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Freeman: WE FEEL IT
EVERY MOMENT OF OUR LIVES.
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00:00:05,867 --> 00:00:09,700
BUT FOR PHYSICISTS...
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00:00:09,700 --> 00:00:15,033
IT IS THE OLDEST UNSOLVED
MYSTERY OF THE COSMOS.
4
00:00:15,033 --> 00:00:17,933
WHY DOES GRAVITY
MAKE EVERYTHING ATTRACT?
5
00:00:23,300 --> 00:00:27,867
CUTTING-EDGE THEORY IS CLOSING
IN ON UNEXPECTED ANSWERS.
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00:00:29,400 --> 00:00:32,600
COULD GRAVITY BE ANOTHER FORCE
IN DISGUISE...
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00:00:34,233 --> 00:00:38,067
A SHADOW
OF A HOLOGRAPHIC REALITY,
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00:00:38,067 --> 00:00:41,867
OR A RIPPLING MIRAGE?
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00:00:41,867 --> 00:00:46,467
DO WE, EARTH, THE SUN,
AND THE STARS
10
00:00:46,467 --> 00:00:49,233
REALLY HAVE WEIGHT?
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00:00:49,233 --> 00:00:53,433
OR IS GRAVITY AN ILLUSION?
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00:00:57,000 --> 00:01:02,133
SPACE, TIME, LIFE ITSELF...
13
00:01:04,133 --> 00:01:08,700
THE SECRETS OF THE COSMOS
LIE THROUGH THE WORMHOLE.
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00:01:08,700 --> 00:01:11,700
-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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00:01:11,700 --> 00:01:14,733
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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00:01:22,600 --> 00:01:25,100
THE GRAVITATIONAL PULL
OF THE SUN
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00:01:25,100 --> 00:01:28,700
KEEPS EARTH
FROM FLYING OFF INTO SPACE.
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00:01:28,700 --> 00:01:32,933
EARTH'S GRAVITY KEEPS US
FIRMLY PLANTED ON THE GROUND.
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00:01:32,933 --> 00:01:35,800
THIS ALL SEEMS REAL ENOUGH.
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00:01:35,800 --> 00:01:40,333
BUT SCIENTISTS ARE PEERING DEEP
INTO THE FABRIC OF THE UNIVERSE
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00:01:40,333 --> 00:01:44,467
AND ARE DISCOVERING
THAT GRAVITY...
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00:01:47,467 --> 00:01:50,800
...MAY NOT BE WHAT IT SEEMS
TO BE.
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00:01:50,800 --> 00:01:57,067
CAN SOMETHING FEEL REAL
BUT NOT ACTUALLY BE REAL?
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00:01:57,067 --> 00:02:00,133
[ BANJO PLAYING COUNTRY TUNE ]
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00:02:00,133 --> 00:02:02,100
Freeman: THERE WERE SOME DAYS
GROWING UP
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00:02:02,100 --> 00:02:05,300
WHEN THERE JUST WASN'T
ANYTHING TO DO.
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00:02:05,300 --> 00:02:08,333
[ CLINK ]
SO WE WOULD PLAY SIMPLE GAMES
28
00:02:08,333 --> 00:02:11,167
LIKE TARGET PRACTICE WITH ROCKS.
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00:02:11,167 --> 00:02:12,933
[ CLUNK ]
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00:02:12,933 --> 00:02:16,467
GRAVITY ALWAYS WORKED.
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00:02:16,467 --> 00:02:21,233
NO MATTER WHAT I DROPPED,
I ALWAYS EXPECTED IT TO FALL.
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00:02:28,367 --> 00:02:32,867
PHYSICISTS HAVE THEIR OWN
EXPECTATIONS ABOUT GRAVITY.
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00:02:32,867 --> 00:02:34,833
THEY BELIEVE IT TO BE
A FUNDAMENTAL FORCE,
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00:02:34,833 --> 00:02:39,267
AN INTRINSIC COG IN
THE MACHINERY OF THE UNIVERSE.
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00:02:39,267 --> 00:02:40,833
[ APPLE THUDS ]
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00:02:40,833 --> 00:02:43,500
BUT EXPERIMENTALIST
NERGIS MAVALVALA
37
00:02:43,500 --> 00:02:46,067
ISN'T TAKING ANYTHING
FOR GRANTED.
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00:02:46,067 --> 00:02:50,167
SO, A FUNDAMENTAL FORCE THAT --
LIKE GRAVITY,
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00:02:50,167 --> 00:02:54,133
THAT DESCRIBES HOW
MASSIVE OBJECTS INTERACT
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00:02:54,133 --> 00:02:57,300
SHOULD BE TRUE ANYWHERE YOU LOOK
IN THE UNIVERSE.
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00:02:57,300 --> 00:03:02,067
Freeman: ISAAC NEWTON SHOWED
THAT EVERY OBJECT WITH MASS
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00:03:02,067 --> 00:03:05,433
ATTRACTS EVERY OTHER OBJECT
WITH MASS.
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00:03:05,433 --> 00:03:08,133
THE GREATER THE MASS
AND THE CLOSER THEY ARE,
44
00:03:08,133 --> 00:03:11,600
THE GREATER
THE GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION.
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00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:13,633
OVER 200 YEARS LATER,
46
00:03:13,633 --> 00:03:17,700
ALBERT EINSTEIN EXPLAINED
WHY THIS HAPPENS.
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00:03:17,700 --> 00:03:23,600
SPACE AND TIME ARE INTERWOVEN
INTO A FABRIC CALLED SPACETIME.
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00:03:23,600 --> 00:03:29,733
EINSTEIN BELIEVED THAT SPACETIME
COULD BEND.
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00:03:29,733 --> 00:03:34,500
THIS DISTORTION IS WHAT
WE EXPERIENCE AS GRAVITY.
50
00:03:34,500 --> 00:03:37,667
AND THAT'S HOW HE UNDERSTOOD
THAT OBJECTS WITH MASS
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00:03:37,667 --> 00:03:39,100
ATTRACT TO EACH OTHER.
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00:03:39,100 --> 00:03:41,600
THEY FOLLOW THE CURVATURE
OF SPACETIME.
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00:03:41,600 --> 00:03:44,300
SO EINSTEIN'S PICTURE OF --
OF GRAVITY WAS
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00:03:44,300 --> 00:03:47,067
THAT MASS TELLS SPACETIME
HOW TO CURVE,
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00:03:47,067 --> 00:03:49,567
AND THEN THE CURVATURE
OF SPACETIME
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00:03:49,567 --> 00:03:51,167
TELLS MASS HOW TO MOVE.
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00:03:51,167 --> 00:03:53,567
Freeman:
EINSTEIN ALSO PREDICTED
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00:03:53,567 --> 00:03:56,567
THAT WHEN ALL OBJECTS
WITH MASS MOVE,
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00:03:56,567 --> 00:03:59,533
THEY TRIGGER
TINY GRAVITATIONAL RIPPLES
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00:03:59,533 --> 00:04:01,600
IN THE FABRIC OF SPACETIME.
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00:04:01,600 --> 00:04:06,333
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES SHOULD
PERMEATE THE HEAVENS ABOVE US.
62
00:04:06,333 --> 00:04:10,233
NERGIS BELIEVES WE SHOULD BE
ABLE TO DETECT THOSE WAVES,
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00:04:10,233 --> 00:04:13,200
IF THEY ARE BIG ENOUGH.
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00:04:14,767 --> 00:04:17,900
SO IF I DROP AN APPLE
IN THE MIDDLE OF A POND...
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00:04:19,767 --> 00:04:22,433
AND I TRY TO DETECT
THE RIPPLE AT THE SHORE,
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00:04:22,433 --> 00:04:24,067
IT'S NOT GOING TO MAKE IT.
67
00:04:24,067 --> 00:04:26,467
IT WAS TOO SMALL OF A WAVE.
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00:04:26,467 --> 00:04:28,400
Freeman: LUCKILY FOR NERGIS,
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00:04:28,400 --> 00:04:31,067
BODIES MUCH MORE MASSIVE
THAN APPLES
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00:04:31,067 --> 00:04:32,967
CAUSE A STIR IN THE HEAVENS.
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00:04:35,900 --> 00:04:38,700
[ ENGINE REVS ]
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00:04:38,700 --> 00:04:40,133
[ WHIRS ]
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00:04:40,133 --> 00:04:41,733
[ BOOM ]
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00:04:41,733 --> 00:04:43,733
AWESOME! WHOA!
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00:04:45,067 --> 00:04:47,800
Freeman: AROUND THE COSMOS,
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00:04:47,800 --> 00:04:49,800
INTENSE GRAVITATIONAL EVENTS,
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00:04:49,800 --> 00:04:53,133
LIKE THE COLLISION
OF GALAXIES...
78
00:04:53,133 --> 00:04:54,400
[ EXPLOSION ]
79
00:04:54,400 --> 00:04:57,800
...OR THE EXPLOSIONS
OF GIANT STARS...
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00:04:57,800 --> 00:04:59,433
[ EXPLOSION ]
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00:04:59,433 --> 00:05:01,467
...SHOULD BE SENDING
MASSIVE BODIES
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00:05:01,467 --> 00:05:05,833
OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
TOWARDS EARTH.
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00:05:05,833 --> 00:05:08,633
NERGIS HAS CREATED A WAY
TO DETECT THEM
84
00:05:08,633 --> 00:05:12,633
WITH THE HELP OF COLLABORATORS
LIKE MIKE LANDRY.
85
00:05:12,633 --> 00:05:13,867
NERGIS AND MIKE
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00:05:13,867 --> 00:05:16,967
ARE PART OF THE LARGEST
EXPERIMENT EVER BUILT
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00:05:16,967 --> 00:05:20,067
BY THE NATIONAL SCIENCE
FOUNDATION.
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00:05:20,067 --> 00:05:21,367
IT IS KNOWN AS
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00:05:21,367 --> 00:05:24,400
THE LASER INTERFEROMETER
GRAVITATIONAL WAVE OBSERVATORY,
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00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:26,333
OR L.I.G.O.,
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00:05:26,333 --> 00:05:28,133
IN THIS BEHEMOTH,
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00:05:28,133 --> 00:05:31,433
LASER BEAMS FIRE DOWN
TWO VACUUM TUBES
93
00:05:31,433 --> 00:05:34,133
ARRANGED IN AN "L" SHAPE.
94
00:05:34,133 --> 00:05:39,233
EACH ARM IS 4 KILOMETERS LONG.
95
00:05:39,233 --> 00:05:42,067
THE LASER BEAMS CAN MEASURE
THE LENGTH OF EACH ARM
96
00:05:42,067 --> 00:05:44,700
WITH AN ACCURACY
OF BETTER THAN 1 MILLIONTH
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00:05:44,700 --> 00:05:46,200
OF THE WIDTH OF AN ATOM.
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00:05:46,200 --> 00:05:50,233
IF A GRAVITATIONAL WAVE
FROM ANY INTENSE COSMIC EVENT
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00:05:50,233 --> 00:05:53,467
UP TO 500 TRILLION TRILLION
MILES AWAY
100
00:05:53,467 --> 00:05:55,533
PASSES THROUGH THE EARTH,
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00:05:55,533 --> 00:05:58,167
THE SPACE INSIDE THE TUBES
WILL RIPPLE.
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00:05:58,167 --> 00:06:00,600
THE LASERS WILL DETECT
THE CHANGE,
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00:06:00,600 --> 00:06:03,133
AND THE ALARM BELLS WILL RING.
