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I want to teII you a story.
It's a story about a book.
2
00:00:11,558 --> 00:00:16,257
A book that even if you haven't read it
has had an infIuence on your Iife.
3
00:00:16,330 --> 00:00:21,734
In fact, its imagery, its Ianguage
and its infIuence
4
00:00:21,802 --> 00:00:25,738
have been feIt right round the worId
for the past 400 years.
5
00:00:26,707 --> 00:00:29,198
It aIso cIaims to be the Iiving word of God.
6
00:00:39,953 --> 00:00:41,215
Not Iong.
7
00:00:59,506 --> 00:01:03,408
The oId Queen was dying
and the nation heId its breath,
8
00:01:03,477 --> 00:01:06,913
for this was EIizabeth,
the Virgin Queen of EngIand,
9
00:01:06,980 --> 00:01:08,971
and she had no chiIdren to succeed her.
10
00:01:09,049 --> 00:01:13,782
At this moment, the future of the nation
Iooked dangerous and uncertain.
11
00:01:14,921 --> 00:01:18,482
And yet, within 10 years,
the EngIish Ianguage
12
00:01:18,558 --> 00:01:22,688
wouId produce a work so powerfuI,
so infIuentiaI,
13
00:01:22,763 --> 00:01:26,164
and so aII-encompassingIy great
14
00:01:27,701 --> 00:01:31,637
that the entire worId
wouId never be quite the same again.
15
00:01:51,291 --> 00:01:55,352
EIizabethan EngIand
was a dangerous pIace.
16
00:01:55,829 --> 00:01:58,263
These feIIows are just practicing.
17
00:01:58,698 --> 00:02:03,533
But back in the 16th century
it was aII very much for reaI.
18
00:02:03,970 --> 00:02:06,905
And it wasn't just straightforward fighting.
19
00:02:06,973 --> 00:02:11,603
Deep within contemporary society,
a whoIe variety of factions,
20
00:02:11,678 --> 00:02:17,241
separatists, reIigious zeaIots,
poIiticaI spies and assassins
21
00:02:17,317 --> 00:02:19,444
were busy about their work.
22
00:02:20,053 --> 00:02:25,958
VioIent events and even more vioIent
reprisaIs were a matter of course.
23
00:02:29,830 --> 00:02:34,767
Truth was, EIizabeth had been sitting
on a powder keg for years.
24
00:02:34,835 --> 00:02:38,794
Famous for her victory over the Spanish
at the time of the Armada,
25
00:02:38,872 --> 00:02:41,864
head of the infant Church of EngIand,
26
00:02:41,942 --> 00:02:47,505
and a successfuI femaIe
in what was cIearIy a man's worId,
27
00:02:48,181 --> 00:02:52,413
she had earned the respect
and the Iove and the IoyaIty of her peopIe.
28
00:02:52,486 --> 00:02:55,387
Even her enemies knew their pIace.
29
00:02:56,356 --> 00:03:01,055
She'd heId the worId at bay
and kept EngIand great.
30
00:03:02,229 --> 00:03:05,562
But as the Queen grew oIder,
the country atrophied.
31
00:03:06,600 --> 00:03:10,502
She'd aIways had a Iight
but firm grasp on power.
32
00:03:10,570 --> 00:03:14,631
Now it became Ieaden.
Change became the enemy,
33
00:03:14,708 --> 00:03:19,077
and she responded
and fought back by doing nothing.
34
00:03:20,747 --> 00:03:24,342
The big question was,
who was going to succeed her?
35
00:03:25,085 --> 00:03:30,614
There was no shortage of appIicants,
each with his or her very strong cIaim.
36
00:03:31,191 --> 00:03:36,322
But it reaIIy boiIed down
to three frontrunners.
37
00:03:38,198 --> 00:03:42,828
Lady Arbella Stuart
was second cousin to the Queen.
38
00:03:42,903 --> 00:03:47,772
And although of royal blood,
as an individual she was unimpressive.
39
00:03:48,808 --> 00:03:51,777
Arbella might be seen
as a possible choice to some,
40
00:03:51,845 --> 00:03:54,746
but her general popularity was in question.
41
00:03:57,684 --> 00:04:03,554
Archduchess Isabella in the Low Countries
had a very strong claim to the throne
42
00:04:03,623 --> 00:04:06,854
with a bloodline going back to Edward III.
43
00:04:06,927 --> 00:04:08,952
As sister to King Philip of Spain,
44
00:04:09,029 --> 00:04:13,466
many English Catholics
were keen to support Isabella's cause.
45
00:04:16,836 --> 00:04:21,205
James VI of Scotland
was another second cousin to Elizabeth.
46
00:04:21,274 --> 00:04:26,712
Already an experienced monarch,
he was in many ways a prime contender.
47
00:04:26,780 --> 00:04:29,578
However, his mother, Mary, Queen of Scots,
48
00:04:29,649 --> 00:04:33,608
had been executed for treason
against the English throne.
49
00:04:38,091 --> 00:04:42,960
Fascinating thing about English history
is that it still exists all around us.
50
00:04:44,064 --> 00:04:50,003
You can encounter the ghosts of the past
in the very places where once they walked.
51
00:04:50,904 --> 00:04:53,134
This is HatfieId House near Luton.
52
00:04:53,206 --> 00:04:58,371
This was the home of Sir Robert CeciI,
EIizabeth's chief minister.
53
00:04:58,445 --> 00:05:03,849
Four hundred years ago, this was the center
of reaI power in EngIand,
54
00:05:03,917 --> 00:05:06,818
and you can stiII sense that power.
55
00:05:08,088 --> 00:05:11,990
Like his father before him,
Robert CeciI was very cIose to the Queen
56
00:05:12,058 --> 00:05:14,117
and cIose to her decisions.
57
00:05:14,194 --> 00:05:18,631
And the issue of who was
to succeed her on the throne
58
00:05:18,698 --> 00:05:20,859
was of vitaI importance to him.
59
00:05:28,742 --> 00:05:32,701
-Is everything to Your Majesty's Iiking?
-AIways so attentive.
60
00:05:34,414 --> 00:05:38,407
And so very ordered.
61
00:05:39,352 --> 00:05:42,412
Did you arrange
the fIowers yourseIf, Robert?
62
00:05:43,089 --> 00:05:47,253
-I am a fooI for detaiI, Majesty.
-My poor eIf.
63
00:05:47,327 --> 00:05:51,195
So, you were up at dawn arranging
a bouquet for your beIoved Queen.
64
00:05:51,264 --> 00:05:55,564
I was up at dawn troubIed
by affairs of state.
65
00:05:55,635 --> 00:06:00,197
-The grave matter of your successor.
-Grave matter?
66
00:06:00,273 --> 00:06:05,870
Robert, so you wouId Iower me
into my grave aIready.
67
00:06:05,945 --> 00:06:09,779
-Majesty, I onIy seek...
-Forbidden knowIedge.
68
00:06:11,851 --> 00:06:15,048
-No one shaII know before the time.
-The time?
69
00:06:16,456 --> 00:06:18,890
You are the cIeverest man I know, Robert,
70
00:06:18,958 --> 00:06:21,950
sureIy you can understand
what might happen
71
00:06:22,028 --> 00:06:24,656
if I were to decIare my hand too soon.
72
00:06:27,233 --> 00:06:29,565
Rejection Ieaves a bitter taste.
73
00:06:30,537 --> 00:06:35,668
And those who foIIow
those that are not chosen
74
00:06:35,742 --> 00:06:38,973
might weII cause much unpIeasantness.
75
00:06:39,045 --> 00:06:45,848
Besides, it wouId be a shame
to have such rigid order in my reaIm
76
00:06:47,420 --> 00:06:53,359
without any eIement of mystery
and surprise.
77
00:06:53,426 --> 00:06:56,884
Your Majesty,
I mereIy feIt your gratefuI subjects
78
00:06:56,963 --> 00:07:00,455
needed a IittIe more cIarification.
79
00:07:00,533 --> 00:07:04,526
I'm sure we aII appreciate
the poetry of divine mystery, but...
80
00:07:06,706 --> 00:07:09,300
TeII me I am irrepIaceabIe, Robert,
81
00:07:09,375 --> 00:07:12,344
that no mortaI on Earth
couId possibIy succeed me
82
00:07:12,412 --> 00:07:14,573
if you want me
to keep my temper this morning.
83
00:07:14,647 --> 00:07:18,413
Majesty, no one in the worId,
Iet aIone the possibIe contenders...
84
00:07:18,485 --> 00:07:22,922
Contenders? That's an ugIy, viIe word.
85
00:07:24,557 --> 00:07:26,388
BattIes and strife.
86
00:07:27,327 --> 00:07:31,229
The gIorious peace of your reaIm
wiII endure forever if...
87
00:07:31,297 --> 00:07:38,100
I teII you this. OnIy a crowned head wiII do.
88
00:07:39,139 --> 00:07:40,572
Nothing inferior.
89
00:07:41,708 --> 00:07:45,405
Your Scottish cousin, Your Majesty.
He has many attributes.
90
00:07:46,880 --> 00:07:51,249
There is nothing
but order in your garden, Robert.
91
00:07:52,385 --> 00:07:58,551
Where is the perfume,
the mystery, the secrets?
92
00:08:04,397 --> 00:08:07,924
Sir Robert favored James,
but the choice was not his to make.
93
00:08:08,001 --> 00:08:10,094
The choice was the Queen's.
94
00:08:10,970 --> 00:08:12,938
And she was saying nothing.
95
00:08:18,978 --> 00:08:22,141
As Sir Robert Cecil approached
the dying Queen,
96
00:08:22,215 --> 00:08:25,309
he still had no idea who she had chosen.
97
00:08:28,521 --> 00:08:30,079
Majesty.
98
00:08:31,491 --> 00:08:35,587
Your humbIe servant wishes you peace.
99
00:08:36,296 --> 00:08:41,131
And for your great
and enduring kingdom, peace.
100
00:08:44,370 --> 00:08:51,071
-Majesty, the time has come to...
-She has Iost aII words, sir.
101
00:08:51,144 --> 00:08:54,944
-She has not got the words...
-No, she can hear.
102
00:08:55,014 --> 00:08:57,983
She can stiII hear me.
103
00:08:59,552 --> 00:09:03,181
Majesty, who is it to be?
104
00:09:05,291 --> 00:09:10,854
Peace, is it your gift?
It is yours aIone to grant.
105
00:09:14,334 --> 00:09:16,962
Who is it to be?
106
00:09:36,089 --> 00:09:41,459
Your Scottish cousin? James.
107
00:09:57,810 --> 00:10:04,010
The Queen was dead.
Long Iive her chosen successor.
108
00:10:05,919 --> 00:10:08,945
And now the news spread out
from Richmond PaIace
109
00:10:09,022 --> 00:10:12,150
to aII the factions and the pressure groups.
110
00:10:12,225 --> 00:10:16,924
Eager to pIay their various cards
for power and advancement.
111
00:10:18,932 --> 00:10:23,301
Sir Robert Carey was an English nobleman
who had fallen on hard times.
112
00:10:23,369 --> 00:10:25,894
In a desperate effort to restore his fortunes
113
00:10:25,972 --> 00:10:30,602
he determined to be the first person
to bring the news to James in Scotland.
114
00:10:31,778 --> 00:10:34,576
Now, we must remember
there was much at stake here,
115
00:10:34,647 --> 00:10:37,480
and not just for Sir Robert Carey.
116
00:10:37,550 --> 00:10:41,486
EIizabethan EngIand
had significant interest around the worId,
117
00:10:41,554 --> 00:10:44,580
not the Ieast
in that newest of countries, America,
118
00:10:44,657 --> 00:10:48,149
where Virginia had aIready been
named after the Virgin Queen
119
00:10:48,227 --> 00:10:51,094
and within four years
an earIy settIement of Jamestown
120
00:10:51,164 --> 00:10:53,359
wouId be named after her successor.
121
00:10:53,433 --> 00:10:56,630
Make no mistake. In deveIoping this story,
122
00:10:56,703 --> 00:11:00,639
we are deaIing with the future
of two nations, not just one.
123
00:11:01,908 --> 00:11:06,538
King James' castle in Scotland
lay hundreds of miles to the north.
124
00:11:06,612 --> 00:11:09,080
But Sir Robert had spent his last money
125
00:11:09,148 --> 00:11:12,640
setting up a string of fresh horses
along the way.
126
00:11:12,719 --> 00:11:18,851
He saw himself galloping into history
and arriving as the true hero of the hour.
127
00:11:19,625 --> 00:11:23,391
UnfortunateIy, Sir Robert was kicked
in the face by one of his horses,
128
00:11:23,463 --> 00:11:26,557
and instead of arriving in true heroic styIe,
129
00:11:26,632 --> 00:11:30,625
he Iooked more Iike the town drunk
when he finaIIy arrived at StirIing.
130
00:11:38,177 --> 00:11:42,341
-I have a message for the King.
-FoIIow me. SoIdier.
131
00:11:42,415 --> 00:11:45,782
Arriving at least four days
in front of the official heralds,
132
00:11:45,852 --> 00:11:49,948
Sir Robert had earned
his personal footnote in history.
133
00:11:50,023 --> 00:11:53,151
Now bruised, battered and bleeding,
he must have appeared
134
00:11:53,226 --> 00:11:57,128
the most unlikely of royal messengers
to the Scottish court.
135
00:12:08,007 --> 00:12:09,406
Enter.
136
00:12:10,410 --> 00:12:12,071
Sire, a messenger.
137
00:12:14,614 --> 00:12:18,106
Your Majesty, the Queen is dead.
138
00:12:21,554 --> 00:12:23,283
Long Iive the King.
139
00:12:27,627 --> 00:12:30,596
James' dream had finaIIy become a reaIity.
140
00:12:31,297 --> 00:12:33,857
The EngIish throne was his.
141
00:12:33,933 --> 00:12:37,300
And he couIdn't wait to take over
his new kingdom.
142
00:12:37,370 --> 00:12:41,431
But just who was this strange
IittIe king caIIed James?
143
00:12:41,941 --> 00:12:46,469
WeII, I think James VI was the first Scot
on the make in the United Kingdom.
144
00:12:46,546 --> 00:12:51,245
He was the one who saw London
and EngIand as the goIden prize.
145
00:12:51,651 --> 00:12:53,778
I think James was a poIiticaI genius.
146
00:12:55,021 --> 00:13:01,392
I think his abiIity to hoId the kingdom
together was quite remarkabIe.
147
00:13:01,527 --> 00:13:06,931
James has a very deep beIief
that his Iife is shaped by God.
148
00:13:06,999 --> 00:13:09,968
WeII, I think he puzzIed
a Iot of peopIe in his time.
