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- If people
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did not sometimes
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do silly things,
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nothing
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intelligent would
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ever get
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done.
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If people did not sometimes do silly things,
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nothing intelligent would ever get done.
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(gong banging)
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Hello.
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My name is Ludwig Wittgenstein.
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I'm a prodigy.
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I'm going to tell you my story.
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I was born in 1889 to a filthy-rich family in Vienna.
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I would like to introduce them to you.
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This is my mother, Leopoldine.
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She was crazy about music.
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In fact, she was so busy entertaining Brahms and Mahler
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that we were left with the 26 tutors and seven grand pianos.
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Hermine, my oldest sister, was an amateur painter.
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Gretyl married an American and was psychoanalyzed by Freud.
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Of Helene, we will remain silent.
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Three of my brothers died young.
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Hans ran away to America to escape Dad,
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and disappeared off a boat in Chesapeake Bay.
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Kurt's troops rebelled in the First World War
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and the shame drove him to suicide.
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Rudolf, who was bent, spent most of his time in Berlin.
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When he wasn't being theatrical,
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he hung out at the Scientific Humanitarian Committee.
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He topped himself drinking a glass of cyanide
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in his favorite bar.
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That leaves Paul.
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He was a concert pianist, but lost an arm in the war.
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Ravel composed the Concerto for the Left Hand
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especially for him.
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And as for Dad, he was always in
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the office investing in American bonds.
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That's how we escaped inflation and stayed rich,
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mega-rich, like the Rockefellers.
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(piano music)
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In art, it is hard to say anything
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as good as saying nothing.
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Even to have expressed false thought boldly
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and clearly is to have gained a great deal.
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Of time.
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The horrors of hell can be experienced in a single day.
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That's plenty of time.
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(group muttering)
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I was to spend a lifetime disentangling
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myself from my education.
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"Quite the best to be had in Vienna." Mum said.
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I shared a history teacher with Adolf Hitler.
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What a scream.
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(group screaming)
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(gun fires)
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(emulating gun firing)
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If someone is merely ahead of time,
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it will catch him up one day.
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I am in England.
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Everything around me tells me so.
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- Tell me how you're searching,
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and I'll tell you what you're searching for.
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- Who's that?
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- Hail, earthling.
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- Earthling, I'm a philosopher, Ludwig Wittgenstein.
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Who are you?
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You could call me Mr. Green.
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May I ask you a question?
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How many toes do philosophers have?
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- 10.
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- Fascinating.
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That's how many humans have.
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- Mr. Green, philosophers are humans
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and know how many toes they have.
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- Oh dear.
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Does that mean Martians can't be philosophers?
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- Oh God. (xylophone ringing)
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I escaped the family by going to Manchester University.
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Manchester, an industrial town in the English north.
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I remember my father saying,
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"Where there's muck, there's brass."
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Well, my aim was to be a pioneer in aeronautics.
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But my experiments ended in a teenage failure and I gave up.
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I abandoned my unsuccessful attempt to design an engine,
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and, like the English hero, Dick Whittington,
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went south to Cambridge to study philosophy
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with Bertrand Russell.
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- Why won't you just admit
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there's no rhinoceros in this room?
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- Because, Professor Russell,
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the world is made up of facts, not things.
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- Look for yourself.
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I tell you for a fact, there is no rhinoceros in this room!
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The issue is metaphysical, not empirical.
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- I thought the next big step in philosophy would be yours.
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Now I am not so sure.
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- Professor Russell.
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Professor Russell.
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Ssshht!
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- Dear Ottoline, Herr Schwinckel-Winkel,
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hard at it on universals and particulars.
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He has the pure intellectual passion
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in the highest degree, and it makes me love him.
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He says every morning he begins his work with hope,
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and every evening he ends in despair.
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- We both have the same feeling
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that one must understand or die.
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He is the young man one hopes for.
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His disposition is that of the artist, intuitive and moody.
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He affects me, just as I affect you.
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I get to know every turn and twist of
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the ways in which I irritate and depress you
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from watching how--
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- [Bertrand] He irritates and depresses me.
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And at the same time I love and admire him.
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His boiling passion may drive him anywhere.
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(piano music)
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♪ In short, my medievalism's affectation ♪
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♪ Born of a morbid love of admiration ♪
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- God, the English are a queer bunch.
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Lady Ottoline Morrell was the queerest.
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She was fucking the gardener and Russell.
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All the fun was in the country houses.
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Everyone else was miserable.
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Cambridge was miserable.
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There was no oxygen there.
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Can you imagine spending your evenings
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with those pretentious apostles?
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I was no fun at parties.
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♪ Stick away, if he sometimes expresses ♪ ♪
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- The drunken chit-chat of British intellectuals bored me.
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So, in desperation,
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I fled to Norway and built a small house on a fjord at
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the end of the world.
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I started to write Notes On Logic.
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How can I be a logician before I'm a human being?
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The most important thing is to settle accounts with myself.
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It's much easier here in Norway.
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The solitude is bliss.
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I can do more work here in a day
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than I can in a month around people.
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Cambridge was absolutely unbearable!
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A brothel.
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Impossible to concentrate.
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Here at last,
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I feel, I'm solving things.
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- I've heard Herr Wittgenstein has gone to Norway.
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- I told him it would be dark.
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He said he hated day light.
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I told him it would be lonely.
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He said he prostituted his mind talking
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to intelligent people.
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I said he was mad.
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He said God preserve him from sanity.
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- God certainly will.
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It's shocking that he's never read Aristotle.
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- I don't merely have the visual impression of a pillar box.
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I know this is a pillar box.
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- I know this is a hand.
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And what is a hand?
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Why this for example.
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It's a certain certainty.
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- I'm familiar with certainty.
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- I know this film studio is in Waterloo.
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But how do I know that you are Ludwig Wittgenstein?
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(piano music)
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- Ludwig, Ludwig!
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I've just heard from Mother that you're going to join up.
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Now, look, I understand wanting to do
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your bit in this terrible war,
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but why do you want to die in the trenches?
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Why not get a clerical job in Vienna?
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- Because I want to go to the front.
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- Why put yourself at risk like this, Ludwig?
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You've been exempted, for Christ's sake.
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- Standing eye to eye with death will
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give me the chance to be a decent human being.
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I'll be doing something.
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(piano slamming)
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- I'm going as well.
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We've got to do our duty.
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(bombs exploding) (guns firing)
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- Where two principles meet which cannot
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be reconciled with one another,
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then each calls the other a fool or a heretic.
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(gun fires)
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I'm hated because I'm a volunteer!
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I'm surrounded by people who hate me.
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The nearness of death will bring me the light of life.
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God, enlighten me.
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God, enlighten me!
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(gun fires)
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I am a worm.
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Pray God that I become a man.
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God be with me.
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God be with me!
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Amen!
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(gun fires)
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I know this world exists.
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But its meaning is problematic.
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Am I good or am I evil?
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When my conscience upsets my equilibrium,
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then I am not in agreement with
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something.
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What is it?
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Is it the world?
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Or is it God?
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- Wittgenstein has been taken prisoner.
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- Oh, how fascinating!
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- I am a prisoner of war in Monte Cassino
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under the Italians.
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I hope we shall see each other after the war.
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Being shot at many times has altered
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the way I think about philosophy.
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So has Tolstoy's Gospel In Brief.
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I have written a book called Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.
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It combines logical symbolism with religious mysticism.
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It's better with no shoes, no shoes at all.
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Love, Ludwig.
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- I must send him some more cocoa tablets.
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Sounds like he's rather depressed.
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Does he know you've been in prison, Bertie?
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- I doubt it.
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- Such nice manners always, Ludwig.
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Good stock.
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What is logical symbolism?
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- Oh, it's too difficult to explain.
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- That's the trouble with you, Bertie.
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You can never answer a straight question.
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(bells ringing)
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- I was released from prison camp
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on the 21st of August, 1919.
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I wanted to get my Tractatus published,
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so I went back to Vienna.
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(piano music)
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- Ludwig!
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Ludwig, what do you mean you want to
240
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teach in a rural school?
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It would be like a precision instrument opening crates.
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Look, you were decorated in the war.
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Bertrand Russell says you're the great philosophical hope.
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You can't go and teach in the provinces.
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- Hermine, you remind me of someone
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looking out through a closed window
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who cannot explain the strange movements of someone outside.
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You can't tell what sort of storm is raging,
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or that this person might only be managing to
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stay on his feet with difficulty.
