All language subtitles for Strangest.Things.S01E06.Minoan.Enigma.Relic.1080p.AMZN.WEB-DL.DD+2.0.H.264-playWEB_track3_eng

[narrator] How can this
corroded scrap of metal

change the history
of a continent?

[Ben] As soon as
it's identified, wow.

[Kevin] It's the real deal.

[narrator]
Why can't we translate

this 3,000-year-old relic

of a lost civilization?

[Tamar] The Phaistos Disc

is one of the
greatest mysteries

of the Bronze Age.

[narrator] And is this
dead woman's face

the most kissed in history?

[Mark Benecke] She became
what we would today call

an it girl.

[narrator]
These are the most remarkable

and mysterious objects
on Earth,

hidden away in museums,
laboratories,

and storage rooms.

Now, new research
and technology

can get under their skin
like never before.

We can rebuild them,

pull them apart,

and zoom in

to reveal the unbelievable,

the ancient,

and the truly bizarre.

These are the world's
strangest things.

[theme music playing]

[narrator] In a display case

in the Maine State Museum
in Augusta

sits a tiny scrap of metal

that helped rewrite history,

because it is unlike
anything ever found

in the United States.

Now,
the latest imaging technology

reveals it
in astonishing detail.

The Maine penny.

Despite being less than
an inch across

with chipped
and corroded metal,

the Maine penny
is one of the most

famous coins in the world,

because it's not a penny,

and it's not from Maine.

Strangely,
barely visible markings on it

reveals something incredible.

Vikings.

[Ben] All of a sudden
this is Viking archaeology

in North America.

How did it get there
and what meaning did it have?

[narrator] It flies in
the face of accepted history

at the time
of the coin's find.

American schoolchildren
were being taught

that Columbus
had discovered America.

[narrator]
So how does a Viking coin

end up in Maine?

Is it genuine
or an elaborate hoax?

Now, new research
settles this question

once and for all.

[suspenseful music playing]

[narrator] This strange story
begins at Naskeag Point,

an isolated site
on the coast of Maine.

[Kevin]
In the summer of 1957,

an amateur archaeologist

by the name of Guy Mellgren
and a friend

set out to investigate
a Native American midden

or trash heap.

[narrator] They unearthed
thousands of finds

left by the indigenous people

a millennia ago.

[Kevin] And amongst Native
American tools

and bone debris

was a single remarkable
eroded silver coin.

[narrator]
But coins have no place

on a site like this.

[Ben] A thousand years ago,

indigenous American groups

weren't using coinage.

[narrator]
So what exactly is it?

[Kevin] Mellgren shows it
to a friend of his,

who thinks it's a medieval
English coin.

Perhaps it came over
with some

of the earliest settlers
to New England.

[narrator] Mellgren puts
the coin on a shelf

and forgets about it

for nearly two decades.

[Ben] And it sits
in his house until 1974

when it makes its way
to the museum.

[narrator]
A local paper publishes

a short article about it,

and that's when this object

becomes one
of history's strangest.

[dramatic music playing]

[Kevin] English coin expert,
Peter Seaby

sees an article on it,
sees the coin, and realizes

it is a very rare Viking coin

of Olaf the Peaceful.

[narrator] This is an original
Olaf the Peaceful coin.

The similarities
are undeniable.

Experts date it
as early as 1067.

And that changes everything.

[Ben] When it's considered
to be a British penny,

there's no real mystery
as to how

that might have turned up
on an archeological site.

But as soon
as this is identified

to King Olaf the Peaceful,

wow, all of a sudden,
this is Viking archaeology

in North America.

[narrator] Somehow a tiny
piece of Viking history

has been transported across
the Atlantic to America,

and ended up
in a thousand-year-old

trash heap
on the coast of Maine.

And that is huge.

American schoolchildren
were being taught

that Columbus
had discovered America.

The idea that there were
somehow Vikings

in contact
with Native Americans

500 years before Columbus
was big news.

