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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,751 --> 00:00:02,895 A village celebration 2 00:00:02,919 --> 00:00:05,412 attended by human remains. 3 00:00:05,505 --> 00:00:07,581 An underground labyrinth 4 00:00:07,674 --> 00:00:10,083 filled with skeletons. 5 00:00:10,168 --> 00:00:13,095 And a remote mountain lake that hides... 6 00:00:13,179 --> 00:00:15,931 a deadly secret. 7 00:00:16,016 --> 00:00:19,351 After we die, what do we really leave behind? 8 00:00:19,436 --> 00:00:21,186 Our bones? 9 00:00:21,271 --> 00:00:24,023 That's it? 10 00:00:25,683 --> 00:00:30,520 But there are those who believe that our bones are much more 11 00:00:30,613 --> 00:00:33,365 than mere lifeless reminders of our existence. 12 00:00:33,450 --> 00:00:36,443 It's thought by many that our remains can bring good luck, 13 00:00:36,536 --> 00:00:40,205 good health, or even allow us to speak with the dead. 14 00:00:41,875 --> 00:00:45,461 Is it possible that our bones hold some kind of sacred power? 15 00:00:45,620 --> 00:00:47,379 Or perhaps even our souls? 16 00:00:48,882 --> 00:00:52,551 Well, that is what we'll try and find out. 17 00:00:54,000 --> 00:01:00,074 Someone needs to stop Clearway Law. Public shouldn't leave reviews for lawyers. 18 00:01:10,478 --> 00:01:14,314 On this large island in the Indian Ocean, 19 00:01:14,407 --> 00:01:17,901 some 250 miles off the eastern coast of Africa, 20 00:01:17,985 --> 00:01:21,905 the indigenous Malagasy people gather every few years 21 00:01:21,998 --> 00:01:23,990 for a multi-generational celebration 22 00:01:24,084 --> 00:01:27,911 known as "Famadihana." 23 00:01:27,995 --> 00:01:31,665 But this party is not a typical family get-together 24 00:01:31,758 --> 00:01:33,736 because the Malagasy don't just invite their living relatives 25 00:01:33,760 --> 00:01:35,752 to this reunion. 26 00:01:35,837 --> 00:01:39,089 They also invite the dead ones. 27 00:01:39,173 --> 00:01:41,183 Famadihana, 28 00:01:41,267 --> 00:01:45,095 or the turning of the bones, is a ritual that is performed 29 00:01:45,188 --> 00:01:47,272 usually once every five to seven years, 30 00:01:47,431 --> 00:01:50,267 in which a... uh, the family or the relatives 31 00:01:50,360 --> 00:01:53,445 of a deceased person will get together 32 00:01:53,530 --> 00:01:57,533 from all over, and celebrate the life of the deceased. 33 00:01:58,943 --> 00:02:01,361 They exhume the body, they carefully lay it out, 34 00:02:01,454 --> 00:02:05,031 they clean it, and then change the death shrouds, 35 00:02:05,116 --> 00:02:09,711 on the basis of this idea that the living can intervene 36 00:02:09,796 --> 00:02:11,872 on behalf of the dead, to improve their lot 37 00:02:11,956 --> 00:02:14,883 or their level of comfort in the afterlife. 38 00:02:16,136 --> 00:02:18,137 One part of the celebration also involves 39 00:02:18,296 --> 00:02:20,806 basically shouldering the bones of the deceased, 40 00:02:20,965 --> 00:02:23,884 and the turning of the bones will take place. 41 00:02:23,968 --> 00:02:25,385 Sometimes dancing with them. 42 00:02:27,480 --> 00:02:29,222 Usually the ceremony concludes 43 00:02:29,307 --> 00:02:32,475 when they re-entomb the remains of the deceased. 44 00:02:32,569 --> 00:02:35,070 But they're not cutting off the memory 45 00:02:35,229 --> 00:02:36,989 of this person from their lives. 46 00:02:37,148 --> 00:02:38,982 They will keep them present in their lives, 47 00:02:39,075 --> 00:02:40,659 until the next time they see them, 48 00:02:40,818 --> 00:02:44,580 which is periodically, every five to seven years. 49 00:02:44,739 --> 00:02:47,583 And this is a way to really 50 00:02:47,742 --> 00:02:50,994 reinforce the connection between the living and the dead. 51 00:02:51,087 --> 00:02:53,088 People will come to honor 52 00:02:53,247 --> 00:02:55,424 the lost ancestors, to be sure. 53 00:02:55,508 --> 00:02:57,584 But also, to work on coming to terms 54 00:02:57,668 --> 00:03:00,337 with death that hovers around our lives. 