149
00:13:10,036 --> 00:13:12,561
He's continued to puzzIe historians.
150
00:13:12,638 --> 00:13:16,506
And getting the whoIe picture
of James has been difficuIt.
151
00:13:17,777 --> 00:13:24,580
James Stuart was born in Edinburgh
CastIe on the 19th of June, 1566.
152
00:13:25,118 --> 00:13:29,748
His mother was the Iegendary
Mary, Queen of Scots, EIizabeth's cousin.
153
00:13:29,822 --> 00:13:33,383
The two women knew each other weII
but had never met.
154
00:13:39,632 --> 00:13:41,930
But trouble was brewing.
155
00:13:42,001 --> 00:13:44,196
Mary was strongly Roman Catholic
156
00:13:44,270 --> 00:13:48,400
while most of her people in parliament
were fiercely Protestant.
157
00:13:48,474 --> 00:13:52,137
Four hundred years ago,
these things really mattered.
158
00:13:52,211 --> 00:13:57,239
The compass of religion was held
at the very center of power and society.
159
00:13:58,384 --> 00:14:04,914
The truth about God, the way of salvation,
or the corruption of his church on Earth
160
00:14:05,324 --> 00:14:09,693
were all topics capable
of stirring up the highest of passions.
161
00:14:09,762 --> 00:14:14,529
People believed that religious faith
was not only worth living for,
162
00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:17,865
but if necessary worth dying for as well.
163
00:14:21,073 --> 00:14:24,236
For a time, Mary made an agreement
with her Protestant nobles
164
00:14:24,310 --> 00:14:27,677
only to engage in her Catholic worship
in private.
165
00:14:29,782 --> 00:14:32,580
But this arrangement did not last.
166
00:14:32,652 --> 00:14:37,112
And tolerance once more
gave way to discontent.
167
00:14:46,632 --> 00:14:51,126
Mary's reIations with her subjects
was uneasy at best.
168
00:14:51,204 --> 00:14:56,232
But when scandaI, intrigue,
and even murder, settIed around
169
00:14:56,309 --> 00:14:59,642
the royaI, private Iife,
the Scots had had enough.
170
00:15:00,746 --> 00:15:06,651
She was captured and forced to abdicate
in favor of her infant son James.
171
00:15:07,987 --> 00:15:09,784
He was 13 months oId.
172
00:15:12,725 --> 00:15:18,857
They brought him here to
the Church of the HoIy Rude in StirIing.
173
00:15:20,967 --> 00:15:22,628
And made him king.
174
00:15:35,414 --> 00:15:39,510
I chaIIenge you to enter this pIace
without feeIing the weight of events.
175
00:15:39,585 --> 00:15:43,612
This pIace has figured
in so much of Scottish history.
176
00:15:43,689 --> 00:15:47,090
The Scots regard this
as their Westminster Abbey.
177
00:15:47,159 --> 00:15:51,323
It was the perfect pIace
to crown the infant James.
178
00:15:56,002 --> 00:15:59,335
Well, the idea of crowning someone
very young is not abnormal.
179
00:15:59,872 --> 00:16:03,865
The question then becomes
who is regent during the chiId's minority?
180
00:16:03,943 --> 00:16:07,003
And I think what's pecuIiar
in ScotIand is this isn't,
181
00:16:07,079 --> 00:16:11,345
for exampIe, a dowager queen or
an uncIe or something Iike that,
182
00:16:11,417 --> 00:16:13,544
a very cIose famiIy member.
183
00:16:13,619 --> 00:16:16,452
It's aImost, in some ways,
there's sort of a group regency.
184
00:16:16,522 --> 00:16:21,789
James' chiIdhood is shaped
by peopIe grasping for power
185
00:16:21,861 --> 00:16:26,264
that doesn't beIong to them,
but beIongs to James.
186
00:16:26,365 --> 00:16:29,357
WeII, James was the pawn
on the chessboard,
187
00:16:29,435 --> 00:16:34,099
or rather he was the King
and everyone wanted controI of the King.
188
00:16:34,540 --> 00:16:37,134
This is the exact spot
189
00:16:37,209 --> 00:16:42,112
where the infant James was crowned
King of all Scotland.
190
00:16:43,082 --> 00:16:47,815
On the day of the coronation, the
great nobIes of ScotIand were assembIed.
191
00:16:48,754 --> 00:16:54,784
The event was sanctified by the highest
officiaIs of the Scottish Church.
192
00:16:55,761 --> 00:16:58,889
John Knox himseIf read the sermon.
193
00:17:00,166 --> 00:17:02,498
The Scots had a new king.
194
00:17:03,669 --> 00:17:10,131
He may have been born a CathoIic,
but, by jinkies, he was a Protestant now.
195
00:17:14,113 --> 00:17:16,877
The chiId never saw his mother again.
196
00:17:30,896 --> 00:17:36,493
The infant James grew up in the castles
of Scotland without family or friends.
197
00:17:37,670 --> 00:17:41,231
Kept and controlled at every turn
by the ruling regents,
198
00:17:41,307 --> 00:17:44,333
he was all but a prisoner
in his own kingdom.
199
00:17:57,189 --> 00:18:00,920
His governing regents were chosen
by birth and rank.
200
00:18:01,026 --> 00:18:02,960
Standing kings,
201
00:18:03,028 --> 00:18:07,124
appointed to lead the country
while young James was still a child.
202
00:18:08,067 --> 00:18:12,401
It must have been a strange
and unsettling upbringing
203
00:18:12,471 --> 00:18:14,268
for this impressionable young boy.
204
00:18:23,716 --> 00:18:27,311
James VI is a complex, pathetic figure
205
00:18:27,386 --> 00:18:30,651
in terms of the circumstances
of his early life.
206
00:18:31,524 --> 00:18:33,719
And therefore,
it's not surprising that he should be
207
00:18:33,793 --> 00:18:37,923
so deepIy needy of affection, of attention,
208
00:18:37,997 --> 00:18:44,027
but aIso with a poIiticaI passion for unity,
for hoIding things together,
209
00:18:44,103 --> 00:18:47,539
because he knows
how easiIy everything faIIs apart.
210
00:18:51,610 --> 00:18:54,841
But this was a violent age,
211
00:18:54,914 --> 00:18:59,283
and turn after turn,
the ruling regents rose and fell.
212
00:19:00,653 --> 00:19:04,384
One was attacked by the Catholic
opposition and died a horrible death.
213
00:19:05,291 --> 00:19:07,156
Another was shot.
214
00:19:07,226 --> 00:19:12,858
Yet another was poisoned, apparently by
the very man that would then succeed him.
215
00:19:15,100 --> 00:19:17,660
Young James watched it all
216
00:19:18,404 --> 00:19:24,309
as year by year, regent by regent,
constant power struggles,
217
00:19:24,376 --> 00:19:28,710
intrigues and divisions
threatened the kingdom.
218
00:19:29,748 --> 00:19:34,151
This was his world,
the world which shaped his sensitivities,
219
00:19:34,220 --> 00:19:39,658
his future strategies
and his much needed sense of survival.
220
00:19:43,996 --> 00:19:48,899
But the boy was growing, and his minders
were aware of their responsibiIities.
221
00:19:48,968 --> 00:19:54,406
To guarantee the very best Protestant
education, a taIented tutor was required.
222
00:19:55,174 --> 00:19:57,608
Enter one George Buchanan.
223
00:20:00,379 --> 00:20:01,869
George Buchanan was regarded
224
00:20:01,947 --> 00:20:05,883
as one of the great intellectuals
of his time in Europe.
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00:20:05,951 --> 00:20:07,851
This is not a local hero.
226
00:20:07,920 --> 00:20:12,220
George Buchanan had a very distinguished
career in continental Europe.
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00:20:12,291 --> 00:20:17,251
And when he came back to ScotIand,
he aIready had estabIished his reputation
228
00:20:17,329 --> 00:20:23,893
as a great writer in Latin of poetry, pIays
and other schoIarIy works.
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00:20:24,236 --> 00:20:27,672
I'm fairIy certain he wasn't
a very nice teacher.
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00:20:27,740 --> 00:20:31,801
I think he was an extremeIy hard
and probabIy quite vioIent teacher,
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00:20:31,877 --> 00:20:33,640
which is not abnormaI for the age.
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00:20:51,597 --> 00:20:55,761
Don't bIame me, sir.
It was your error not mine.
233
00:20:56,201 --> 00:21:01,298
You know I wiII not toIerate Iazy Latin,
which is what that was.
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00:21:01,941 --> 00:21:04,603
Neither Iaziness or stupidity.
235
00:21:05,611 --> 00:21:11,072
Neither of which inferior quaIities have
any pIace in the king you are meant to be.
236
00:21:13,052 --> 00:21:15,384
Now, continue.
237
00:21:16,255 --> 00:21:21,420
Buchanan was not intimidated by kings
or royalty. He was a true Calvinist.
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00:21:21,493 --> 00:21:24,257
He believed that God alone
was the king and judge,
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00:21:24,330 --> 00:21:29,267
that the kings of this Earth, the princes
of this Earth, were the servants of God.
240
00:21:29,735 --> 00:21:32,863
I think Buchanan's brief,
and I think his goaI,
241
00:21:32,938 --> 00:21:36,101
was very simpIe,
to produce a godIy monarch.
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00:21:37,643 --> 00:21:40,305
-Time off?
-I onIy ask for one day.
243
00:21:40,779 --> 00:21:45,876
-One whoIe day snatched from your souI.
-But today's a feast day.
244
00:21:45,951 --> 00:21:47,885
What feast day?
245
00:21:48,520 --> 00:21:51,819
We observe no feasts, no fasts,
246
00:21:51,890 --> 00:21:56,623
no rituaIs, no caIendars,
no papist practices.
247
00:21:57,129 --> 00:22:01,463
-There are no saints' days in ScotIand.
-It's not a saints' day.
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00:22:01,533 --> 00:22:06,232
-It's the feast of the Epiphany.
-Epiphany, eh?
249
00:22:07,573 --> 00:22:12,272
-That's a Iong word for a IittIe Iaddie.
-It's from the Greek, epiphaneia.
250
00:22:12,344 --> 00:22:16,075
You've done your homework.
But what does it mean?
251
00:22:16,148 --> 00:22:18,708
The reveIation of God to the whoIe worId.
252
00:22:19,551 --> 00:22:22,577
A fair transIation perhaps.
253
00:22:22,655 --> 00:22:26,591
Perhaps. What is the significance, sir?
254
00:22:27,660 --> 00:22:30,254
The reveIation of God to the whoIe worId...
255
00:22:31,897 --> 00:22:33,762
The appearing of Iight to the GentiIes,
256
00:22:33,832 --> 00:22:36,892
to the coming of the wise men,
to the wee bairn in BethIehem.
257
00:22:36,969 --> 00:22:39,437
-The wee bairn?
-The messiah.
258
00:22:39,505 --> 00:22:42,531
I think this is a very just
and hoIy cause for a day off.
259
00:22:42,608 --> 00:22:47,875
And who says? A feast day on
whose authority? Is it here in scripture?
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00:22:48,380 --> 00:22:50,245
Does it have the warrant of AImighty God?
261
00:22:51,684 --> 00:22:55,279
Or are you becoming
Iike one of the three kings
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00:22:55,354 --> 00:22:58,653
and decIaring a feast day
on your own authority?
263
00:22:59,491 --> 00:23:03,791
The scripture says nothing of three kings.
In fact, they say nothing of three.
264
00:23:03,862 --> 00:23:06,695
OnIy certain wise men bringing three gifts.
265
00:23:06,765 --> 00:23:09,757
So, the three kings that you mention
have no basis in fact.
266
00:23:10,135 --> 00:23:11,193
Yes.
267
00:23:12,004 --> 00:23:16,065
And I wish the fourth one standing here
paid a bit more attention to facts.
268
00:23:21,547 --> 00:23:23,208
Very good, Iaddie.
269
00:23:24,183 --> 00:23:27,983
I do think that deserves
at Ieast one hour off.
270
00:23:28,620 --> 00:23:30,554
One hour onIy.
271
00:23:32,091 --> 00:23:34,924
Well, Buchanan was a superb teacher
of the classics
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00:23:34,993 --> 00:23:38,690
because James was superbIy educated
if you Iook at it
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00:23:38,764 --> 00:23:40,789
in terms of his knowIedge
274
00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:45,466
and his breadth of reading,
his Iinguistic skiIIs,
275
00:23:46,705 --> 00:23:51,005
his abiIity to write cIear and forcefuI prose.
276
00:23:51,076 --> 00:23:55,274
AII those skiIIs Buchanan certainIy
has transmitted to his pupiI.
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00:23:55,347 --> 00:23:58,373
And Buchanan might say,
''Well, what else did you expect me to do?
278
00:23:58,450 --> 00:24:00,941
''I'm not his nanny. I'm his tutor. ''
279
00:24:01,920 --> 00:24:07,324
As the years passed, the bond between
pupil and tutor became more close,
280
00:24:07,392 --> 00:24:10,361
but not necessarily more friendly.
281
00:24:10,429 --> 00:24:14,297
George Buchanan undoubtedly
had the boy's best interests at heart.
282
00:24:14,366 --> 00:24:19,167
And he did inspire a deep love
of learning, languages and literature
283
00:24:19,238 --> 00:24:24,369
into his pupil, even if
they did disagree on many occasions.
284
00:24:26,545 --> 00:24:30,675
Young James knew his own mind
from very early age
285
00:24:31,283 --> 00:24:33,877
and he knew how to stick to his guns.
286
00:24:36,722 --> 00:24:41,853
Those who do not know how to dissimuIate,
do not know how to ruIe.
287
00:24:44,129 --> 00:24:48,532
DissimuIating, Iying, deceiving,
288
00:24:49,134 --> 00:24:52,035
are these your kingIy virtues?
289
00:24:52,104 --> 00:24:55,699
These are the opinions of Tacitus,
an observation.
290
00:24:56,408 --> 00:25:01,277
But I beIieve that Rahab, the whore
of Jericho, deceived her own peopIe
291
00:25:01,747 --> 00:25:05,114
and yet was commended for her faith
in the Book of Hebrews.
292
00:25:05,184 --> 00:25:10,645
Are you reading scripture
through the distorted Ienses of pagans
293
00:25:10,722 --> 00:25:13,520
or through the bIindness of pride?
294
00:25:13,592 --> 00:25:15,685
An affIiction common to kings.
295
00:25:15,761 --> 00:25:18,924
The King can determine
the word of God for himseIf.
296
00:25:19,731 --> 00:25:22,529
-Can he?
-Aye, he can.
