854 --> 00:27:37,123
SDSS HAS FOUND ONE
449
00:27:37,156 --> 00:27:41,828
THAT'S 1.4 BILLION
LIGHT-YEARS ACROSS.
450
00:27:44,864 --> 00:27:47,333
IT'S CALLED
THE GREAT SLOAN WALL,
451
00:27:47,366 --> 00:27:50,002
AND IT'S
THE LARGEST SINGLE STRUCTURE
452
00:27:50,036 --> 00:27:53,806
EVER DISCOVERED
IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE.
453
00:27:55,975 --> 00:28:00,947
Long: YOU GET A SENSE THAT
YOU ARE IN SOMETHING QUITE VAST.
454
00:28:00,980 --> 00:28:03,382
YOU CAN SEE
THE CLUSTERS AND FILAMENTS
455
00:28:03,415 --> 00:28:05,051
AS THE DATA WOULD SCROLL BY.
456
00:28:05,084 --> 00:28:08,120
AND, YOU KNOW, EACH ONE
OF THESE LITTLE, FUZZY SPOTS
457
00:28:08,154 --> 00:28:11,123
WERE ACTUALLY GALAXIES --
NOT STARS BUT GALAXIES --
458
00:28:11,157 --> 00:28:13,760
AND SO YOU'RE SEEING
WHOLE CLUSTERS OF THESE THINGS.
459
00:28:13,793 --> 00:28:18,030
Narrator: SDSS IS SHOWING
GALACTIC GEOGRAPHY
460
00:28:18,064 --> 00:28:19,766
ON A VAST SCALE.
461
00:28:19,766 --> 00:28:23,435
SCIENTISTS HAVE TAKEN IT
EVEN FURTHER.
462
00:28:24,837 --> 00:28:29,675
THEY'VE BUILT THE WHOLE UNIVERSE
IN A SUPERCOMPUTER.
463
00:28:29,776 --> 00:28:33,112
HERE YOU CAN'T SEE
INDIVIDUAL GALAXIES.
464
00:28:33,145 --> 00:28:36,282
YOU CAN'T EVEN SEE
GALAXY CLUSTERS.
465
00:28:36,315 --> 00:28:40,519
WHAT YOU CAN SEE
ARE SUPERCLUSTERS,
466
00:28:40,552 --> 00:28:46,192
LINKED TOGETHER ON FILAMENTS
IN A VAST COSMIC WEB.
467
00:28:46,225 --> 00:28:48,160
Dr. Krauss:
AS ONE BEGINS TO COME BACK
468
00:28:48,194 --> 00:28:50,096
FROM THE WHOLE SCALE
OF THE UNIVERSE,
469
00:28:50,129 --> 00:28:52,498
ONE BEGINS TO REVEAL
A FILAMENTARY PATTERN,
470
00:28:52,531 --> 00:28:58,404
A COSMIC WEB CONTAINING GALAXIES
AND CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES
471
00:28:58,437 --> 00:28:59,671
THAT LIGHT UP THE UNIVERSE
472
00:28:59,705 --> 00:29:01,540
WHERE THERE ARE AS MANY GALAXIES
IN THAT DIRECTION
473
00:29:01,573 --> 00:29:03,810
AS THAT DIRECTION AS THAT
DIRECTION AS THAT DIRECTION.
474
00:29:03,843 --> 00:29:06,278
AND, IN FACT, ON LARGER SCALES,
475
00:29:06,312 --> 00:29:09,715
THE UNIVERSE
KIND OF LOOKS LIKE A SPONGE.
476
00:29:09,816 --> 00:29:12,584
Narrator:
EACH OF THE FILAMENTS IS HOME
477
00:29:12,618 --> 00:29:14,821
TO MILLIONS OF GALAXY CLUSTERS,
478
00:29:14,821 --> 00:29:18,624
ALL BOUND TOGETHER
BY DARK MATTER.