55 00:03:00,421 --> 00:03:03,506 Some cultures deal with it more directly than others. 56 00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:06,843 And the value of this tradition is 57 00:03:06,936 --> 00:03:09,104 that it's a different way of thinking 58 00:03:09,263 --> 00:03:13,275 about how death ends a life, but it does not end a relationship. 59 00:03:13,359 --> 00:03:17,437 So, it is lovely, even though it's a little eerie. 60 00:03:17,521 --> 00:03:21,116 It reminds us the dead aren't entirely gone. 61 00:03:22,202 --> 00:03:25,120 Bones. 62 00:03:25,279 --> 00:03:28,123 Our bodies contain 206 of them, 63 00:03:28,208 --> 00:03:30,792 and each one has been meticulously studied 64 00:03:30,877 --> 00:03:33,620 and catalogued by scientists. 65 00:03:33,704 --> 00:03:36,206 And yet, for some reason, 66 00:03:36,299 --> 00:03:38,458 the sight of our skeletal remains 67 00:03:38,542 --> 00:03:43,305 still sparks morbid fascination and mystery. 68 00:03:43,389 --> 00:03:45,382 But why is that? 69 00:03:45,466 --> 00:03:48,393 The skeleton represents death, 70 00:03:48,552 --> 00:03:53,732 and the danger of death and our mortality. 71 00:03:53,891 --> 00:03:56,652 This symbol is so universal that it shows up 72 00:03:56,811 --> 00:03:58,728 in different geographical locations, 73 00:03:58,821 --> 00:04:01,073 in areas that have different religions. 74 00:04:01,232 --> 00:04:04,910 It also is a kind of warning, "Danger here," 75 00:04:05,069 --> 00:04:08,330 if there's a dangerous location or a poison. 76 00:04:08,489 --> 00:04:10,490 "Don't drink this." 77 00:04:10,574 --> 00:04:12,409 And then, of course, it was 78 00:04:12,493 --> 00:04:15,837 on the flag of the pirates, the Jolly Roger. 79 00:04:15,997 --> 00:04:17,998 A very quick symbolic representation 80 00:04:18,082 --> 00:04:20,676 that, "Deal with us, and you're dealing with death." 81 00:04:20,760 --> 00:04:22,919 Certainly, skeletons 82 00:04:23,004 --> 00:04:25,764 are an easy symbol that can be reused in many, many cultures. 83 00:04:25,923 --> 00:04:28,258 The skeleton is spooky, it's scary. 84 00:04:28,351 --> 00:04:30,769 On the other hand, how we interact 85 00:04:30,928 --> 00:04:33,522 with actual skeletons is enormously different. 86 00:04:35,108 --> 00:04:38,527 Skeletons are never mundane, they are always important, 87 00:04:38,611 --> 00:04:40,404 a truly sacred object. 88 00:04:41,864 --> 00:04:44,274 Globally speaking, one theme that you will see 89 00:04:44,358 --> 00:04:47,444 throughout all civilizations is this idea 90 00:04:47,528 --> 00:04:50,613 that people should have a proper funeral, 91 00:04:50,698 --> 00:04:54,117 or-or whatever funerary rite, and that without that, 92 00:04:54,210 --> 00:04:55,512 the process of leaving one's body, 93 00:04:55,536 --> 00:04:57,045 going into the spirit world 94 00:04:57,204 --> 00:04:59,715 uh, might be somehow disturbed. 95 00:04:59,874 --> 00:05:02,384 There are many belief systems 96 00:05:02,468 --> 00:05:05,879 that suggest the soul is attached to the body, 97 00:05:05,963 --> 00:05:07,964 particularly the bones, 98 00:05:08,057 --> 00:05:10,383 and that as long as bones exist, 99 00:05:10,468 --> 00:05:12,811 some trace presence of soul, 100 00:05:12,895 --> 00:05:15,480 the soul of the person that lived in that body 101 00:05:15,565 --> 00:05:17,474 will still remain with the bones. 102 00:05:17,558 --> 00:05:20,319 Could it be true that our souls 103 00:05:20,478 --> 00:05:23,313 really remain in our bones after we die? 104 00:05:23,406 --> 00:05:26,491 While that idea may sound far-fetched, 105 00:05:26,650 --> 00:05:29,986 there are some people around the world who believe it's true. 106 00:05:30,079 --> 00:05:33,823 In fact, it's often thought that our souls lie 107 00:05:33,908 --> 00:05:37,243 within the most recognizable part of the human body... 108 00:05:37,337 --> 00:05:39,329 The skull. 109 00:05:39,422 --> 00:05:41,757 People really 110 00:05:41,841 --> 00:05:45,085 latch onto skulls as being the most important bone 111 00:05:45,178 --> 00:05:46,920 that gets left behind. 