[narrator]
Extraordinary claims

require extraordinary proof.

So where is the evidence
to back this up?

[dramatic music playing]

[narrator]
The idea that Vikings

might have got
to North America first

isn't news to Scandinavians.

They know of the great
Viking tales contained

in the Icelandic sagas.

In particular, the story
of legendary explorer,

Leif Erikson.

[Kevin]
Leif Erikson heard a tale

from a shipwreck mariner

who had been carried
by currents

near a land
to the west of Greenland,

which he noted
was covered with trees.

This enticed Erikson,

so he set out
with one well-laden

and equipped boat.

[narrator]
According to the sagas,

Erikson reaches a new land
he names Vinland.

[Kevin] When historians
saw his descriptions

of this country

and the people
he encountered,

they thought there's only
one place that this can be.

This must be somewhere

in North America.

Very possibly Newfoundland.

[Ben] If there's any truth
to those stories

and those sagas,

then it really does mean
that the Vikings

have made landfall
in the North...

On the North
American continent

much earlier
than anybody else

from a European perspective.

[dramatic music playing]

[narrator]
Could this incredible object

really a proof of that?

It certainly isn't
the first Viking artifact

to turn up in the States.

[dramatic music playing]

[Kevin] In 1898,

there was the Kensington
Runestone in Minnesota.

[narrator]
The runes translation

records a voyage
by eight Goths

and twenty-two Norwegians

to Vinland in 1362

that encounters
hostile locals.

This seems to fit
more or less

with the Icelandic sagas.

And there are other finds too.

[Kevin] In Ontario,
there was a Viking sword,

axe, and shield found.

And there are also various

bits of writing on stones

which people attributed

to being Viking runes.

[narrator] North America
seems to be littered

with evidence
that the Vikings

were there before Columbus.

[Kevin] The problem is
that none of these

were in fact authentic.

The Kensington Runestone

is now known
to have been a forgery.

The axes and shields,
likewise.

[narrator]
So why all the Viking fakes.

The Kensington Runestone
may hold the answer.

If you look
at the name of the man

who discovered it,
Olof Ohman,

you'll have a clue.

These objects
were found by people

of Scandinavian descent

who were combating
a negative image.

[dramatic music playing]

[narrator] Scandinavian
immigrants to the US

had often been taunted
and belittled.

[Kevin] So if these immigrants
could prove

that it wasn't the Italian,

Columbus,
who discovered the New World

but instead, effectively,

a Scandinavian,
Leif Erikson,

this would be greatly
to their credit.

[narrator]
And that makes the discovery

of the Maine penny
particularly suspicious

because Mellgren,
the man who finds it,

is of Swedish descent himself.

So is this strange artifact
just another hoax?

[dramatic music playing]

[theme music playing]

[narrator]
Could the Maine penny

be just another
in a long line

of Viking hoaxes?

One thing that isn't in doubt

is the coins origins

in 11th century Norway.

[Ben] The coin
is definitely authentic.

It's definitely a coin
of King Olaf the Peaceful.

But the big question then is

how can we know
that this coin

comes from
an archaeological context?

[narrator] Or, more bluntly,
did Mellgren plant it?

[Kevin] So Mellgren,
himself of Swedish descent,

has both a motive
and an opportunity

to plant this find.

[narrator] To pull off a hoax,

Mellgren would need
the right coin,

but by the late 1950s,

that is relatively easy.

[Kevin] In 1879, a hoard
of more than 2,000 such coins

had come to light.

So the coins themselves

were easy enough to find.

[narrator]
Could Mellgren have got hold

of a real coin to plant?

Now, brand-new research

claims to have finally
answered this question.

[Kevin] The Swedish
coin expert, Von Goldbeck,

decided to take on
the enormous task

of tracing every known
coin find

of Olaf the Peaceful.