104
00:06:07,567 --> 00:06:11,900
AFTER ALMOST A DECADE OF
LISTENING TO THE HEAVENS,
105
00:06:11,900 --> 00:06:13,900
L.I.G.O. PICKED UP THE SOUND...
106
00:06:15,200 --> 00:06:16,333
...OF CRICKETS.
107
00:06:16,333 --> 00:06:19,200
[ STATIC ]
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00:06:19,200 --> 00:06:20,767
WE DIDN'T OBSERVE
A GRAVITATIONAL WAVE
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00:06:20,767 --> 00:06:23,400
IN THE INITIAL SCIENCE RUNS
OF L.I.G.O.
110
00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:26,400
NERGIS, MIKE, AND THE THOUSANDS
OF SCIENTISTS AT L.I.G.O.
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00:06:26,400 --> 00:06:28,067
HAVE ONE MORE SHOT.
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00:06:28,067 --> 00:06:31,200
THEY'RE WORKING
ON ADVANCED UPGRADES
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00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:34,700
THAT WILL INCREASE
L.I.G.O.'s SENSITIVITY TENFOLD.
114
00:06:34,700 --> 00:06:38,967
BUT THERE'S NO GUARANTEE
THEY'LL EVER GET A SIGNAL.
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00:06:38,967 --> 00:06:41,633
WELL, IF WE DON'T DETECT
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
116
00:06:41,633 --> 00:06:44,367
WITH ADVANCED L.I.G.O.,
WELL, FIRST, I'LL CRY.
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00:06:44,367 --> 00:06:47,567
BUT THEN, I THINK, IT'S ACTUALLY
VERY EXCITING EITHER WAY.
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00:06:47,567 --> 00:06:49,700
IF WE DON'T SEE
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES,
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00:06:49,700 --> 00:06:53,200
THEN IT'S GOING TO START OFF
A DIFFERENT KIND OF REVOLUTION,
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00:06:53,200 --> 00:06:55,800
WHERE THERE'LL BE
A LOT OF HEAD-SCRATCHING
121
00:06:55,800 --> 00:06:58,967
ABOUT, "WHAT IS IT ABOUT
NATURE WE DON'T UNDERSTAND?"
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00:06:58,967 --> 00:07:02,167
Freeman: NERGIS IS HOPEFUL.
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00:07:02,167 --> 00:07:06,467
IN FACT, IN MARCH OF 2014,
A GROUP OF ASTRONOMERS
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00:07:06,467 --> 00:07:09,367
CLAIMED TO HAVE DETECTED
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
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00:07:09,367 --> 00:07:12,367
PRODUCED BY THE BIG BANG.
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00:07:12,367 --> 00:07:13,767
BUT SOME SCIENTISTS TAKE
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00:07:13,767 --> 00:07:15,233
THE DEAFENING SILENCE
AT L.I.G.O.
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00:07:15,233 --> 00:07:19,867
AS EVIDENCE THAT GRAVITY MAY NOT
BE A FUNDAMENTAL FORCE.
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00:07:19,867 --> 00:07:22,867
WHEN AN APPLE
FALLS TO THE EARTH,
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00:07:22,867 --> 00:07:26,367
SOMETHING ELSE COULD BE
PULLING IT DOWN.
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00:07:26,367 --> 00:07:29,667
PHYSICISTS BELIEVE THAT
EVERYTHING IN THE UNIVERSE,
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00:07:29,667 --> 00:07:33,133
EVEN THE PULSE OF ENERGY
THAT WE CALL FORCE,
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00:07:33,133 --> 00:07:35,967
IS MADE FROM PARTICLES.
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00:07:35,967 --> 00:07:39,333
GRAVITY SHOULD BE NO EXCEPTION.
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00:07:42,667 --> 00:07:46,133
[ INDISTINCT CONVERSATIONS ]
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00:07:49,800 --> 00:07:53,633
Freeman: ZVI BERN IS
A PARTICLE PHYSICIST
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00:07:53,633 --> 00:07:56,833
WITH A VERY ACTIVE IMAGINATION.
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00:07:58,567 --> 00:08:01,633
HE'S IMAGINING WHAT A GAME
OF MINI GOLF WOULD LOOK LIKE
139
00:08:01,633 --> 00:08:03,767
IF THE BALLS WERE SHRUNK
140
00:08:03,767 --> 00:08:06,533
TO THE SIZE
OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
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00:08:06,533 --> 00:08:10,400
AND RULED BY THE LAWS
OF QUANTUM MECHANICS.
142
00:08:10,400 --> 00:08:12,200
[ WHACK, BALL CLATTERS ]
143
00:08:12,200 --> 00:08:14,400
QUANTUM MECHANICS
IS FULL OF THE STRANGEST THINGS
144
00:08:14,400 --> 00:08:16,567
YOU CAN IMAGINE.
145
00:08:16,567 --> 00:08:19,533
THE CONCEPT OF A PARTICLE
BEING AT ONE POINT,
146
00:08:19,533 --> 00:08:23,067
THAT BECOMES A VERY FUZZY
CONCEPT IN QUANTUM MECHANICS.
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00:08:23,067 --> 00:08:26,500
Freeman: SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
ARE UNLIKE ANYTHING
148
00:08:26,500 --> 00:08:28,667
YOU CAN SEE
WITH YOUR NAKED EYE.
149
00:08:28,667 --> 00:08:32,067
THEY BECOME FUZZY
WHEN NO ONE LOOKS AT THEM.
150
00:08:32,067 --> 00:08:36,500
SOMETIMES THEY CAN APPEAR
OUT OF NOWHERE...
151
00:08:36,500 --> 00:08:39,567
AND THEN SUDDENLY VANISH.
152
00:08:39,567 --> 00:08:42,133
SOME OF THESE APPEARING
AND DISAPPEARING PARTICLES...
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00:08:42,133 --> 00:08:43,400
[ WHOOSH ]
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00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:46,267
...TRANSMIT THE FUNDAMENTAL
FORCES OF NATURE --
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00:08:46,267 --> 00:08:49,833
ELECTROMAGNETISM,
THE STRONG FORCE,
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00:08:49,833 --> 00:08:55,433
THE WEAK FORCE,
AND, SUPPOSEDLY, GRAVITY.
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00:08:55,433 --> 00:08:57,333
I HAVE HERE A GOLF BALL.
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00:08:57,333 --> 00:09:00,067
THE GOLF BALL REPRESENTS
A PHOTON.
159
00:09:00,067 --> 00:09:03,967
THE PHOTON IS THE CARRIER
OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE.
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00:09:03,967 --> 00:09:08,500
Freeman: THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
FORCE ATTRACTS OR REPELS
161
00:09:08,500 --> 00:09:11,500
ANYTHING
WITH AN ELECTRIC CHARGE.
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00:09:11,500 --> 00:09:12,867
THE NEXT GOLF BALLS --
163
00:09:12,867 --> 00:09:15,233
THESE REPRESENT
THE W AND THE Z BOSON.
164
00:09:15,233 --> 00:09:16,533
THE W AND THE Z BOSON --
165
00:09:16,533 --> 00:09:19,633
THESE ARE THE CARRIERS
OF THE WEAK NUCLEAR INTERACTION.
166
00:09:19,633 --> 00:09:20,967
Freeman:
THE WEAK FORCE CAUSES
167
00:09:20,967 --> 00:09:22,667
THE NUCLEUS
OF A RADIOACTIVE ATOM
168
00:09:22,667 --> 00:09:24,333
TO BREAK APART.
169
00:09:24,333 --> 00:09:27,400
THE NEXT GOLF BALL --
IT REPRESENTS THE GLUON.
170
00:09:27,400 --> 00:09:30,467
THE GLUON IS THE CARRIER OF
THE STRONG NUCLEAR INTERACTION.
171
00:09:30,467 --> 00:09:33,800
Freeman: THE STRONG FORCE
BINDS PARTICLES TOGETHER
172
00:09:33,800 --> 00:09:37,833
TO FORM AN ATOMIC NUCLEUS.
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00:09:37,833 --> 00:09:41,200
GRAVITY SHOULD ALSO BE CARRIED
BY A PARTICLE,
174
00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:46,500
BUT NO ONE HAS EVER OBSERVED
THIS SO-CALLED GRAVITON.
175
00:09:46,500 --> 00:09:49,800
IN FACT, WHEN PHYSICISTS
TRY TO CALCULATE
176
00:09:49,800 --> 00:09:53,067
HOW THE THEORETICAL GRAVITON
MIGHT WORK,
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00:09:53,067 --> 00:09:56,300
THEY QUICKLY GET LOST
IN IMPOSSIBLE MATH.
178
00:09:56,300 --> 00:09:58,833
GRAVITY, UNFORTUNATELY, IS ONE
OF OUR MOST COMPLICATED THEORIES
179
00:09:58,833 --> 00:10:00,567
IN THE WAY IT INTERACTS.
180
00:10:00,567 --> 00:10:04,067
AND WHAT HAPPENS IS
AS YOU DO THESE CALCULATIONS,
181
00:10:04,067 --> 00:10:06,433
VERY QUICKLY YOU START
ENCOUNTERING EXPRESSIONS
182
00:10:06,433 --> 00:10:08,100
WHICH NO COMPUTER
IN THE WORLD,
183
00:10:08,100 --> 00:10:09,867
OR ALL THE WORLD'S COMPUTER --
184
00:10:09,867 --> 00:10:12,600
THEY COULDN'T POSSIBLY
DO THOSE CALCULATIONS.
185
00:10:14,267 --> 00:10:16,633
Freeman: BUT ZVI
HAS A TRICK UP HIS SLEEVE
186
00:10:16,633 --> 00:10:20,667
TO CALCULATE WHETHER OR NOT
THE GRAVITON EXISTS.
187
00:10:20,667 --> 00:10:25,833
QUANTUM THEORY, LIKE MINI GOLF,
IS A GAME OF PROBABILITY.
188
00:10:25,833 --> 00:10:29,700
TRYING TO HIT A HOLE-IN-ONE
IS DIFFICULT.
189
00:10:29,700 --> 00:10:32,467
THERE ARE SO MANY WAYS
THE BALL COULD GO.
190
00:10:33,800 --> 00:10:36,967
BUT BREAK UP THE HOLE
INTO SMALLER PIECES,
191
00:10:36,967 --> 00:10:39,767
AND THINGS ARE
MUCH MORE MANAGEABLE.
192
00:10:43,567 --> 00:10:45,967
[ CLATTER ]
193
00:10:45,967 --> 00:10:47,333
TOGETHER, WITH SOME COLLEAGUES,
194
00:10:47,333 --> 00:10:51,300
WE DEVELOPED AN IDEA THAT WE
CALLED THE UNITARITY METHOD.
195
00:10:51,300 --> 00:10:54,833
AND THE BASIC IDEA OF THAT IS,
YOU TAKE THE BIGGER PROBLEM
196
00:10:54,833 --> 00:10:57,500
OF THESE INTERACTIONS,
THESE COMPLICATIONS,
197
00:10:57,500 --> 00:10:59,900
AND THEN YOU CHOP IT
INTO SMALLER PIECES.
198
00:10:59,900 --> 00:11:02,367
AND THEN, BY SOLVING
THE SMALLER PROBLEMS
199
00:11:02,367 --> 00:11:05,067
AND ASSEMBLING IT,
YOU CAN DO A LOT BETTER THAN
200
00:11:05,067 --> 00:11:07,700
IF YOU WERE JUST TRYING TO SOLVE
THE WHOLE PROBLEM AT ONCE.