297
00:25:23,402 --> 00:25:27,600
For the King has an immortaI souI,
which is open to the truth of God,
298
00:25:27,673 --> 00:25:30,938
even when his tutors are too oId
and dim to teach him.
299
00:25:32,644 --> 00:25:34,908
No king is above God's word.
300
00:25:35,314 --> 00:25:38,909
No king can interpret God's word
for any other man.
301
00:25:38,984 --> 00:25:42,442
So, how wiII a nation
of corrupted human souIs...
302
00:25:43,088 --> 00:25:46,251
The corruption that you see in every nook
and cranny of the human heart.
303
00:25:46,325 --> 00:25:50,352
How wiII that nation
of reckIess rebeIs be governed?
304
00:25:50,429 --> 00:25:53,296
By a thousand tutors?
By a miIIion IittIe kings?
305
00:25:53,365 --> 00:25:57,699
By their own conscience
iIIuminated by God's word.
306
00:25:58,570 --> 00:26:02,165
A thousand, thousand consciences,
bIending and deIightfuI
307
00:26:02,241 --> 00:26:04,573
in continuaI harmony
in heavenIy agreement.
308
00:26:05,811 --> 00:26:07,210
I think not.
309
00:26:08,213 --> 00:26:13,378
God has appointed a ruIer to ruIe,
to submit themseIves to God.
310
00:26:13,719 --> 00:26:19,385
Aye, to obey the Iord and master
but to ruIe with wisdom and authority.
311
00:26:19,491 --> 00:26:22,619
You jump up too high,
you wiII Ieap up to heaven.
312
00:26:23,462 --> 00:26:29,401
There is no divinity in a king.
There is no prophecy in your pet opinion.
313
00:26:29,468 --> 00:26:32,562
God is my judge, my onIy judge.
314
00:26:33,405 --> 00:26:39,935
Beware of twisted reasoning, my IittIe King.
There are two kingdoms in ScotIand.
315
00:26:40,012 --> 00:26:43,948
The first is Jesus Christ
and his kingdom, the kirk.
316
00:26:44,016 --> 00:26:47,577
The second is James
and his paItry kingdom.
317
00:26:47,653 --> 00:26:51,316
And you both are subject
to the Iordship of Christ.
318
00:26:52,157 --> 00:26:57,117
One earthIy King kneeIing
before the true King of aII creation.
319
00:26:57,195 --> 00:26:58,423
Granted.
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00:26:59,097 --> 00:27:03,158
But as I am kneeIing meekIy
before the throne of my maker,
321
00:27:03,235 --> 00:27:08,639
I receive private instructions
without your heIp or your knowIedge.
322
00:27:09,741 --> 00:27:14,041
And I wiII obey God
rather than George Buchanan.
323
00:27:18,216 --> 00:27:23,347
James found himself not accepting
but questioning
324
00:27:23,422 --> 00:27:26,914
the major propositions
that Buchanan was teaching him.
325
00:27:26,992 --> 00:27:31,088
And as part of the coming to terms
with his environment
326
00:27:31,163 --> 00:27:36,226
that he Iearned to deaI
with this set of ideas in his own way.
327
00:27:36,301 --> 00:27:39,031
When James becomes a true monarch,
328
00:27:39,104 --> 00:27:42,938
in other words, abIe to exercise
the power of a king in his own right,
329
00:27:43,008 --> 00:27:48,002
as opposed to the regency
exercising the power for him,
330
00:27:48,080 --> 00:27:51,572
by definition,
aIthough he might stiII have tutors
331
00:27:51,650 --> 00:27:53,743
and might stiII have education,
332
00:27:53,819 --> 00:27:56,185
the reIationship changes dramaticaIIy.
333
00:27:56,254 --> 00:28:01,282
This is now a monarch who has the abiIity
to execute peopIe, for exampIe.
334
00:28:01,360 --> 00:28:05,023
And that is going to change
the reIationship entireIy.
335
00:28:05,864 --> 00:28:08,355
By his Iate teens, James had started
336
00:28:08,433 --> 00:28:11,527
to assume increasing controI
of his kingdom.
337
00:28:11,603 --> 00:28:17,633
He was inteIIigent, quick-witted,
a true schoIar and a fearsome debater.
338
00:28:18,510 --> 00:28:22,469
He'd grown used to deaIing with
the rougher edges of his Scottish nobIes.
339
00:28:22,547 --> 00:28:25,243
And above aII, he'd Iearned to survive.
340
00:28:25,817 --> 00:28:29,344
He was aIso praised for his chastity,
341
00:28:29,921 --> 00:28:33,482
since he seemed to show
very IittIe interest in women.
342
00:28:34,393 --> 00:28:36,987
Then aIong came Anne of Denmark.
343
00:28:38,296 --> 00:28:40,764
Anne was a Protestant princess.
344
00:28:40,832 --> 00:28:44,734
A perfect match for this young
Scottish Presbyterian King.
345
00:28:44,803 --> 00:28:49,240
TaII and eIegant,
she was stiII onIy 1 4 years oId
346
00:28:49,307 --> 00:28:52,504
when she set saiI for ScotIand
to meet her husband.
347
00:28:52,577 --> 00:28:57,947
OnIy to find that strong winds and storms
drove her back onto the coast of Norway.
348
00:29:00,218 --> 00:29:03,153
Upon hearing that the crossing
had been abandoned,
349
00:29:03,221 --> 00:29:06,349
young James suddenIy showed a rareIy seen
350
00:29:06,425 --> 00:29:09,485
dashing and romantic side to his character.
351
00:29:10,028 --> 00:29:12,462
AIong with a 300-strong
retinue of foIIowers,
352
00:29:12,531 --> 00:29:17,525
he set saiI from Leith to rescue
his bride-to-be and bring her home.
353
00:29:18,537 --> 00:29:22,029
The peopIe of ScotIand and Denmark
were entranced.
354
00:29:22,874 --> 00:29:25,468
There's nothing Iike a royaI wedding.
355
00:30:23,902 --> 00:30:25,995
Majesty. Majesty.
356
00:30:30,575 --> 00:30:32,668
So, the King had found his Queen.
357
00:30:32,744 --> 00:30:37,204
And now James settled into making
the most of his unruly kingdom.
358
00:30:37,649 --> 00:30:41,278
Resources were Iimited. Luxuries few.
359
00:30:41,786 --> 00:30:46,120
And the cIans and the nobiIity
were as fractious and difficuIt as ever.
360
00:30:46,892 --> 00:30:50,623
One can onIy imagine
how he must have Iooked in envy
361
00:30:50,695 --> 00:30:55,098
at that Iand to the south of him,
fIowing in miIk and honey.
362
00:30:56,001 --> 00:31:01,405
He knew that EngIand was rich
and generous with a secure monarchy
363
00:31:01,473 --> 00:31:05,239
and a popuIation who broadIy appeared
to want to be ruIed.
364
00:31:07,145 --> 00:31:10,478
To James,
struggIing with his Scottish probIems,
365
00:31:10,549 --> 00:31:13,848
it must have seemed
to be a very heaven upon Earth.
366
00:31:25,564 --> 00:31:30,501
As a minor relative, James kept in regular
touch with his mighty cousin.
367
00:31:30,569 --> 00:31:35,063
When the Spanish Armada threatened
the English shores, he was careful to write
368
00:31:35,140 --> 00:31:37,665
and assure the Queen of his support.
369
00:31:38,210 --> 00:31:44,581
And as his own family started to expand,
he was more than aware that further south
370
00:31:44,649 --> 00:31:49,677
the unmarried Elizabeth
was fast growing too old for child bearing
371
00:31:49,754 --> 00:31:52,882
and would soon need an heir to her throne.
372
00:31:54,326 --> 00:31:57,261
For her part,
Elizabeth seems to have received
373
00:31:57,329 --> 00:32:00,321
this constant flow of letters
with good grace,
374
00:32:00,398 --> 00:32:05,199
good humor and a discreet
but determined silence.
375
00:32:07,138 --> 00:32:11,802
MeanwhiIe, back on his own territory
James pIayed the Iong game,
376
00:32:11,876 --> 00:32:17,337
graduaIIy imposing his own authority
over the Scottish church and society.
377
00:32:17,415 --> 00:32:20,384
In the end, when he needed a show of unity,
378
00:32:20,452 --> 00:32:24,445
he commanded his squabbIing nobIes
to march through Edinburgh,
379
00:32:24,522 --> 00:32:27,582
pubIicIy hoIding hands, and they did.
380
00:32:28,159 --> 00:32:32,493
And very popuIar it proved
with the IocaI popuIation, too.
381
00:32:35,734 --> 00:32:37,361
James had won.
382
00:32:38,570 --> 00:32:43,132
He had risen to kingship
under the most difficuIt circumstances
383
00:32:43,208 --> 00:32:47,201
and estabIished more peace and unity
384
00:32:47,279 --> 00:32:50,942
than his country
had ever experienced before.
385
00:32:57,289 --> 00:33:00,816
As Scotland relaxed into relative prosperity,
386
00:33:00,892 --> 00:33:05,488
James happily embraced every aspect
of his role as ruling monarch.
387
00:33:06,564 --> 00:33:09,499
Perhaps one of his more arduous duties
388
00:33:09,567 --> 00:33:13,298
was to attend the kirk's
great national assemblies,
389
00:33:13,371 --> 00:33:18,570
like the one held here
at Burntisland Church in 1601.
390
00:33:19,778 --> 00:33:24,181
At some point in
the interminabIe church business,
391
00:33:24,249 --> 00:33:26,581
a caII was made for the assembIy
392
00:33:26,651 --> 00:33:30,451
to commission a new transIation
of the BibIe.
393
00:33:31,956 --> 00:33:35,448
This suggestion probabIy
caught James' attention.
394
00:33:35,527 --> 00:33:40,021
The creation of a singIe, neutraIIy
acceptabIe version of the HoIy Scriptures
395
00:33:40,098 --> 00:33:45,661
wouId have fitted in perfectIy
with his strong and emerging beIief in unity.
396
00:33:46,137 --> 00:33:48,571
Unity at aII cost.
397
00:33:49,774 --> 00:33:53,335
However,
Iike the good Presbyterians they were,
398
00:33:53,411 --> 00:33:57,814
the Church assembIy kicked
the suggestion into the Iong grass.
399
00:33:57,882 --> 00:34:00,817
A committee to Iook into the possibiIities,
400
00:34:00,885 --> 00:34:03,410
doubtIess to report back
to another committee.
401
00:34:03,488 --> 00:34:07,219
You know the driII.
The point is they missed the moment.
402
00:34:08,927 --> 00:34:12,886
As far as we know,
nothing much came of that idea,
403
00:34:12,964 --> 00:34:16,798
but perhaps a seed
was sown in James' mind.
404
00:34:17,635 --> 00:34:21,298
A seed that shortIy was to bear fruit.
405
00:34:23,675 --> 00:34:27,805
So, on the 26th of March, 1603,
406
00:34:27,879 --> 00:34:31,280
James received the news
that Elizabeth had died,
407
00:34:31,349 --> 00:34:34,443
naming him as her chosen successor.
408
00:34:35,053 --> 00:34:36,816
Long Iive the King.
409
00:34:47,465 --> 00:34:49,695
God save the King.
410
00:34:49,768 --> 00:34:53,795
James was now the ruler of two kingdoms.
411
00:34:54,839 --> 00:34:57,865
The future was his for the taking.
412
00:35:00,945 --> 00:35:05,382
When James went south,
the castIe here at StirIing feII into disrepair.
413
00:35:06,284 --> 00:35:08,149
No Ionger fiIIed by the court,
414
00:35:08,219 --> 00:35:14,215
it became a coId and damp reminder
of his earIy youth.
415
00:35:14,726 --> 00:35:19,459
Its Scottish King had gone
to meet his destiny
416
00:35:19,531 --> 00:35:22,523
and the worId was waiting.
417
00:35:36,147 --> 00:35:40,709
James was weIcomed Iike a conquering hero
by his new subjects.
418
00:35:40,785 --> 00:35:44,744
After the Iast stuItifying years
of EIizabeth's reign,
419
00:35:44,823 --> 00:35:47,291
the country wanted a new start,
420
00:35:47,358 --> 00:35:52,523
a reIease, and James was that reIease,
421
00:35:52,597 --> 00:35:55,191
and his peopIe Ioved him for it.
422
00:35:56,668 --> 00:35:58,727
Of course, nothing is perfect.
423
00:35:58,803 --> 00:36:01,567
The country that James had inherited
424
00:36:01,639 --> 00:36:05,234
was a mixed bag of bIessings and probIems.
425
00:36:05,310 --> 00:36:07,505
Once EIizabeth was dead,
426
00:36:07,579 --> 00:36:12,346
aII the factions that she had heId in check
were reIeased,
427
00:36:12,417 --> 00:36:17,377
and now they turned to their new king
for advancement and favor.
428
00:36:20,358 --> 00:36:25,489
There were hungry eyes fixed upon James
as he rode south.
429
00:36:25,563 --> 00:36:27,463
Expectations were high.
430
00:36:28,500 --> 00:36:29,558
Too high.
431
00:36:30,268 --> 00:36:33,795
Everyone had high hopes
when James came to the throne.
432
00:36:33,872 --> 00:36:35,931
Puritans as weII as CathoIics,
433
00:36:36,007 --> 00:36:40,103
aII hoping for some accommodations
for their own side.
434
00:36:40,745 --> 00:36:44,738
InevitabIy, he, one by one,
disappointed them aII.
435
00:36:44,816 --> 00:36:49,617
I think, everyone thinks James is gonna be
what they want or what they fear.
436
00:36:49,687 --> 00:36:54,488
What I think aII of them forget
is they're getting a grownup on the throne,
437
00:36:54,559 --> 00:36:57,119
who has been a monarch somewhere eIse.
438
00:36:57,195 --> 00:37:01,996
NormaIIy when you get a new king,
they haven't been a king anywhere eIse.
439
00:37:02,066 --> 00:37:06,469
So, there's a sort of a period in which
they're gonna have to Iearn how to do this,
440
00:37:06,538 --> 00:37:09,006
and they're gonna have to negotiate
and make their way,
441
00:37:09,073 --> 00:37:13,169
and that's your best time to strike
with a monarch, if you want reaI power,
442
00:37:13,244 --> 00:37:15,007
is when they first come to the throne.
443
00:37:16,114 --> 00:37:20,448
But apart from the pressure groups
and the seIf-serving opportunists,
444
00:37:20,518 --> 00:37:23,180
there was one probIem
that was reaI enough,
445
00:37:23,254 --> 00:37:24,744
and it had to be addressed.
446
00:37:24,822 --> 00:37:28,349
You see, church and state were unified.