[narrator]
Goldbeck tracks down

more than 2,300 coins

to find out
if any could have made it

into Mellgren's hands.

It's an enormous
piece of research

that takes over a decade
to complete.

The result
after exhaustive study

is that no
Olaf the Peaceful coins

were unaccounted for.

[narrator] Additionally,
unlike the Maine penny,

all other
Olaf the Peaceful coins

are in very good condition.

[Kevin] The Maine penny
is very heavily corroded.

And that's hard to fake.

This is a process
that goes on

across the centuries.

[narrator]
The Maine State Museum

analyzes the chemistry

of these layers of corrosion.

The results support

the object's authenticity.

[Ben] There's evidence that
water sat around the coin.

It's been sat
in slowly moving water

for a very long
period of time,

and this would be supportive
of the fact

that it's been buried
for a long period of time.

There's no doubt
that the Maine penny

is the real deal.

[narrator] Mellgren did not
plant the Maine penny.

In which case,
how did it find its way

to a Native
American settlement

a thousand years ago?

In 1960,

three years after Mellgren
discovers the Maine penny,

Norwegian archaeologist,
Anne Stine Ingstad,

and her husband, Helge,

are investigating a site
at L'Anse aux Meadows

in Newfoundland.

Locals describe it
as an old Indian camp,

but it's something
far stranger.

[dramatic music playing]

[Kevin] They find the basis
of turf structures.

One large hall.

Also a blacksmith's workshop.

They find remnants
of Viking boat sheds.

So this is definitive proof

that the Vikings
were the first Europeans

to come to America.

[narrator]
The Icelandic sagas are true.

Vikings really do reach
North America

500 years before Columbus.

[thunder rumbles]

[narrator] It's a revelation,

but it doesn't explain
the coin's discovery

750 miles farther south,

because not a single scrap
of evidence ever

turns up to suggest
the Vikings reached

anywhere near this far down.

So how does a Viking coin
end up in Maine?

[dramatic music playing]

[Kevin] Renewed professional
excavations at Naskeag Point

have not found
any other traces

of Norse artifacts.

But what they have found

are stone tools
and stone raw materials

coming from as far away
as Labrador,

hundreds of miles
to the north.

So there's evidence here
for trade,

for the movement of goods

and also the movement
of people

over really quite
significant distances.

[narrator] Despite the fact
that it has no value

to the indigenous people
as a coin,

one feature may explain

why and how
they carry it south.

Although,
it has since crumbled away,

when Mellgren finds the coin,

it has a hole in it.

[Kevin] It's been perforated,

which would indicate
that it was being used

as an object of decoration.

Perhaps worn around the neck
or around the wrist.

But the important thing is

that this object
was not being used as a coin.

[narrator]
So it's likely local people

transport the coin
from Newfoundland

all the way to Maine.

This remarkable object
was created a millennia ago

on the far side
of a stormy ocean.

Like the finds
at L'Anse aux Meadows,

it proves that Columbus

isn't the first European
in North America.

The Vikings beat him to it

500 years earlier.

[dramatic music playing]

[narrator]
In a museum in Crete,

sits a strangely-marked
clay disc

that has sparked over

a century of controversy.

Some say it is one of the most
astonishing texts ever found,

a 3,000-year-old
cryptic message

from an ancient civilization.

Others claim it's just
too good to be true.

Now, using the latest
imaging technology,

we're bringing it
into the light.

This is the Phaistos Disc,

measuring roughly
half an inch thick

and six inches in diameter,

made from fire-baked clay.

Its two sides are covered
with inscriptions

made using a technology

thousands of years
ahead of it time,

this disc is unique.

[Mark Altaweel] It's the only
object that we know of

that looks like that.

[narrator]
There are 242 strange symbols

from Mohican-haired men
to twisted figures,

birds, fish,
and other cryptic shapes.

The Phaistos Disc is one
of the greatest mysteries

of the Bronze Age.