201
00:11:07,700 --> 00:11:10,833
Freeman:
WHEN ZVI AND HIS COLLEAGUES
202
00:11:10,833 --> 00:11:13,200
APPLIED THEIR UNITARITY METHOD
TO GRAVITONS,
203
00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:15,400
AN UNEXPECTED RESULT CAME BACK.
204
00:11:15,400 --> 00:11:18,300
WHAT WE DISCOVERED
ABOUT THE GRAVITON
205
00:11:18,300 --> 00:11:20,733
IS THAT,
IN A VERY PRECISE WAY,
206
00:11:20,733 --> 00:11:23,600
IT CAN BE INTERPRETED
AS TWO COPIES OF GLUONS.
207
00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:26,567
Freeman: WHICH BINDS
THE NUCLEI OF ATOMS TOGETHER
208
00:11:26,567 --> 00:11:29,067
THROUGH THE STRONG FORCE.
209
00:11:29,067 --> 00:11:31,733
BUT ZVI AND HIS COLLEAGUES
BELIEVED GLUONS
210
00:11:31,733 --> 00:11:34,933
COULD ALSO BE RESPONSIBLE
FOR GRAVITY.
211
00:11:34,933 --> 00:11:38,800
THE GRAVITON COULD ACTUALLY BE
A PAIR OF GLUONS.
212
00:11:38,800 --> 00:11:40,767
EVERYTHING BECAME
INSTANTLY CLEAR,
213
00:11:40,767 --> 00:11:43,067
LIKE A MOMENT OF INSIGHT,
THE "EUREKA!" MOMENT.
214
00:11:43,067 --> 00:11:45,100
THIS IS OUR "EUREKA!" MOMENT,
215
00:11:45,100 --> 00:11:47,867
WHERE -- WHERE WE REALLY KNEW
THAT WE UNDERSTOOD IT.
216
00:11:47,867 --> 00:11:50,767
AND THE FACT THAT
IT CAME OUT THAT SIMPLE
217
00:11:50,767 --> 00:11:52,800
REALLY WAS THE GREAT SURPRISE.
218
00:11:52,800 --> 00:11:56,300
WE ALWAYS HAD SUSPICIONS THAT
SOMETHING LIKE THIS WAS TRUE.
219
00:11:56,300 --> 00:11:58,700
BUT THAT IT -- IT WORKS AS
SIMPLY AS IT DID --
220
00:11:58,700 --> 00:12:00,900
THAT WAS REALLY THE BIG SURPRISE
FOR US.
221
00:12:00,900 --> 00:12:04,800
Freeman: ZVI'S WORK COULD MEAN
THAT WHEN AN APPLE FALLS,
222
00:12:04,800 --> 00:12:08,933
THE GRAVITY THAT PULLS IT DOWN
IS JUST ANOTHER MANIFESTATION
223
00:12:08,933 --> 00:12:10,733
OF THE STRONG FORCE.
224
00:12:10,733 --> 00:12:12,900
THE SAME FORCE THAT HOLDS
225
00:12:12,900 --> 00:12:14,933
THE NUCLEUS OF TINY ATOMS
TOGETHER
226
00:12:14,933 --> 00:12:17,067
COULD ALSO BE RESPONSIBLE
FOR HOLDING
227
00:12:17,067 --> 00:12:20,700
COLOSSAL CELESTIAL BODIES
IN ORBIT.
228
00:12:20,700 --> 00:12:25,500
IF SO,
THE UNIVERSE IS AWASH IN GLUONS,
229
00:12:25,500 --> 00:12:28,633
WORKING TOGETHER AS GRAVITONS.
230
00:12:28,633 --> 00:12:30,567
EVERY TIME A PAIR OF GLUONS
231
00:12:30,567 --> 00:12:33,333
IS EXCHANGED
BETWEEN MASSIVE OBJECTS,
232
00:12:33,333 --> 00:12:36,600
THE OBJECTS MOVE
A LITTLE BIT CLOSER TOGETHER.
233
00:12:38,400 --> 00:12:40,233
SCIENTISTS ARE DISCOVERING
234
00:12:40,233 --> 00:12:42,267
THAT OUR ASSUMPTIONS
ABOUT GRAVITY
235
00:12:42,267 --> 00:12:45,200
MAY BE ALMOST COMPLETELY WRONG.
236
00:12:48,067 --> 00:12:49,333
A WHOLE NEW SIDE OF GRAVITY
237
00:12:49,333 --> 00:12:51,100
COULD BE WAITING TO BE
DISCOVERED.
238
00:12:51,100 --> 00:12:57,667
IN FACT, WE MAY SOON DISCOVER
OBJECTS THAT FALL UP.
239
00:13:01,733 --> 00:13:03,200
MOST PHYSICISTS BELIEVE
240
00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:07,933
THAT GRAVITY IS A FORCE
THAT ONLY ATTRACTS.
241
00:13:07,933 --> 00:13:11,067
BUT COSMOLOGISTS
HAVE RECENTLY DISCOVERED
242
00:13:11,067 --> 00:13:14,700
THAT GALAXIES APPEAR
TO BE PUSHING EACH OTHER APART
243
00:13:14,700 --> 00:13:18,400
AT AN EVER INCREASING RATE.
244
00:13:18,400 --> 00:13:21,900
PERHAPS IT'S TIME TO RECONSIDER
245
00:13:21,900 --> 00:13:25,533
WHAT WE THINK WE KNOW
ABOUT GRAVITY.
246
00:13:31,833 --> 00:13:34,500
Freeman: DRAGAN HAJDUKOVIC
IS A PHYSICIST
247
00:13:34,500 --> 00:13:37,300
AT THE EUROPEAN CENTER
FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH,
248
00:13:37,300 --> 00:13:40,833
OR C.E.R.N.,
IN GENEVA, SWITZERLAND.
249
00:13:40,833 --> 00:13:42,933
BUT HE DOES HIS BEST WORK
WHEN VISITING
250
00:13:42,933 --> 00:13:45,633
HIS HOME COUNTRY
OF MONTENEGRO.
251
00:13:45,633 --> 00:13:50,400
DRAGAN IS USING HIS TIME AT HOME
TO CATCH UP WITH OLD FRIENDS
252
00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:52,967
AND WORK OUT A NEW THEORY
OF GRAVITY --
253
00:13:52,967 --> 00:13:58,400
ONE THAT INVOLVES THE DANGEROUS
MATERIAL IN THE UNIVERSE --
254
00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:00,200
ANTIMATTER.
255
00:14:02,333 --> 00:14:06,967
I HAVE A RED APPLE,
WHICH IS MADE FROM MATTER,
256
00:14:06,967 --> 00:14:11,633
AND A BLUE ONE,
WHICH IS MADE FROM ANTIMATTER.
257
00:14:11,633 --> 00:14:15,367
FORTUNATELY,
IT'S NOT A TRUE ANTIMATTER.
258
00:14:15,367 --> 00:14:20,500
BUT IF WE ASSUME THAT IT IS,
LOOK WHAT WILL HAPPEN.
259
00:14:22,500 --> 00:14:23,733
[ CLINK ]
260
00:14:23,733 --> 00:14:25,733
[ EXPLOSION ]
261
00:14:25,733 --> 00:14:27,733
Freeman: FORTUNATELY FOR US,
262
00:14:27,733 --> 00:14:31,067
THERE ISN'T ENOUGH ANTIMATTER
IN THE VICINITY OF EARTH
263
00:14:31,067 --> 00:14:32,967
TO EVER BLOW IT UP.
264
00:14:32,967 --> 00:14:36,133
BUT DRAGAN THINKS THAT IF THERE
WERE EVER SUCH A THING
265
00:14:36,133 --> 00:14:38,700
AS AN ANTIMATTER APPLE,
266
00:14:38,700 --> 00:14:41,900
IT WOULD HAVE AN UNUSUAL
GRAVITATIONAL PROPERTY.
267
00:14:41,900 --> 00:14:46,300
IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE
THAT ANTIMATTER FALLS UP.
268
00:14:47,733 --> 00:14:49,300
Freeman: DRAGAN SUSPECTS
269
00:14:49,300 --> 00:14:52,333
THAT ANTIMATTER AND MATTER
REPEL EACH OTHER,
270
00:14:52,333 --> 00:14:54,967
AND THAT HIDDEN POCKETS
OF ANTIMATTER
271
00:14:54,967 --> 00:14:58,467
COULD BE RESPONSIBLE
FOR PUSHING THE UNIVERSE APART.
272
00:14:58,467 --> 00:15:01,800
PHYSICISTS USE THE TERM
"QUANTUM VACUUM"
273
00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:03,633
TO DESCRIBE THE SPACE
274
00:15:03,633 --> 00:15:06,900
THAT FILLS
EVERY CORNER OF THE COSMOS.
275
00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:09,067
DON'T LET THE NAME FOOL YOU.
276
00:15:09,067 --> 00:15:12,100
IT'S BUBBLING
WITH MICROSCOPIC ACTIVITY.
277
00:15:12,100 --> 00:15:15,067
AT EVERY POINT
IN THE QUANTUM VACUUM,
278
00:15:15,067 --> 00:15:19,267
TINY, INNOCUOUS PAIRS OF MATTER
AND ANTIMATTER PARTICLES
279
00:15:19,267 --> 00:15:22,167
ARE POPPING
IN AND OUT OF EXISTENCE.
280
00:15:22,167 --> 00:15:26,633
THEY EXIST FOR A SPLIT-SECOND
BEFORE ANNIHILATING EACH OTHER.
281
00:15:26,633 --> 00:15:31,133
THERE ARE BILLIONS OF BILLIONS
OF BILLIONS OF BILLIONS AND --
282
00:15:31,133 --> 00:15:34,967
LET'S STOP, WE CAN CONTINUE --
283
00:15:34,967 --> 00:15:38,967
OF PAIRS IN THE METACUBE
OF THE QUANTUM VACUUM.
284
00:15:38,967 --> 00:15:44,067
SO THEY MUST PLAY A ROLE
IN THEORY OF GRAVITY.
285
00:15:45,467 --> 00:15:47,533
Freeman:
THINK OF THE QUANTUM VACUUM
286
00:15:47,533 --> 00:15:49,933
LIKE A TYPICAL MONTENEGRIN TOWN.
287
00:15:49,933 --> 00:15:56,133
EVERY PARTICLE OF MATTER
ALWAYS DANCES WITH A PARTNER.
288
00:15:56,133 --> 00:16:00,067
WHEN A PAIR OF TINY DANCERS
POPS INTO EXISTENCE,
289
00:16:00,067 --> 00:16:02,600
THE GRAVITY OF THE MATTER
IS CANCELLED OUT
290
00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:06,533
BY THE ANTIGRAVITY
OF THE ANTIMATTER.
291
00:16:06,533 --> 00:16:09,167
SO NORMALLY, NO MATTER HOW MANY
PAIRS OF PARTICLES
292
00:16:09,167 --> 00:16:11,767
AND ANTIPARTICLES ARE CREATED,
293
00:16:11,767 --> 00:16:15,933
THE RESULTING
GRAVITATIONAL EFFECT IS ZERO.
294
00:16:15,933 --> 00:16:18,867
BUT THE QUANTUM VACUUM DOESN'T
ALWAYS EXIST IN A VACUUM.
295
00:16:18,867 --> 00:16:21,533
THE UNIVERSE IS FILLED,
296
00:16:21,533 --> 00:16:26,967
AFTER ALL, WITH GIANT ISLANDS
OF MATTER CALLED GALAXIES.
297
00:16:26,967 --> 00:16:28,933
IF YOU PUT MATTER INSIDE,
298
00:16:28,933 --> 00:16:32,500
IT SPOILS THE SYMMETRY,
299
00:16:32,500 --> 00:16:35,067
AND YOU HAVE
GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS.