479
00:29:18,657 --> 00:29:21,060
IN THIS COMPUTER SIMULATION,
480
00:29:21,093 --> 00:29:24,831
THE DARK MATTER GLOWS
ALONG THE FILAMENTS.
481
00:29:24,831 --> 00:29:28,700
DARK MATTER AFFECTS WHERE IN
THE UNIVERSE GALAXIES WILL FORM.
482
00:29:28,734 --> 00:29:29,869
WHEN WE LOOK AT GALAXIES,
483
00:29:29,902 --> 00:29:31,737
THEY'RE NOT SPRINKLED AROUND
AT RANDOM.
484
00:29:31,838 --> 00:29:33,840
THEY ACTUALLY TEND TO FORM
IN LITTLE GROUPS,
485
00:29:33,840 --> 00:29:36,108
AND THAT'S REALLY REFLECTING
486
00:29:36,142 --> 00:29:39,879
THE LARGE-SCALE DISTRIBUTION
OF DARK MATTER.
487
00:29:39,912 --> 00:29:42,849
Narrator:
DARK MATTER IS THE GLUE
488
00:29:42,849 --> 00:29:47,419
HOLDING TOGETHER THE WHOLE
SUPERSTRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE.
489
00:29:47,453 --> 00:29:51,157
IT BINDS GALAXIES IN CLUSTERS
490
00:29:51,190 --> 00:29:55,161
AND CLUSTERS IN SUPERCLUSTERS.
491
00:29:55,194 --> 00:30:00,632
ALL THESE ARE LOCKED TOGETHER
IN A WEB OF FILAMENTS.
492
00:30:00,666 --> 00:30:02,101
WITHOUT DARK MATTER,
493
00:30:02,134 --> 00:30:04,703
THE WHOLE STRUCTURE
OF THE UNIVERSE
494
00:30:04,736 --> 00:30:07,773
WOULD SIMPLY FALL APART.
495
00:30:07,806 --> 00:30:11,543
THIS IS THE BIG PICTURE
OF OUR UNIVERSE.
496
00:30:13,645 --> 00:30:17,016
IT'S A GIANT COSMIC WEB.
497
00:30:17,049 --> 00:30:21,020
AND HIDDEN DEEP IN ONE OF THESE
FILAMENTS IS THE MILKY WAY.
498
00:30:21,053 --> 00:30:24,891
IT'S BEEN AROUND
FOR NEARLY 12 BILLION YEARS.
499
00:30:28,594 --> 00:30:30,629
BUT IN THE FUTURE,
500
00:30:30,662 --> 00:30:36,435
IT'S GOING TO BE DESTROYED
IN A GIGANTIC COSMIC COLLISION.
501
00:30:49,916 --> 00:30:54,286
Narrator: GALAXIES
ARE VAST KINGDOMS OF STARS.
502
00:30:54,320 --> 00:30:57,089
SOME ARE GIANT BALLS,
503
00:30:57,123 --> 00:31:00,726
AND OTHERS, COMPLEX SPIRALS.
504
00:31:00,759 --> 00:31:04,363
THE THING IS,
THEY NEVER STOP CHANGING.
505
00:31:04,396 --> 00:31:07,133
WHILE IT MAY SEEM,
WHEN WE LOOK OUT AT OUR GALAXY,
506
00:31:07,166 --> 00:31:11,303
THAT OUR GALAXY IS STATIC
AND BEEN HERE FOREVER, IT'S NOT.
507
00:31:11,337 --> 00:31:13,472
OUR GALAXY IS A DYNAMIC PLACE.
508
00:31:13,505 --> 00:31:17,209
ITS VERY NATURE HAS BEEN
CHANGING OVER COSMIC TIME.
509
00:31:19,511 --> 00:31:23,983
Narrator: GALAXIES NOT ONLY
CHANGE -- THEY MOVE, AS WELL.
510
00:31:26,785 --> 00:31:29,321
AND SOMETIMES
THEY RUN INTO EACH OTHER.
511
00:31:29,355 --> 00:31:34,193
AND WHEN THEY DO,
IT'S EAT OR BE EATEN.