447
00:37:28,893 --> 00:37:31,361
James, the King, was head of both of them.
448
00:37:31,429 --> 00:37:35,525
And the Church of EngIand
was in danger of faIIing apart
449
00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:39,502
as two factions inside it
became increasingIy opposed.
450
00:37:41,306 --> 00:37:43,740
First, there were the bishops.
451
00:37:43,808 --> 00:37:46,106
These were the ultimate authority figures
452
00:37:46,177 --> 00:37:49,146
at the very high end
of this fledgling church.
453
00:37:49,213 --> 00:37:51,773
Although capable of great spirituality,
454
00:37:51,849 --> 00:37:55,751
they were also known for acquiring
tremendous wealth and power.
455
00:37:55,820 --> 00:37:58,584
Their own preferred version
of the scriptures
456
00:37:58,656 --> 00:38:00,487
known as the Bishops' Bible,
457
00:38:00,558 --> 00:38:03,049
was the only one allowed
in English churches.
458
00:38:04,028 --> 00:38:06,462
As a more than competent scholar himself,
459
00:38:06,531 --> 00:38:10,467
James knew
that this was basicaIIy a Iazy work,
460
00:38:11,002 --> 00:38:16,235
with much of the academic transIation
being, frankIy, not up to scratch.
461
00:38:16,975 --> 00:38:19,967
Then there were the Puritans,
fervent believers
462
00:38:20,044 --> 00:38:23,241
who wanted a faith
based solidly on scripture.
463
00:38:23,314 --> 00:38:28,843
Their translation was the Geneva Bible,
known for its notorious side notes.
464
00:38:29,454 --> 00:38:32,548
These notes were written
by Protestant scholars,
465
00:38:32,624 --> 00:38:36,151
often, themseIves,
refugees from royaI persecution
466
00:38:36,227 --> 00:38:41,529
who needed no encouragement
to offer anti-monarchist interpretations
467
00:38:41,599 --> 00:38:43,396
of hoIy text.
468
00:38:43,468 --> 00:38:47,768
James hated this Geneva BibIe
with a passion,
469
00:38:47,839 --> 00:38:50,535
particuIarIy because of
those dreadfuI notes.
470
00:38:50,608 --> 00:38:53,008
To James, this was a translation
471
00:38:53,077 --> 00:38:56,911
which bred sedition
and encouraged division.
472
00:38:58,783 --> 00:39:02,310
The issue of the Bible apart,
the Puritan leaders were sure
473
00:39:02,387 --> 00:39:07,086
that the new king would back their calls
for an urgent reform of the church.
474
00:39:07,158 --> 00:39:11,356
How could he do otherwise?
He was a brother of their own persuasion.
475
00:39:12,930 --> 00:39:15,899
A deIegation of Ieading Puritans
in the Church of EngIand
476
00:39:15,967 --> 00:39:20,597
coIIected a petition
with a thousand signatures
477
00:39:20,672 --> 00:39:25,132
of active members of the cIergy
who were concerned about corruption
478
00:39:25,777 --> 00:39:28,007
and the drift away from the scriptures.
479
00:39:28,713 --> 00:39:31,944
They rode out to meet James
before he reached London,
480
00:39:32,016 --> 00:39:36,248
presenting him with their petition,
and requesting with great urgency
481
00:39:36,320 --> 00:39:38,447
that the church be reformed.
482
00:39:39,557 --> 00:39:44,654
AIthough many of their specific requests
may seem technicaI or even triviaI today,
483
00:39:45,430 --> 00:39:48,866
they were at the center
of a theoIogicaI revoIution.
484
00:39:50,835 --> 00:39:55,204
James, surprisingIy, smiIed
upon the Puritans' request
485
00:39:55,273 --> 00:39:59,073
and, without consuIting his bishops,
486
00:39:59,143 --> 00:40:04,877
he agreed to caII a summit
to address their genuine grievances.
487
00:40:04,949 --> 00:40:07,383
The bishops went baIIistic.
488
00:40:10,888 --> 00:40:14,051
This is madness! A conference?
489
00:40:14,125 --> 00:40:15,752
My Lord Bishops.
490
00:40:15,827 --> 00:40:19,024
A crowd of begging and whining
and scribbIing preachers!
491
00:40:19,097 --> 00:40:21,190
A festivaI for Puritans.
492
00:40:21,265 --> 00:40:23,062
FestivaI?
493
00:40:23,134 --> 00:40:25,295
I wouId've thought
that was a contradiction in terms.
494
00:40:26,070 --> 00:40:28,470
I don't think the Puritans are Iooking for fun,
are they?
495
00:40:28,539 --> 00:40:31,508
They are Iooking for advantage,
for dangerous concessions.
496
00:40:31,576 --> 00:40:33,601
His Gracious Majesty is...
497
00:40:34,412 --> 00:40:38,143
VuInerabIe? ImpressionabIe? Naive?
498
00:40:39,050 --> 00:40:41,644
-An ignorant newcomer?
-Of course not!
499
00:40:41,719 --> 00:40:45,519
His Majesty can, I'm sure,
deaI with every issue of state and...
500
00:40:45,590 --> 00:40:47,387
His Majesty has a tendency,
501
00:40:47,458 --> 00:40:52,122
I wouId caII it a taIent,
for striking his opponents from their perch.
502
00:40:53,397 --> 00:40:55,865
He's had considerabIe amount of practice
at it in ScotIand.
503
00:40:55,933 --> 00:40:59,494
Yeah, but 30 years
of George Buchanan and John Knox,
504
00:40:59,570 --> 00:41:03,006
the Puritans think
that the King is haIf Presbyterian!
505
00:41:03,074 --> 00:41:04,974
HaIf Presbyterian?
506
00:41:05,042 --> 00:41:07,840
That sounds Iike a painfuI condition,
my Lord Bishop.
507
00:41:08,312 --> 00:41:12,908
And what are you? HaIf bishop?
Or haIf king?
508
00:41:13,351 --> 00:41:16,343
King? I make no cIaim.
509
00:41:16,420 --> 00:41:20,356
I acknowIedge His Majesty,
but he cannot do this!
510
00:41:20,424 --> 00:41:23,518
We know that His Majesty
has the very nobIest intentions.
511
00:41:23,594 --> 00:41:26,188
Good. You had me worried.
512
00:41:26,264 --> 00:41:32,362
But he can't just give in to the first
craven IittIe Puritan request.
513
00:41:32,436 --> 00:41:35,405
A conference! About the church!
514
00:41:35,473 --> 00:41:38,271
The prayer book, vestments,
515
00:41:38,342 --> 00:41:41,004
their sniveIing IittIe gripes
about everything under the sun.
516
00:41:41,078 --> 00:41:43,512
-He can't just...
-Can't?
517
00:41:44,882 --> 00:41:46,577
I beIieve he's your sovereign.
518
00:41:48,219 --> 00:41:52,246
He is our King.
Our gracious Iord and our wise sovereign.
519
00:41:52,323 --> 00:41:55,121
But even His Majesty cannot act
in matters on the church
520
00:41:55,193 --> 00:41:57,753
without the assent of his bishops.
521
00:41:57,829 --> 00:41:59,228
Can't act without?
522
00:41:59,297 --> 00:42:03,757
I assume my hearing is at fauIt.
Can't act without your permission?
523
00:42:05,503 --> 00:42:08,631
AII men are subject to God
and to the church.
524
00:42:09,207 --> 00:42:10,868
And who's head of the church?
525
00:42:12,243 --> 00:42:13,676
Who's your head?
526
00:42:13,744 --> 00:42:16,372
Who's the supreme head
of the Church of EngIand?
527
00:42:29,393 --> 00:42:33,454
I think His Majesty is entitIed
to a IittIe conference, don't you?
528
00:42:36,601 --> 00:42:39,399
-We'II get the first hearing.
-Can it be done?
529
00:42:39,470 --> 00:42:44,169
I'II get that one concession, at Ieast.
We'II speak first or I'II be damned!
530
00:42:46,978 --> 00:42:49,503
The venue was to be
the RoyaI PaIace at Hampton Court.
531
00:42:49,580 --> 00:42:52,708
The King himseIf was to preside.
532
00:42:52,783 --> 00:42:57,152
And no matter what their fears
or hopes were of the outcome,
533
00:42:57,221 --> 00:42:59,951
there was one question on everyone's Iips.
534
00:43:00,024 --> 00:43:02,515
How wouId the King cope?
535
00:43:02,593 --> 00:43:04,083
WouId he be a pushover?
536
00:43:04,161 --> 00:43:07,289
WouId he be susceptibIe
to fIattery or to buIIying?
537
00:43:07,365 --> 00:43:10,630
He had never been tested
in quite this way before.
538
00:43:12,236 --> 00:43:18,402
And whatever the outcome of the match,
CeciI had the ringside seat.
539
00:43:26,083 --> 00:43:30,281
James was more than aware
of the divisions in his church,
540
00:43:30,354 --> 00:43:35,291
and that this conference presented him
with a golden opportunity to secure unity.
541
00:43:35,860 --> 00:43:38,590
But how would he be able to achieve it?
542
00:43:38,663 --> 00:43:44,499
For James, imposing himself
was the only way to get unity.
543
00:43:44,568 --> 00:43:47,901
His agenda is very clear.
544
00:43:47,972 --> 00:43:52,807
The first thing he wanted to do
was make them respect his authority
545
00:43:52,877 --> 00:43:58,042
as the head of the Church in EngIand,
without question.
546
00:43:58,115 --> 00:44:02,518
Ultimately he wants to move both parties
out of their entrenched positions
547
00:44:02,586 --> 00:44:07,853
to accept a compromise that he brokers
and will seal with his authority.
548
00:44:15,266 --> 00:44:16,358
What?
549
00:44:17,735 --> 00:44:20,533
You shaII not sit before your King!
550
00:44:41,192 --> 00:44:42,750
You may be seated.
551
00:44:47,298 --> 00:44:52,668
Two sides, two agendas, and one new king
to give them aII they wanted.
552
00:44:58,676 --> 00:45:03,409
Majesty, frankIy,
we cannot see any need for change
553
00:45:03,481 --> 00:45:07,975
because the Church of EngIand has been
in a settIed state for 40 years.
554
00:45:08,052 --> 00:45:09,314
Forty years?
555
00:45:10,554 --> 00:45:13,079
A man can have the pox for 40 years.
556
00:45:13,157 --> 00:45:16,217
Does that mean there is never going to be
any cure for his sickness?
557
00:45:17,595 --> 00:45:21,122
We do not regard the Church of Christ
as sick, Majesty.
558
00:45:21,198 --> 00:45:23,257
Maybe not the Church of Christ,
559
00:45:23,334 --> 00:45:25,564
but are there not practices
in the Church of EngIand
560
00:45:25,636 --> 00:45:30,039
which wouId make these Iearned
and hoIy men want to retch and vomit?
561
00:45:31,876 --> 00:45:36,540
My Lords, I come from a pIace
of coarse wind and harsh cIimate.
562
00:45:37,048 --> 00:45:41,883
My Ianguage may be far too infIuenced
by the roughness of the Scots' tongue.
563
00:45:43,120 --> 00:45:48,820
Or is it my daiIy diet of studying
the pIain speaking of hoIy scripture?
564
00:45:48,893 --> 00:45:50,690
I reaIIy cannot teII.
565
00:45:51,896 --> 00:45:57,664
We onIy beg you not to give in to the rash
and presumptuous demands
566
00:45:57,735 --> 00:45:59,293
which wiII rock your kingdom.
567
00:45:59,370 --> 00:46:01,770
So soIicitous for my weIfare.
568
00:46:02,139 --> 00:46:05,631
AIready you put your hand out to steady
the ship of state.
569
00:46:05,709 --> 00:46:07,472
Perhaps, Iike Uzzah,
570
00:46:08,712 --> 00:46:11,909
the man who put his hand out
to steady the ark of God
571
00:46:11,982 --> 00:46:13,643
and was struck dead.
572
00:46:15,853 --> 00:46:18,344
Bancroft, Andrewes
and the rest of the bishops
573
00:46:18,422 --> 00:46:21,084
got far more than they'd bargained for
from the King.
574
00:46:21,158 --> 00:46:25,925
Not in concessions,
but in a severe verbaI thrashing.
575
00:46:26,864 --> 00:46:30,322
James was an inteIIectuaI
and a considerabIe theoIogian.
576
00:46:30,401 --> 00:46:34,633
He thrived on argument and debate,
no matter how rough.
577
00:46:34,705 --> 00:46:39,005
Buchanan and those troubIesome
Scottish nobIes had taught him weII,
578
00:46:39,076 --> 00:46:41,067
and apart from that,
579
00:46:41,145 --> 00:46:43,511
what he said was true.
580
00:46:46,917 --> 00:46:49,408
In short, gentIemen,
581
00:46:49,487 --> 00:46:51,978
I do not know of any organization
582
00:46:52,056 --> 00:46:55,822
or institution of over 40 years' existence,
583
00:46:55,893 --> 00:46:59,761
that does not have, deep within it,
some seeds of sin,
584
00:46:59,830 --> 00:47:02,628
corruption or ineptitude.
585
00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:06,830
Severe seIf-examination and reform
wiII indeed be necessary.
586
00:47:08,305 --> 00:47:12,207
To suggest otherwise
is to fIy in the face of simpIe fact,
587
00:47:13,144 --> 00:47:14,634
basic honesty,
588
00:47:15,746 --> 00:47:17,737
and your King's judgment.
589
00:47:23,554 --> 00:47:27,081
End of round one,
a technicaI knockout for James.
590
00:47:27,892 --> 00:47:31,623
And now it was the turn of the Puritans
to put their case.
591
00:47:31,695 --> 00:47:34,425
They were certain that they would get
a much better reception
592
00:47:34,498 --> 00:47:37,763
from their new Presbyterian King.
593
00:47:38,369 --> 00:47:41,065
You have a Iist of grievances,
Master ReynoIds?
594
00:47:41,138 --> 00:47:43,197
A few points, Majesty.
595
00:47:50,681 --> 00:47:51,909
A few?
596
00:47:52,883 --> 00:47:55,408
By God and aII the saints in heaven,
597
00:47:55,486 --> 00:47:57,386
not that I countenance
praying to the saints in heaven
598
00:47:57,454 --> 00:47:58,978
in any circumstances,
599
00:47:59,056 --> 00:48:02,753
but perhaps we couId do with their heIp
in reading this endIess Iist.
600
00:48:02,826 --> 00:48:06,489
Majesty, I have underIined
the most serious articIes of compIaint.
601
00:48:06,564 --> 00:48:09,727
And worn out your pen with its scratching,
Master Chadderton.