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- Well, I still think it's a waste of your talents.
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If you hadn't been so daft and given all your money to us,
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you could publish your book yourself,
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without having to bow and scrape to publishers.
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- I don't want to force my philosophy on the world,
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if a publisher won't publish it.
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Can't you understand that?
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Well, I would rather have a happy person
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for a brother than an unhappy saint.
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- I am going to teach.
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♪ Three blind mice ♪
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- Those truth possibilities of its truth-argument
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which verify, and prositions,
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I shall call its truth grounds.
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- Yes, good.
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Proposition, so what is this here?
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What do you call this here?
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Logic.
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What's this here?
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What do you call this here?
271
00:22:22,520 --> 00:22:27,520
Teaching you is a, thoroughly, unrewarding experience.
272
00:22:29,720 --> 00:22:31,213
Do you understand what I'm saying?
273
00:22:33,928 --> 00:22:35,628
Do you understand what I'm saying?
274
00:22:42,240 --> 00:22:43,350
It's a waste of time.
275
00:22:43,350 --> 00:22:47,853
It's a waste of my time, your time, everybody's time.
276
00:22:50,130 --> 00:22:53,133
Do you understand, do you understand what I'm saying?
277
00:22:56,360 --> 00:22:57,423
Oh, my God!
278
00:22:58,740 --> 00:22:59,840
Oh, my dear, dear God!
279
00:23:07,870 --> 00:23:10,453
Teaching proved to be a sham.
280
00:23:11,940 --> 00:23:13,943
I had to do a runner,
281
00:23:14,810 --> 00:23:17,473
and lie about my brutality towards the children.
282
00:23:19,180 --> 00:23:24,110
They just weren't any good at logic or maths,
283
00:23:24,110 --> 00:23:25,943
and they drove me crazy.
284
00:23:27,750 --> 00:23:29,500
I kidded myself that my background
285
00:23:29,500 --> 00:23:33,560
and class weren't important, but I stood out like
286
00:23:33,560 --> 00:23:36,943
a sore thumb at these provincial schools.
287
00:23:38,430 --> 00:23:42,470
The parents hated me and called me strange.
288
00:23:44,390 --> 00:23:46,083
I felt guilty for years.
289
00:23:47,180 --> 00:23:48,873
Somehow I had failed.
290
00:23:49,980 --> 00:23:50,813
Morally.
291
00:23:57,270 --> 00:24:00,060
- This is a red pillar box.
292
00:24:00,060 --> 00:24:01,560
- How do you know that?
293
00:24:01,560 --> 00:24:03,560
- I've done my homework.
294
00:24:03,560 --> 00:24:06,260
Green is green.
295
00:24:06,260 --> 00:24:09,210
- Children learn by believing adults.
296
00:24:09,210 --> 00:24:11,340
Doubt comes after belief.
297
00:24:11,340 --> 00:24:13,690
- I know what I believe.
298
00:24:13,690 --> 00:24:18,690
Where I come from there are no adults, and so no doubts.
299
00:24:22,610 --> 00:24:24,630
- If I post this letter to New York,
300
00:24:24,630 --> 00:24:26,130
does that strengthen my conviction
301
00:24:26,130 --> 00:24:28,090
that the earth exists?
302
00:24:28,090 --> 00:24:30,563
- The earth does exist.
303
00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:33,183
And so do Martians.
304
00:24:34,717 --> 00:24:37,717
(xylophone ringing)
305
00:24:41,960 --> 00:24:45,670
- Well, you end the book with the line,
306
00:24:45,670 --> 00:24:49,313
whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must remain silent.
307
00:24:50,360 --> 00:24:51,293
Why didn't you?
308
00:24:52,298 --> 00:24:53,580
I don't understand a word, Ludwig.
309
00:24:53,580 --> 00:24:54,613
It's gobbledygook.
310
00:24:56,380 --> 00:24:58,470
How much were you paid for this?
311
00:24:58,470 --> 00:25:01,690
- I was paid nothing for the rights,
312
00:25:01,690 --> 00:25:03,670
and will receive no royalties.
313
00:25:03,670 --> 00:25:07,730
- Typical, you won't be able to buy a pair of socks soon.
314
00:25:07,730 --> 00:25:10,100
- But I have published a book.
315
00:25:10,100 --> 00:25:11,720
- I heard that the book was only published
316
00:25:11,720 --> 00:25:14,820
because Bertrand Russell wrote an introduction.
317
00:25:14,820 --> 00:25:16,920
- [Ludwwig] I have Russell's introduction.
318
00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:20,060
He can't understand a word either.
319
00:25:20,060 --> 00:25:21,650
- [Hermine] Who can?
320
00:25:21,650 --> 00:25:26,313
- Hermine, we must improve ourselves.
321
00:25:28,150 --> 00:25:32,173
That's all we can do to better the world.
322
00:25:33,528 --> 00:25:36,320
- Is it true you're designing Gretyl a brand-new house?
323
00:25:36,320 --> 00:25:38,663
- That's right, the whole thing.
324
00:25:39,750 --> 00:25:43,803
Right down to the window latches and the door handles.
325
00:25:44,670 --> 00:25:47,420
- Well, I hope it's more comprehensible than your book.
326
00:25:51,102 --> 00:25:53,852
(phone ringing)
327
00:25:57,093 --> 00:25:57,926
- Maynard?
328
00:25:59,210 --> 00:26:00,770
Maynard?
329
00:26:00,770 --> 00:26:01,762
- Waistcoat!
330
00:26:01,762 --> 00:26:02,690
- Ah.
331
00:26:02,690 --> 00:26:06,410
His book is obscure and too short.
332
00:26:06,410 --> 00:26:07,950
But good.
333
00:26:07,950 --> 00:26:09,890
My introduction got it published.
334
00:26:09,890 --> 00:26:10,820
- Yes of course Bertie,
335
00:26:10,820 --> 00:26:12,940
but I still think we should get him back to Cambridge.
336
00:26:12,940 --> 00:26:14,260
- Maynard we're gonna be late.
337
00:26:14,260 --> 00:26:17,020
- Well Maynard, you're going to have to sort out his grants.
338
00:26:17,020 --> 00:26:18,650
In a moment of amnesia,
339
00:26:18,650 --> 00:26:21,700
he gave away all his money to his brothers and sisters.
340
00:26:21,700 --> 00:26:23,320
An absolute fortune, I'm told.
341
00:26:23,320 --> 00:26:25,110
- If I can sort out the economies of the world,
342
00:26:25,110 --> 00:26:28,480
I ought to be able to sort out a stipend for Wittgenstein.
343
00:26:28,480 --> 00:26:30,650
That is, if Cambridge will still have him.
344
00:26:30,650 --> 00:26:32,160
- Oh, I'm sure they'll have him.
345
00:26:32,160 --> 00:26:36,793
His Tractatus is all the rage, whatever we may think of it.
346
00:26:37,830 --> 00:26:40,360
- Well, leave it to me, I know how to get him back.
347
00:26:40,360 --> 00:26:43,517
- Oh, er, Maynard, hold on a moment, I just...
348
00:26:44,587 --> 00:26:47,303
- Johnny, do you feel like a trip to Vienna?
349
00:26:49,170 --> 00:26:50,456
- Vienna?
350
00:26:50,456 --> 00:26:55,456
(religious chanting) (bells ringing)
351
00:27:14,060 --> 00:27:16,914
Dr. Wittgenstein.
352
00:27:16,914 --> 00:27:19,130
Dr. Wittgenstein.
353
00:27:27,387 --> 00:27:30,160
I've come to take you home.
354
00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:30,993
- Home?
355
00:27:32,740 --> 00:27:34,090
Where's that? - Cambridge.
356
00:27:35,534 --> 00:27:36,534
- Cambridge.
357
00:27:38,070 --> 00:27:38,903
God help me.
358
00:27:40,876 --> 00:27:43,183
- I have letters from Mr. Keynes and Mr. Russell.
359
00:27:45,530 --> 00:27:47,010
I should introduce myself.
360
00:27:47,010 --> 00:27:47,843
Johnny.
361
00:27:56,090 --> 00:27:57,860
Mr. Russell asked me to tell you that
362
00:27:57,860 --> 00:28:00,060
you're the greatest philosopher of our time.
363
00:28:01,630 --> 00:28:02,463
- Well...
364
00:28:04,110 --> 00:28:08,400
Tell me, Johnny, are you a philosopher?
365
00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:09,233
- Yes.