512
00:31:37,163 --> 00:31:41,800
THERE'S A ZOO OF GALAXIES
THAT YOU CAN FIND OUT THERE,
513
00:31:41,833 --> 00:31:44,803
AND THIS ENTIRE ZOO
CAN INTERACT OR COLLIDE
514
00:31:44,836 --> 00:31:47,706
WITH ANY OF THE OTHER MEMBERS
OF THE ZOO.
515
00:31:49,708 --> 00:31:54,213
Narrator:
THIS IS NGC 2207.
516
00:31:54,246 --> 00:31:58,817
IT LOOKS LIKE AN ENORMOUS
DOUBLE-SPIRAL GALAXY,
517
00:31:58,850 --> 00:32:04,323
BUT IT'S ACTUALLY
TWO GALAXIES COLLIDING.
518
00:32:04,356 --> 00:32:07,459
THE COLLISION WILL LAST
MILLIONS OF YEARS,
519
00:32:07,493 --> 00:32:11,730
AND EVENTUALLY THE TWO GALAXIES
WILL BECOME ONE.
520
00:32:15,734 --> 00:32:19,005
COLLISIONS LIKE THIS HAPPEN
ALL OVER THE UNIVERSE.
521
00:32:19,038 --> 00:32:24,010
OUR OWN MILKY WAY
IS NO EXCEPTION.
522
00:32:24,010 --> 00:32:27,679
THE MILKY WAY IS, IN FACT,
A CANNIBAL,
523
00:32:27,713 --> 00:32:30,416
AND IT EXISTS
IN ITS PRESENT FORM
524
00:32:30,449 --> 00:32:33,419
BY HAVING CANNIBALIZED
SMALL GALAXIES
525
00:32:33,452 --> 00:32:35,387
THAT IT LITERALLY ATE UP.
526
00:32:35,421 --> 00:32:38,024
AND TODAY WE CAN SEE
SMALL STREAMS OF STARS
527
00:32:38,024 --> 00:32:40,792
THAT ARE LEFT OVER
FROM THE MOST RECENT MERGERS
528
00:32:40,826 --> 00:32:43,195
THAT HAVE FORMED
THE MILKY WAY GALAXY.
529
00:32:45,931 --> 00:32:49,801
Narrator: BUT THAT'S NOTHING
COMPARED TO WHAT'S COMING UP.
530
00:32:49,835 --> 00:32:55,441
WE ARE ON A COLLISION COURSE
WITH THE GALAXY ANDROMEDA.
531
00:32:55,474 --> 00:32:59,678
AND FOR THE MILKY WAY,
THAT'S BAD NEWS.
532
00:33:02,281 --> 00:33:05,917
OUR MILKY WAY GALAXY
IS APPROACHING ANDROMEDA
533
00:33:05,951 --> 00:33:09,588
AT THE RATE OF ABOUT A QUARTER
OF A MILLION MILES PER HOUR,
534
00:33:09,621 --> 00:33:12,958
WHICH MEANS THAT IN 5 BILLION
TO 6 BILLION YEARS,
535
00:33:13,059 --> 00:33:15,961
IT'S ALL OVER
FOR THE MILKY WAY GALAXY.
536
00:33:16,062 --> 00:33:20,632
YOU WOULD SEE
THE ENTIRE ANDROMEDA GALAXY
537
00:33:20,666 --> 00:33:25,071
SPEEDING TOWARDS US, REALLY
BARRELING STRAIGHT INTO US.
538
00:33:25,071 --> 00:33:27,139
AS THE TWO GALAXIES INTERACT,
539
00:33:27,173 --> 00:33:30,209
THEY BOTH BECOME
MORE AND MORE DISTURBED
540
00:33:30,242 --> 00:33:32,444
AND CLOSER AND CLOSER TOGETHER.
541
00:33:32,478 --> 00:33:35,281
AND THE WHOLE PROCESS
STARTS TO SNOWBALL.