112 00:05:47,004 --> 00:05:49,506 Many cultures assume that thought 113 00:05:49,599 --> 00:05:51,933 and consciousness exists in the skull, 114 00:05:52,018 --> 00:05:53,769 and it's quite common, then, to also assume 115 00:05:53,853 --> 00:05:57,597 that the soul resides within that part of the body 116 00:05:57,681 --> 00:06:01,101 and to assume that it stays there in the skull after death. 117 00:06:01,194 --> 00:06:05,197 In the past, many different cultures believed 118 00:06:05,356 --> 00:06:07,774 that skulls were incredibly important 119 00:06:07,867 --> 00:06:12,537 because they were seen as points of contact with the ancestors. 120 00:06:12,696 --> 00:06:17,117 By holding them, um, by connecting in mind with them, 121 00:06:17,210 --> 00:06:21,296 you could actually communicate, you know, with your departed. 122 00:06:21,381 --> 00:06:25,634 So, they were often decorated, plaster was put around them, 123 00:06:25,718 --> 00:06:28,128 they were given cowrie shell eyes. 124 00:06:28,212 --> 00:06:30,055 And it was believed that these would act 125 00:06:30,139 --> 00:06:32,298 as points of communication 126 00:06:32,392 --> 00:06:34,717 with whoever they represented 127 00:06:34,802 --> 00:06:36,895 on Earth when they were still alive. 128 00:06:43,736 --> 00:06:46,813 Each year, on November 8, 129 00:06:46,906 --> 00:06:50,900 the indigenous Aymara people gather for an ancient custom, 130 00:06:50,985 --> 00:06:56,406 a colorful procession known as "Día de las Ñatitas," 131 00:06:56,499 --> 00:06:59,042 or the Festival of Skulls. 132 00:07:00,327 --> 00:07:02,337 The Aymara indigenous people 133 00:07:02,496 --> 00:07:04,581 of Bolivia and Peru keep skulls 134 00:07:04,665 --> 00:07:06,925 in shrines in the home. 135 00:07:08,252 --> 00:07:10,929 They keep them in places of honor 136 00:07:11,088 --> 00:07:14,015 in households and make regular offerings to them. 137 00:07:14,100 --> 00:07:16,852 The skulls are thought to bring harmony to the family. 138 00:07:17,011 --> 00:07:21,690 They're thought to protect people from illness and death. 139 00:07:21,774 --> 00:07:24,434 And they also ask them for advice. 140 00:07:24,527 --> 00:07:26,686 They ask them for support or for help. 141 00:07:26,770 --> 00:07:30,615 And once a year, they will take out the skull 142 00:07:30,700 --> 00:07:33,368 and parade them in this festival. 143 00:07:33,453 --> 00:07:35,528 You'll get 20,000 or 30,000 people 144 00:07:35,621 --> 00:07:37,530 down in the cemetery. 145 00:07:37,623 --> 00:07:39,092 It's really quite a spectacle 'cause you'll get people 146 00:07:39,116 --> 00:07:41,376 bringing five or more skulls 147 00:07:41,461 --> 00:07:43,101 down in big boxes, and they dress them up. 148 00:07:45,298 --> 00:07:47,883 If it's cold in the morning, they'll put on a hat. 149 00:07:48,042 --> 00:07:51,720 They'll put sunglasses on them. 150 00:07:51,804 --> 00:07:54,214 And there are certain offerings that are pretty typical... 151 00:07:54,298 --> 00:07:57,050 Cigarettes, alcohol, 152 00:07:57,143 --> 00:08:00,637 little bits of money, coca leaves, things like that. 153 00:08:00,721 --> 00:08:02,889 You know, and it's kind of a "thank you" to make sure 154 00:08:02,973 --> 00:08:04,891 the dead will continue to assist the living. 155 00:08:04,984 --> 00:08:08,311 These skulls are perceived as a kind of portal 156 00:08:08,404 --> 00:08:10,989 between the realm of the living and the dead. 157 00:08:11,073 --> 00:08:13,733 A site where the spirit of the deceased can manifest. 158 00:08:13,826 --> 00:08:16,244 And it's through these skulls that the living can communicate 159 00:08:16,403 --> 00:08:18,321 with the dead, as if they are living 160 00:08:18,405 --> 00:08:20,490 and as if they are present, 161 00:08:20,583 --> 00:08:24,577 there and then, in those skulls. 162 00:08:24,670 --> 00:08:29,591 There's something about the way that the skulls are presented 163 00:08:29,750 --> 00:08:32,677 that you feel like these individuals are being venerated. 