602
00:48:10,301 --> 00:48:14,169
Scratching and etching
and scraping away in your Puritan coIIege.
603
00:48:15,839 --> 00:48:17,466
What is this?
604
00:48:17,541 --> 00:48:19,839
You have an objection
to the wedding service?
605
00:48:20,477 --> 00:48:25,346
''With my body, I thee worship,''
has a IittIe too much force, Your Majesty,
606
00:48:26,050 --> 00:48:28,917
for onIy God is worthy of our worship.
607
00:48:28,986 --> 00:48:30,248
Not your wife?
608
00:48:31,222 --> 00:48:32,917
I have no wife, Your Majesty.
609
00:48:33,657 --> 00:48:34,885
No wife?
610
00:48:35,693 --> 00:48:37,456
WeII, Master ReynoIds,
611
00:48:37,528 --> 00:48:41,089
many a man has spoken of Robin Hood
without shooting his own bow.
612
00:48:41,999 --> 00:48:45,025
I wouId say,
if you couId get yourseIf a good wife,
613
00:48:45,836 --> 00:48:50,864
I think you wouId consider aII the worship
you couId give her wouId be weII on target.
614
00:48:52,743 --> 00:48:53,869
Your Majesty, I...
615
00:48:53,944 --> 00:48:57,573
It's a matter of definitions, Majesty,
the word ''worship''...
616
00:48:57,648 --> 00:48:58,876
''Worship.''
617
00:48:58,949 --> 00:49:01,679
I hear of ''worship aII gentIemen''
in EngIand.
618
00:49:01,752 --> 00:49:06,451
I hear of ''worship aII companies of taiIors
and wooI merchants.''
619
00:49:06,523 --> 00:49:09,356
Worship is everywhere in the reaIm.
620
00:49:09,426 --> 00:49:11,417
Are you going to excIude your wives,
621
00:49:11,495 --> 00:49:13,895
who are made in the image of God
as you are?
622
00:49:13,964 --> 00:49:17,024
WeII, if not that particuIar passage,
Your Majesty,
623
00:49:17,101 --> 00:49:19,126
wouId you graciousIy consider
some others?
624
00:49:19,203 --> 00:49:23,333
I wiII graciousIy consider some of them,
but not aII of them,
625
00:49:24,375 --> 00:49:28,175
for I wiII be in danger
of running out of graciousness aItogether.
626
00:49:28,746 --> 00:49:31,180
My stock is very Iow this morning.
627
00:49:36,954 --> 00:49:39,252
This is an everIasting sermon.
628
00:49:40,257 --> 00:49:44,660
A Iitany of duIIness and stupidity
bIown out of your buttocks.
629
00:49:44,728 --> 00:49:46,992
-Majesty...
-Perhaps we shouId stick the Iist
630
00:49:47,064 --> 00:49:48,361
back where it came from.
631
00:49:49,500 --> 00:49:52,094
Your Majesty, may we humbIy summarize?
632
00:49:52,169 --> 00:49:54,729
We do not accept the fuII governance
of the bishops.
633
00:49:54,805 --> 00:49:59,071
You see, Majesty,
your very authority is undermined.
634
00:49:59,143 --> 00:50:02,135
OnIy by your rash interruptions.
635
00:50:03,347 --> 00:50:04,507
Go on.
636
00:50:05,883 --> 00:50:09,011
What if the bishops ruIed jointIy
637
00:50:09,086 --> 00:50:11,213
with a counciI,
638
00:50:11,855 --> 00:50:14,449
-a presbytery of their feIIows?
-Presbytery?
639
00:50:16,360 --> 00:50:17,759
-Presbytery?
-No...
640
00:50:17,828 --> 00:50:21,889
If you're aiming at a Scot's presbytery, sir,
641
00:50:21,965 --> 00:50:26,800
that wiII agree with this monarch
as weII as God agrees with the deviI.
642
00:50:29,039 --> 00:50:31,837
It was, of course, a strategy of genius.
643
00:50:31,909 --> 00:50:37,279
In a country where poIarizing factions
were a reaI danger of puIIing things apart,
644
00:50:37,748 --> 00:50:40,842
James was imposing himseIf
as the middIe way.
645
00:50:41,418 --> 00:50:46,048
He was determined to force everyone
back to the center ground,
646
00:50:46,123 --> 00:50:49,752
where he wouId stand
as God's appointed king,
647
00:50:49,827 --> 00:50:52,318
the one and onIy ruIer.
648
00:50:53,330 --> 00:50:54,354
No.
649
00:50:55,032 --> 00:50:56,522
Anything eIse?
650
00:51:00,838 --> 00:51:03,363
-Rings in marriage are a...
-No!
651
00:51:04,908 --> 00:51:07,172
-Signing the cross...
-No!
652
00:51:07,244 --> 00:51:08,575
-Bowing...
-No!
653
00:51:09,213 --> 00:51:11,477
No, no.
654
00:51:14,351 --> 00:51:16,512
Do you have any other worthy requests?
655
00:51:17,287 --> 00:51:21,621
And I mean truIy worthy of my attention.
656
00:51:24,895 --> 00:51:26,624
James needed unity,
657
00:51:27,264 --> 00:51:29,198
unity at aII costs.
658
00:51:30,067 --> 00:51:34,800
And to achieve this, he had to give
the Puritans something to go home with.
659
00:51:34,872 --> 00:51:36,169
But what?
660
00:51:37,207 --> 00:51:38,333
Then it happened.
661
00:51:38,742 --> 00:51:41,267
In God's name, is there nothing?
662
00:51:42,212 --> 00:51:46,171
-We had thought...
-It's Iong been a cause of concern.
663
00:51:46,250 --> 00:51:49,151
...that there shouId be one transIation
of the BibIe
664
00:51:49,219 --> 00:51:51,585
to be authenticated and read
in the churches.
665
00:51:51,655 --> 00:51:53,247
There is a BibIe.
666
00:51:53,323 --> 00:51:55,689
Hated by aII the peopIe
and the work of dunces.
667
00:51:55,759 --> 00:51:57,283
The Bishops' BibIe...
668
00:51:57,361 --> 00:52:00,990
UnacceptabIe to these worthy schoIars.
669
00:52:02,900 --> 00:52:04,663
Go on.
670
00:52:07,504 --> 00:52:08,903
One version
671
00:52:10,240 --> 00:52:12,538
to be read throughout the Iand,
672
00:52:13,877 --> 00:52:15,811
unifying our worship.
673
00:52:20,317 --> 00:52:22,649
-The Geneva BibIe is most...
-Infuriating!
674
00:52:23,620 --> 00:52:28,182
Prejudiced,
and fuII of nasty IittIe Puritan notes.
675
00:52:28,859 --> 00:52:30,622
Not fit for purpose.
676
00:52:32,196 --> 00:52:33,220
So,
677
00:52:34,331 --> 00:52:36,162
you are suggesting
678
00:52:36,233 --> 00:52:39,430
a compIeteIy new transIation
of God's hoIy word,
679
00:52:39,503 --> 00:52:41,403
agreeabIe to everyone.
680
00:52:42,172 --> 00:52:43,366
Yes.
681
00:52:44,074 --> 00:52:47,066
-With aII things considered, I suppose...
-GentIemen,
682
00:52:47,144 --> 00:52:50,272
you have spoken exceIIent good sense
for the first time.
683
00:52:52,382 --> 00:52:53,679
We wiII have a new transIation.
684
00:52:55,118 --> 00:52:56,210
And you,
685
00:52:56,286 --> 00:52:58,686
humbIe servants of AImighty God,
686
00:53:00,424 --> 00:53:02,415
wiII aII work together.
687
00:53:04,728 --> 00:53:09,427
How precious is unity in the bIessed reaIm
of EngIand!
688
00:53:14,238 --> 00:53:18,004
With this one master stroke,
James had done it.
689
00:53:18,075 --> 00:53:20,839
The two opposing sides
now had to work together
690
00:53:20,911 --> 00:53:24,779
on a singIe, joint and unifying project,
691
00:53:24,848 --> 00:53:31,219
a project based on schoIarship,
cIarity, and the aII-powerfuI word of God.
692
00:53:33,123 --> 00:53:36,718
He'd aIso estabIished his credentiaIs
as King.
693
00:53:37,661 --> 00:53:42,098
From now on, this IittIe Scottish cousin
from the north
694
00:53:42,833 --> 00:53:46,030
was to be a reaI force to be reckoned with.
695
00:53:48,171 --> 00:53:54,041
It was a risky strategy to bind such separate
factions together in one unifying project.
696
00:53:54,545 --> 00:53:57,708
But James was prepared to take that risk.
697
00:53:58,815 --> 00:54:01,409
And so, the great work got underway.
698
00:54:01,785 --> 00:54:06,688
The King was determined that this would be
the finest translation ever completed.
699
00:54:07,691 --> 00:54:10,216
But there were one or two
growing concerns,
700
00:54:10,294 --> 00:54:13,195
and suspicion soon began to rise.
701
00:54:13,864 --> 00:54:17,561
As the bishops watched the opposition
arriving with their books,
702
00:54:17,634 --> 00:54:19,659
commentaries and opinions,
703
00:54:19,736 --> 00:54:25,902
they feared that these Puritan scholars
might be able to slip some heretical bias
704
00:54:25,976 --> 00:54:29,537
in on the blind side and pollute the work.
705
00:54:30,647 --> 00:54:33,775
Bancroft, in particular, was deeply worried.
706
00:54:36,053 --> 00:54:38,044
They cannot be trusted.
707
00:54:38,121 --> 00:54:40,282
You are a very suspicious man.
708
00:54:40,357 --> 00:54:43,417
And weII quaIified to be an archbishop
in due course.
709
00:54:43,493 --> 00:54:48,362
I have no earthIy ambitions.
I onIy seek the security of your kingdom.
710
00:54:48,432 --> 00:54:50,992
AIthough you're asking me to trust
such a bIatant Iie.
711
00:54:51,068 --> 00:54:53,832
-Your Majesty.
-No ambition?
712
00:54:53,904 --> 00:54:55,929
What a sweet souI you are.
713
00:54:57,474 --> 00:55:00,932
Do not Iecture me about trust,
my Lord Bishop.
714
00:55:02,045 --> 00:55:04,878
Have you not read
John's GospeI, Chapter 2?
715
00:55:05,949 --> 00:55:07,507
He trusted himseIf to no man
716
00:55:07,584 --> 00:55:09,882
because he knew
what was in the heart of man.
717
00:55:10,821 --> 00:55:13,915
Even our bIessed Lord
had serious probIems with trust.
718
00:55:13,991 --> 00:55:19,952
Majesty, the Puritans wiII sIip in
their doctrinaI errors on every page,
719
00:55:20,030 --> 00:55:22,021
in every coIumn. These peopIe...
720
00:55:22,099 --> 00:55:27,264
If every man's whims are to be foIIowed,
the whoIe worId wiII be piIed high
721
00:55:27,337 --> 00:55:31,603
-with new transIations.
-That is why you must trust no one man,
722
00:55:32,709 --> 00:55:37,373
no one theoIogy, no one party.
Not even the most pious of your bishops.
723
00:55:37,848 --> 00:55:41,978
Trust no one,
not even your own scheming heart.
724
00:55:44,621 --> 00:55:49,285
Trust onIy the spirit that refines,
that purifies with fire.
725
00:55:54,564 --> 00:55:56,725
I couId set up committees
testing every man's work,
726
00:55:56,800 --> 00:55:58,734
with checks and baIances at every stage.
727
00:55:58,802 --> 00:56:02,294
Checks and counter-checks
and tripIe checks.
728
00:56:02,372 --> 00:56:07,708
There wiII be no marginaI notes,
no vicious IittIe backbiting commentaries,
729
00:56:07,778 --> 00:56:13,512
and no pompous episcopaI nonsense
or papist puke, either.
730
00:56:13,583 --> 00:56:16,575
It shaII be pIain, pure and simpIe,
731
00:56:16,653 --> 00:56:21,488
but sureIy it can be based on the Bishops'
BibIe, which is stiII a fine work...
732
00:56:21,558 --> 00:56:23,287
The Bishops' BibIe?
733
00:56:24,394 --> 00:56:29,627
Where ''cast thy bread upon the waters''
becomes ''Iay your bread on wet faces''?
734
00:56:30,300 --> 00:56:33,531
Dear God in Heaven,
it must be better than that.
735
00:56:34,271 --> 00:56:37,502
Or I wiII be Iaying a Ioaf of bread
on your wet face.
736
00:56:41,344 --> 00:56:43,471
I am trusting you with this.
737
00:56:45,382 --> 00:56:46,644
ReaIIy.
738
00:56:47,284 --> 00:56:51,983
But just in case, I wiII supervise,
personaIIy, every man's work.
739
00:56:52,055 --> 00:56:53,989
EspeciaIIy yours.
740
00:56:56,927 --> 00:57:00,556
The King is determined to create a system
741
00:57:00,630 --> 00:57:04,464
that wiII incIude Puritan participation
742
00:57:05,068 --> 00:57:07,366
but wiII fiIter out
743
00:57:07,437 --> 00:57:12,101
any undue Puritan agenda.
744
00:57:13,009 --> 00:57:15,910
RuIes of checking were set up.
745
00:57:16,313 --> 00:57:20,545
Apart from a separate Iist of stringent ruIes
drawn up by the King,
746
00:57:20,617 --> 00:57:25,077
four extra tests for the finaI text
wouId be appIied,
747
00:57:25,155 --> 00:57:30,559
raising the IeveI of academic exceIIence
to an unprecedented new IeveI.
748
00:57:32,462 --> 00:57:38,458
In the end, it's wonderfully ironic that this
unnecessary paranoia about Puritan bias
749
00:57:38,535 --> 00:57:42,733
should be one of the main reasons
for such a wonderful translation,
750
00:57:42,806 --> 00:57:47,334
because it was purified and tested
time and time again,
751
00:57:47,410 --> 00:57:51,972
far beyond the normal expectations
of this or any other age.
752
00:57:53,250 --> 00:57:55,343
One of the transIating groups
753
00:57:55,418 --> 00:57:58,478
met here,
in the precincts of Westminster Abbey,
754
00:57:59,623 --> 00:58:02,990
in a room caIIed the JerusaIem Chamber.
755
00:58:07,631 --> 00:58:08,962
And here it is.
756
00:58:10,367 --> 00:58:14,428
It's stiII used for smaII groups of peopIe
to meet
757
00:58:14,504 --> 00:58:16,028
and taIk about church business today.
758
00:58:16,106 --> 00:58:22,306
Around this firepIace, 400 years ago,
there was a group of schoIars seated
759
00:58:23,079 --> 00:58:26,742
under the Ieadership of LanceIot Andrewes.