366
00:28:10,450 --> 00:28:11,403
- Are you happy?
367
00:28:13,960 --> 00:28:17,033
You know, you really should give it up.
368
00:28:18,910 --> 00:28:20,453
Get out while you still can.
369
00:28:21,566 --> 00:28:24,733
(calming piano music)
370
00:28:42,937 --> 00:28:44,342
- Lydia!
371
00:28:44,342 --> 00:28:45,820
- Ah, Maynard.
372
00:28:45,820 --> 00:28:47,140
- God has arrived.
373
00:28:47,140 --> 00:28:49,600
He was on the 5:15 train.
374
00:28:49,600 --> 00:28:53,520
- Are you sure it's a good idea bringing him here, Maynard?
375
00:28:53,520 --> 00:28:57,460
I've heard he's difficult and peculiar.
376
00:28:57,460 --> 00:29:00,903
- A philosopher is a citizen of no community.
377
00:29:03,940 --> 00:29:08,330
- Does he make fit with Bloomsbury friends?
378
00:29:08,330 --> 00:29:12,667
He seems so heavy-handed and Germanic.
379
00:29:13,977 --> 00:29:15,060
- Yes, he is.
380
00:29:16,297 --> 00:29:20,080
- Why are you all so interesting in him?
381
00:29:20,080 --> 00:29:22,443
- Because he's a genius, Lydoushka.
382
00:29:23,967 --> 00:29:27,620
- Yes, but what is he doing?
383
00:29:27,620 --> 00:29:30,400
- He's trying to define for us the limits of language.
384
00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:33,150
And what it is to have communication, one with another.
385
00:29:34,570 --> 00:29:37,550
- Don't be so pompous.
386
00:29:37,550 --> 00:29:39,750
- Dearest darling, I am going to be pompous.
387
00:29:41,020 --> 00:29:42,950
The country needs more than one decent philosopher.
388
00:29:42,950 --> 00:29:44,820
Bertie needs some competition.
389
00:29:44,820 --> 00:29:47,113
Our Viennese import might just do the trick.
390
00:29:48,866 --> 00:29:53,866
- Maynardoushka, your head, infinitely more flexible
391
00:29:54,247 --> 00:29:55,752
than my legs.
392
00:29:55,752 --> 00:29:58,085
(laughing)
393
00:30:33,719 --> 00:30:34,552
- What are you doing?
394
00:30:34,552 --> 00:30:35,640
Everyone's waiting for you.
395
00:30:38,122 --> 00:30:39,472
- [Ludwig] Go away, please!
396
00:30:40,830 --> 00:30:42,073
They're torturing me!
397
00:30:44,390 --> 00:30:45,920
- For God's sake, just open your mouth
398
00:30:45,920 --> 00:30:48,430
and say the first thing that comes into your head.
399
00:30:48,430 --> 00:30:50,130
- [Ludwig] Don't be so ridiculous.
400
00:30:51,450 --> 00:30:54,010
- Listen, just get through this seminar
401
00:30:54,010 --> 00:30:55,410
and we can go to the cinema.
402
00:31:24,600 --> 00:31:27,233
A dog, cannot lie.
403
00:31:29,720 --> 00:31:31,103
Neither can he be sincere.
404
00:31:34,470 --> 00:31:37,553
A dog may be expecting his master to come.
405
00:31:39,070 --> 00:31:41,720
Why can't he be expecting him to come next Wednesday?
406
00:31:44,680 --> 00:31:46,630
Is it because he doesn't have language?
407
00:31:50,020 --> 00:31:52,853
If a lion could speak,
408
00:31:54,200 --> 00:31:56,600
we would not be able to understand what he said.
409
00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:01,460
Why do I say such a thing?
410
00:32:03,860 --> 00:32:04,860
- If we could understand him,
411
00:32:04,860 --> 00:32:07,925
I shouldn't think we'd have too much trouble with a lion.
412
00:32:07,925 --> 00:32:09,425
- We could get an interpreter.
413
00:32:10,500 --> 00:32:12,463
- Do you mean for me or for the lion?
414
00:32:13,430 --> 00:32:15,693
Yes, yes, we, we could get an interpreter.
415
00:32:17,090 --> 00:32:19,320
But what possible use would that be?
416
00:32:19,320 --> 00:32:22,593
To imagine a language is to imagine a form of life.
417
00:32:25,060 --> 00:32:27,360
It's what we do and who we are that
418
00:32:27,360 --> 00:32:28,920
gives meaning to our words.
419
00:32:28,920 --> 00:32:30,710
I can't understand the lion's language,
420
00:32:30,710 --> 00:32:33,530
because I don't know what his world is like.
421
00:32:33,530 --> 00:32:36,043
How can I know the world a lion inhabits?
422
00:32:40,120 --> 00:32:42,240
Do I fail to understand him because
423
00:32:42,240 --> 00:32:45,143
I can't peer into his mind?
424
00:33:17,810 --> 00:33:21,963
What's going on behind my words, when I say,
425
00:33:22,860 --> 00:33:25,043
this is a very pleasant pineapple?
426
00:33:27,180 --> 00:33:28,653
No, please, take your time.
427
00:33:30,130 --> 00:33:31,680
- [Man] The thought, Professor.
428
00:33:32,860 --> 00:33:33,693
- I see.
429
00:33:34,716 --> 00:33:38,700
And what is the thought that lies behind the words,
430
00:33:38,700 --> 00:33:40,687
this is a very pleasant pineapple?
431
00:33:41,830 --> 00:33:43,860
- This is a very pleasant pineapple.
432
00:33:43,860 --> 00:33:44,873
Listen to me.
433
00:33:46,080 --> 00:33:49,760
We imagine the meaning of what we say as something queer,
434
00:33:49,760 --> 00:33:52,140
mysterious, hidden from view.
435
00:33:52,140 --> 00:33:53,690
But nothing is hidden!
436
00:33:53,690 --> 00:33:55,093
Everything is open to view!
437
00:33:57,970 --> 00:33:58,930
It's just...
438
00:34:00,140 --> 00:34:04,420
It's just philosophers who muddy the waters.
439
00:34:04,420 --> 00:34:05,670
- Professor Wittgenstein.
440
00:34:07,460 --> 00:34:09,033
You can't know this pain.
441
00:34:10,060 --> 00:34:11,754
Only I can.
442
00:34:11,754 --> 00:34:13,317
- Are you sure you know it?
443
00:34:13,317 --> 00:34:15,960
You don't doubt you had a pain just then?
444
00:34:15,960 --> 00:34:16,793
- How could I?
445
00:34:17,920 --> 00:34:19,230
- If we can't speak of doubt here,
446
00:34:19,230 --> 00:34:20,963
we can't speak of knowledge either.
447
00:34:22,880 --> 00:34:23,730
- I don't follow.
448
00:34:24,960 --> 00:34:26,980
- It makes no sense to speak of knowing something
449
00:34:26,980 --> 00:34:29,050
in a context where we could not possibly doubt it.
450
00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:30,760
Therefore to say, I know I am in pain,
451
00:34:30,760 --> 00:34:32,493
is entirely senseless.
452
00:34:34,670 --> 00:34:37,429
When you want to know the meaning of a word,
453
00:34:37,429 --> 00:34:39,533
don't look inside yourself,
454
00:34:40,510 --> 00:34:43,023
look at the uses of the word in our way of life.
455
00:34:44,710 --> 00:34:46,023
Look at how we behave.
456
00:34:47,050 --> 00:34:49,913
- Are you saying there are no philosophical problems?
457
00:34:51,130 --> 00:34:51,963
- There are,
458
00:34:53,670 --> 00:34:54,523
the linguistic,
459
00:34:55,639 --> 00:34:57,780
mathematical, ethical,
460
00:34:57,780 --> 00:35:02,270
logistic and, religious problems,
461
00:35:02,270 --> 00:35:05,033
but there are no genuine philosophical problems!
462
00:35:07,600 --> 00:35:09,250
- You're trivializing philosophy.
463
00:35:10,490 --> 00:35:12,700
- Philosophy is just the by-product
464
00:35:12,700 --> 00:35:15,023
of misunderstanding language!
465
00:35:17,640 --> 00:35:19,423
Why don't you realize that?
466
00:35:22,700 --> 00:35:23,910
- Oh, dear.
467
00:35:23,910 --> 00:35:25,853
He can't bear disagreement, can he?
468
00:35:54,410 --> 00:35:55,863
- [Ludwig] What are you doing?