542
00:33:35,314 --> 00:33:38,284
THE TWO GALAXIES
WILL ENTER A DEATH DANCE.
543
00:33:38,317 --> 00:33:42,288
Narrator: THIS IS A SIMULATION
OF THE FUTURE COLLISION,
544
00:33:42,321 --> 00:33:44,756
SPED UP MILLIONS OF TIMES.
545
00:33:49,095 --> 00:33:51,463
AS THE GALAXIES CRASH TOGETHER,
546
00:33:51,497 --> 00:33:56,102
CLOUDS OF GAS AND DUST ARE
THROWN OUT IN ALL DIRECTIONS.
547
00:34:04,176 --> 00:34:06,678
GRAVITY
FROM THE MERGING GALAXIES
548
00:34:06,712 --> 00:34:12,218
RIPS STARS FROM THEIR ORBITS
AND SHOOTS THEM DEEP INTO SPACE.
549
00:34:12,251 --> 00:34:14,653
Dr. Kaku:
AS WE APPROACH DOOMSDAY
550
00:34:14,686 --> 00:34:18,124
FOR THE MILKY WAY GALAXY,
IT WOULD BE SPECTACULAR.
551
00:34:18,124 --> 00:34:20,159
WE WOULD HAVE A FRONT-ROW SEAT
552
00:34:20,192 --> 00:34:22,928
ON THE DESTRUCTION
OF OUR OWN GALAXY.
553
00:34:25,964 --> 00:34:29,968
AND EVENTUALLY, THE TWO GALAXIES
WILL GO RIGHT THROUGH EACH OTHER
554
00:34:30,001 --> 00:34:33,205
AND THEN COME BACK
AND THEN COALESCE.
555
00:34:33,239 --> 00:34:37,876
Narrator: IT'S STRANGE, BUT THE
STARS THEMSELVES WON'T COLLIDE.
556
00:34:37,909 --> 00:34:41,713
THEY'RE STILL TOO FAR APART.
557
00:34:41,747 --> 00:34:43,149
ALL OF THE STARS ARE BASICALLY
558
00:34:43,182 --> 00:34:45,016
JUST GONNA PASS
RIGHT BY EACH OTHER.
559
00:34:45,050 --> 00:34:47,919
THE PROBABILITY
OF ONE INDIVIDUAL STAR
560
00:34:47,953 --> 00:34:51,690
HITTING ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL STAR
ARE BASICALLY ZERO.
561
00:34:55,161 --> 00:34:58,530
Narrator: HOWEVER, THE GAS
AND DUST BETWEEN THE STARS
562
00:34:58,564 --> 00:35:00,031
WILL START TO HEAT UP.
563
00:35:00,065 --> 00:35:02,334
EVENTUALLY, IT IGNITES,
564
00:35:02,368 --> 00:35:06,738
AND THE CLASHING GALAXIES
WILL GLOW WHITE-HOT.
565
00:35:08,740 --> 00:35:13,645
SO, AT A CERTAIN POINT,
THE SKY COULD BE ON FIRE.
566
00:35:17,516 --> 00:35:22,188
THE MILKY WAY AND ANDROMEDA AS
WE KNOW IT WILL CEASE TO EXIST,
567
00:35:22,188 --> 00:35:24,790
AND MILKOMEDA WILL BE BORN,
568
00:35:24,823 --> 00:35:28,727
AND IT WILL LOOK LIKE
A WHOLE NEW GALAXY.
569
00:35:40,206 --> 00:35:42,974
Narrator:
THIS NEW GALAXY, MILKOMEDA,
570
00:35:43,008 --> 00:35:45,711
WILL BECOME
A HUGE, ELLIPTICAL GALAXY
571
00:35:45,744 --> 00:35:48,280
WITHOUT ANY ARMS
OR SPIRAL SHAPE.
572
00:35:50,216 --> 00:35:53,452
THERE'S NO ESCAPING
WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN.