300
00:16:35,067 --> 00:16:36,367
[ NATIVE FOLK MUSIC PLAYING ]
301
00:16:36,367 --> 00:16:38,833
Freeman: AT THE END
OF A MONTENEGRIN FOLK DANCE,
302
00:16:38,833 --> 00:16:41,167
MALE DANCERS ARE DRAWN
INTO THE CENTER
303
00:16:41,167 --> 00:16:43,933
TO FORM A MASSIVE STRUCTURE.
304
00:16:43,933 --> 00:16:48,467
THE FEMALE DANCERS
ARE PUSHED OUTWARDS.
305
00:16:48,467 --> 00:16:49,867
[ CHEERS AND APPLAUSE ]
306
00:16:49,867 --> 00:16:51,567
IN DRAGAN'S THEORY,
307
00:16:51,567 --> 00:16:54,467
TINY PARTICLES OF MATTER
AND ANTIMATTER
308
00:16:54,467 --> 00:16:58,567
IN THE QUANTUM VACUUM
FOLLOW THE SAME STEPS.
309
00:17:01,867 --> 00:17:05,667
GALAXIES ARE MADE OF MATTER.
310
00:17:05,667 --> 00:17:09,067
THEY PULL IN THE MATTER
IN THE QUANTUM VACUUM
311
00:17:09,067 --> 00:17:11,433
AND PUSH ITS ANTIMATTER AWAY.
312
00:17:11,433 --> 00:17:16,333
SO THERE'S SLIGHTLY LESS MATTER
AND SLIGHTLY MORE ANTIMATTER
313
00:17:16,333 --> 00:17:19,067
IN THE SPACE BETWEEN GALAXIES.
314
00:17:19,067 --> 00:17:23,633
SO THE QUANTUM VACUUM BECOMES
GRAVITATIONALLY REPULSIVE
315
00:17:23,633 --> 00:17:26,933
AND GALAXIES ARE PUSHED APART.
316
00:17:26,933 --> 00:17:30,133
PHYSICISTS CAN SEE
THIS GALACTIC DRIFT HAPPENING.
317
00:17:30,133 --> 00:17:32,467
THEY ARE NOT SURE WHERE
THE ENERGY
318
00:17:32,467 --> 00:17:34,400
THAT IS CAUSING IT COMES FROM,
319
00:17:34,400 --> 00:17:39,167
SO THEY CALL IT DARK ENERGY.
320
00:17:39,167 --> 00:17:41,267
BUT DRAGAN THINKS DARK ENERGY
321
00:17:41,267 --> 00:17:43,933
IS GRAVITY'S
HIDDEN DANCE PARTNER.
322
00:17:43,933 --> 00:17:48,900
MANY PHYSICISTS TRIED TO EXPLAIN
THE EXISTENCE OF DARK ENERGY.
323
00:17:48,900 --> 00:17:52,867
BUT ONCE AGAIN, NO ONE KNOWS
WHAT'S DARK ENERGY.
324
00:17:52,867 --> 00:17:56,433
NOW, WHAT'S --
WHAT'S THE SIMPLER SOLUTION --
325
00:17:56,433 --> 00:17:58,200
TO INVOKE DARK ENERGY,
326
00:17:58,200 --> 00:18:00,767
OR TO ASSUME
GRAVITATIONAL REPULSION
327
00:18:00,767 --> 00:18:03,067
BETWEEN MATTER
AND ANTIMATTER?
328
00:18:03,067 --> 00:18:05,433
[ ALL SHOUT IN NATIVE LANGUAGE ]
329
00:18:05,433 --> 00:18:09,967
[ CHEERS AND APPLAUSE ]
330
00:18:09,967 --> 00:18:12,533
Freeman: DRAGAN'S THEORY
IS CONTROVERSIAL.
331
00:18:12,533 --> 00:18:14,067
BUT WE MAY SOON FIND OUT
332
00:18:14,067 --> 00:18:17,900
IF GRAVITY HAS
A REPULSIVE ALTER EGO.
333
00:18:18,967 --> 00:18:21,767
BACK AT C.E.R.N.,
DRAGAN'S COLLEAGUES ARE USING
334
00:18:21,767 --> 00:18:26,400
THE LARGE HADRON COLLIDER
TO PRODUCE ANTIHYDROGEN.
335
00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:29,900
IF IT FALLS UP,
336
00:18:29,900 --> 00:18:34,100
WE MAY FINALLY HAVE
AN EXPLANATION FOR DARK ENERGY.
337
00:18:34,100 --> 00:18:37,933
OR IT COULD BE ANOTHER
FALSE STEP ON THE ROAD
338
00:18:37,933 --> 00:18:40,067
TO UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY.
339
00:18:40,067 --> 00:18:43,267
I THINK THAT OUR UNDERSTANDING
IS INCOMPLETE.
340
00:18:43,267 --> 00:18:47,133
IF YOU TRY TO EXPLAIN
ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA
341
00:18:47,133 --> 00:18:51,433
BY OUR BEST PHYSICS,
IT'S A DISASTER.
342
00:18:51,433 --> 00:18:55,500
Freeman: OUR GRAVITATIONAL
THEORIES ARE BROKEN.
343
00:18:55,500 --> 00:18:58,067
NEITHER EINSTEIN'S THEORY
NOR QUANTUM PHYSICS
344
00:18:58,067 --> 00:19:01,067
EXPLAINS ALL OF WHAT WE OBSERVE.
345
00:19:01,067 --> 00:19:03,367
IS GRAVITY A TRICK OF THE MIND?
346
00:19:03,367 --> 00:19:07,400
OR, PERHAPS,
GRAVITY IS WHAT'S REAL,
347
00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:12,833
AND REALITY ITSELF
IS THE ILLUSION.
348
00:19:15,533 --> 00:19:18,733
WE USED TO BELIEVE
THE EARTH WAS FLAT,
349
00:19:18,733 --> 00:19:22,800
BUT SEAFARERS PROVED
THIS WAS AN ILLUSION.
350
00:19:22,800 --> 00:19:27,667
THE HORIZON ONLY LOOKS FLAT
BECAUSE OUR PLANET IS SO LARGE.
351
00:19:27,667 --> 00:19:31,700
CHANGE YOUR PERSPECTIVE
BY FLYING HIGH ENOUGH,
352
00:19:31,700 --> 00:19:35,233
AND YOU CAN SEE THE CURVATURE
OF EARTH.
353
00:19:35,233 --> 00:19:37,667
IF GRAVITY IS AN ILLUSION,
354
00:19:37,667 --> 00:19:41,100
CAN WE FIND A NEW PERSPECTIVE
ON IT
355
00:19:41,100 --> 00:19:43,733
AND SEE IT FOR WHAT IT IS?
356
00:19:45,267 --> 00:19:48,567
[ SEABIRDS CALLING ]
357
00:19:50,767 --> 00:19:52,900
Freeman: PRINCETON UNIVERSITY'S
HERMAN VERLINDE
358
00:19:52,900 --> 00:19:56,067
IS SOUL SEARCHING.
359
00:19:56,067 --> 00:19:59,400
MULTIPLE EXPERIMENTS HAVE SHOWN
THAT EINSTEIN'S THEORY,
360
00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:02,533
THAT GRAVITY IS THE WARPING
OF SPACE AND TIME,
361
00:20:02,533 --> 00:20:04,833
APPEARS TO BE CORRECT.
362
00:20:04,833 --> 00:20:08,767
BUT AN EQUALLY POWERFUL THEORY,
QUANTUM MECHANICS,
363
00:20:08,767 --> 00:20:11,133
SAYS THAT EINSTIEN'S THEORY
CANNOT EXPLAIN
364
00:20:11,133 --> 00:20:14,100
WHAT GRAVITY IS MADE OF.
365
00:20:14,100 --> 00:20:17,067
EINSTEIN TOLD US THAT IF YOU
MOVE THROUGH SPACE,
366
00:20:17,067 --> 00:20:19,100
YOU DON'T NOTICE IT,
367
00:20:19,100 --> 00:20:22,767
BECAUSE SPACE IS EMPTY.
IT'S NOT MADE OUT OF ANYTHING.
368
00:20:22,767 --> 00:20:25,333
BUT QUANTUM THEORY
TELLS YOU THAT ACTUALLY,
369
00:20:25,333 --> 00:20:28,867
THAT THERE MUST BE A GRANULARITY
TO SPACE,
370
00:20:28,867 --> 00:20:31,800
JUST LIKE THIS SAND.
371
00:20:37,267 --> 00:20:39,800
Freeman:
EINSTEIN'S THEORY SAYS THAT
372
00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:42,867
THE PARTICLE THAT CARRIES
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE,
373
00:20:42,867 --> 00:20:46,567
THE GRAVITON, MUST FLOAT
ON THE COMPLETELY SMOOTH SURFACE
374
00:20:46,567 --> 00:20:50,267
OF EMPTY SPACE,
LIKE THE SURFACE OF THE SEA.
375
00:20:50,267 --> 00:20:53,267
BUT ACCORDING
TO QUANTUM MECHANICS,
376
00:20:53,267 --> 00:20:56,933
SPACE IS NOT SMOOTH AT ALL.
377
00:20:56,933 --> 00:21:01,333
IT IS MADE UP OF LITTLE GRAINS,
WHICH MAKE FOR A BUMPY RIDE.
378
00:21:01,333 --> 00:21:04,633
IT IS A DISAGREEMENT
THAT HAS PLAGUED PHYSICISTS
379
00:21:04,633 --> 00:21:06,733
FOR OVER A CENTURY.
380
00:21:06,733 --> 00:21:11,133
BUT HERMAN IS BEGINNING TO THINK
BOTH THEORIES MAY BE CORRECT,
381
00:21:11,133 --> 00:21:16,567
BECAUSE REALITY ITSELF
MAY BE DECEIVING US.
382
00:21:18,667 --> 00:21:21,467
EINSTEIN FAMOUSLY
GOT INTO TROUBLE
383
00:21:21,467 --> 00:21:24,967
BY THINKING THAT REALITY
SHOULD REALLY EXIST,
384
00:21:24,967 --> 00:21:28,433
UH, AND HE CALLED THAT
AN OBJECTIVE REALITY.
385
00:21:28,433 --> 00:21:30,600
BUT IN PHYSICS,
WE KNOW THAT THE --
386
00:21:30,600 --> 00:21:32,833
THE WORLD IS NOT QUITE
WHAT IT SEEMS.
387
00:21:32,833 --> 00:21:35,900
Freeman: OBJECTS THAT TRAVEL
AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT,
388
00:21:35,900 --> 00:21:39,133
LIKE A PHOTON OR A GRAVITON,
WILL SEE
389
00:21:39,133 --> 00:21:42,800
A DRAMATICALLY DIFFERENT VERSION
OF REALITY.
390
00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:45,500
WHEN THE BALL APPROACHES
THE SPEED OF LIGHT,
391
00:21:45,500 --> 00:21:47,467
SOMETHING
VERY STRANGE HAPPENS.
392
00:21:47,467 --> 00:21:50,467
THE REST OF THE WORLD SEEMS
TO BECOME SHORTER.
393
00:21:50,467 --> 00:21:52,567
AND THE FASTER
THE BALL GOES,
394
00:21:52,567 --> 00:21:54,867
THE SHORTER THE REST
OF THE WORLD BECOMES,
395
00:21:54,867 --> 00:21:57,767
UNTIL IT BECOMES FLAT
LIKE A PLANE.