469
00:35:57,000 --> 00:35:58,850
- Making notes on your class before I forget it.
470
00:35:58,850 --> 00:35:59,683
- Are you mad?
471
00:35:59,683 --> 00:36:01,367
You'll ruin the plot.
472
00:36:01,367 --> 00:36:02,200
- Ssshht.
473
00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:04,543
There is no plot.
474
00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:11,050
- There might be.
475
00:36:12,620 --> 00:36:13,453
Put it away.
476
00:36:14,470 --> 00:36:15,720
Put it away this instant.
477
00:36:23,160 --> 00:36:25,210
- What did you say about Fortnum & Mason?
478
00:36:26,690 --> 00:36:27,790
- Don't be ridiculous.
479
00:36:42,270 --> 00:36:45,770
There was no competition between the cinema and seminar.
480
00:36:45,770 --> 00:36:47,810
I loved films.
481
00:36:47,810 --> 00:36:50,550
Especially Westerns and musicals.
482
00:36:50,550 --> 00:36:54,093
Carmen Miranda and Betty Hutton were my favorite actresses.
483
00:36:58,490 --> 00:37:00,730
I always sat in the front row.
484
00:37:00,730 --> 00:37:04,773
Film felt like a shower bath, washing away the lecture.
485
00:37:07,740 --> 00:37:10,020
I hated the newsreels.
486
00:37:10,020 --> 00:37:11,193
Far too patriotic.
487
00:37:12,510 --> 00:37:15,513
I felt the makers must have been master pupils of Goebbels.
488
00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:21,670
As for playing the national anthem
489
00:37:21,670 --> 00:37:24,743
at the end, I'd sneak out.
490
00:37:28,426 --> 00:37:30,926
(piano music)
491
00:37:43,160 --> 00:37:44,550
Come on, Maynard!
492
00:37:44,550 --> 00:37:45,473
Speed it up.
493
00:37:47,476 --> 00:37:49,676
- Can't go any faster, it's making me giddy.
494
00:37:50,800 --> 00:37:52,808
- Should I go any faster, Ludwig?
495
00:37:52,808 --> 00:37:54,182
- No, no, you keep going as you are.
496
00:37:54,182 --> 00:37:56,214
Come on Maynard, keep it up, keep it up, keep it up!
497
00:37:56,214 --> 00:37:59,214
You're slowing the whole thing down.
498
00:38:01,075 --> 00:38:02,520
- I'm done for.
499
00:38:02,520 --> 00:38:04,710
- You've ruined the whole thing!
500
00:38:04,710 --> 00:38:06,330
We were just getting into rhythm.
501
00:38:06,330 --> 00:38:09,400
- Go away and play with someone else!
502
00:38:09,400 --> 00:38:10,233
- All right.
503
00:38:11,950 --> 00:38:14,563
You can be the sun this time, it's easier.
504
00:38:15,530 --> 00:38:17,246
I'll be the earth,
505
00:38:17,246 --> 00:38:18,546
and Lydia can be the moon.
506
00:38:20,130 --> 00:38:21,930
- We take rest.
507
00:38:21,930 --> 00:38:23,220
Take tea.
508
00:38:23,220 --> 00:38:24,220
Come along, Maynard.
509
00:38:30,928 --> 00:38:31,845
- Oh, dear.
510
00:38:33,680 --> 00:38:36,117
I wonder where I went wrong?
511
00:38:49,467 --> 00:38:51,120
- Oh, Bertie, do listen to this.
512
00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:53,973
It's Julian Bell's satirical poem of Ludwig.
513
00:38:55,430 --> 00:38:58,310
For he talks nonsense, numerous statements makes.
514
00:38:58,310 --> 00:39:00,950
Forever his own vow of silence breaks.
515
00:39:00,950 --> 00:39:03,540
Ethics, aesthetics, talks of day and night
516
00:39:03,540 --> 00:39:06,623
and calls things good or bad and wrong or right.
517
00:39:07,620 --> 00:39:11,480
Who on any issue ever saw Ludwig refrain
518
00:39:11,480 --> 00:39:13,220
from laying down the law?
519
00:39:13,220 --> 00:39:15,470
In every company he shouts us down
520
00:39:15,470 --> 00:39:18,660
and stops our sentence stuttering his own.
521
00:39:18,660 --> 00:39:21,460
Unceasing argues, harsh, irate and loud,
522
00:39:21,460 --> 00:39:24,030
sure that he's right and of his rightness proud.
523
00:39:24,030 --> 00:39:27,200
Such faults are common, shared by all in part,
524
00:39:27,200 --> 00:39:29,983
but Wittgenstein pontificates on art.
525
00:39:32,491 --> 00:39:37,491
- [Group] Witters gitters, witters gitters, witters gitters!
526
00:39:38,690 --> 00:39:43,283
Fairy, fairy, fairy!
527
00:39:45,400 --> 00:39:46,233
- Idiot!
528
00:39:56,730 --> 00:39:57,830
- What does this mean?
529
00:39:58,800 --> 00:40:00,810
- It's a gesture of contempt.
530
00:40:00,810 --> 00:40:04,073
- A cyclist did this to me as I was crossing the road.
531
00:40:05,380 --> 00:40:08,851
I decided then and there to kill myself.
532
00:40:08,851 --> 00:40:11,490
- Are you coming to the Palladium with us this evening?
533
00:40:11,490 --> 00:40:15,063
- What's the logical structure of this gesture?
534
00:40:17,040 --> 00:40:18,143
It doesn't have one!
535
00:40:19,110 --> 00:40:20,633
That means I've spent most of my life
536
00:40:20,633 --> 00:40:22,303
groping down a blind alley.
537
00:40:23,310 --> 00:40:26,160
- Isn't it rather an over-reaction to kill yourself,
538
00:40:26,160 --> 00:40:28,703
because somebody gives you a V-sign?
539
00:40:30,240 --> 00:40:33,233
- Philosophy hunts for the essence of meaning.
540
00:40:34,357 --> 00:40:35,420
There's no such thing.
541
00:40:35,420 --> 00:40:37,660
There's no such thing!
542
00:40:37,660 --> 00:40:39,120
Just the way we do things in everyday life
543
00:40:39,120 --> 00:40:40,730
and things like that.
544
00:40:40,730 --> 00:40:42,860
The college porter knows that.
545
00:40:42,860 --> 00:40:44,020
- Is that what you're planning to do
546
00:40:44,020 --> 00:40:45,590
for the rest of your life?
547
00:40:45,590 --> 00:40:48,150
- Well I, I shall start by committing suicide.
548
00:40:48,150 --> 00:40:50,530
- Champagne before you go?
549
00:40:50,530 --> 00:40:52,400
- Um, do you know...
550
00:40:53,360 --> 00:40:54,733
I, I'd love a cup of tea.
551
00:40:57,119 --> 00:40:59,869
(calming music)
552
00:41:16,220 --> 00:41:18,513
- How like a philosopher to hate philosophy.
553
00:41:19,690 --> 00:41:22,340
- He thinks ordinary working people have the answers.
554
00:41:23,600 --> 00:41:25,373
He wants me to give up philosophy.
555
00:41:25,373 --> 00:41:26,563
Perhaps I should.
556
00:41:28,840 --> 00:41:31,063
Philosophy just states what everyone admits.
557
00:41:32,140 --> 00:41:34,283
How does philosophy take the measure of this?
558
00:41:39,292 --> 00:41:41,240
- It's not supposed to.
559
00:41:41,240 --> 00:41:42,910
It'd be like complaining that you can't play
560
00:41:42,910 --> 00:41:44,633
a tune on a carrot. - Precisely.
561
00:41:46,140 --> 00:41:48,670
- [Maynard] Do you think philosophy is useless?
562
00:41:48,670 --> 00:41:49,503
- Oh, no.
563
00:41:51,654 --> 00:41:53,193
It serves Ludwig as a therapy.
564
00:41:55,666 --> 00:41:57,416
- Are you going to take his advice?
565
00:41:58,940 --> 00:42:00,540
- I was destined for the pit.
566
00:42:01,610 --> 00:42:03,930
My parents gave up everything to get me here.
567
00:42:05,520 --> 00:42:06,993
I'd be quite happy to go back,
568
00:42:09,605 --> 00:42:12,272
but it would break their hearts.
569
00:42:19,170 --> 00:42:20,723
- Well, what about Aristotle?
570
00:42:22,640 --> 00:42:23,843
- What about Aristotle?