573
00:35:53,485 --> 00:35:57,223
THE QUESTION IS,
WHAT'S IT MEAN FOR PLANET EARTH?
574
00:35:57,223 --> 00:35:59,825
WE MAY EITHER BE
THROWN OUT INTO OUTER SPACE
575
00:35:59,858 --> 00:36:05,764
WHEN THE ARMS OF THE MILKY WAY
GALAXY ARE RIPPED APART,
576
00:36:05,797 --> 00:36:10,469
OR WE COULD WIND UP IN
THE STOMACH OF THIS NEW GALAXY.
577
00:36:10,502 --> 00:36:15,574
Narrator: STARS AND PLANETS WILL
BE PUSHED ALL OVER THE PLACE,
578
00:36:15,607 --> 00:36:20,712
SO THIS MAY WELL BE
THE END OF PLANET EARTH.
579
00:36:27,386 --> 00:36:32,258
GALAXIES ALL OVER THE UNIVERSE
WILL CONTINUE TO COLLIDE.
580
00:36:34,993 --> 00:36:37,996
BUT THIS AGE
OF GALACTIC CANNIBALISM
581
00:36:38,029 --> 00:36:41,733
WILL EVENTUALLY PASS...
582
00:36:41,767 --> 00:36:45,070
BECAUSE THERE IS
AN EVEN MORE DESTRUCTIVE FORCE
583
00:36:45,103 --> 00:36:46,305
IN THE UNIVERSE,
584
00:36:46,338 --> 00:36:48,740
A FORCE THAT NOTHING CAN STOP.
585
00:36:52,744 --> 00:36:57,015
IT WILL ULTIMATELY PUSH GALAXIES
AWAY FROM EACH OTHER,
586
00:36:57,048 --> 00:37:01,787
STRETCHING EVERYTHING,
UNTIL THE UNIVERSE...
587
00:37:01,820 --> 00:37:04,456
RIPS ITSELF APART.
588
00:37:14,533 --> 00:37:16,468
Narrator:
GALAXIES ARE HOME
589
00:37:16,502 --> 00:37:21,640
TO STARS, SOLAR SYSTEMS,
PLANETS, AND MOONS.
590
00:37:21,673 --> 00:37:26,845
EVERYTHING THAT'S IMPORTANT
HAPPENS IN GALAXIES.
591
00:37:26,878 --> 00:37:30,048
Dr. Krauss: GALAXIES ARE
THE LIFEBLOOD OF THE UNIVERSE.
592
00:37:30,081 --> 00:37:32,818
WE AROSE
BECAUSE WE LIVE IN A GALAXY,
593
00:37:32,851 --> 00:37:34,119
AND EVERYTHING WE CAN SEE
594
00:37:34,152 --> 00:37:36,655
AND EVERYTHING THAT MATTERS
TO US IN THE UNIVERSE
595
00:37:36,688 --> 00:37:37,956
HAPPENS WITHIN GALAXIES.
596
00:37:39,691 --> 00:37:41,660
Narrator:
BUT THE TRUTH IS,
597
00:37:41,693 --> 00:37:46,398
GALAXIES ARE DELICATE STRUCTURES
HELD TOGETHER BY DARK MATTER.
598
00:37:46,432 --> 00:37:49,034
NOW SCIENTISTS HAVE FOUND
ANOTHER FORCE
599
00:37:49,067 --> 00:37:50,702
AT WORK IN THE UNIVERSE.
600
00:37:50,736 --> 00:37:53,972
IT'S CALLED DARK ENERGY.
601
00:37:54,005 --> 00:37:57,543
DARK ENERGY HAS THE OPPOSITE
EFFECT OF DARK MATTER.
602
00:37:57,576 --> 00:38:01,613
INSTEAD OF BINDING GALAXIES
TOGETHER, IT PUSHES THEM APART.