396
00:21:57,767 --> 00:22:00,267
Freeman:
IF YOU WERE A GRAVITON,
397
00:22:00,267 --> 00:22:04,700
YOU WOULD BE CONVINCED THAT
YOU WERE ALWAYS STANDING STILL
398
00:22:04,700 --> 00:22:09,833
AND THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE WAS
A FLAT SHEET IN FRONT OF YOU.
399
00:22:11,367 --> 00:22:15,967
WE OBSERVE PARTICLES IN OUR
REALITY MOVING IN LINEAR PATHS.
400
00:22:15,967 --> 00:22:18,167
BUT FROM A PARTICLE'S
POINT OF VIEW,
401
00:22:18,167 --> 00:22:21,867
THERE MAY BE NO SUCH THING
AS MOVING AT ALL.
402
00:22:21,867 --> 00:22:27,200
IN THE LATE 1960s,
MATHEMATICIAN ROGER PENROSE
403
00:22:27,200 --> 00:22:30,233
PROPOSED A NEW WAY
TO SEE THE WORLD.
404
00:22:30,233 --> 00:22:33,633
HE SAID THAT PARTICLES THAT MOVE
AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT,
405
00:22:33,633 --> 00:22:37,267
LIKE PHOTONS
AND THE THEORETICAL GRAVITON,
406
00:22:37,267 --> 00:22:42,733
EXPERIENCE AN ALTERNATE REALITY
HE CALLED TWISTOR SPACE,
407
00:22:42,733 --> 00:22:47,200
WHERE POINTS ARE LINES
AND LINES ARE POINTS.
408
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:48,400
IN TWISTOR SPACE,
409
00:22:48,400 --> 00:22:52,067
THE PATH THAT THE GRAVITON
TRAVELS BECOME POINTS,
410
00:22:52,067 --> 00:22:56,100
SO IT'S A NEW SET OF COORDINATES
FOR SPACE AND FOR TIME.
411
00:22:58,167 --> 00:23:00,300
Freeman:
THE IDEA OF A HIDDEN REALITY
412
00:23:00,300 --> 00:23:03,100
SEEMED PREPOSTEROUS
50 YEARS AGO.
413
00:23:05,300 --> 00:23:07,100
BUT A MORE RECENT IDEA
IN PHYSICS
414
00:23:07,100 --> 00:23:11,400
SUGGESTS PENROSE WAS AHEAD
OF HIS TIME.
415
00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:17,400
IT IS A THEORY PHYSICISTS CALL
THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE.
416
00:23:17,400 --> 00:23:19,433
THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE
417
00:23:19,433 --> 00:23:23,233
IS THE IDEA THINGS
THAT WE SEE IN SPACE
418
00:23:23,233 --> 00:23:26,400
ARE ACTUALLY SORT OF
A REFLECTION
419
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:30,833
OF SOME OTHER REALITY
ON HOLOGRAPHIC SCREEN.
420
00:23:33,967 --> 00:23:36,267
IT'S AS IF
THE ACTUAL REALITY
421
00:23:36,267 --> 00:23:39,100
IS SITTING
ON THE WALLS OF THIS ROOM.
422
00:23:40,233 --> 00:23:43,300
Freeman: HERMAN IS MARRYING
THESE TWO IDEAS
423
00:23:43,300 --> 00:23:47,633
INTO TWISTOR HOLOGRAPHY.
424
00:23:47,633 --> 00:23:49,433
IT'S A REALITY-BENDING THEORY
425
00:23:49,433 --> 00:23:52,500
WHERE EINSTEIN'S GRAVITY
AND QUANTUM MECHANICS
426
00:23:52,500 --> 00:23:55,400
GET ALONG JUST FINE.
427
00:23:58,433 --> 00:24:01,167
EINSTEIN'S THEORY REQUIRES
428
00:24:01,167 --> 00:24:05,233
THAT THE GRAVITON
MOVE THROUGH SMOOTH SPACE.
429
00:24:05,233 --> 00:24:07,600
BUT IN TWISTOR HOLOGRAPHY,
430
00:24:07,600 --> 00:24:12,133
THE PATH OF THE GRAVITON'S
MOVEMENT IS A POINT.
431
00:24:12,133 --> 00:24:13,167
IT DOESN'T MATTER WHETHER
432
00:24:13,167 --> 00:24:15,833
THE GRAVITON IS FLOATING
ON WATER OR SAND,
433
00:24:15,833 --> 00:24:17,700
BECAUSE IN THIS REALITY,
434
00:24:17,700 --> 00:24:21,300
THE GRAVITON STAYS
COMPLETELY STILL.
435
00:24:23,933 --> 00:24:30,067
IF HERMAN IS CORRECT, GRAVITY IS
REAL IN AN ALTERED REALITY.
436
00:24:30,067 --> 00:24:35,067
AND WHAT WE EXPERIENCE AS
REALITY COULD BE AN ILLUSION,
437
00:24:35,067 --> 00:24:38,633
CONSTRUCTED FROM SOMETHING ELSE.
438
00:24:38,633 --> 00:24:40,667
IT'S KIND OF LIKE WATCHING
A GOOD TV SHOW.
439
00:24:40,667 --> 00:24:43,600
YOU MIGHT NOT REALIZE
THAT AN INVISIBLE GROUP
440
00:24:43,600 --> 00:24:46,567
BEHIND THE SCENES CREATED IT.
441
00:24:46,567 --> 00:24:48,133
Man: AND CUT.
442
00:24:48,133 --> 00:24:52,500
UH, TELL ME ABOUT REALITY
IN LIFE AND IN PHYSICS.
443
00:24:52,500 --> 00:24:53,700
IN PHYSICS,
444
00:24:53,700 --> 00:24:56,800
REALITY IS SOMETIMES
NOT UNIQUE
445
00:24:56,800 --> 00:24:59,433
AND SOMETIMES NOT...OBJECTIVE
446
00:24:59,433 --> 00:25:01,733
AND SOMETIMES DECEPTIVE.
447
00:25:01,733 --> 00:25:07,100
YOU'RE SITTING HERE
AND YOU'RE REAL TO ME,
448
00:25:07,100 --> 00:25:10,200
BUT WHO KNOWS?
MAYBE SOMEONE IS TRICKING ME.
449
00:25:12,067 --> 00:25:16,500
IF GRAVITY IS
THE UNIVERSE'S GREATEST MIRAGE,
450
00:25:16,500 --> 00:25:20,500
THEN IT MUST BE CREATED
FROM SOMETHING.
451
00:25:20,500 --> 00:25:22,467
A GROUNDBREAKING THEORY
NOW ARGUES
452
00:25:22,467 --> 00:25:26,467
THAT GRAVITY COULD BE
ANOTHER FORM...
453
00:25:26,467 --> 00:25:27,633
[ FLAMES WHOOSH ]
454
00:25:27,633 --> 00:25:29,800
...OF PURE HEAT.
455
00:25:33,967 --> 00:25:35,400
[ LIGHTER CLICKS ]
456
00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:38,300
THE ANCIENT GREEKS BELIEVED
THAT FIRE
457
00:25:38,300 --> 00:25:41,500
WAS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT
OF THE UNIVERSE.
458
00:25:41,500 --> 00:25:46,400
BUT THERMODYNAMICS, THE STUDY
OF HOW MICROSCOPIC OBJECTS
459
00:25:46,400 --> 00:25:52,333
CREATE MACROSCOPIC EFFECTS,
PROVED THE GREEKS INCORRECT.
460
00:25:52,333 --> 00:25:54,967
FIRE IS A PHENOMENON CREATED
461
00:25:54,967 --> 00:25:58,600
FROM THE FURIOUS MOTION
OF HOT ATOMS.
462
00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:02,967
NOW A BOLD NEW THEORY IS SETTING
THE WORLD OF PHYSICS ABLAZE.
463
00:26:02,967 --> 00:26:07,467
IT SUGGESTS THAT, LIKE FIRE,
464
00:26:07,467 --> 00:26:12,300
GRAVITY IS
A THERMODYNAMIC MIRAGE.
465
00:26:16,633 --> 00:26:20,133
Freeman: THE SCIENCE COMMUNITY
IS HERALDING A RECENT DISCOVERY
466
00:26:20,133 --> 00:26:22,233
AS ONE
OF THE GREATEST REVELATIONS
467
00:26:22,233 --> 00:26:25,333
OF GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS,
468
00:26:25,333 --> 00:26:29,167
AND IT'S ALL THANKS TO THIS MAN.
469
00:26:29,167 --> 00:26:31,800
NO, IT'S NOT HERMAN VERLINDE.
470
00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:35,433
IT'S HIS IDENTICAL TWIN BROTHER,
ERIK.
471
00:26:35,433 --> 00:26:37,567
WELL, AS A CHILD,
HERMAN AND I
472
00:26:37,567 --> 00:26:39,967
DISCUSSED A LOT ABOUT
WHAT WE FOUND INTERESTING.
473
00:26:39,967 --> 00:26:42,900
WHEN WE WOULD READ SOMETHING,
WE WOULD TALK ABOUT IT, AND --
474
00:26:42,900 --> 00:26:45,967
AND WE SHARED OUR EXCITEMENT
IN PHYSICS.
475
00:26:45,967 --> 00:26:49,467
Freeman: ERIK AND HERMAN LIVED
SIMILAR LIVES IN HOLLAND.
476
00:26:49,467 --> 00:26:52,900
THEY BOTH GOT THEIR PhDs IN
PHYSICS FROM UTRECHT UNIVERSITY
477
00:26:52,900 --> 00:26:55,833
AND EVEN MARRIED TWO SISTERS.
478
00:26:55,833 --> 00:27:00,300
BUT ERIK'S PARALLEL PATH
WOULD TAKE A DRAMATIC TURN
479
00:27:00,300 --> 00:27:04,367
WHEN A LITTLE CHAOS
SHOWED UP AT HIS DOORSTEP.
480
00:27:05,500 --> 00:27:06,633
[ DOOR CLOSES ]
481
00:27:10,367 --> 00:27:12,667
I WAS VACATIONING,
AND I CAME BACK FROM A RUN,
482
00:27:12,667 --> 00:27:16,633
AND I CAME INTO MY APARTMENT,
AND THEN I SAW
483
00:27:16,633 --> 00:27:19,700
SOMEONE HAD BROKEN IN
AND STOLEN MY CAR KEY,
484
00:27:19,700 --> 00:27:24,067
MY LAPTOP, MY PASSPORT.
MANY THINGS GOT LOST.
485
00:27:24,067 --> 00:27:26,767
Freeman: PHYSICISTS USE
THE TERM "ENTROPY"
486
00:27:26,767 --> 00:27:29,633
TO DESCRIBE THE AMOUNT OF CHAOS
IN A SYSTEM.
487
00:27:29,633 --> 00:27:34,467
ENTROPY IN THE UNIVERSE
IS ALWAYS INCREASING.
488
00:27:34,467 --> 00:27:36,433
IN PHYSICS AND IN LIFE,
489
00:27:36,433 --> 00:27:40,433
THINGS NATURALLY GO FROM ORDER
TO DISORDER.
490
00:27:40,433 --> 00:27:43,700
TURNING ENTROPY INTO ORDER
REQUIRES ENERGY,
491
00:27:43,700 --> 00:27:45,833
JUST LIKE WHEN ERIK
HAD TO EXPEND ENERGY
492
00:27:45,833 --> 00:27:49,067
TO RESTORE ORDER TO HIS HOUSE.
493
00:27:49,067 --> 00:27:52,067
WHILE DEALING
WITH THE UNEXPECTED CHAOS,
494
00:27:52,067 --> 00:27:56,233
ERIK WAS HIT WITH A FLASH
OF INSPIRATION.