And we've not been able
to decode it yet.

[narrator] But, now,

after more than
a century of debate,

new research may have made
the first steps

to revealing its secrets.

So what do these
bizarre symbols mean?

What is the disc for?

Is it genuine?

[dramatic music playing]

[theme music playing]

[narrator] The mystery
of the Phaistos Disc

begins on the Island of Crete
in Greece.

A place steeped
in mythological stories

of a lost civilization
called The Minoans.

Ancient legends
tell the story of their ruler,

King Minos.

Beneath his palace,
he builds a vast labyrinth

to imprison a fearsome beast
called the Minotaur.

[Mark Altaweel] The Minotaur
was this terrifying

half-man half-bull creature.

And it was kind
of the scourge of anyone

who came to visit Minos.

They would basically be eaten
by this Minotaur.

[narrator] The creature
and the civilization behind it

were considered little more
than ancient Greek legends.

A lot of people thought
it was mythology.

That perhaps they were just
kind of mythical people.

[narrator] But in 1900,

near the north coast
of the island,

British archeologist,
Arthur Evans,

makes a discovery
that changes everything,

the ruins of a vast
Minoan palace

4,000 years old.

[Mark Altaweel] It's a major
deal for archeologists.

This is the first time
we discovered

that they're actually
a real civilization.

They're not just some
made-up mythology.

[Tamar] It transformed
our understanding

of what Mediterranean
civilization

were capable of
at this time.

[narrator]
The site is called Knossos.

And it has intriguing links
to the ancient legends.

[Mark Altaweel]
When Arthur Evans began

excavation at Knossos,

he notices there are a lot
of bull symbols.

He understood that,
"Hey, this is may be a place

associated with
the Minotaur story."

[dramatic music playing]

[narrator]
It is a previously unknown

and extraordinarily
sophisticated

ancient civilization.

It existed at a time
when the crowning achievement

of most other
European societies

is building wooden huts
and stone circles.

But there is more to come.

In 1908, Italian archeologist,
Luigi Pernier,

excavates a second
Minoan palace complex

on the south of the island.

It is called Phaistos.

One evening,
Pernier's foreman

happens on a small clay disc
laying the ruins.

The bizarre symbols
covering its surface

are unlike anything
Pernier has ever seen.

But this disc is exceptional
in every way.

[dramatic music playing]

Normally,
such tablets for writing

would have been formed
out of wet clay.

And then when they were
rather hard,

they would have been
written upon

and simply left to dry
in the sun.

The disc was very different.

This disc,
first of all, was baked.

So rather than sun dried,
it was actually fired.

[narrator] It is the only
Minoan clay tablet ever found

that's been fired in a kiln.

And that's just the start,

because there's
something remarkable

about the symbols on it.

Most writing at this time
was inscribed into the clay.

But the symbols
on the Phaistos Disc

have been stamped.

The fact that it was impressed
by a stamp

has also been considered
a unique discovery.

And some archeologists
have, in fact,

called this
perhaps the oldest

or first evidence
of a type of printing press.

[narrator] There is literally
nothing else like it

in the ancient world.

[Kevin] Given the care
that was taken in it.

The degree of its...
of its firing,

all of these things mean that
this was a special object

which was view as worthy

of special treatment
and preservation.

[narrator] What could have
been worth all this effort?

Could the answer lie
in decoding

these strange symbols?

[dramatic music playing]

[Mark Altaweel] For over
a hundred years now,

people have been
trying to decipher

what exactly is on that disc.

There have been a number
of interpretations.

It could have been
an ancient game perhaps.

A kind of backgammon
or something like that.

Another interpretation
is it's used

for some kind of astronomical
or astrological purposes.

[narrator]
But one obvious theory

has gained more traction
among experts than any other.

[Mark Altaweel] More likely
it's some kind of language.

Whether it's
a localized language

or a slightly more widespread
language is debatable,

but it seems to be something
meant to be read

or, at least, perhaps
even announced to an audience.