571
00:42:25,370 --> 00:42:27,643
I, I've never read Aristotle.
572
00:42:29,290 --> 00:42:31,860
What can he tell us, anyway?
573
00:42:31,860 --> 00:42:35,343
The answers are in Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and Saint Matthew.
574
00:42:36,257 --> 00:42:38,290
- How marvelous!
575
00:42:38,290 --> 00:42:40,750
I didn't know you were a Christian, Ludwig!
576
00:42:40,750 --> 00:42:42,030
- I'm not.
577
00:42:42,030 --> 00:42:44,510
It's just that I look at everything from
578
00:42:44,510 --> 00:42:45,883
a religious point of view.
579
00:42:47,440 --> 00:42:50,140
Why is there anything at all rather than just nothing?
580
00:42:51,970 --> 00:42:54,660
- Well, how the bloody blue blazes should I know?
581
00:42:54,660 --> 00:42:57,100
I'm the woman, you are the philosopher.
582
00:42:57,100 --> 00:42:58,570
- The most important part of my philosophy
583
00:42:58,570 --> 00:43:00,110
hasn't been written.
584
00:43:00,110 --> 00:43:02,740
I can't write it, it can never be written.
585
00:43:02,740 --> 00:43:03,573
- Oh, bunkum!
586
00:43:03,573 --> 00:43:06,503
A full English breakfast and a spot of application.
587
00:43:06,503 --> 00:43:09,190
- I doubt it'll be understood in the future.
588
00:43:09,190 --> 00:43:11,950
People, culture, the air,
589
00:43:11,950 --> 00:43:14,350
everything will be different in the future.
590
00:43:14,350 --> 00:43:15,393
We're mutating.
591
00:43:18,830 --> 00:43:21,330
- You know, your obsession with perfection is quite,
592
00:43:21,330 --> 00:43:22,363
quite ludicrous.
593
00:43:23,810 --> 00:43:25,510
- I want to be perfect, don't you?
594
00:43:26,510 --> 00:43:28,740
- Christ, no.
595
00:43:28,740 --> 00:43:30,430
- Then I don't see how we can be friends.
596
00:43:30,430 --> 00:43:31,263
- Neither do I.
597
00:43:38,970 --> 00:43:43,060
- I used to believe that language gave us
598
00:43:43,060 --> 00:43:44,403
a picture of the world.
599
00:43:46,100 --> 00:43:49,873
But it can't give us a picture of how it does that.
600
00:43:51,150 --> 00:43:54,563
That would be like trying to see yourself seeing something.
601
00:44:00,446 --> 00:44:03,163
How language does that is beyond expression.
602
00:44:05,860 --> 00:44:06,983
That is the mystery.
603
00:44:10,910 --> 00:44:11,860
That was all wrong.
604
00:44:14,120 --> 00:44:18,320
Language isn't a picture at all.
605
00:44:18,320 --> 00:44:19,323
- What is it, then?
606
00:44:21,330 --> 00:44:22,163
- It's,
607
00:44:24,840 --> 00:44:25,673
a tool.
608
00:44:26,870 --> 00:44:27,703
An instrument.
609
00:44:29,640 --> 00:44:31,017
There isn't just one picture of the world,
610
00:44:31,017 --> 00:44:34,790
there are lots of different language games,
611
00:44:34,790 --> 00:44:35,887
different forms of life,
612
00:44:35,887 --> 00:44:37,810
different ways of doing things with words.
613
00:44:37,810 --> 00:44:39,260
They don't all hang together!
614
00:44:40,470 --> 00:44:41,493
- What do you mean?
615
00:44:42,920 --> 00:44:46,150
- All I mean is the limits of my language
616
00:44:46,150 --> 00:44:48,210
are the limits of my world.
617
00:44:48,210 --> 00:44:51,303
We keep running up against the walls of our cage.
618
00:45:00,530 --> 00:45:01,793
I'm terribly sorry.
619
00:45:05,028 --> 00:45:06,830
You have a worthless teacher today.
620
00:45:06,830 --> 00:45:07,663
I...
621
00:45:08,550 --> 00:45:10,077
I'm all cleaned out.
622
00:45:13,800 --> 00:45:15,279
Please forgive me.
623
00:45:15,279 --> 00:45:16,579
- That was quite masterly.
624
00:45:18,080 --> 00:45:20,770
- It was frightful. - I don't know.
625
00:45:20,770 --> 00:45:22,293
Made me feel like a vegetable.
626
00:45:23,900 --> 00:45:25,740
- How could it possibly?
627
00:45:25,740 --> 00:45:28,680
It doesn't feel like anything to be a vegetable.
628
00:45:28,680 --> 00:45:30,910
- I just can't see it, Professor.
629
00:45:30,910 --> 00:45:32,950
It somehow just seems natural to me to say,
630
00:45:32,950 --> 00:45:34,293
I know I'm in pain.
631
00:45:35,696 --> 00:45:36,529
- Oh,
632
00:45:37,940 --> 00:45:38,773
natural.
633
00:45:40,270 --> 00:45:41,103
Tell me,
634
00:45:42,550 --> 00:45:46,920
why does it seem more natural
635
00:45:46,920 --> 00:45:51,920
for people to believe that the sun goes round the earth,
636
00:45:52,200 --> 00:45:54,400
rather than the other way round?
637
00:45:54,400 --> 00:45:56,620
- Well, obviously, because it looks that way.
638
00:45:56,620 --> 00:45:57,453
- I see.
639
00:45:58,330 --> 00:46:02,080
Then how would it look if the earth went round the sun?
640
00:46:02,963 --> 00:46:03,796
- Erm...
641
00:46:05,060 --> 00:46:06,090
Well, I suppose...
642
00:46:09,930 --> 00:46:12,660
Yes, I see what you mean.
643
00:47:04,419 --> 00:47:05,252
- Seminar,
644
00:47:09,905 --> 00:47:10,738
flick.
645
00:47:12,514 --> 00:47:13,347
Seminar.
646
00:47:16,118 --> 00:47:16,951
Seminar.
647
00:47:20,102 --> 00:47:20,935
Flick.
648
00:47:28,425 --> 00:47:29,258
Seminar.
649
00:47:33,345 --> 00:47:34,178
Flick.
650
00:47:37,990 --> 00:47:39,833
On and on it went.
651
00:47:41,000 --> 00:47:43,963
Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridge.
652
00:47:46,010 --> 00:47:48,203
No wonder everyone dreamed of Moscow.
653
00:47:49,700 --> 00:47:52,063
Keynes and Russell had both been there.
654
00:47:53,450 --> 00:47:55,800
Bertie, always the opportunist,
655
00:47:55,800 --> 00:47:58,030
wrote a shilling shocker called,
656
00:47:58,030 --> 00:48:00,573
The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism.
657
00:48:02,180 --> 00:48:04,830
He condemned it out of hand.
658
00:48:04,830 --> 00:48:08,100
But, as everyone knows,
659
00:48:08,100 --> 00:48:10,903
the best of the Cambridge lot became spies.
660
00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:14,800
My dream was to go to the Soviet Union
661
00:48:14,800 --> 00:48:17,453
and work as a manual laborer.
662
00:48:41,320 --> 00:48:44,020
I've fixed you up a job with a local engineering firm.
663
00:48:45,530 --> 00:48:46,363
- Why?
664
00:48:47,310 --> 00:48:48,760
- I thought you'd be pleased.
665
00:48:49,720 --> 00:48:51,610
You'd be working with your hands.
666
00:48:51,610 --> 00:48:53,160
You should do something useful.
667
00:48:54,290 --> 00:48:58,390
- But Ludwig, my training's academic.
668
00:48:58,390 --> 00:49:00,030
That's the challenge.
669
00:49:00,030 --> 00:49:01,810
- I'm going to Russia.
670
00:49:01,810 --> 00:49:04,180
I shall try to find us both manual jobs there.
671
00:49:04,180 --> 00:49:05,660
- Why do you want to go to Russia?
672
00:49:05,660 --> 00:49:08,413
- Oh, by the way, you'll have to lend me a tie.
673
00:49:36,210 --> 00:49:37,750
- Professor Wittgenstein,
674
00:49:37,750 --> 00:49:40,290
on behalf of the Institute for Foreign Relations,
675
00:49:40,290 --> 00:49:42,090
I can offer you two things.
676
00:49:42,090 --> 00:49:45,260
The chair in philosophy at Kazan University
677
00:49:45,260 --> 00:49:48,460
or a teaching post in philosophy at Moscow University.