760
00:58:27,584 --> 00:58:30,417
Now, these were some of the top schoIars
of their day,
761
00:58:30,487 --> 00:58:36,392
meeting together not to create spin or bias,
but to get as cIose as is humanIy possibIe
762
00:58:36,459 --> 00:58:39,485
to the originaI texts and their true meaning.
763
00:58:42,532 --> 00:58:44,727
It was a mammoth undertaking.
764
00:58:45,702 --> 00:58:50,435
All the more surprising then,
that so little evidence of it has survived.
765
00:58:51,007 --> 00:58:54,534
But in recent years,
major discoveries have been made.
766
00:58:54,611 --> 00:58:59,105
Actual examples of work in progress,
the very ink and paper
767
00:58:59,182 --> 00:59:03,209
produced by those translators
400 years ago.
768
00:59:04,187 --> 00:59:08,146
One of these rare gems was found here,
in Lambeth Palace,
769
00:59:08,225 --> 00:59:11,558
home to the Archbishops of Canterbury
for centuries.
770
00:59:13,763 --> 00:59:17,494
This Iibrary was buiIt
by Archbishop Bancroft,
771
00:59:17,567 --> 00:59:22,197
and this is probabIy his very own book.
772
00:59:23,607 --> 00:59:30,376
No one knows if there are any more of these
in existence. This is an originaI draft.
773
00:59:39,422 --> 00:59:43,358
Corinthians 1 :13.
774
00:59:44,794 --> 00:59:48,093
''Now abideth faith, hope, charity,
775
00:59:48,164 --> 00:59:50,064
''these three,
776
00:59:50,133 --> 00:59:53,830
''but the greatest of these is charity.''
777
00:59:55,138 --> 00:59:57,902
I mean, gIorious Ianguage.
778
01:00:02,612 --> 01:00:04,705
MeanwhiIe, what about James?
779
01:00:04,781 --> 01:00:08,046
How is he doing in his earIy years
of running the country?
780
01:00:09,052 --> 01:00:11,384
To be honest with you,
he was doing rather weII.
781
01:00:12,389 --> 01:00:15,916
James' reign was growing
increasingIy estabIished
782
01:00:15,992 --> 01:00:17,721
and ever more popuIar.
783
01:00:17,794 --> 01:00:21,127
The country was thriving under his poIicies.
784
01:00:21,197 --> 01:00:23,791
SureIy, no one couId argue with that.
785
01:00:25,602 --> 01:00:28,799
WeII, there was one faction.
786
01:00:31,508 --> 01:00:34,841
The English Catholics were losing patience.
787
01:00:34,911 --> 01:00:38,438
The promises James had made to them
before he ascended to the throne
788
01:00:38,515 --> 01:00:40,847
had produced precisely nothing.
789
01:00:40,917 --> 01:00:44,819
And now the Roman Catholic discontent
was growing ever darker
790
01:00:44,888 --> 01:00:47,049
and more dangerous.
791
01:00:47,123 --> 01:00:49,421
By the summer of 1604,
792
01:00:49,492 --> 01:00:53,394
there are those
who are sufficientIy discontented
793
01:00:53,463 --> 01:00:56,455
to think of radicaI soIutions.
794
01:00:56,800 --> 01:01:02,432
In a sense, the moment
for peacefuI toIeration has been ignored.
795
01:01:04,174 --> 01:01:08,372
A group of dissident Catholic noblemen
had approached an English mercenary
796
01:01:08,445 --> 01:01:10,276
called Guy Fawkes,
797
01:01:10,347 --> 01:01:13,805
desperate to use his particular talents
for their cause.
798
01:01:14,184 --> 01:01:17,415
There are 3,000 men in EngIand,
ready to take up arms.
799
01:01:17,487 --> 01:01:19,318
Good CathoIic soIdiers
800
01:01:19,389 --> 01:01:20,879
or hopeIess fooIs?
801
01:01:20,957 --> 01:01:23,255
Let me make it cIear. Let me teII you...
802
01:01:26,529 --> 01:01:31,159
My cousin, Francis Tresham. He's sound.
803
01:01:32,969 --> 01:01:34,937
But are you sound, Sir Robert?
804
01:01:35,005 --> 01:01:36,836
You forget your pIace, Fawkes.
805
01:01:37,841 --> 01:01:39,433
I know my pIace.
806
01:01:40,043 --> 01:01:41,977
It's up to here in mud.
807
01:01:43,013 --> 01:01:45,914
It's up to here in dust and grime.
808
01:01:46,850 --> 01:01:50,650
But where is your pIace? In your Iibrary?
809
01:01:50,720 --> 01:01:53,188
I know my pIace on the stage of this worId.
810
01:01:54,524 --> 01:01:56,253
Grand sentiments.
811
01:01:57,127 --> 01:02:00,153
The King of Spain was deepIy impressed.
812
01:02:00,230 --> 01:02:02,027
But unfortunateIy,
813
01:02:02,565 --> 01:02:06,626
His Spanish Majesty
was otherwise occupied,
814
01:02:07,537 --> 01:02:10,631
making peace with our own King James.
815
01:02:13,043 --> 01:02:17,503
I'm a miIitary man, sir, a Iowborn mercenary.
816
01:02:17,580 --> 01:02:19,980
I'm not here for airs and graces.
817
01:02:20,050 --> 01:02:23,986
What can you do? Can you heIp us
bring about this gIorious change?
818
01:02:24,554 --> 01:02:27,682
I understand very IittIe about human nature
819
01:02:27,757 --> 01:02:32,194
and a great deaI about gunpowder.
TeII me what you want.
820
01:02:34,464 --> 01:02:39,527
I want to destroy them aII. Lords, bishops,
Privy CounciI, commons, the King.
821
01:02:41,571 --> 01:02:45,166
-I don't beIieve you.
-BeIieve me. BeIieve me, sir.
822
01:02:46,276 --> 01:02:49,404
Even if I go to heII
with the whoIe Iot of them.
823
01:02:53,483 --> 01:02:54,916
WeII, then that wouId be careIess.
824
01:02:56,453 --> 01:03:01,914
I can arrange things so that you stay
on Earth, with pIenty of time to repent.
825
01:03:02,859 --> 01:03:06,556
But it wiII take at Ieast 30 barreIs of powder
826
01:03:07,730 --> 01:03:09,823
and a great deaI of money.
827
01:03:12,602 --> 01:03:15,332
Their pIan was audacious in the extreme.
828
01:03:16,439 --> 01:03:20,239
What they wanted was to wipe the sIate
cIean and start again.
829
01:03:20,310 --> 01:03:24,269
But this time, to Ieave onIy CathoIics
in controI.
830
01:03:24,347 --> 01:03:28,750
And to achieve this,
they started to pIan their very own 9l1 1 .
831
01:03:29,486 --> 01:03:33,183
This is an extraordinariIy weII thought out
and briIIiant pIot,
832
01:03:33,256 --> 01:03:36,419
and it's masterminded by someone
who knows about gunpowder
833
01:03:36,493 --> 01:03:40,554
and can do the caIcuIations
of what's needed, and get the stuff.
834
01:03:47,403 --> 01:03:50,770
First of aII, the attempt to dig a tunneI
835
01:03:51,508 --> 01:03:54,841
into the PaIace of Westminster to bIow
the State Opening
836
01:03:54,911 --> 01:03:58,369
when everybody would be there,
King, Lords and commons.
837
01:03:58,948 --> 01:04:00,916
Put your backs into it.
838
01:04:04,254 --> 01:04:08,714
It was a madcap scheme from the start,
but this group of fervent believers
839
01:04:08,791 --> 01:04:10,918
saw it as their only chance,
840
01:04:10,994 --> 01:04:15,397
their Iast, desperate roII of the dice
to win the prize
841
01:04:15,465 --> 01:04:17,990
of a truIy CathoIic EngIand once again,
842
01:04:18,067 --> 01:04:21,468
and a fuII adoption
back into the Church of Rome.
843
01:04:26,543 --> 01:04:28,841
-How far?
-Not far enough.
844
01:04:30,246 --> 01:04:35,343
-This is madness. It couId take years.
-We don't have years. We have six weeks.
845
01:04:35,418 --> 01:04:37,784
-We need a Iot more men.
-There's no one eIse.
846
01:04:37,854 --> 01:04:40,584
-Six more men.
-Or three reaI men.
847
01:04:41,357 --> 01:04:45,316
We're digging with aII our might.
We've put our Iife and souI into this.
848
01:04:45,962 --> 01:04:48,931
It's bodies we need, not souIs.
849
01:04:49,866 --> 01:04:54,064
Better shoveIs.
We need picks and sIedgehammers.
850
01:04:54,137 --> 01:04:56,367
You can have aII the equipment you want.
851
01:04:56,439 --> 01:04:58,236
But no more men.
852
01:04:58,308 --> 01:05:01,800
Robert, everyone is exhausted.
They're in despair.
853
01:05:01,878 --> 01:05:03,778
How many more men
do you want to invoIve?
854
01:05:04,480 --> 01:05:07,210
Let's send out the town crier,
ringing his beII,
855
01:05:07,283 --> 01:05:10,810
''RoII up! Come and dig! Come and dig.''
856
01:05:12,722 --> 01:05:14,383
Christ have mercy.
857
01:05:15,825 --> 01:05:17,725
There's no way forward.
858
01:05:19,162 --> 01:05:20,857
And no way back.
859
01:05:25,969 --> 01:05:28,062
-They changed the date.
-What?
860
01:05:28,137 --> 01:05:31,971
The State Opening of ParIiament
has been deIayed by four months.
861
01:05:32,041 --> 01:05:34,908
It's now set for November 5.
862
01:05:34,978 --> 01:05:36,809
Praise be to God.
863
01:05:38,848 --> 01:05:41,578
Let no one doubt the true caIIing
of our cause now.
864
01:05:46,322 --> 01:05:50,315
Then the tunneI is abandoned
because instead they can Iease a ceIIar.
865
01:05:50,393 --> 01:05:53,453
So, they have this much better opportunity
of Ieasing a ceIIar
866
01:05:53,529 --> 01:05:55,554
in the decrepit oId PaIace of Westminster,
867
01:05:55,632 --> 01:05:58,192
which actuaIIy,
if you stuff it with gunpowder,
868
01:05:58,268 --> 01:06:01,635
wiII bIow up
the House of Lords Chamber on top.
869
01:06:03,906 --> 01:06:06,807
This is the pIace, if you want it.
870
01:06:10,780 --> 01:06:13,772
Good access to the river, you say.
871
01:06:13,850 --> 01:06:15,943
-You know it has.
-WeII?
872
01:06:18,087 --> 01:06:21,147
-It's a bit on the damp side.
-Fawkes.
873
01:06:25,728 --> 01:06:27,491
And rent's a bit high.
874
01:06:29,432 --> 01:06:30,797
WiII it do?
875
01:06:33,436 --> 01:06:35,131
-Yes.
-WeII?
876
01:06:38,574 --> 01:06:39,973
Pay the man.
877
01:06:48,851 --> 01:06:53,584
We know from modern computer modelings
of the amount of gunpowder that they had,
878
01:06:53,656 --> 01:06:57,251
and what it wouId've been Iike
if it had gone off successfuIIy.
879
01:06:57,327 --> 01:07:01,354
It wouIdn't just have bIown up
the PaIace of Westminster,
880
01:07:01,431 --> 01:07:04,400
it wouId've bIown down
a good haIf of Westminster Abbey.
881
01:07:04,467 --> 01:07:10,428
It wouId've created an enormous firebaII
that spread out into the city of London,
882
01:07:10,773 --> 01:07:13,970
and the Ioss of Iife and the Ioss of property
wouId've been horrendous.
883
01:07:15,511 --> 01:07:18,674
As the new date for the planned attack
drew near,
884
01:07:18,748 --> 01:07:21,683
some of the plotters
began to have their doubts.
885
01:07:22,485 --> 01:07:26,285
Francis Tresham, in particular,
was increasingly concerned
886
01:07:26,989 --> 01:07:30,618
as his wife's brother was due
to be at the State Opening of Parliament,
887
01:07:31,027 --> 01:07:35,361
and along with everyone else,
would undoubtedly be killed by the blast.
888
01:07:42,372 --> 01:07:45,864
The exact details are still hazy even now,
889
01:07:45,942 --> 01:07:50,311
but it's a simple matter of historical record
that an anonymous note
890
01:07:50,380 --> 01:07:55,215
found its way to Lord Monteagle,
Francis Tresham's brother-in-law,
891
01:07:55,284 --> 01:07:57,445
warning him in the starkest terms
892
01:07:57,520 --> 01:08:00,114
not to attend
the State Opening of Parliament.
893
01:08:01,057 --> 01:08:03,719
What this letter basically says is,
something's up.
894
01:08:03,793 --> 01:08:08,127
Now, it's not cIear, something focusing
on the State Opening of ParIiament,
895
01:08:08,197 --> 01:08:11,325
something that very probabIy invoIves
kiIIing the King,
896
01:08:11,768 --> 01:08:14,328
so they don't know
what they're dealing with.
897
01:08:17,840 --> 01:08:19,933
And you are sure
this is from your brother-in-Iaw?
898
01:08:20,510 --> 01:08:23,479
It's in his hand. UnmistakabIy.
899
01:08:29,285 --> 01:08:30,684
Do you think it's serious?
900
01:08:41,964 --> 01:08:45,695
Now, they don't get an idea
that it's gunpowder.
901
01:08:45,768 --> 01:08:50,330
They assume that it's probabIy some form
of assassination.
902
01:08:51,441 --> 01:08:54,706
Thinking that someone was going to shoot
the King,
903
01:08:54,777 --> 01:08:59,407
Cecil and his men began an urgent search
of the old corridors and cellars
904
01:08:59,482 --> 01:09:02,144
below the Houses of Parliament.
905
01:09:02,218 --> 01:09:05,847
They had no idea what was about to happen.
906
01:09:06,789 --> 01:09:10,953
And the sheer scaIe of the pIot,
that it's not just kiIIing the King,
907
01:09:11,027 --> 01:09:16,124
but kiIIing the House of Commons,
the House of Lords, a great fire.
908
01:09:16,199 --> 01:09:20,431
This is a scaIe of atrocity
that they simpIy had not thought of.
909
01:09:21,170 --> 01:09:25,903
It was midnight on the 27th of October,
1604,
910
01:09:25,975 --> 01:09:30,275
when Cecil and his men
finally made their discovery.
911
01:09:49,866 --> 01:09:53,529
Against all the odds,
disaster had been averted.
912
01:09:53,603 --> 01:09:56,470
But only by the narrowest of margins.