[narrator] But experts
couldn't even agree

which direction
they should read

this language in.

[Abigail] Archeologists
initially thought

that you started
from the inside of the disc

and read kind
of in a swirl pattern,

coming out
to the outer edges.

But then when they looked
more closely at the symbols,

they seem to get more crowded
and difficult

as you move
from the outer rim inside.

So scholars now think
that it's more likely

that it was read
working from the outside in.

[narrator] But what does
it actually say?

There are 242 impressions
on the disc

using 45 unique symbols.

Most alphabets
have far fewer symbols

than the Phaistos Disc.

So experts think it's probably
not an alphabet.

But it has too few symbols
and too many repetitions

to be a pictographic script,

where one symbol can represent
an entire word,

such as Egyptian hieroglyphics

or Babylonian cuneiform.

Instead, experts suspect
the Phaistos script

is what's known as a syllabary

in which symbols
represents syllables

such as do, re, mi.

Syllabaries fit well
with the number of symbols

on the disc,

and we already know another
Minoan script uses them.

But a century of intense
effort by experts

has failed to get any further
with its meaning.

Now, after years of analysis,

Gareth Owens,
a British linguistic scholar,

claims to have solved
at least part of the riddle.

[Abigail] What Owens has done

is try and find
a parallel text.

Something else that either

has a similar function

or has a similar type of text,

going through,
looking for other examples

in other languages
is a kind of natural process.

[narrator] Owens has matched
a sequence of symbols

on the disc
with a pattern of symbols

on Minoan religious artifacts

believed to be a prayer.

He has also identified

another pattern of symbols
on the disc

repeated three times
like a chant,

which is similar to an older
Cretan symbol pattern

meaning "Mother Goddess".

His theory,
the disc is a prayer

to the Mother Goddess.

This would fit quite well
of what we know.

The Mother Goddess was very
important to Minoan society,

so having some kind of
dedication of prayer to her

seems to be logical.

We do see some repetition
in this disc

like you would do
in a prayer.

And the fact that it's baked
clay seems to indicate

that it's a high valued item.

And so having
a religious reason

as to why you have this disc,
I think it makes a lot sense.

[narrator] But the problem

with every theory
about the disc

is that nothing quite like it
has ever been found.

The strange symbols,

the use of stamps
thousands of years

before anyone else,

the fact that it's the only
kiln-fired tablet

the Minoans ever produced,

it seems out of place
and out of time.

But there is one
explosive theory

that could answer
every question

about this mysterious object.

[theme music playing]

[narrator] The Phaistos Disc

is a unique ancient relic,

and that worries
some experts.

[Kevin] The uniqueness
of this object is...

As is often the case
with unique objects,

rings a lot of alarm bells.

[Abigail] We would expect
to find more

of these objects,

because if someone
had made the stamp

and have the set,
then we would think,

particularly something
that is made in clay,

which a relatively
durable material,

that we would have more
of these surviving.

[narrator] Establishing
its age is also troublesome.

The disc itself
has not been directly dated,

but as it was found
near a tablet

made between
1700 and 1600 BCE,

archeologists have assumed

it's the same age.

But the issue is clouded

by the unusual circumstances
of its discovery.

It wasn't actually found

by a professional
archeologist.

It was in an area which
had been previously excavated

and was spotted by a foreman
doing their rounds.

[narrator] So is it
the real deal

or did someone plant it?

Suspicion has fallen
on one person in particular

at Phaistos.

Site director, Luigi Pernier,

has a strong motive
to conjure up a fake.

[Kevin] What was being found
to the north at Knossos

by Arthur Evans
was quite sensational,

the supposed throne
of King Minos.

Phaistos, by comparison,

is a relatively
humble palatial complex

which had,

up to the find
of the Phaistos Disc,

provided nothing
really sensational

for the media at the time

or to the credit
of Luigi Pernier.