495
00:27:56,233 --> 00:28:02,767
THERE IS A DEEP CONNECTION
BETWEEN ENTROPY AND GRAVITY.
496
00:28:02,767 --> 00:28:04,067
[ FLAMES WHOOSHING ]
497
00:28:04,067 --> 00:28:07,300
IMAGINE TRAVELING TO THE SURFACE
OF A NEUTRON STAR
498
00:28:07,300 --> 00:28:08,933
WHERE THE INTENSE GRAVITY
WOULD MAKE YOU WEIGH
499
00:28:08,933 --> 00:28:13,367
140 TRILLION TIMES MORE
THAN YOU DO ON EARTH.
500
00:28:13,367 --> 00:28:16,433
[ GROANING ]
501
00:28:16,433 --> 00:28:19,100
Freeman: IT'S ENOUGH TO
SIGNIFICANTLY RAISE THE ENTROPY
502
00:28:19,100 --> 00:28:21,067
OF THE ATOMS INSIDE YOU.
503
00:28:21,067 --> 00:28:23,867
[ CONTINUES GROANING ]
504
00:28:25,533 --> 00:28:28,567
Freeman: AS OBJECTS
FALL TOWARD A MASSIVE BODY,
505
00:28:28,567 --> 00:28:32,467
THEY EXPERIENCE AN EVER STRONGER
GRAVITATIONAL PULL.
506
00:28:32,467 --> 00:28:36,800
AND SO THEIR ENTROPY
ALSO GOES UP.
507
00:28:36,800 --> 00:28:40,433
WHAT I REALIZED IS THAT
WHAT CAUSES GRAVITY
508
00:28:40,433 --> 00:28:42,867
IS THAT THE APPLE,
WHEN IT'S HERE,
509
00:28:42,867 --> 00:28:46,167
HAS LESS ENTROPY THAN
WHEN IT'S DOWN ON THE FLOOR.
510
00:28:46,167 --> 00:28:48,700
AND NATURE TRIES
TO INCREASE ENTROPY,
511
00:28:48,700 --> 00:28:50,800
OR TENDS TO INCREASE
ENTROPY.
512
00:28:50,800 --> 00:28:53,533
THIS IS WHY,
IF I LET GO OF THE APPLE,
513
00:28:53,533 --> 00:28:56,800
IT WILL TRY TO GET AS
MUCH ENTROPY AS POSSIBLE,
514
00:28:56,800 --> 00:28:59,067
AND THIS IS WHY
IT'S FALLING.
515
00:29:05,800 --> 00:29:07,533
Freeman: ERIK BELIEVES THAT
OBJECTS WITH MASS
516
00:29:07,533 --> 00:29:09,067
FEEL THE FORCE OF GRAVITY
517
00:29:09,067 --> 00:29:11,267
BECAUSE THE UNIVERSE
IS INCREASING
518
00:29:11,267 --> 00:29:16,800
THE AMOUNT OF DISORDER,
OR ENTROPY, DEEP INSIDE THEM.
519
00:29:16,800 --> 00:29:19,400
A FORCE THAT IS CREATED
FROM ENTROPY
520
00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:24,633
IS NOTHING NEW TO PHYSICISTS
WHO UNDERSTAND THERMODYNAMICS.
521
00:29:24,633 --> 00:29:28,400
IN FACT, THE ENTROPY
INSIDE A HOT AIR BALLOON
522
00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:30,867
WILL LIFT YOU UP INTO THE SKY.
523
00:29:30,867 --> 00:29:32,200
[ FLAMES WHOOSH ]
524
00:29:32,200 --> 00:29:34,467
Erik: SO A HOT AIR BALLOON
CONTAINS MOLECULES.
525
00:29:34,467 --> 00:29:36,133
THOSE MOLECULES ARE MOVING.
526
00:29:36,133 --> 00:29:38,400
THEY WANT TO INCREASE
THE ENTROPY,
527
00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:39,700
AND THIS THEY CAN DO
528
00:29:39,700 --> 00:29:42,267
BY GETTING MORE SPACE
INSIDE THE BALLOON.
529
00:29:42,267 --> 00:29:43,800
AND IF THE BALLOON EXPANDS,
530
00:29:43,800 --> 00:29:45,933
IT ACTUALLY CAN DO SO
BY MOVING UP.
531
00:29:45,933 --> 00:29:48,800
Freeman:
THE HOT AIR INSIDE THE BALLOON
532
00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:55,433
TRIES TO INCREASE ITS ENTROPY
BY PUSHING OUTWARD AND UPWARD.
533
00:29:55,433 --> 00:30:00,200
THIS RESULTS IN AN EMERGENT
FORCE CALLED BUOYANCY.
534
00:30:02,333 --> 00:30:04,900
BUOYANCY IS NOT A TRUE FORCE.
535
00:30:04,900 --> 00:30:09,167
IT'S CREATED FROM THE ENTROPY
OF AIR MOLECULES.
536
00:30:09,167 --> 00:30:11,200
ERIK THINKS THAT GRAVITY
537
00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:15,467
IS ALSO CREATED FROM THE ENTROPY
OF SOMETHING ELSE,
538
00:30:15,467 --> 00:30:17,467
PERHAPS FROM DISORDER
539
00:30:17,467 --> 00:30:20,767
IN THE VERY FABRIC
OF SPACE AND TIME.
540
00:30:22,700 --> 00:30:26,667
ERIK DOESN'T YET KNOW
WHAT IT IS CREATED FROM,
541
00:30:26,667 --> 00:30:28,500
BUT HE FEELS SURE
542
00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:32,733
GRAVITY CANNOT BE A FUNDAMENTAL
FORCE OF THE UNIVERSE.
543
00:30:32,733 --> 00:30:37,633
FROM THE FACT THAT I CAN DERIVE
GRAVITY FROM CHANGES IN ENTROPY,
544
00:30:37,633 --> 00:30:38,933
THAT BASICALLY MEANS WE HAVE
TO THINK ABOUT GRAVITY
545
00:30:38,933 --> 00:30:40,167
IN A DIFFERENT WAY.
546
00:30:40,167 --> 00:30:43,133
INSTEAD OF ASSUMING IT
AS A FUNDAMENTAL FORCE,
547
00:30:43,133 --> 00:30:47,367
WE CAN NOW VIEW IT AS SOMETHING
THAT CAN BE EMERGENT.
548
00:30:51,667 --> 00:30:53,167
Freeman: WE MIGHT FIND OUT
THE TRUTH ABOUT GRAVITY
549
00:30:53,167 --> 00:30:56,333
IF WE COULD FEEL IT
MORE INTENSELY.
550
00:30:56,333 --> 00:30:59,667
THIS IS IMPOSSIBLE ON EARTH,
WHERE GRAVITY IS WEAK.
551
00:30:59,667 --> 00:31:01,133
BUT THERE IS A PLACE
IN THE UNIVERSE
552
00:31:01,133 --> 00:31:04,233
WHERE GRAVITY REIGNS SUPREME...
553
00:31:05,633 --> 00:31:08,233
INSIDE A BLACK HOLE.
554
00:31:08,233 --> 00:31:12,567
HERE, IT MAY COMPLETELY
INCINERATE MATTER
555
00:31:12,567 --> 00:31:15,733
IN A WALL OF GRAVITATIONAL FIRE.
556
00:31:17,333 --> 00:31:19,767
[ CLANKING ]
557
00:31:23,567 --> 00:31:25,967
IN UNUSUAL SITUATIONS...
558
00:31:25,967 --> 00:31:27,200
[ INHALES AIR ]
559
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:29,933
[ BALLOON SQUEAKS ]
560
00:31:29,933 --> 00:31:31,067
[ High-pitched voice ]
YOU DON'T ALWAYS GET
561
00:31:31,067 --> 00:31:34,200
WHAT YOU EXPECT.
562
00:31:34,200 --> 00:31:35,800
BUT SOMETIMES
563
00:31:35,800 --> 00:31:40,100
UNUSUAL SITUATIONS LEAD
TO NEW INSIGHTS.
564
00:31:40,100 --> 00:31:42,633
[ Normal voice ] TO FIND
THE TRUTH ABOUT GRAVITY,
565
00:31:42,633 --> 00:31:44,233
PHYSICISTS ARE STUDYING IT
566
00:31:44,233 --> 00:31:46,567
IN A PLACE WHERE
THEY EXPECT IT TO...
567
00:31:46,567 --> 00:31:47,733
[ INHALES AIR ]
568
00:31:47,733 --> 00:31:48,967
[ BALLOON SQUEAKS ]
569
00:31:50,333 --> 00:31:53,367
[ High-pitched voice ]
...ACT VERY STRANGELY.
570
00:31:53,367 --> 00:31:56,067
[ ENGINE ROARS ]
571
00:31:57,567 --> 00:31:59,633
Freeman:
PHYSICIST SEAN CARROLL
572
00:31:59,633 --> 00:32:02,667
HAS A LOT ON HIS MIND.
573
00:32:02,667 --> 00:32:06,067
GRAVITY IS THE HARDEST PROBLEM
IN PHYSICS,
574
00:32:06,067 --> 00:32:08,200
AND HE'S TACKLING IT HEAD-ON.
575
00:32:08,200 --> 00:32:11,067
THE FACT THAT GRAVITY IS HARD
WAS A SURPRISE TO EVERYBODY.
576
00:32:11,067 --> 00:32:13,067
WE'RE REALLY GONNA NEED
A BREAKTHROUGH,
577
00:32:13,067 --> 00:32:16,267
A DIFFERENT WAY
OF THINKING ABOUT GRAVITY.
578
00:32:16,267 --> 00:32:17,733
Freeman: PHYSICISTS KNOW
579
00:32:17,733 --> 00:32:21,633
WHERE TO LOOK FOR NEW INSIGHTS
ABOUT GRAVITY...
580
00:32:21,633 --> 00:32:24,367
INSIDE A BLACK HOLE.
581
00:32:25,700 --> 00:32:29,367
THESE COSMIC MONSTERS FORM
WHEN STARS COLLAPSE.
582
00:32:29,367 --> 00:32:31,633
THE ENTIRE MASS OF THE STAR
583
00:32:31,633 --> 00:32:34,633
IS COMPRESSED
INTO A SINGLE POINT...
584
00:32:34,633 --> 00:32:35,767
[ EXPLOSION ]
585
00:32:35,767 --> 00:32:39,400
...WHERE GRAVITY REACHES
ITS THEORETICAL MAXIMUM.
586
00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:44,567
SURROUNDING EVERY BLACK HOLE IS
AN INVISIBLE, INTANGIBLE SHELL
587
00:32:44,567 --> 00:32:47,500
KNOWN AS THE EVENT HORIZON,
588
00:32:47,500 --> 00:32:49,367
THE POINT BEYOND
WHICH NOT EVEN LIGHT
589
00:32:49,367 --> 00:32:52,333
CAN ESCAPE
THE BLACK HOLE'S GRAVITY.
590
00:32:52,333 --> 00:32:55,067
NO ONE KNOWS
WHAT ACTUALLY EXISTS
591
00:32:55,067 --> 00:32:57,767
ON THE OTHER SIDE
OF THIS BOUNDARY.
592
00:32:57,767 --> 00:33:01,233
THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD IN THAT
REGION OF SPACE IS SO STRONG
593
00:33:01,233 --> 00:33:02,700
THAT IT'S A ONE-WAY TICKET.