603
00:38:01,647 --> 00:38:03,715
Dr. Krauss:
THE DARK ENERGY,
604
00:38:03,749 --> 00:38:06,785
WHICH WE'VE ONLY DISCOVERED
IN THE LAST DECADE,
605
00:38:06,818 --> 00:38:09,054
WHICH IS THE DOMINANT STUFF
IN THE UNIVERSE,
606
00:38:09,087 --> 00:38:10,255
IS FAR MORE MYSTERIOUS.
607
00:38:10,356 --> 00:38:12,724
WE DON'T HAVE THE SLIGHTEST IDEA
WHY IT'S THERE.
608
00:38:17,028 --> 00:38:20,098
Dr. Benson: WHAT IT'S MADE FROM,
WE DON'T REALLY KNOW.
609
00:38:20,131 --> 00:38:22,734
WE KNOW IT'S THERE,
BUT WE DON'T REALLY KNOW
610
00:38:22,768 --> 00:38:24,235
WHAT IT IS OR WHAT IT'S DOING.
611
00:38:24,269 --> 00:38:26,605
DARK ENERGY IS REALLY WEIRD.
612
00:38:26,638 --> 00:38:30,175
IT'S AS IF
SPACE HAS LITTLE SPRINGS IN IT
613
00:38:30,208 --> 00:38:34,480
WHICH ARE CAUSING THINGS
TO REPEL EACH OTHER
614
00:38:34,513 --> 00:38:36,515
AND PUSH THEM APART.
615
00:38:36,548 --> 00:38:38,450
Narrator:
FAR IN THE FUTURE,
616
00:38:38,484 --> 00:38:41,086
SCIENTISTS THINK
THAT DARK ENERGY WILL WIN
617
00:38:41,119 --> 00:38:44,823
THE COSMIC BATTLE
WITH DARK MATTER.
618
00:38:44,856 --> 00:38:47,893
AND THAT VICTORY WILL START
TO DRIVE GALAXIES APART.
619
00:38:47,926 --> 00:38:50,829
Dr. Krauss: DARK ENERGY'S
GONNA KILL GALAXIES OFF.
620
00:38:50,862 --> 00:38:54,099
IT'S GONNA DO THAT BY CAUSING
ALL THE GALAXIES TO RECEDE
621
00:38:54,132 --> 00:38:57,403
FURTHER AND FURTHER AWAY FROM US
UNTIL THEY'RE INVISIBLE,
622
00:38:57,436 --> 00:38:58,837
UNTIL THEY'RE MOVING
AWAY FROM US
623
00:38:58,870 --> 00:39:00,105
FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT.
624
00:39:00,138 --> 00:39:02,207
SO, THE REST OF THE UNIVERSE
WILL LITERALLY DISAPPEAR
625
00:39:02,240 --> 00:39:03,609
BEFORE OUR VERY EYES.
626
00:39:03,642 --> 00:39:06,978
NOT TODAY, NOT TOMORROW,
BUT IN PERHAPS A TRILLION YEARS,
627
00:39:07,012 --> 00:39:09,848
THE REST OF THE UNIVERSE
WILL HAVE DISAPPEARED.
628
00:39:09,881 --> 00:39:14,786
Narrator: GALAXIES WILL BECOME
LONELY OUTPOSTS IN DEEP SPACE.
629
00:39:18,657 --> 00:39:23,429
BUT THAT'S NOT GOING TO HAPPEN
FOR A VERY, VERY LONG TIME.
630
00:39:23,429 --> 00:39:26,932
FOR NOW,
THE UNIVERSE IS THRIVING
631
00:39:26,965 --> 00:39:29,868
AND GALAXIES ARE CREATING
THE RIGHT CONDITIONS
632
00:39:29,901 --> 00:39:32,003
FOR LIFE TO EXIST.
633
00:39:32,037 --> 00:39:34,473
WITHOUT GALAXIES,
I WOULDN'T BE HERE.
634
00:39:34,506 --> 00:39:35,874
YOU WOULDN'T BE HERE.
635
00:39:35,907 --> 00:39:38,444
PERHAPS LIFE ITSELF
WOULDN'T BE HERE.