678
00:49:48,460 --> 00:49:49,610
- Err, comrade, please.
679
00:49:50,790 --> 00:49:52,830
I don't want to teach.
680
00:49:52,830 --> 00:49:55,290
I want to work as a manual laborer,
681
00:49:55,290 --> 00:49:58,610
either in a factory or on a collective farm.
682
00:49:58,610 --> 00:50:00,000
- But Professor, (speaking foreign language).
683
00:50:07,197 --> 00:50:08,260
(speaking foreign language)
684
00:50:08,260 --> 00:50:10,320
I'm terribly sorry, Professor Wittgenstein,
685
00:50:10,320 --> 00:50:12,920
but this is absolutely out of the question.
686
00:50:12,920 --> 00:50:15,050
The one thing that is not in short supply
687
00:50:15,050 --> 00:50:17,603
in the Soviet Union is unskilled labor.
688
00:50:19,161 --> 00:50:21,305
(speaking foreign language)
689
00:50:21,305 --> 00:50:22,380
(speaking foreign language), Professor.
690
00:50:22,380 --> 00:50:24,690
We must teach the frozen circumstances to
691
00:50:24,690 --> 00:50:27,920
sing by playing them their own melody.
692
00:50:27,920 --> 00:50:29,540
Professor Wittgenstein,
693
00:50:29,540 --> 00:50:32,231
I do recommend you to read more Hegel.
694
00:50:32,231 --> 00:50:35,153
(laughing)
695
00:50:35,153 --> 00:50:37,870
(speaking foreign language)
696
00:50:37,870 --> 00:50:40,030
- I couldn't possibly read Hegel.
697
00:50:40,030 --> 00:50:41,753
I'd go stark raving mad.
698
00:50:43,240 --> 00:50:46,703
Tell me, have you read Trotsky on art?
699
00:50:47,615 --> 00:50:49,877
That's much more interesting.
700
00:50:49,877 --> 00:50:51,026
- (speaking foreign language), Professor,
701
00:50:51,026 --> 00:50:54,070
(speaking foreign language).
702
00:50:54,070 --> 00:50:55,440
Professor, (speaking foreign language).
703
00:51:07,121 --> 00:51:10,029
(bell ringing)
704
00:51:10,029 --> 00:51:10,862
Next one.
705
00:51:25,188 --> 00:51:26,630
- How was Russia?
706
00:51:26,630 --> 00:51:31,330
- Well, at least Lenin's state has ensured
707
00:51:31,330 --> 00:51:32,803
that there's no unemployment.
708
00:51:34,920 --> 00:51:37,073
It is an ordered society.
709
00:51:39,795 --> 00:51:41,410
Are you enjoying yourself?
710
00:51:41,410 --> 00:51:42,243
- Yes, I am.
711
00:51:44,270 --> 00:51:45,103
You were right.
712
00:51:45,970 --> 00:51:47,610
Did you find yourself a job in Russia?
713
00:51:47,610 --> 00:51:48,443
- Sadly, no.
714
00:51:48,443 --> 00:51:51,033
It looks like I'm stuck with Cambridge and philosophy.
715
00:51:54,590 --> 00:51:55,903
- Ludwig, give it up.
716
00:52:24,380 --> 00:52:27,320
- What the hell are you playing at, Ludwig?
717
00:52:27,320 --> 00:52:29,640
I've just been talking to Johnny.
718
00:52:29,640 --> 00:52:31,060
- What do you mean?
719
00:52:31,060 --> 00:52:33,440
- I mean all this poppycock about engineering
720
00:52:33,440 --> 00:52:34,603
and him getting a job.
721
00:52:35,480 --> 00:52:37,190
What do you think his parents will think?
722
00:52:37,190 --> 00:52:39,180
- I haven't the foggiest.
723
00:52:39,180 --> 00:52:42,720
- Johnny's parents are working people.
724
00:52:42,720 --> 00:52:44,670
His father's a miner.
725
00:52:44,670 --> 00:52:46,580
They sacrificed everything they have to
726
00:52:46,580 --> 00:52:47,870
get him to Cambridge.
727
00:52:47,870 --> 00:52:50,600
- What's Johnny's parents got to do with it?
728
00:52:50,600 --> 00:52:54,960
- Listen, Wittgenstein, Johnny's parents are workers.
729
00:52:54,960 --> 00:52:57,250
That's what you admire,
730
00:52:57,250 --> 00:53:00,140
when it's confined to the pages of Tolstoy.
731
00:53:00,140 --> 00:53:03,360
- I've never met Johnny's parents.
732
00:53:03,360 --> 00:53:05,770
- I strongly advise you not to.
733
00:53:05,770 --> 00:53:09,503
You're foisting your own self-hatred onto their son.
734
00:53:11,490 --> 00:53:14,110
- You've been reading Sigmund Freud.
735
00:53:14,110 --> 00:53:15,310
- [Bertrand] What of it?
736
00:53:16,330 --> 00:53:18,240
- It's dangerous stuff!
737
00:53:18,240 --> 00:53:21,870
Believe me, it takes one Viennese to know another.
738
00:53:21,870 --> 00:53:23,730
- Freud's nothing to do with Johnny sweating it
739
00:53:23,730 --> 00:53:26,003
out in some god-awful factory.
740
00:53:27,370 --> 00:53:29,760
You can't do this, Wittgenstein.
741
00:53:29,760 --> 00:53:33,890
You can't use Johnny as fodder for your own fantasies.
742
00:53:33,890 --> 00:53:36,410
What I do is none of your business.
743
00:53:36,410 --> 00:53:38,160
- It's my business to stop you from,
744
00:53:38,160 --> 00:53:41,650
oh, what's your word, infecting too many young men.
745
00:53:41,650 --> 00:53:45,050
You have a terrible power over them, can't you see that?
746
00:53:45,050 --> 00:53:49,110
Half of Cambridge goes around imitating your mannerisms.
747
00:53:49,110 --> 00:53:52,053
- You know I've never encouraged disciples.
748
00:53:53,050 --> 00:53:56,253
- I'm talking about you, not your ideas.
749
00:53:57,130 --> 00:53:59,813
You lord it over others and you don't even know it.
750
00:54:00,810 --> 00:54:05,510
All aristocrats idealize the common folk,
751
00:54:05,510 --> 00:54:07,963
as long as they keep stoking the boilers.
752
00:54:09,530 --> 00:54:12,483
I should know, I was brought up like that, too.
753
00:54:13,330 --> 00:54:15,963
- If you're talking about my upbringing,
754
00:54:17,300 --> 00:54:19,380
that was a long time ago!
755
00:54:19,380 --> 00:54:20,950
In another country!
756
00:54:20,950 --> 00:54:23,010
How can I possibly speak to a man
757
00:54:23,010 --> 00:54:25,080
who believes I corrupt others?
758
00:54:25,080 --> 00:54:27,793
- I'm simply quoting your own words.
759
00:54:31,640 --> 00:54:35,370
- Russell, I would like you to know that
760
00:54:35,370 --> 00:54:37,863
our friendship is now over.
761
00:55:18,560 --> 00:55:20,710
I had a fearful row with Russell yesterday.
762
00:55:21,970 --> 00:55:24,183
He said I was an evil influence.
763
00:55:25,890 --> 00:55:27,350
- What is worrying you, Ludwig?
764
00:55:27,350 --> 00:55:29,253
Is it your logic or your sins?
765
00:55:30,310 --> 00:55:31,143
- Both.
766
00:55:32,180 --> 00:55:33,363
My sins mostly.
767
00:55:34,280 --> 00:55:36,213
- Sins, sinners, sinning.
768
00:55:37,210 --> 00:55:38,913
What nonsense you do talk.
769
00:55:41,081 --> 00:55:42,590
Well, you mustn't expect any sympathy from me.
770
00:55:42,590 --> 00:55:44,053
I'm not a virtuous man.
771
00:55:44,900 --> 00:55:46,793
- I never imagined you were.
772
00:55:49,599 --> 00:55:52,080
Do you know, Maynard, every hour, every day,
773
00:55:54,400 --> 00:55:56,693
I keep my feet with the greatest difficulty,
774
00:55:58,070 --> 00:55:59,830
and the slightest gust of dishonesty would
775
00:55:59,830 --> 00:56:01,783
be enough to bowl me over forever.
776
00:56:03,810 --> 00:56:05,760
That's why people think I'm so strange.