[narrator] The disc definitely
puts Pernier's Phaistos site

on the map.

It raises his archeological
profile immensely.

And that's not
the only detail

that casts a shadow
over Pernier.

[Kevin]
Pernier was also responsible

for antiquities in Florence,
in Italy,

and the museum there.

And in its collections

was a remarkable
Etruscan disc

known as the Milano Disc.

The disc is circular.

There is a set
of symbols engraved

in a helical or spiral shape

which looks uncannily similar

to the Phaistos Disc.

[narrator] Pernier has means,
motive, opportunity,

and even inspiration.

Cased closed?

Nothing about
this unique object

is that simple.

[dramatic music playing]

[narrator] Decades after
the disc's discovery,

another relic turns up.

[Mark Altaweel] In 1934,
an axe was found.

This bronze axe
actually had symbology

that were very similar
to what was found on the disc.

[narrator] It is known
as the Arkalochori Axe.

Running down
the center of the axe

are a series
of unusual symbols.

Some appear strangely
similar to symbols

on the Phaistos Disc.

A plant, a T shape,

a Y-shaped stick-like symbol,

and, most striking of all,

a man with spiky hair.

[Mark Altaweel] So that
supports the argument

that this was
an authentic disc.

That these kinds of symbols
were symbols

that would have been known
to at least somebody

from this region.

[Kevin] The question is,
how would Pernier

have known if he was faking
the disc

to make symbols
which had not yet officially

been archeologically
discovered.

This might attest

to the authenticity
of the disc.

[narrator]
So fake or not fake?

[Mark Altaweel]
I think it's real.

I think the symbology
that has been found

subsequent to this disc,

the fact that
it's very similar to it,

and at a time of discovery,

were not known symbols

indicates to me
that it's real.

[narrator]
Others are less certain.

[Kevin] The Phaistos Disc
is one of those rare

enigmatic objects

that it is very difficult

to make an absolute
judgment about.

[Abigail]
What I've often found is

when we call something
a fake,

sometimes that is
largely because

we can't understand
what it was used for.

I don't see clear signs

that it's a fake.

And I would certainly
like to believe

that it's real.

[narrator] Controversy
about the disc's authenticity

has raged for a hundred years.

It shows no signs
of being settled anytime soon.

[suspenseful music playing]

[narrator] On display
in an old workshop in Paris

is the death mask
of a drowned girl.

Some claim this is the most

kissed face in history.

[Mark Benecke] She inspired
people, poets, music, dance,

and she was really well known.

[narrator] And she is said
to have saved

over two million lives.

Now, using the latest
imaging technology,

we're bringing
this mysterious mask

into the light.

Every feature immortalized
in plaster

in exceptional detail,

the serene expression,

the eyelids lightly closed,

and that strange
enigmatic smile.

This mask appears
again and again

in museums
and private collections

across the world.

But the woman behind it
is shrouded in mystery.

Who is she?

How did she die?

Why is she so famous?

[theme music playing]

[suspenseful music playing]

[narrator] Who is the
mysterious girl

behind this famous death mask?

Her macabre story
begins in Paris

in the mid-19th century.

It is a sightseer's paradise.

You can climb the 422 steps

of Notre-Dame's towers,

meander through the halls
of the Louvre,

or marvel at the newly-built
Arc de Triomphe.

But one of the biggest
crowd-pullers

is the Paris morgue.

[ominous music playing]

[Mark Benecke] They were
lining up and queuing

to see which people
were put on display.

There were street vendors.

Like today when there's
something entertaining

taking place.

So it was just, you know,

fashionable for normal people

to go and watch the corpses.

[narrator] In theory,
this is done to aid

in the identification
of the dead,

but it quickly becomes

a grisly form
of entertainment.

[Ruth] This is a show
in the middle of Paris

that's free to enter,

'cause they want everybody
to come and have a look

to identify the bodies,

in which naked dead people
are laid out in front of you.