913
01:09:57,206 --> 01:09:59,731
Robert Cecil was the hero of the hour.
914
01:10:00,376 --> 01:10:02,901
But did he know about the pIot earIier?
915
01:10:02,979 --> 01:10:07,973
Did he just bide his time
for maximum poIiticaI spin and effect?
916
01:10:08,718 --> 01:10:12,119
No, the shock of the Privy CounciI
and of CeciI...
917
01:10:12,188 --> 01:10:15,954
CeciI is very frightened that he's faiIed
and he'II get the sack
918
01:10:16,792 --> 01:10:20,023
because it's the PrincipaI Secretary
of State's job to secure
919
01:10:20,897 --> 01:10:23,457
things Iike the State Opening of ParIiament.
920
01:10:24,100 --> 01:10:29,128
As Guido Fawkes was being prepared
for a particuIarIy unpIeasant death,
921
01:10:29,205 --> 01:10:32,038
the rest of the straggIers
were being rounded up.
922
01:10:32,108 --> 01:10:37,569
Perhaps the most unfortunate of these
was Henry Garnet, the Jesuit Ieader.
923
01:10:38,581 --> 01:10:42,312
Henry Garnet is the priest at the head
of the Jesuit mission in EngIand.
924
01:10:42,385 --> 01:10:45,377
He's a rather ineffective man
925
01:10:46,822 --> 01:10:48,847
in a very dangerous job.
926
01:10:49,258 --> 01:10:52,819
And Iike most CathoIics,
he's very disappointed
927
01:10:52,895 --> 01:10:57,594
that more has not been done
for the CathoIic community after 1604.
928
01:10:58,534 --> 01:11:01,298
Garnet had heard of the deadIy pIans
929
01:11:01,370 --> 01:11:04,931
when giving the pIotters
their Iast confession.
930
01:11:05,441 --> 01:11:09,002
He'd tried to dissuade them,
but he did not go to the authorities
931
01:11:09,078 --> 01:11:12,878
because he feIt that he was bound
by a higher authority
932
01:11:12,949 --> 01:11:16,544
to respect the siIence of the confessionaI.
933
01:11:18,020 --> 01:11:20,045
In the eyes of the peopIe,
934
01:11:20,723 --> 01:11:22,588
in the eyes of the Iaw,
935
01:11:22,658 --> 01:11:25,024
this made him guiIty of treason.
936
01:11:25,561 --> 01:11:29,497
Garnet seems to have been
one of the Ieast astute
937
01:11:29,565 --> 01:11:31,396
of the Jesuit observers.
938
01:11:31,467 --> 01:11:33,298
But, of course, poor man.
939
01:11:33,369 --> 01:11:35,337
He's got to carry the can.
940
01:11:35,404 --> 01:11:37,133
He's been the head of the order,
941
01:11:37,206 --> 01:11:40,403
out of which
so much of this pIotting has come.
942
01:11:41,344 --> 01:11:43,574
With the execution of Henry Garnet,
943
01:11:43,646 --> 01:11:46,376
the officiaI reprisaIs came to an end.
944
01:11:47,016 --> 01:11:51,953
IronicaIIy enough, this pIot,
which had been designed to kiII the King,
945
01:11:52,021 --> 01:11:56,151
to destroy the entire estabIishment,
946
01:11:56,225 --> 01:12:02,687
to sow disunity, and to fiII those
surviving supporters with despair,
947
01:12:03,199 --> 01:12:06,464
had produced exactIy the opposite effect.
948
01:12:07,169 --> 01:12:09,569
James was never more popuIar.
949
01:12:09,639 --> 01:12:12,631
The EngIish peopIe raIIied
to their Scottish King.
950
01:12:13,275 --> 01:12:16,972
And Robert CeciI decIared that forever
951
01:12:18,214 --> 01:12:22,344
the date of November 5
shouId be ceIebrated.
952
01:12:24,020 --> 01:12:25,612
And it stiII is.
953
01:12:31,761 --> 01:12:36,221
Remember, remember the 5th of November,
gunpowder treason and pIot.
954
01:12:36,732 --> 01:12:40,964
I see no reason why gunpowder treason
shouId ever be forgot.
955
01:12:41,303 --> 01:12:44,795
WeII done, Sir Robert CeciI.
Four hundred years on,
956
01:12:44,874 --> 01:12:50,312
and we stiII find no reason why
gunpowder treason shouId ever be forgot.
957
01:12:51,080 --> 01:12:54,379
We used to do this when I was a boy.
I'm going to join them.
958
01:12:58,654 --> 01:13:04,320
It is important to realize that this yearly
celebration of Guy Fawkes' demise
959
01:13:04,393 --> 01:13:07,521
is no longer an anti-Catholic event.
960
01:13:09,532 --> 01:13:14,629
Emphasis is on fireworks and fun,
not rancor or revenge.
961
01:13:16,005 --> 01:13:20,203
Nevertheless, to the casual observer
it may seem somewhat strange
962
01:13:20,276 --> 01:13:24,474
that every November 5,
otherwise normal families
963
01:13:24,547 --> 01:13:27,038
gather together in their back gardens
964
01:13:27,116 --> 01:13:31,177
and burn a lifelike human effigy
in front of their children.
965
01:13:31,887 --> 01:13:35,220
And they seem to thoroughly enjoy
doing it, as well.
966
01:13:36,659 --> 01:13:39,287
Meanwhile, what about the translators?
967
01:13:39,361 --> 01:13:44,264
Split as they were into separate factions,
how was their great work progressing?
968
01:13:45,101 --> 01:13:47,934
Despite the threats of the pIots outside,
969
01:13:48,838 --> 01:13:52,137
the groups of schoIars
went about their work.
970
01:13:52,208 --> 01:13:55,735
As the months passed, and then the years,
971
01:13:55,811 --> 01:13:59,008
something wonderfuI happened.
972
01:13:59,815 --> 01:14:03,546
As they shared their knowIedge,
their resources and their schoIarship,
973
01:14:04,019 --> 01:14:06,647
the suspicion and the distrust
which had existed
974
01:14:06,722 --> 01:14:10,351
between the two opposing factions
began to evaporate.
975
01:14:10,926 --> 01:14:13,918
Top transIators who had aIways
opposed each other
976
01:14:13,996 --> 01:14:18,456
found themseIves being bonded
by the work that they were producing.
977
01:14:19,034 --> 01:14:23,562
It seemed as if James' idea of unity,
978
01:14:23,639 --> 01:14:27,700
of a common middIe ground
was being reaIized.
979
01:14:31,213 --> 01:14:35,047
Given that they're all men
of deep religious conviction,
980
01:14:35,117 --> 01:14:39,645
you wouId assume, I think,
that they were extremeIy aware
981
01:14:39,722 --> 01:14:41,280
of their responsibiIity.
982
01:14:41,357 --> 01:14:45,088
And not mereIy to the AImighty,
983
01:14:45,161 --> 01:14:48,927
but to the King as the Lord's anointed.
It is the King James version.
984
01:14:49,532 --> 01:14:52,797
One of the great things about
the King James version of the BibIe
985
01:14:52,868 --> 01:14:55,098
is that it's the production of a committee.
986
01:14:55,171 --> 01:14:58,299
And therefore,
it pooIs these great resources
987
01:14:58,374 --> 01:15:00,774
from earIy Jacobean EngIand.
988
01:15:00,843 --> 01:15:05,473
You have a genius of EngIish prose
Iike LanceIot Andrewes,
989
01:15:05,548 --> 01:15:09,575
you have a thoughtfuI reform theoIogian
Iike Laurence Chadderton,
990
01:15:09,652 --> 01:15:11,745
aII working in the same team
991
01:15:11,821 --> 01:15:17,088
to address the Greek and the Hebrew text
that underIine the BibIe,
992
01:15:17,159 --> 01:15:21,255
to transIate it into prose that is both
more exaIted
993
01:15:21,330 --> 01:15:23,389
than the EngIish transIations
that'd gone before,
994
01:15:23,465 --> 01:15:27,629
but aIso more accurate in terms of the text
upon which it's based.
995
01:15:28,237 --> 01:15:32,799
One marveIs at how a project by committee
996
01:15:33,909 --> 01:15:36,776
can sing with the same voice,
997
01:15:37,746 --> 01:15:42,774
with the same sense of diction,
cIarity and eIoquence.
998
01:15:42,852 --> 01:15:45,514
A great deaI of schoIarship, of course,
had gone into it.
999
01:15:45,588 --> 01:15:48,682
The greatest Iinguists,
the greatest transIators of the time,
1000
01:15:48,757 --> 01:15:50,816
in remarkabIe teamwork,
1001
01:15:50,893 --> 01:15:54,522
sat together and worked with faith
and earnestness
1002
01:15:54,597 --> 01:16:00,832
to produce this magisteriaI text
and poIish it as best as possibIe.
1003
01:16:01,704 --> 01:16:05,231
The hard work of the scholars
was finally paying off.
1004
01:16:05,307 --> 01:16:08,902
But what must it have been like
to have actually been there?
1005
01:16:09,511 --> 01:16:11,445
Well, if you want to taste the atmosphere,
1006
01:16:11,513 --> 01:16:15,279
you could do worse than come here
to Merton College, Oxford.
1007
01:16:16,552 --> 01:16:22,047
The Merton Iibrary in its present form
owes its inspiration to the warden,
1008
01:16:22,124 --> 01:16:23,591
Sir Henry SaviIe.
1009
01:16:23,659 --> 01:16:27,720
Now, Henry SaviIe was probabIy
the most gIamorous of the transIators.
1010
01:16:28,597 --> 01:16:31,361
He'd been a courtier, a dipIomat.
1011
01:16:32,601 --> 01:16:34,296
He was a bit of a buccaneer,
1012
01:16:34,370 --> 01:16:37,203
had a great reputation as a Iadies' man,
1013
01:16:37,973 --> 01:16:42,467
and he had the most astonishing faciIity
with Ianguages.
1014
01:16:42,912 --> 01:16:48,248
And the contribution of his
Second Oxford Company of transIators
1015
01:16:48,317 --> 01:16:50,308
cannot be overestimated.
1016
01:16:53,088 --> 01:16:57,218
Here are three books,
part of Sir Henry's Iibrary,
1017
01:16:57,293 --> 01:17:00,421
part of his transIating kit, if you Iike.
1018
01:17:00,496 --> 01:17:04,023
This one here is a Hebrew Iexicon.
1019
01:17:05,434 --> 01:17:09,928
This one here
is ''Grammati Ca Chaldae Et Syra, ''
1020
01:17:10,005 --> 01:17:14,942
a Syrian and ChaIdean Iexicon
or grammar, if you Iike.
1021
01:17:15,678 --> 01:17:18,476
This is another one.
And here, in the margins,
1022
01:17:18,547 --> 01:17:21,277
you see that very neat handwriting,
1023
01:17:21,984 --> 01:17:24,077
Sir Henry's personaI notes.
1024
01:17:24,520 --> 01:17:26,988
And if you think these are fascinating,
1025
01:17:27,056 --> 01:17:30,617
you shouId see what they found in a Iibrary
just around the corner.
1026
01:17:53,282 --> 01:17:56,046
This is the BodIeian Library
in the heart of Oxford.
1027
01:17:56,118 --> 01:17:59,144
King James himseIf
used to Iike to study here.
1028
01:17:59,221 --> 01:18:02,418
ApparentIy, he once said that
were he not King,
1029
01:18:03,092 --> 01:18:05,720
he wouId choose to spend
his entire Iife here,
1030
01:18:05,794 --> 01:18:09,753
chained up with these books
Iike a feIIow prisoner.
1031
01:18:12,368 --> 01:18:14,029
Can't bIame him.
1032
01:18:16,105 --> 01:18:20,872
The Bodleian Library is an incredible
treasure trove of books, knowledge
1033
01:18:20,943 --> 01:18:23,411
and unique historical documents.
1034
01:18:23,479 --> 01:18:26,607
One of the greatest of these
has only recently come to light.
1035
01:18:27,149 --> 01:18:29,344
An extraordinary Bishops' Bible
1036
01:18:29,418 --> 01:18:32,148
that lay undiscovered and unrecognized
1037
01:18:32,221 --> 01:18:35,019
right here in this library for centuries.
1038
01:18:35,090 --> 01:18:38,617
And it leads to the very heart
of our purpose.
1039
01:18:46,935 --> 01:18:51,929
What we have here is the very
birthing process of the King James BibIe.
1040
01:18:53,342 --> 01:18:56,038
Here you can see new ideas,
1041
01:18:56,111 --> 01:18:59,137
the Iatest schoIarIy discoveries,
1042
01:18:59,214 --> 01:19:02,411
fresh insight aII emerging
1043
01:19:02,484 --> 01:19:07,183
and they're scrawIed into the margins
of the printed page.
1044
01:19:07,256 --> 01:19:12,125
ActuaIIy, it's not scrawIed,
it's carefuIIy incised,
1045
01:19:12,194 --> 01:19:17,996
but sometimes with paIpabIe excitement
and energy.
1046
01:19:19,868 --> 01:19:22,268
You can see the text
1047
01:19:22,337 --> 01:19:27,468
deriving from
the sentiments of previous thought.
1048
01:19:28,877 --> 01:19:31,345
It's an extraordinary discovery.
1049
01:19:35,517 --> 01:19:37,951
The translation of the King James Bible
1050
01:19:38,020 --> 01:19:42,218
had taken over 50 scholars
seven years to produce.
1051
01:19:42,724 --> 01:19:46,660
At least two of the translators
had died during the process,
1052
01:19:46,728 --> 01:19:50,220
others had driven themselves
to the point of ruin.
1053
01:19:51,600 --> 01:19:54,467
With great care, much prayer
1054
01:19:54,536 --> 01:19:57,903
and the very highest degree
of academic excellence,
1055
01:19:57,973 --> 01:20:02,433
these divided men had learned
at last to work together.
1056
01:20:02,845 --> 01:20:04,836
But although unified in their mission,
1057
01:20:04,913 --> 01:20:07,848
they were still very much
individuals at heart.
1058
01:20:07,916 --> 01:20:12,182
And, in fact,
it was exactly this wide variety of character,
1059
01:20:12,254 --> 01:20:14,051
scholarship and opinion
1060
01:20:14,123 --> 01:20:18,924
which ultimately gave such
an unusual strength to their finished work.
1061
01:20:19,328 --> 01:20:21,819
The winner was transIation.
1062
01:20:22,798 --> 01:20:29,260
The finaI drafts were taking
the Jacobean Iove for rich textures
1063
01:20:29,505 --> 01:20:32,474
and fineIy decorative detaiI
1064
01:20:32,541 --> 01:20:38,173
and bIending them
with the cooI, caIm cIarity
1065
01:20:38,247 --> 01:20:40,545
so beIoved of the Puritans.