777
00:56:07,340 --> 00:56:09,023
- I don't know what to say to you.
778
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:12,850
You're suffering from a terminal case of moral integrity.
779
00:56:13,700 --> 00:56:15,190
If you'd just allow yourself to be
780
00:56:15,190 --> 00:56:17,990
a little more sinful, you'd stand a chance of salvation.
781
00:56:19,600 --> 00:56:22,013
- Salvation is the only thing that concerns me.
782
00:56:23,620 --> 00:56:26,083
And I know we're not here to have a good time.
783
00:56:28,040 --> 00:56:30,163
- Spoken like a true Protestant.
784
00:56:32,090 --> 00:56:36,080
Ludwig, my dear, there's nothing in the world
785
00:56:36,080 --> 00:56:37,943
like the warmth of a sated body.
786
00:56:39,710 --> 00:56:43,953
- For me, it's as if I'm being burnt by a freezing wind.
787
00:56:47,560 --> 00:56:48,810
- Pull yourself together.
788
00:56:59,410 --> 00:57:02,163
- Philosophy is a sickness of the mind.
789
00:57:04,560 --> 00:57:07,883
I mustn't infect too many young men.
790
00:57:10,530 --> 00:57:12,913
How unique and irreplaceable Johnny is.
791
00:57:14,495 --> 00:57:17,387
And yet, how little I realize this when I am with him.
792
00:57:20,550 --> 00:57:22,000
That's always been a problem.
793
00:57:25,309 --> 00:57:27,620
But living in a world where such a love is illegal,
794
00:57:27,620 --> 00:57:30,290
and trying to live open and honest
795
00:57:30,290 --> 00:57:32,633
is a complete contradiction.
796
00:57:36,410 --> 00:57:41,363
I have known Johnny three times.
797
00:57:42,380 --> 00:57:44,540
And each time I began with feeling
798
00:57:44,540 --> 00:57:47,183
that there was nothing wrong.
799
00:57:49,140 --> 00:57:53,413
But after, I felt shamed.
800
00:58:03,313 --> 00:58:06,410
- [Johnny] What are you thinking?
801
00:58:06,410 --> 00:58:09,003
- Oh, just some,
802
00:58:11,180 --> 00:58:12,143
idea.
803
00:58:13,760 --> 00:58:14,593
- What idea?
804
00:58:16,100 --> 00:58:20,600
- Well, for many years at the center of philosophy
805
00:58:20,600 --> 00:58:25,560
was a picture of the lonely human soul brooding
806
00:58:25,560 --> 00:58:28,290
over its private experiences.
807
00:58:28,290 --> 00:58:29,690
- Yeah, everyone knows that.
808
00:58:32,440 --> 00:58:35,523
- This soul is a prisoner of his own body,
809
00:58:37,120 --> 00:58:40,520
and he's locked out from contact with others
810
00:58:40,520 --> 00:58:42,453
by the walls of their bodies.
811
00:58:45,760 --> 00:58:47,560
I wanted to get rid of this picture.
812
00:58:50,800 --> 00:58:52,363
There is no private meaning.
813
00:58:53,950 --> 00:58:57,703
We are what we are, only because,
814
00:58:59,320 --> 00:59:01,963
we share a common language and common forms of life.
815
00:59:06,750 --> 00:59:09,180
Do you understand what I'm saying?
816
00:59:09,180 --> 00:59:11,147
Do you understand what I'm saying?
817
01:00:03,362 --> 01:00:04,949
Yes.
818
01:00:04,949 --> 01:00:06,560
Yes, I'd like that very much.
819
01:00:06,560 --> 01:00:08,650
Yes, Wednesday.
820
01:00:08,650 --> 01:00:10,220
Oh, does that suit you?
821
01:00:10,220 --> 01:00:12,340
It suits me fine, yes.
822
01:00:12,340 --> 01:00:14,773
Yes, I thought so, yes.
823
01:00:14,773 --> 01:00:16,610
Yes, he was.
824
01:00:16,610 --> 01:00:17,500
Really?
825
01:00:17,500 --> 01:00:18,410
Oh, Bertie?
826
01:00:18,410 --> 01:00:20,740
Yes, I know, yes, yes.
827
01:00:20,740 --> 01:00:22,343
For many years, yes.
828
01:00:23,250 --> 01:00:24,163
Christ!
829
01:00:25,920 --> 01:00:29,850
- Professor, you once said the Tractatus had solved
830
01:00:29,850 --> 01:00:32,180
all the problems of philosophy.
831
01:00:32,180 --> 01:00:33,013
- Yes.
832
01:00:33,960 --> 01:00:35,210
So I thought at the time.
833
01:00:36,370 --> 01:00:37,780
What I meant was that I tried to show
834
01:00:37,780 --> 01:00:41,160
the sort of things that philosophy could say,
835
01:00:41,160 --> 01:00:43,190
and these aren't really important.
836
01:00:43,190 --> 01:00:45,300
What's much more important is all
837
01:00:45,300 --> 01:00:47,860
the things it can't articulate.
838
01:00:47,860 --> 01:00:50,900
- Doesn't cut the mustard, philosophy?
839
01:00:50,900 --> 01:00:53,400
You think. - That's right.
840
01:00:53,400 --> 01:00:54,280
So I thought at the time.
841
01:00:54,280 --> 01:00:58,120
In fact, I still think so, but for different reasons.
842
01:00:58,120 --> 01:01:00,090
- Now, talking about your more recent work,
843
01:01:00,090 --> 01:01:02,680
the Philosophical Investigations and so on.
844
01:01:02,680 --> 01:01:03,513
- That's right.
845
01:01:03,513 --> 01:01:07,150
In this later work I abandoned the idea that language is
846
01:01:07,150 --> 01:01:08,440
a sort of picture.
847
01:01:08,440 --> 01:01:11,510
That's just a misleading metaphor.
848
01:01:11,510 --> 01:01:13,760
I mean, you might say that the word
849
01:01:13,760 --> 01:01:17,120
handbag is a picture of a handbag.
850
01:01:17,120 --> 01:01:21,813
But what about words like hello, perhaps, oh hell,
851
01:01:22,750 --> 01:01:25,060
what do they give us a picture of?
852
01:01:25,060 --> 01:01:27,810
- So how would you now define the relationship
853
01:01:27,810 --> 01:01:30,730
between language and the world?
854
01:01:30,730 --> 01:01:33,930
- Oh, in lots of different ways.
855
01:01:33,930 --> 01:01:35,370
My mistake had been to think that there
856
01:01:35,370 --> 01:01:38,013
was only one way of talking at stake here.
857
01:01:38,850 --> 01:01:40,880
I came to see that there are lots of
858
01:01:40,880 --> 01:01:43,280
different things we do with language.
859
01:01:43,280 --> 01:01:46,200
Different language games, as I call them.
860
01:01:46,200 --> 01:01:50,580
And the meaning of the word is just the way
861
01:01:50,580 --> 01:01:53,393
it's used in a particular language game.
862
01:01:54,440 --> 01:01:57,473
And what do you now believe the task of philosophy to be?
863
01:01:59,790 --> 01:02:01,470
- Philosophical puzzles arise because
864
01:02:01,470 --> 01:02:05,090
we tend to mix up one language game with another.
865
01:02:05,090 --> 01:02:06,620
For example, people puzzle over
866
01:02:06,620 --> 01:02:08,480
the nature of something they call the soul.
867
01:02:08,480 --> 01:02:11,170
But this may just be because they're thinking
868
01:02:11,170 --> 01:02:14,473
of the soul along the lines of a physical object.
869
01:02:15,890 --> 01:02:20,630
They're confusing one way of talking with another.
870
01:02:20,630 --> 01:02:24,380
- The job of philosophy is to sort out these language games?
871
01:02:24,380 --> 01:02:26,000
- Exactly.
872
01:02:26,000 --> 01:02:27,980
They're all perfectly in order as they are.
873
01:02:27,980 --> 01:02:30,623
Philosophy in no sense can question them.
874
01:02:31,570 --> 01:02:35,320
Philosophy leaves everything exactly as it is.
875
01:02:35,320 --> 01:02:37,800
- Professor Wittgenstein, you've been associated
876
01:02:37,800 --> 01:02:41,410
with the argument that there can't be a private language.
877
01:02:41,410 --> 01:02:43,460
Could you explain this a little?
878
01:02:43,460 --> 01:02:44,813
- What I mean is this,
879
01:02:46,960 --> 01:02:51,960
we learn to use words, because we belong to a culture.