594
00:33:02,700 --> 00:33:04,667
YOU CAN GO IN, AND YOU CAN
EXPLORE AROUND INSIDE,
595
00:33:04,667 --> 00:33:07,167
BUT YOU CAN NEVER
COME BACK OUT.
596
00:33:10,067 --> 00:33:11,800
Freeman:
THEORETICAL PHYSICISTS LIKE SEAN
597
00:33:11,800 --> 00:33:15,533
TURN TO THEIR IMAGINATIONS
FOR ANSWERS.
598
00:33:15,533 --> 00:33:20,233
SUPPOSE YOU'RE ASTRONAUT ALICE,
A DARING COSMIC EXPLORER
599
00:33:20,233 --> 00:33:23,900
WILLING TO TAKE THE PLUNGE
INTO A BLACK HOLE.
600
00:33:23,900 --> 00:33:26,500
OUR CURRENT BEST THEORY
OF GRAVITY SAYS THAT
601
00:33:26,500 --> 00:33:30,933
YOU WOULDN'T EVEN NOTICE
THERE WAS AN EVENT HORIZON.
602
00:33:30,933 --> 00:33:33,267
THERE ARE CERTAIN
CHERISHED PRINCIPLES
603
00:33:33,267 --> 00:33:34,867
THAT WE LIKE TO HOLD ON TO.
604
00:33:34,867 --> 00:33:37,233
ONE OF THEM IS SIMPLY CALLED
NO DRAMA.
605
00:33:37,233 --> 00:33:40,100
YOU COULD PASS RIGHT
THROUGH THE EVENT HORIZON,
606
00:33:40,100 --> 00:33:41,967
AND IT WOULDN'T LOOK
ANY DIFFERENT
607
00:33:41,967 --> 00:33:44,067
THAN ANY OTHER PLACE
IN THE UNIVERSE.
608
00:33:44,067 --> 00:33:47,667
SO THERE'S NO DRAMA WHEN
YOU'RE NEAR THE BLACK HOLE.
609
00:33:47,667 --> 00:33:50,500
Freeman:
PHYSICISTS HAVE LONG BELIEVED
610
00:33:50,500 --> 00:33:52,267
THAT WHEN YOU CROSS
THE EVENT HORIZON,
611
00:33:52,267 --> 00:33:55,100
NOTHING DRAMATIC HAPPENS
612
00:33:55,100 --> 00:33:57,867
UNTIL YOU'RE DEEP INSIDE
THE BLACK HOLE,
613
00:33:57,867 --> 00:34:00,567
AND THE RISING
GRAVITATIONAL INTENSITY
614
00:34:00,567 --> 00:34:05,433
TURNS YOU INTO HUMAN SPAGHETTI.
615
00:34:06,667 --> 00:34:08,733
BUT SCIENTISTS ARE LEARNING
616
00:34:08,733 --> 00:34:12,300
THAT THIS TIME-HONORED STORY
MIGHT NOT HOLD UP.
617
00:34:13,967 --> 00:34:18,900
THE LAWS OF GRAVITY MAY
BREAK DOWN AT THE EVENT HORIZON.
618
00:34:18,900 --> 00:34:22,400
INSIDE, GRAVITY COULD BE
SOMETHING ENTIRELY DIFFERENT
619
00:34:22,400 --> 00:34:25,633
OR NOT EXIST AT ALL.
620
00:34:25,633 --> 00:34:27,700
PHYSICISTS STARTED TO NOTICE
CONTRADICTIONS
621
00:34:27,700 --> 00:34:31,567
AFTER CALCULATING HOW PARTICLES
IN AND AROUND BLACK HOLES
622
00:34:31,567 --> 00:34:37,200
CONNECT TO EACH OTHER THROUGH
A PROCESS CALLED ENTANGLEMENT.
623
00:34:39,100 --> 00:34:41,567
ENTANGLEMENT SAYS
I COULD HAVE TWO ELECTRONS,
624
00:34:41,567 --> 00:34:44,233
AND I DON'T KNOW WHAT EITHER
ONE OF THEM IS DOING,
625
00:34:44,233 --> 00:34:46,533
BUT IF THEY'RE ENTANGLED
BY MEASURE ONE,
626
00:34:46,533 --> 00:34:48,567
AND I SEE
IT'S SPINNING CLOCKWISE,
627
00:34:48,567 --> 00:34:51,933
THEN I KNOW INSTANTLY THE OTHER
ONE IS ALSO SPINNING CLOCKWISE.
628
00:34:51,933 --> 00:34:54,867
Freeman: ANOTHER CHERISHED
PRINCIPLE OF PHYSICS
629
00:34:54,867 --> 00:34:57,767
STATES THAT PARTICLES
ARE STRICTLY MONOGAMOUS.
630
00:34:57,767 --> 00:35:01,467
THEY CAN ONLY ENTANGLE
WITH ONE PARTNER AT A TIME,
631
00:35:01,467 --> 00:35:02,800
NO MATTER WHAT.
632
00:35:02,800 --> 00:35:05,833
BUT OUR UNDERSTANDING
OF THE PHYSICS OF BLACK HOLES
633
00:35:05,833 --> 00:35:09,500
SEEMED TO IMPLY THAT PARTICLES
AT THE EVENT HORIZON
634
00:35:09,500 --> 00:35:13,133
NEEDED TO HAVE
MORE THAN ONE ENTANGLED PARTNER.
635
00:35:13,133 --> 00:35:17,767
THIS WAS A SCENARIO NO PHYSICIST
WAS WILLING TO ENTERTAIN.
636
00:35:22,867 --> 00:35:24,833
[ FLAMES WHOOSH ]
637
00:35:24,833 --> 00:35:26,067
SO THIS IS WHAT WE CALL
638
00:35:26,067 --> 00:35:28,467
THE ALMHEIRI-MAROLF-
POLCHINSKI-SULLY PARADOX,
639
00:35:28,467 --> 00:35:30,233
AFTER THE FOUR
SANTA BARBARA PHYSICISTS
640
00:35:30,233 --> 00:35:33,067
WHO PROPOSED IT.
641
00:35:33,067 --> 00:35:35,200
Freeman: THE FOUR PHYSICISTS
642
00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:38,567
PROPOSED A DRAMATIC SOLUTION
TO THE PARADOX.
643
00:35:38,567 --> 00:35:41,333
IT WAS TIME TO LET GO
OF THE CHERISHED PRINCIPLE
644
00:35:41,333 --> 00:35:43,367
OF NO DRAMA
AT THE EVENT HORIZON.
645
00:35:43,367 --> 00:35:48,267
IN FACT,
SOMETHING VERY DRAMATIC HAPPENS.
646
00:35:49,300 --> 00:35:50,967
[ FLAMES WHOOSH ]
647
00:35:55,133 --> 00:35:57,167
IF YOU WENT TO A EVENT HORIZON
OF A BLACK HOLE
648
00:35:57,167 --> 00:36:00,600
AND VISITED THERE, YOU WOULD BE
INCINERATED BY A WALL OF FIRE.
649
00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:03,767
Freeman:
BLACK HOLES MAY BE SURROUNDED
650
00:36:03,767 --> 00:36:06,600
BY A WALL OF FIRE SO POWERFUL
651
00:36:06,600 --> 00:36:11,267
THAT IT EITHER INCINERATES
ANY PARTICLE GOING INTO IT,
652
00:36:11,267 --> 00:36:16,600
OR PERHAPS INCINERATES THE VERY
FABRIC OF SPACE AND TIME.
653
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:18,067
IF THERE'S A FIREWALL,
THAT MEANS THERE'S --
654
00:36:18,067 --> 00:36:20,200
SOMEHOW, THERE'S A BOUNDARY.
THERE'S AN EDGE.
655
00:36:20,200 --> 00:36:23,667
AND WHEN YOU HIT THAT REGION,
WE'RE NOT SURE WHAT HAPPENS.
656
00:36:23,667 --> 00:36:25,267
IT SEEMS LIKE MAYBE
WHAT HAPPENS
657
00:36:25,267 --> 00:36:29,167
IS THAT WHATEVER IS THERE
IS NOT SPACE AND TIME ANYMORE.
658
00:36:29,167 --> 00:36:30,700
IT'S STILL QUANTUM MECHANICS,
659
00:36:30,700 --> 00:36:33,067
BUT IT'S NOT GOOD OLD GRAVITY
AND SPACETIME
660
00:36:33,067 --> 00:36:35,067
AS EINSTEIN WOULD HAVE
UNDERSTOOD IT.
661
00:36:35,067 --> 00:36:38,167
Freeman:
PAST THE BLACK HOLE FIREWALL,
662
00:36:38,167 --> 00:36:41,600
GRAVITY COULD TAKE ON
AN ENTIRELY NEW FORM.
663
00:36:41,600 --> 00:36:45,200
IF WE COULD FIND OUT
EXACTLY WHAT THAT FORM IS,
664
00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:47,567
WE MAY LEARN
THE TRUE NATURE OF GRAVITY
665
00:36:47,567 --> 00:36:50,700
EVERYWHERE ELSE IN THE COSMOS.
666
00:36:50,700 --> 00:36:52,300
[ WHOOSH ]
667
00:36:52,300 --> 00:36:54,767
SEEING THE EVENT HORIZON
OF A BLACK HOLE
668
00:36:54,767 --> 00:36:58,167
WAS ONCE THOUGHT
TO BE IMPOSSIBLE.
669
00:36:58,167 --> 00:37:02,067
BUT THIS ASTRONOMER THINKS
HE HAS A SHOT AT IT.
670
00:37:03,367 --> 00:37:05,767
HE'S BUILDING
THE LARGEST TELESCOPE
671
00:37:05,767 --> 00:37:07,767
THE WORLD HAS EVER SEEN.
672
00:37:13,267 --> 00:37:15,267
26,000 LIGHT-YEARS AWAY,
673
00:37:15,267 --> 00:37:18,400
THERE'S A PLACE
WHERE WE COULD LEARN
674
00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:20,633
THE TRUE NATURE OF GRAVITY.
675
00:37:20,633 --> 00:37:25,733
IT'S THE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE
AT THE CENTER OF OUR GALAXY.
676
00:37:25,733 --> 00:37:28,167
ASTRONOMERS THINK
THIS HOLE IN SPACE
677
00:37:28,167 --> 00:37:31,700
IS NOT MUCH BIGGER THAN OUR SUN.
678
00:37:31,700 --> 00:37:34,733
SEEING SOMETHING THAT SIZE
SO FAR AWAY
679
00:37:34,733 --> 00:37:39,367
WOULD TAKE A TELESCOPE
THE SIZE OF OUR PLANET.
680
00:37:39,367 --> 00:37:43,433
SO...WHY NOT BUILD ONE?
681
00:37:43,433 --> 00:37:47,933
ASTRONOMER SHEP DOELEMAN'S
CAREER WAS LAUNCHED
682
00:37:47,933 --> 00:37:50,333
WHEN HE ANSWERED
THE CALL TO ADVENTURE
683
00:37:50,333 --> 00:37:52,467
AND LANDED...
684
00:37:54,900 --> 00:37:56,300
HERE.
685
00:37:57,567 --> 00:37:59,367
WHAT EXCITED ME ABOUT
686
00:37:59,367 --> 00:38:01,467
THIS PARTICULAR BRAND
OF RADIO ASTRONOMY
687
00:38:01,467 --> 00:38:03,400
WAS THAT YOU GOT
TO TRAVEL THE WORLD,
688
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:04,967
AND I SAID,
"WELL, THAT'S FOR ME.
689
00:38:04,967 --> 00:38:07,433
I DEFINITELY WANT TO GO OUT
INTO THE FIELD AND DO THAT."