636
00:39:40,345 --> 00:39:42,013
Narrator: WE'RE LUCKY.
637
00:39:42,047 --> 00:39:43,915
LIFE HAS ONLY EVOLVED ON EARTH
638
00:39:43,949 --> 00:39:46,485
BECAUSE OUR TINY SOLAR SYSTEM
WAS BORN
639
00:39:46,518 --> 00:39:48,554
IN THE RIGHT PART OF THE GALAXY.
640
00:39:51,457 --> 00:39:53,959
IF WE WERE
ANY CLOSER TO THE CENTER,
641
00:39:53,992 --> 00:39:57,228
WELL, WE WOULDN'T BE HERE.
642
00:39:59,197 --> 00:40:01,467
Dr. Kaku:
AT THE CENTER OF A GALAXY,
643
00:40:01,467 --> 00:40:03,201
LIFE CAN BE EXTREMELY VIOLENT.
644
00:40:03,234 --> 00:40:06,004
AND, IN FACT,
IF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM WERE CLOSER
645
00:40:06,037 --> 00:40:07,706
TO THE CENTER OF OUR GALAXY,
646
00:40:07,739 --> 00:40:11,109
IT WOULD BE SO RADIOACTIVE
THAT WE COULDN'T EXIST AT ALL.
647
00:40:11,142 --> 00:40:16,515
Narrator: TOO FAR AWAY FROM
THE CENTER WOULD BE JUST AS BAD.
648
00:40:20,218 --> 00:40:23,989
OUT THERE,
THERE AREN'T AS MANY STARS.
649
00:40:24,022 --> 00:40:27,158
WE MIGHT NOT EXIST AT ALL.
650
00:40:27,192 --> 00:40:31,497
SO, IN SOME SENSE, WE ARE IN THE
GOLDILOCKS ZONE OF THE GALAXY --
651
00:40:31,530 --> 00:40:35,534
NOT TOO CLOSE, NOT TOO FAR,
BUT JUST RIGHT.
652
00:40:35,567 --> 00:40:37,569
Narrator:
SCIENTISTS BELIEVE
653
00:40:37,603 --> 00:40:39,938
THAT THIS GALACTIC
GOLDILOCKS ZONE
654
00:40:39,971 --> 00:40:44,042
MIGHT CONTAIN MILLIONS OF STARS,
655
00:40:44,075 --> 00:40:48,647
SO THERE MAY BE OTHER SOLAR
SYSTEMS THAT CAN SUPPORT LIFE
656
00:40:48,680 --> 00:40:50,982
RIGHT HERE IN OUR OWN GALAXY.
657
00:40:51,016 --> 00:40:53,752
AND IF OUR GALAXY
HAS A HABITABLE ZONE,
658
00:40:53,785 --> 00:40:55,854
THEN OTHER GALAXIES COULD, TOO.
659
00:40:55,887 --> 00:40:58,323
Dr. Ghez:
THE UNIVERSE IS IMMENSE,
660
00:40:58,356 --> 00:41:02,027
AND THE AMAZING THING IS THAT
WE'RE ALWAYS DISCOVERING MORE.
661
00:41:02,060 --> 00:41:05,797
EVERY TIME WE THINK WE KNOW
THE ANSWER TO ONE PROBLEM,
662
00:41:05,831 --> 00:41:09,067
WE FIND IT'S EMBEDDED
IN A MUCH BIGGER PROBLEM.
663
00:41:09,100 --> 00:41:10,569
AND THAT'S EXCITING.
664
00:41:13,104 --> 00:41:15,807
Narrator: THERE ARE
ENDLESS QUESTIONS TO ASK
665
00:41:15,841 --> 00:41:17,909
AND MYSTERIES TO SOLVE...
666
00:41:17,943 --> 00:41:20,979
IN OUR OWN GALAXY,
THE MILKY WAY,
667
00:41:21,012 --> 00:41:24,550
AND IN GALAXIES
ALL ACROSS THE UNIVERSE.