So I think you have
to imagine

the sort of social thing
that's going on here.

We're looking
at a sort of mixture

of titillation and thrill.

[narrator]
Out of this macabre world

appears this mysterious face.

[Mark Benecke] The story goes
that a drowned woman

was found in the River Seine.

Nobody claimed the body

so it was brought
to the morgue.

Since there were no signs
of violence on her body,

people thought that
she probably killed herself

by drowning.

[narrator] Her flawless
complexion suggests

she is around 16 years old.

Her hairstyle fits that
of a peasant girl.

Despite being displayed
to the public,

it seems no one steps forward

to identify the drowned girl.

But she catches someone's eye.

One of the morgue staff

decided that the face
was calm and interesting,

and the person
was captivated and decided

to build a plaster cast.

And everybody who went in
could also see the mask.

[narrator] In an era
before photography,

it isn't uncommon
for morgue attendants

to take plaster casts

before the faces deteriorate
too much to identify.

But how does this one become

one of the most famous
death masks of all time?

[ominous music playing]

[narrator] Making casts
of a dead person's face

sounds macabre today,

but it wasn't always
like that.

Two thousand years ago
in Rome,

they are a family affair.

[Abigail] The Greek historian,
Polybius,

in the 2nd-century BC,

wrote about these things
called imagines maiorum.

These are the wax masks

that Romans would make
after someone died.

The idea would be
that at every funeral,

they would get
these masks out

and wear them as a part
of the funerary procession,

as a way of remembering

not just the one person
being buried

but making sure that the
entire family was present.

Kind of exciting,
but also a bit creepy.

[narrator] But as far
as we know,

no family comes to identify

and preserve the mask
of this young woman.

Yet she achieves immortality.

She is not the first
death mask

to become famous.

Although others were rather
better known in life.

Oliver Cromwell,
the 17th-century general

who overthrew
the English monarchy,

Ludwig van Beethoven,

one of the most revered
composers

of the Western world,

and scientist,
Sir Isaac Newton,

the man
who discovered gravity.

These are all historical
celebrities.

And for the most famous
celebrity death mask of all,

you have to look to Egypt

almost three and a half
thousand years ago

to the death mask
of a king no less,

Tutankhamun.

[Rebecca] The ancient
Egyptians believed

that your ba or your soul

would go into the afterlife.

And in order to identify
its body,

so soul and body
can be reunited,

it needed to have something
really visual,

really clear to identify
your body as you.

Tutankhamun's
very famous death mask

is a really,
really good example of that.

[narrator] But this young girl
is no royal.

She doesn't produce
great works of art

or make world-changing
scientific breakthroughs.

She is the total opposite.

Completely unknown.

So why does her death mask
become so famous?

It may just be a question
of right time, right place.

In Europe during
the Victorian era,

masks become a key part
of an obsession with death.

They are keepsake reminders
of our mortality

known as memento mori.

[Ruth] Death masks
were normal way

of dealing with death.

People have them
about themselves,

have them in their houses,

used them as little reminders

of the sweetness of life,

as well as the shortness
of life.

Like we might keep
a photograph

of somebody
who's passed away,

you might keep a death mask

of your child
that you've lost.

[narrator] In this culture,
the plaster mask

of the drowned girl
from the Paris morgue

finds a receptive audience.

She becomes known
as L'Inconnue de la Seine,

the unknown woman
of the Seine.

[Mark Benecke]
At the beginning

of the 20th-century,

the mask of
L'Inconnue de la Seine

was relatively widespread.

[narrator] Thousands of copies
of her death mask are made.

Her enigmatic features
capture the imagination

of novelists and poets.

Famous French philosopher,
Albert Camus,

even compares her smile
to the Mona Lisa.

[Mark Benecke]
L'Inconnue de la Seine became

what we would today call
an it girl.

She was known.

She inspired people, poets,

music, dance.