690
00:38:07,433 --> 00:38:08,667
AND THEN WHEN I GOT HERE,
691
00:38:08,667 --> 00:38:10,433
THEY SAID "WELL, LARGELY,
THAT WORK'S BEEN DONE."
692
00:38:10,433 --> 00:38:14,067
Freeman: SHEP DOES MOST OF
HIS WORK TRAPPED IN HIS OFFICE,
693
00:38:14,067 --> 00:38:16,567
WHERE HE OFTEN ESCAPES
BY DAYDREAMING...
694
00:38:16,567 --> 00:38:21,933
ABOUT BEING THE FIRST ASTRONOMER
TO OBSERVE A BLACK HOLE.
695
00:38:21,933 --> 00:38:24,600
[ PAPER CRINKLES, WHOOSH ]
696
00:38:24,600 --> 00:38:27,400
IT'S ONE OF THE HARDEST PROBLEMS
IN HIS FIELD,
697
00:38:27,400 --> 00:38:29,767
BECAUSE ASTRONOMERS
CAN ONLY OBSERVE OBJECTS
698
00:38:29,767 --> 00:38:32,567
THAT RADIATE LIGHT.
699
00:38:32,567 --> 00:38:34,733
WHEN YOU ASK YOURSELF WHAT
A BLACK HOLE LOOKS LIKE,
700
00:38:34,733 --> 00:38:37,267
YOU -- YOU REALLY HAVE TO
BEGIN WITH,
701
00:38:37,267 --> 00:38:39,133
WHY DO WE SEE BLACK HOLES
AT ALL?
702
00:38:39,133 --> 00:38:42,933
BY DEFINITION,
THEY SHOULD BE INVISIBLE.
703
00:38:42,933 --> 00:38:48,233
Freeman: WHEN LIGHT ENTERS
A BLACK HOLE, IT'S GONE FOREVER.
704
00:38:48,233 --> 00:38:52,333
BUT NOT ALL OF THE LIGHT AROUND
A BLACK HOLE GETS SUCKED IN.
705
00:38:52,333 --> 00:38:55,367
SOME OF IT BENDS
AROUND THE EVENT HORIZON,
706
00:38:55,367 --> 00:38:59,067
CREATING A SHADOW IMAGE
OF THE BLACK HOLE.
707
00:38:59,067 --> 00:39:02,200
THAT IMAGE COULD REVEAL
HOW GRAVITY BEHAVES
708
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:05,067
AT THE EVENT HORIZON.
709
00:39:05,067 --> 00:39:07,800
BUT BY THE TIME
THE LIGHT REACHES US,
710
00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:11,500
THE SIGNAL IS SO DILUTED
THAT SHEP WOULD NEED A TELESCOPE
711
00:39:11,500 --> 00:39:14,800
THOUSANDS OF MILES ACROSS
TO PICK IT UP.
712
00:39:16,367 --> 00:39:20,200
SO...HE SET OUT TO BUILD ONE.
713
00:39:22,533 --> 00:39:24,067
[ CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS ]
714
00:39:24,067 --> 00:39:27,667
SHEP IS TRAVELING TO EXOTIC
LOCATIONS AROUND THE WORLD,
715
00:39:27,667 --> 00:39:32,567
COORDINATING A MASSIVE
INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION.
716
00:39:32,567 --> 00:39:34,467
IN THE SPRING OF 2015,
717
00:39:34,467 --> 00:39:38,667
NEARLY ALL OF THE WORLD'S
HIGH-PRECISION TELESCOPES
718
00:39:38,667 --> 00:39:41,500
WILL POINT TOWARDS THE CENTER
OF OUR GALAXY.
719
00:39:41,500 --> 00:39:45,667
SO AT THE CENTER OF OUR GALAXY
IS AN EXTRAORDINARY OBJECT.
720
00:39:45,667 --> 00:39:48,667
IT'S A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
721
00:39:48,667 --> 00:39:50,533
AND BECAUSE IT IS SO MASSIVE,
722
00:39:50,533 --> 00:39:54,067
AND BECAUSE IT'S RELATIVELY
CLOSE TO US, WE HAVE A SHOT,
723
00:39:54,067 --> 00:39:56,267
WE HAVE A CHANCE
TO RESOLVE IT.
724
00:39:58,200 --> 00:40:00,000
Freeman: TO RESOLVE
AN IMAGE OF THIS BLACK HOLE,
725
00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:02,833
SHEP'S TEAM DEVISED
A METHOD THAT TURNS
726
00:40:02,833 --> 00:40:05,500
A COLLECTION OF
INDIVIDUAL TELESCOPES
727
00:40:05,500 --> 00:40:10,033
INTO ONE VIRTUAL TELESCOPE
THE SIZE OF OUR PLANET.
728
00:40:12,900 --> 00:40:15,400
WELL, RIGHT NOW I'M
IN THE CENTER OF THE EARTH,
729
00:40:15,400 --> 00:40:17,167
REPRESENTED BY THIS BALL FIELD.
730
00:40:17,167 --> 00:40:20,667
AND WE'RE GONNA SEE WATER
FLYING OUT OF A NOZZLE,
731
00:40:20,667 --> 00:40:21,933
AND YOU CAN THINK OF THAT
AS LIGHT
732
00:40:21,933 --> 00:40:25,067
COMING FROM A COSMIC OBJECT,
SAY A BLACK HOLE.
733
00:40:25,067 --> 00:40:27,267
AND A SINGLE TELESCOPE
CAN ONLY CAPTURE
734
00:40:27,267 --> 00:40:28,800
A SMALL AMOUNT OF THAT DATA.
735
00:40:28,800 --> 00:40:32,800
WE'RE GONNA PUT TELESCOPES
AROUND THE ENTIRE BALL FIELD,
736
00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:35,633
AND THEY'RE GONNA CAPTURE ALL
THE WATER FLOW AND SAMPLE,
737
00:40:35,633 --> 00:40:38,033
VERY COMPREHENSIVELY,
ALL THE DATA
738
00:40:38,033 --> 00:40:40,967
THAT WE NEED TO MAKE AN IMAGE
OF THE OBJECT.
739
00:40:40,967 --> 00:40:42,967
[ HORN HONKS ]
740
00:40:44,867 --> 00:40:47,367
[ WHIRRING ]
741
00:40:47,367 --> 00:40:51,067
Freeman: WHEN MATTER FALLS
INTO A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE,
742
00:40:51,067 --> 00:40:54,967
IT SPEWS RADIATION
OUT INTO SPACE.
743
00:40:58,833 --> 00:41:00,767
SHEP IS TRYING TO RECONSTRUCT
744
00:41:00,767 --> 00:41:03,533
THE SHAPE OF THE LIGHT
AS IT LEAVES ITS SOURCE.
745
00:41:03,533 --> 00:41:06,733
IT'S JUST LIKE WATER
LEAVING A NOZZLE.
746
00:41:06,733 --> 00:41:10,867
THE FURTHER IT TRAVELS,
THE MORE THE SPRAY SPREADS OUT.
747
00:41:10,867 --> 00:41:13,967
BUT IF ENOUGH COLLECTORS
ARE SPREAD OUT
748
00:41:13,967 --> 00:41:16,267
OVER A WIDE ENOUGH AREA,
749
00:41:16,267 --> 00:41:18,100
THE AMOUNT CAUGHT IN EACH ONE
750
00:41:18,100 --> 00:41:20,533
WOULD ALLOW YOU TO RECONSTRUCT
THE SHAPE OF THE NOZZLE.
751
00:41:26,633 --> 00:41:30,067
THE NOZZLE OF THE HOSE IS
SPRAYING INFORMATION OUT.
752
00:41:30,067 --> 00:41:31,733
WITH A SINGLE TELESCOPE,
753
00:41:31,733 --> 00:41:34,567
OR A SINGLE CUP,
YOU CAN ONLY RECORD
754
00:41:34,567 --> 00:41:36,300
OR CAPTURE PART
OF THE INFORMATION
755
00:41:36,300 --> 00:41:37,733
COMING FROM THE NOZZLE.
756
00:41:37,733 --> 00:41:41,267
BUT WITH MANY CUPS SPREAD OUT
ALL OVER THE FIELD,
757
00:41:41,267 --> 00:41:43,267
YOU SAMPLE
THE FULL INFORMATION FIELD
758
00:41:43,267 --> 00:41:44,800
FROM THE OBJECT
YOU'RE LOOKING AT,
759
00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:46,433
IN THIS CASE, THE NOZZLE.
760
00:41:46,433 --> 00:41:48,100
AND YOU CAN RECREATE
AND UNDERSTAND
761
00:41:48,100 --> 00:41:49,867
WHAT WAS HAPPENING
WHEN THE WATER LEFT
762
00:41:49,867 --> 00:41:52,067
THAT VERY SMALL VOLUME.
763
00:41:52,067 --> 00:41:55,467
Freeman: SHEP'S PLANET-SIZED
VIRTUAL TELESCOPE
764
00:41:55,467 --> 00:41:57,567
SHOULD HAVE ENOUGH RESOLUTION
TO DETERMINE
765
00:41:57,567 --> 00:42:02,600
THE GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS
AT THE EDGE OF A BLACK HOLE.
766
00:42:02,600 --> 00:42:05,500
GRAVITY IS A THEORY.
767
00:42:05,500 --> 00:42:08,267
IT WORKS VERY WELL
ON THE EARTH,
768
00:42:08,267 --> 00:42:10,633
BUT WE HAVEN'T PUT IT
TO ULTIMATE TESTS.
769
00:42:10,633 --> 00:42:13,800
WE HAVEN'T PUT IT TO THE TEST
WHERE GRAVITY IS DOMINANT,
770
00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:15,400
AT THE EDGE OF A BLACK HOLE.
771
00:42:15,400 --> 00:42:16,633
SO THIS IS ONE PLACE
772
00:42:16,633 --> 00:42:19,167
WHERE GRAVITY COULD
CONCEIVABLY BREAK DOWN.
773
00:42:19,167 --> 00:42:21,833
AND IT'S VERY IMPORTANT
TO TEST THESE THEORIES,
774
00:42:21,833 --> 00:42:23,533
BECAUSE IT'S THE ONLY WAY
WE UNDERSTAND
775
00:42:23,533 --> 00:42:25,367
THE NATURE OF REALITY,
776
00:42:25,367 --> 00:42:28,800
REALLY, THE ONLY WAY WE
UNDERSTAND THE FUNDAMENTAL BASIS
777
00:42:28,800 --> 00:42:31,333
OF WHAT WE BELIEVE
ABOUT THE UNIVERSE.
778
00:42:35,467 --> 00:42:38,867
GRAVITY FEELS REAL.
779
00:42:38,867 --> 00:42:42,833
IT HOLDS ALL OF US TO THIS
LITTLE ROCK WE CALL HOME.
780
00:42:42,833 --> 00:42:47,367
BUT GRAVITY MAY NOT BE
WHAT IT SEEMS.
781
00:42:47,367 --> 00:42:49,433
IF GRAVITY IS AN ILLUSION,
782
00:42:49,433 --> 00:42:52,433
THEN IT'S TIME TO CALL
INTO QUESTION
783
00:42:52,433 --> 00:42:56,767
EVERYTHING WE THINK WE KNOW
ABOUT THE COSMOS.
784
00:42:56,767 --> 00:43:01,600
ONLY WHEN WE LET GO
OF WHAT WE FEEL TO BE CORRECT
785
00:43:01,600 --> 00:43:04,733
CAN WE TASTE THE REAL TRUTH.
786
00:43:06,067 --> 00:43:08,200
[ CRUNCHES ]
61856
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