668
00:41:24,583 --> 00:41:26,351
10 YEARS AGO,
WHO WOULD HAVE THOUGHT
669
00:41:26,384 --> 00:41:28,019
THAT WE WOULD BE ABLE
TO IDENTIFY
670
00:41:28,053 --> 00:41:29,354
THE BLACK HOLE AT THE CENTER?
671
00:41:29,387 --> 00:41:31,557
WHO WOULD HAVE THOUGHT
10 YEARS AGO
672
00:41:31,590 --> 00:41:33,324
THAT THE ASTRONOMICAL COMMUNITY
673
00:41:33,358 --> 00:41:36,027
WOULD BELIEVE IN DARK MATTER
AND DARK ENERGY?
674
00:41:36,061 --> 00:41:37,663
Narrator:
MORE AND MORE,
675
00:41:37,696 --> 00:41:41,767
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
IS FOCUSING ON GALAXIES.
676
00:41:41,800 --> 00:41:45,837
THEY HOLD THE KEY
TO HOW THE UNIVERSE WORKS.
677
00:41:45,871 --> 00:41:48,339
WE SHOULD BE AMAZED
TO LIVE AT THIS TIME, HERE,
678
00:41:48,373 --> 00:41:50,876
AT A RANDOM TIME
IN THE HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE,
679
00:41:50,909 --> 00:41:54,312
ON A RANDOM PLANET, AT THE
OUTSKIRTS OF A RANDOM GALAXY,
680
00:41:54,345 --> 00:41:57,182
WHERE WE CAN ASK QUESTIONS
AND UNDERSTAND THINGS
681
00:41:57,215 --> 00:42:00,719
FROM THE BEGINNING
OF THE UNIVERSE TO THE END.
682
00:42:00,752 --> 00:42:04,389
WE SHOULD CELEBRATE
OUR BRIEF MOMENT IN THE SUN.
683
00:42:06,925 --> 00:42:10,261
Narrator:
GALAXIES ARE BORN...
684
00:42:10,295 --> 00:42:13,699
THEY EVOLVE...
685
00:42:13,732 --> 00:42:17,335
THEY COLLIDE...
686
00:42:17,368 --> 00:42:20,606
AND THEY DIE.
687
00:42:20,639 --> 00:42:26,411
GALAXIES ARE THE SUPERSTARS
OF THE SCIENTIFIC WORLD.
688
00:42:26,444 --> 00:42:32,383
AND EVEN THE SCIENTISTS WHO
STUDY THEM HAVE THEIR FAVORITES.
689
00:42:32,417 --> 00:42:35,320
THE WHIRLPOOL GALAXY, OR M51.
690
00:42:39,224 --> 00:42:41,492
I KIND OF LIKE
THE SOMBRERO GALAXY,
691
00:42:41,526 --> 00:42:43,962
IF I HAD TO PUT ONE ON A WALL.
692
00:42:45,130 --> 00:42:48,433
Dr. Krauss: THE SOMBRERO GALAXY,
RING GALAXIES --
693
00:42:48,466 --> 00:42:50,435
THEY'RE JUST BEAUTIFUL
TO LOOK AT.
694
00:42:53,471 --> 00:42:56,708
MY FAVORITE GALAXY
IS THE MILKY WAY GALAXY.
695
00:42:56,742 --> 00:42:59,645
IT'S MY TRUE HOME.
696
00:43:08,787 --> 00:43:11,356
Narrator:
WE'RE LUCKY THAT THE MILKY WAY
697
00:43:11,389 --> 00:43:14,225
PROVIDES THE RIGHT CONDITIONS
FOR US TO LIVE.
698
00:43:14,259 --> 00:43:19,698
OUR DESTINY IS LINKED TO
OUR GALAXY AND TO ALL GALAXIES.
699
00:43:23,501 --> 00:43:26,271
THEY MADE US, THEY SHAPE US,
700
00:43:26,304 --> 00:43:29,975
AND OUR FUTURE
IS IN THEIR HANDS.
56613
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