[narrator] But how does
a dead it girl

become the most kissed face
in the world?

[theme music playing]

[ominous music playing]

[narrator] How does the death
mask of an unknown girl

become the most kissed face
in history?

The answer
to this mystery begins

with the search for a way
to preserve life.

When L'Inconnue's body
is fished out of the Seine,

resuscitation is still
in its infancy,

and there are some
pretty bizarre methods.

[Ruth] People are looking
at many different ways

that you might help
stimulate a person

to bring them back.

One is to whip them all over
with stinging nettles.

That that sort of would get
the blood moving

all over the body
and therefore perhaps

trigger something
into action.

[Mark Benecke] Maybe they
could resuscitate people

by putting you
over a trotting horse

or putting hot ashes
on your skin.

A method that sounds
surprising

is to blow tobacco fumes

inside of the anus of a person

that you try to resurrect.

[Ruth] You'd make up
a really strong concoction

infused with tobacco

and then you'd introduce it
at the other end

and hope that that would
also stimulate

and excite the whole
bodily system,

jerk it back into life.

[narrator] Unsurprisingly,
none of these methods

really help.

So how does this face
become part of the solution?

[dramatic music playing]

[narrator] It isn't until
the 1950s

and the work of an Austrian
anesthesiologist

that modern medicine
really gets to grips

with resuscitation.

[Mark Benecke] Peter Safar
came up with the idea

that you could resuscitate
a person correctly.

For example,
by putting the head

a little bit to the back,

giving mouth-to-mouth,

applying chest compression

to get the heart
started again.

So he invented CPR.

[narrator] Safar reasons
that if everyone

learns these techniques,

more lives will be saved.

To do that, he needs
a realistic training model

for people to practice on.

But no such model exists...

yet.

[dramatic music playing]

In 1959, Dr. Safar
goes to a toymaker,

a Norwegian toymaker
of his acquaintance,

Asmund Laerdal.

And Asmund has a lot
of experience using PVC,

a brand-new material,
but he thinks

that this might be
the way forward.

And between them,
they come up with a mannequin

which mimics the basic usage

of a pair of lungs
within a person.

Nearing the end
of the process,

Laerdal has his doll

but it hasn't got a face
at the moment.

So where on Earth
is he gonna get one of those?

[narrator]
Laerdal wants a passive,

nonthreatening face.

[Ruth] Well,
luckily at this moment,

he goes and visits
his in-laws.

And there on the wall

is hanging L'Inconnue
de la Seine.

Perfect.

Absolutely perfect.

[Mark Benecke] And this is
why we have the face

of L'Inconnue de la Seine
on the CPR mannequin.

[dramatic music playing]

[narrator]
And the unknown girl

finally gets a name.

Resusci Anne.

It's estimated
she has been used to train

more than five hundred million
people worldwide

and saved as many as two
and a half million lives.

A girl who drowned
in the Seine

more than 150 years ago

has become the most
kissed face in history.

But there's one last twist
to the story

of L'Inconnue de la Seine.

[dramatic music playing]

[narrator] Her drowned face
is famously picture perfect,

and that's a problem.

[Mark Benecke]
When you die in water

and your body is resting
or laying in water

for an amount of time,

then your skin starts to slip

or you get marbling
which means

you have bacteria
in your veins.

And since you don't see that
on the death mask,

some people thought
that maybe she was not dead.

[narrator] And that's not
the only unexplained thing

about her.

[Mark Benecke] One thing
that is mentioned often

is that when you look
at the eyeballs,

the eyeballs
are not perfectly round.

[narrator] When your eyes
are shut,

the lens underneath creates

a slight bump in the eyelid.

Some have suggested
that this bump is not circular

on L'Inconnue's face

as though the eyes were moving

while the plaster was setting.

So is this really the face
of a dead woman

or is she just a fiction

built around
an artist's model?

We'll probably never know
for sure.