1066
01:20:40,616 --> 01:20:46,282
And the resuIt is a masterpiece
of form and Ianguage,
1067
01:20:46,355 --> 01:20:51,383
and for those invoIved,
the very gateway to heaven itseIf.
1068
01:20:52,461 --> 01:20:55,259
Oh, and there was one Iast thing,
1069
01:20:55,864 --> 01:20:59,300
it had to sound right.
1070
01:21:01,470 --> 01:21:04,633
So, we know that the text was designed
to be spoken out Ioud.
1071
01:21:04,706 --> 01:21:07,971
Now, everyone who sings in the bath
1072
01:21:08,043 --> 01:21:11,206
know they sound
that much better in the bath.
1073
01:21:11,280 --> 01:21:12,804
Why? Because of echo.
1074
01:21:12,881 --> 01:21:16,715
If you want dignity and gravitas,
you need echo.
1075
01:21:17,052 --> 01:21:19,111
And where is echo to be found?
1076
01:21:19,188 --> 01:21:22,214
In every church in the Iand.
1077
01:21:22,291 --> 01:21:24,088
Let's give it a try.
1078
01:21:32,901 --> 01:21:36,769
''In the beginning was the Word,
1079
01:21:37,339 --> 01:21:40,206
''and the Word was with God,
1080
01:21:40,275 --> 01:21:42,835
''and the Word was God.
1081
01:21:43,278 --> 01:21:46,839
''In him was Iife,
1082
01:21:47,216 --> 01:21:51,050
''and the Iife was the Iight of men.''
1083
01:22:27,155 --> 01:22:29,623
When the transIation was compIeted,
1084
01:22:30,225 --> 01:22:34,685
MiIes Smith, the bishop of GIoucester,
prepared a preface for the finished work.
1085
01:22:36,732 --> 01:22:38,427
It is a magnificent piece of prose,
1086
01:22:38,500 --> 01:22:41,867
it captures both the spirit and the intent
1087
01:22:41,937 --> 01:22:45,668
of those worthy craftsmen
who Iabored so hard
1088
01:22:46,108 --> 01:22:50,670
to make this,
the King James version of the BibIe.
1089
01:22:53,715 --> 01:22:56,343
As the date of publication drew near,
1090
01:22:56,418 --> 01:23:00,684
James took an increasing interest
in the final presentation of his book.
1091
01:23:00,756 --> 01:23:02,053
Your Majesty.
1092
01:23:02,124 --> 01:23:04,922
It was Barkers, the printers,
who had the heavy responsibility
1093
01:23:04,993 --> 01:23:06,790
to produce the work.
1094
01:23:06,862 --> 01:23:09,228
I see that you are deIivering my chiId.
1095
01:23:09,531 --> 01:23:11,089
Yes, Your Majesty.
1096
01:23:11,767 --> 01:23:14,327
You do Iook rather Iike a midwife.
1097
01:23:16,071 --> 01:23:17,402
Carry on.
1098
01:23:19,007 --> 01:23:23,273
James had not yet seen his translation
or that famous preface in print,
1099
01:23:23,845 --> 01:23:28,976
and when he did, by all accounts,
he was profoundly moved by it.
1100
01:23:30,519 --> 01:23:34,785
''TransIation it is that opens the window
to Iet in the Iight,
1101
01:23:35,157 --> 01:23:39,389
''it removes the cover of the weII
that we may come to the water.''
1102
01:23:44,266 --> 01:23:46,063
The weII.
1103
01:23:49,771 --> 01:23:51,432
The water.
1104
01:23:52,174 --> 01:23:53,869
The water of Iife.
1105
01:23:55,777 --> 01:24:00,544
The Ieaves for the heaIing of a nation.
1106
01:24:08,056 --> 01:24:11,719
A miracIe. A miracIe.
1107
01:24:16,331 --> 01:24:18,561
And here is the finished work.
1108
01:24:19,267 --> 01:24:23,169
This particuIar copy is one of 1 2
presented to the Privy CounciI
1109
01:24:23,238 --> 01:24:25,069
by Barkers, the printers.
1110
01:24:25,140 --> 01:24:30,544
It seems to have survived its first 400 years
remarkabIy weII.
1111
01:24:33,315 --> 01:24:38,184
Of aII of James' hopes and dreams
for peace and unity,
1112
01:24:39,388 --> 01:24:43,017
it's probabIy onIy this,
the King James BibIe,
1113
01:24:43,859 --> 01:24:47,124
that survived and succeeded.
1114
01:25:12,687 --> 01:25:16,282
AImost from the moment his great
BibIe project was compIeted,
1115
01:25:16,358 --> 01:25:18,724
James' star began to wane.
1116
01:25:20,695 --> 01:25:24,290
His utopian ideaIs began to faIter and faiI.
1117
01:25:24,366 --> 01:25:27,893
His internationaI peace missions
ran aground.
1118
01:25:28,336 --> 01:25:30,497
There was increasing report of scandaI
1119
01:25:30,572 --> 01:25:33,735
both at court and in his private Iife.
1120
01:25:34,509 --> 01:25:37,808
And his standing
amongst the common peopIe
1121
01:25:37,879 --> 01:25:40,575
went into irreversibIe decIine.
1122
01:25:41,483 --> 01:25:44,919
Oh, and his book didn't seII.
1123
01:25:47,189 --> 01:25:50,920
Changes in reIigion are aIways sIow
1124
01:25:50,992 --> 01:25:56,589
because instinctiveIy, as one gets oIder,
everything in Iife changes.
1125
01:25:57,399 --> 01:26:01,859
And the one thing
that you don't think shouId change
1126
01:26:01,937 --> 01:26:04,872
shouId be how you worship God
1127
01:26:04,940 --> 01:26:08,467
because God is the same
yesterday, today and forever, right?
1128
01:26:09,144 --> 01:26:11,078
Now, the fact that after 161 1,
1129
01:26:11,146 --> 01:26:13,410
many churches stiII used the Bishops' BibIe
1130
01:26:13,482 --> 01:26:16,178
and many continued
using the Genevan BibIe,
1131
01:26:16,251 --> 01:26:19,880
probabIy, I think,
had more to do with finance
1132
01:26:19,955 --> 01:26:24,915
and having to purchase a new book
than the popuIarity of the new transIation.
1133
01:26:25,327 --> 01:26:27,386
But we can sureIy Iook back and say, yes,
1134
01:26:27,462 --> 01:26:32,832
here is a magnificent, astonishing piece
of EngIish prose, a superb achievement
1135
01:26:32,901 --> 01:26:36,962
up there with the greatest writers
of the EngIish Ianguage ever.
1136
01:26:37,606 --> 01:26:42,566
And it's traveIed aII over the worId,
it's had a huge worIdwide impact.
1137
01:26:43,078 --> 01:26:45,444
That's a revoIutionary document,
1138
01:26:46,748 --> 01:26:50,878
and it has shaped Western cuIture.
1139
01:26:51,987 --> 01:26:54,751
Fifty years after its first publication,
1140
01:26:54,823 --> 01:26:59,089
the King James Bible finally began
to take over the world,
1141
01:26:59,160 --> 01:27:03,654
and its words and language soon echoed
in millions of hearts
1142
01:27:04,032 --> 01:27:06,330
as they still do today.
1143
01:27:07,068 --> 01:27:11,937
''And God said, 'Let there be light. '''
1144
01:27:12,841 --> 01:27:17,642
''In the beginning
God created the heaven and the earth...''
1145
01:27:17,712 --> 01:27:21,512
''Ye are the saIt of the earth, but if the saIt...''
1146
01:27:21,583 --> 01:27:23,676
''Honor thy father and thy mother...''
1147
01:27:23,752 --> 01:27:28,587
''He was oppressed, and he was affIicted,
yet he opened not his mouth...''
1148
01:27:28,657 --> 01:27:31,524
''...that he gave his onIy begotten Son,
1149
01:27:32,761 --> 01:27:36,492
''that whosoever beIieveth in him
shouId not...''
1150
01:27:36,565 --> 01:27:39,762
''And the angeI said unto them, 'Fear not,
1151
01:27:40,302 --> 01:27:44,500
'''for I bring you good tidings of great joy...'''
1152
01:27:44,573 --> 01:27:50,102
''And she brought forth her firstborn son,
and wrapped him in swaddIing cIothes...''
1153
01:27:50,178 --> 01:27:54,706
''Though I speak
with the tongues of men and of angeIs,
1154
01:27:54,783 --> 01:27:56,273
''and have not charity...''
1155
01:27:56,351 --> 01:27:59,320
''...henceforth aII generations
shaII caII me bIessed.''
1156
01:27:59,387 --> 01:28:01,685
''...I John saw...''
1157
01:28:01,756 --> 01:28:07,752
''...he that beIieveth in me,
though he were dead, yet shaII he Iive.''
1158
01:28:07,829 --> 01:28:12,926
''BIessed are the pure in heart,
for they shaII see God.''
1159
01:28:13,802 --> 01:28:20,173
''BIessed are the peacemakers,
for they shaII be caIIed the chiIdren of God.
1160
01:28:21,543 --> 01:28:25,104
''BIessed are they which are persecuted
for righteousness' sake,
1161
01:28:25,180 --> 01:28:27,705
''for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.''
1162
01:28:30,452 --> 01:28:34,889
But James didn't live to see the worldwide
success of his new translation.
1163
01:28:35,557 --> 01:28:38,617
When he died in 1625 he was buried here,
1164
01:28:38,693 --> 01:28:40,752
in Westminster Abbey,
1165
01:28:40,829 --> 01:28:44,356
and a grateful nation mourned his passing.
1166
01:28:45,734 --> 01:28:48,601
This place is stacked to the rafters
with memorials
1167
01:28:48,670 --> 01:28:51,935
to the great and the good of ages past.
1168
01:28:52,240 --> 01:28:55,437
If anyone has ever done anything
for kingdom or culture,
1169
01:28:55,510 --> 01:28:57,978
they are remembered here.
1170
01:28:58,546 --> 01:29:03,245
So, where is the monument to King James
and his magnificent achievement?
1171
01:29:05,186 --> 01:29:07,120
This is the Lady ChapeI
1172
01:29:07,222 --> 01:29:11,124
buiIt by James
for the aunty who'd Ieft him a country.
1173
01:29:11,192 --> 01:29:13,888
It's a magnificent monument
to a great queen,
1174
01:29:13,962 --> 01:29:18,023
and there are a coupIe of monuments there
to two of his younger chiIdren who died.
1175
01:29:18,099 --> 01:29:19,999
But where's James?
1176
01:29:30,712 --> 01:29:34,944
James buiIt an even bigger chapeI
for his mother, Mary, Queen of Scots.
1177
01:29:35,016 --> 01:29:38,747
Bit cheeky, reaIIy, since she tried
to overthrow his aunt.
1178
01:29:38,853 --> 01:29:43,984
They had to sew her head back on
in order for her to be buried in a cathedraI.
1179
01:29:45,326 --> 01:29:47,123
But where's her son?
1180
01:29:54,636 --> 01:29:56,365
I found it at Iast,
1181
01:29:56,438 --> 01:30:01,205
right next to this magnificent tomb
of Henry VII.
1182
01:30:02,510 --> 01:30:05,968
Where is it? It's just down here.
1183
01:30:07,382 --> 01:30:10,545
This simpIe bIack stone
1184
01:30:10,618 --> 01:30:13,553
is the monument to James I.
1185
01:30:18,727 --> 01:30:20,354
Or is it?
1186
01:30:21,963 --> 01:30:24,295
Tucked away in a far corner of the Abbey
1187
01:30:24,365 --> 01:30:27,766
is one of the strangest museums
I've ever come across.
1188
01:30:27,836 --> 01:30:29,701
Could James be here?
1189
01:30:30,972 --> 01:30:32,667
So, here we are.
1190
01:30:33,541 --> 01:30:38,604
These are the originaI funeraI effigies,
the stand-ins if you Iike,
1191
01:30:38,680 --> 01:30:43,549
for the heads and bodies of the dead kings
and queens of EngIand.
1192
01:30:44,185 --> 01:30:45,812
That's EIizabeth.
1193
01:30:50,792 --> 01:30:52,259
Now, that is his wife,
1194
01:30:53,495 --> 01:30:56,521
and there is his aunt, Mary Tudor,
1195
01:30:56,598 --> 01:31:01,558
and there is his grandfather, Henry VII,
Henry Tudor.
1196
01:31:02,904 --> 01:31:04,872
But stiII no James.
1197
01:31:13,047 --> 01:31:17,040
The room I'm heading for now
used to be a monks' dormitory.
1198
01:31:17,118 --> 01:31:21,282
It was modernized
and turned into a Iibrary in 1591 .
1199
01:31:22,257 --> 01:31:25,920
I'm toId that what I'm Iooking for
has been Iaid out here.
1200
01:31:30,732 --> 01:31:33,292
And if I'm not mistaken, this is it.
1201
01:31:48,183 --> 01:31:51,744
This is aII that's Ieft of the fineIy dressed,
1202
01:31:51,820 --> 01:31:57,190
perfectIy featured rendition
of King James VI and I,
1203
01:31:57,525 --> 01:32:00,926
created so that his IoyaI subjects
couId pay their Iast respects
1204
01:32:00,995 --> 01:32:04,362
whiIe his reaI body was prepared
for the royaI buriaI.
1205
01:32:06,634 --> 01:32:08,534
And Iook at him now.
1206
01:32:09,470 --> 01:32:12,234
His toes are missing, haIf a foot,
1207
01:32:13,141 --> 01:32:16,042
the badIy articuIated Iegs,
1208
01:32:17,078 --> 01:32:21,071
no arms, no hands, no head.
1209
01:32:23,384 --> 01:32:28,447
It's not much of a monument
for a king that gave us aII so much.
1210
01:32:30,258 --> 01:32:33,819
But of course, there is a monument,
1211
01:32:34,262 --> 01:32:36,753
one that has grown and Iasted
1212
01:32:36,831 --> 01:32:39,299
and traveIed the whoIe worId
bearing his name,
1213
01:32:39,868 --> 01:32:43,998
the King James BibIe, that's his memoriaI,
1214
01:32:44,372 --> 01:32:47,671
his Iasting monument
to generations foIIowing.
1215
01:32:47,742 --> 01:32:50,336
And most of you at home
wiII have a copy of it
1216
01:32:50,411 --> 01:32:53,141
under your own roof right now.
1217
01:32:54,415 --> 01:32:57,680
Now, that is quite a thought.
106014
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