880
01:02:52,450 --> 01:02:54,430
A form of life.
881
01:02:54,430 --> 01:02:56,950
A practical way of doing things.
882
01:02:56,950 --> 01:03:01,843
In the end, we speak as we do, because of what we do.
883
01:03:02,860 --> 01:03:05,343
And all this is a properly public affair.
884
01:03:06,360 --> 01:03:09,030
Philosophers in the tradition of Descartes
885
01:03:09,030 --> 01:03:11,950
start from the lonely self,
886
01:03:11,950 --> 01:03:14,703
brooding over its private sensations.
887
01:03:16,150 --> 01:03:19,993
I want to overturn this centuries-old model.
888
01:03:20,860 --> 01:03:23,223
I want to start from our culture,
889
01:03:24,080 --> 01:03:26,313
our shared practical life together,
890
01:03:27,420 --> 01:03:30,273
and look at what we think and feel,
891
01:03:31,190 --> 01:03:35,500
and say it in these public terms.
892
01:03:35,500 --> 01:03:37,373
- [Man] Professor, thank you very much.
893
01:03:42,800 --> 01:03:44,970
- I'm thinking of going away.
894
01:03:44,970 --> 01:03:45,803
- Not again, Ludwig.
895
01:03:45,803 --> 01:03:47,950
You've spent your entire life running away.
896
01:03:47,950 --> 01:03:49,100
- I'm serious, Maynard.
897
01:03:50,457 --> 01:03:52,210
- Whereto this time?
898
01:03:52,210 --> 01:03:53,373
Norway, Vienna?
899
01:03:54,450 --> 01:03:55,283
Swansea?
900
01:03:56,700 --> 01:03:58,363
Not the Soviet Union again?
901
01:03:59,330 --> 01:04:00,930
- What's wrong with the Soviet Union?
902
01:04:00,930 --> 01:04:02,860
- The place is one enormous labor camp.
903
01:04:02,860 --> 01:04:04,660
- There's nothing wrong with labor.
904
01:04:04,660 --> 01:04:06,960
- There is if they shoot you for not doing it.
905
01:04:12,130 --> 01:04:15,357
- [Ludwig] I want to give up teaching philosophy
906
01:04:15,357 --> 01:04:16,707
and concentrate on my book.
907
01:04:17,980 --> 01:04:20,683
- Why not do it in Cambridge, and be paid?
908
01:04:22,770 --> 01:04:26,250
- I'm going to Ireland to live by the sea.
909
01:04:26,250 --> 01:04:28,250
- In Ireland they shoot you if you work.
910
01:04:32,970 --> 01:04:34,279
Oh, Ludwig.
911
01:04:35,746 --> 01:04:39,093
- I know, I'm a complete bloody disaster.
912
01:04:40,680 --> 01:04:41,763
- We love you.
913
01:05:00,907 --> 01:05:01,740
- Dr. Wittgenstein.
914
01:05:01,740 --> 01:05:04,833
- Oh, you're here, good.
915
01:05:05,930 --> 01:05:07,260
At last.
916
01:05:07,260 --> 01:05:09,610
- You couldn't have chosen a more remote place.
917
01:05:11,510 --> 01:05:13,770
Well, how's the work on your book?
918
01:05:13,770 --> 01:05:14,823
- Creeping along.
919
01:05:15,890 --> 01:05:18,123
- Well that means you've penned a masterpiece.
920
01:05:19,930 --> 01:05:21,920
What's the news from the doctor?
921
01:05:21,920 --> 01:05:23,670
- It's not good, I'm afraid.
922
01:05:23,670 --> 01:05:25,300
- I hope it's not anything serious.
923
01:05:25,300 --> 01:05:27,350
- Last week I saw a specialist in Dublin.
924
01:05:28,750 --> 01:05:30,443
I have cancer of the prostate.
925
01:05:31,730 --> 01:05:32,610
- Oh, I'm sorry.
926
01:05:32,610 --> 01:05:33,443
- Yeah.
927
01:05:34,435 --> 01:05:39,435
It responds well to hormone treatment at early stages.
928
01:05:39,480 --> 01:05:41,510
- Is there anything I can do?
929
01:05:41,510 --> 01:05:43,210
- Don't think I'm afraid of dying.
930
01:05:44,650 --> 01:05:47,663
It's death that gives life its meaning and shape.
931
01:05:50,600 --> 01:05:52,300
You can take me back to Cambridge.
932
01:05:53,193 --> 01:05:54,343
I don't wanna die here.
933
01:05:57,940 --> 01:05:58,973
- Any time you like.
934
01:06:43,529 --> 01:06:44,363
- You know,
935
01:06:46,010 --> 01:06:48,290
I'd quite like to have composed
936
01:06:48,290 --> 01:06:52,433
a philosophical work which consisted entirely of jokes.
937
01:06:54,270 --> 01:06:55,120
- Why didn't you?
938
01:06:56,340 --> 01:06:58,773
- Sadly, I didn't have a sense of humor.
939
01:07:01,779 --> 01:07:03,430
- Let me tell you a little story.
940
01:07:05,620 --> 01:07:07,230
There was once a young man who dreamed
941
01:07:07,230 --> 01:07:09,363
of reducing the world to pure logic.
942
01:07:10,630 --> 01:07:12,029
Because he was a very clever young man,
943
01:07:12,029 --> 01:07:13,513
he actually managed to do it.
944
01:07:14,690 --> 01:07:17,970
When he'd finished his work, he stood back and admired it.
945
01:07:17,970 --> 01:07:19,660
It was beautiful.
946
01:07:19,660 --> 01:07:22,783
A world purged of imperfection and indeterminacy.
947
01:07:23,930 --> 01:07:26,943
Countless acres of gleaming ice stretching to the horizon.
948
01:07:28,600 --> 01:07:30,060
So the clever young man looked around
949
01:07:30,060 --> 01:07:32,643
the world he'd created and decided to explore it.
950
01:07:33,500 --> 01:07:37,130
He took one step forward and fell flat on his back.
951
01:07:37,130 --> 01:07:39,860
You see, he'd forgotten about friction.
952
01:07:39,860 --> 01:07:43,279
The ice was smooth and level and stainless.
953
01:07:43,279 --> 01:07:44,680
But you couldn't walk there.
954
01:07:45,800 --> 01:07:50,283
So the clever young man sat down and wept bitter tears.
955
01:07:51,980 --> 01:07:54,910
But as he grew into a wise old man,
956
01:07:54,910 --> 01:07:56,660
he came to understand that roughness
957
01:07:56,660 --> 01:07:58,940
and ambiguity aren't imperfections,
958
01:07:58,940 --> 01:08:00,590
they're what make the world turn.
959
01:08:01,779 --> 01:08:03,130
He wanted to run and dance.
960
01:08:04,827 --> 01:08:07,750
And the words and things scattered upon the ground
961
01:08:07,750 --> 01:08:10,910
were all battered and tarnished and ambiguous.
962
01:08:10,910 --> 01:08:15,163
The wise old man saw that that was the way things were.
963
01:08:17,220 --> 01:08:22,220
But something in him was still homesick for the ice,
964
01:08:22,350 --> 01:08:27,082
where everything was radiant and absolute and relentless.
965
01:08:28,470 --> 01:08:31,884
Though he had come to like the idea of the rough ground,
966
01:08:31,884 --> 01:08:34,620
he couldn't bring himself to live there.
967
01:08:34,620 --> 01:08:37,933
So now he was marooned between earth and ice,
968
01:08:39,210 --> 01:08:43,157
at home in neither.
969
01:08:43,157 --> 01:08:45,712
And this was the cause of all his grief.
970
01:08:46,609 --> 01:08:49,109
(piano music)
971
01:08:55,390 --> 01:08:59,603
- Hail Chromodynamics, Lord of Quantum.
972
01:09:00,819 --> 01:09:04,173
This is Quark, Charm and Strangeness reporting.
973
01:09:05,870 --> 01:09:10,792
Concerning the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein deceased.
974
01:09:13,573 --> 01:09:17,447
The solution to the riddle of life in space and time
975
01:09:18,640 --> 01:09:21,313
lies outside space and time.
976
01:09:22,554 --> 01:09:26,636
But as you know and I know, there are no riddles.
977
01:09:28,899 --> 01:09:33,832
If a question can be put at all, it can also be answered.
978
01:09:41,076 --> 01:09:43,493
(sad music)
70975
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