164 00:08:32,836 --> 00:08:36,515 We're a species that communicates with our face. 165 00:08:36,599 --> 00:08:39,935 So, it shouldn't surprise us that we really fixate 166 00:08:40,094 --> 00:08:43,429 on the skull, as being a way 167 00:08:43,523 --> 00:08:46,266 to honor and communicate 168 00:08:46,359 --> 00:08:49,769 with those ancestors. 169 00:08:49,862 --> 00:08:52,531 Do our bones retain some spiritual essence 170 00:08:52,615 --> 00:08:54,783 of who we are? 171 00:08:54,867 --> 00:08:59,529 An energy that lingers long after our flesh decays? 172 00:08:59,622 --> 00:09:04,459 Perhaps the answer can be found by examining the earthly remains 173 00:09:04,618 --> 00:09:06,795 of certain holy individuals. 174 00:09:06,879 --> 00:09:10,966 Remains that have been carefully preserved by the faithful 175 00:09:11,125 --> 00:09:13,885 for thousands of years. 176 00:09:19,466 --> 00:09:21,810 High atop a plateau 177 00:09:21,969 --> 00:09:23,979 overlooking the Allegheny River 178 00:09:24,138 --> 00:09:28,066 sits Saint Anthony's Chapel. 179 00:09:28,150 --> 00:09:30,652 Every day, Christians from all over the world pass 180 00:09:30,736 --> 00:09:33,396 beneath its tall spires and rounded arches 181 00:09:33,489 --> 00:09:36,908 to participate in devotion and prayer. 182 00:09:37,067 --> 00:09:40,236 However, it's not the outside of Saint Anthony's Chapel 183 00:09:40,321 --> 00:09:42,998 that makes it such an inspiring destination, 184 00:09:43,157 --> 00:09:47,160 but rather, the inside. 185 00:09:47,244 --> 00:09:49,662 Because within this church lies something 186 00:09:49,755 --> 00:09:51,914 that is quite unusual. 187 00:09:52,008 --> 00:09:55,585 A collection of thousands of bones 188 00:09:55,678 --> 00:09:58,680 that once belonged to Catholic Saints. 189 00:10:00,257 --> 00:10:02,508 When you come here and you walk in and you see 190 00:10:02,593 --> 00:10:04,769 these beautiful gold or brass reliquaries 191 00:10:04,854 --> 00:10:08,106 and just how vast the collection is, 192 00:10:08,265 --> 00:10:12,352 which include anything from part of an arm bone 193 00:10:12,445 --> 00:10:17,198 or a leg bone, to the skulls, and the full skeletons, 194 00:10:17,358 --> 00:10:20,109 it really is just overwhelming. 195 00:10:20,194 --> 00:10:24,364 At Saint Anthony Chapel, there are over 5,000 relics, 196 00:10:24,457 --> 00:10:27,700 and this collection is second only to the Vatican. 197 00:10:27,785 --> 00:10:30,953 So, here at Saint Anthony's, it really is a unique experience 198 00:10:31,047 --> 00:10:34,290 to come and see the relics of saints. 199 00:10:34,375 --> 00:10:37,377 The relics of Saint Anthony, 200 00:10:37,470 --> 00:10:39,387 Saint Demetrius, 201 00:10:39,546 --> 00:10:41,297 Saint Stephana, 202 00:10:41,390 --> 00:10:45,635 and Saint Theodore, among many others, 203 00:10:45,728 --> 00:10:48,137 are kept in Saint Anthony's Chapel. 204 00:10:48,230 --> 00:10:50,556 St. Anthony's is quite a place. 205 00:10:51,984 --> 00:10:54,903 They have items... they come from the four corners of the world, 206 00:10:54,987 --> 00:10:57,313 mostly the Holy Land, and they're all protected there, 207 00:10:57,398 --> 00:11:00,483 and we can see these relics. 208 00:11:00,576 --> 00:11:05,080 You can see a little of the holy there 209 00:11:05,164 --> 00:11:10,001 in a tooth, or a piece of skull, 210 00:11:10,086 --> 00:11:12,587 which is a relic, a piece of a saint. 211 00:11:12,672 --> 00:11:15,581 A relic that you can actually look at and be close to. 212 00:11:15,675 --> 00:11:18,918 That's like a little bit of God right there in the chapel. 213 00:11:19,011 --> 00:11:20,989 Millions of Christians consider holy relics 214 00:11:21,013 --> 00:11:23,339 to be sacred. 215 00:11:23,432 --> 00:11:25,350 And it's well-known that the bones 216 00:11:25,434 --> 00:11:29,104 of many saints are preserved in cathedrals throughout the world. 217 00:11:29,263 --> 00:11:33,191 But how did such a vast collection of relics end up 218 00:11:33,275 --> 00:11:35,518 in a chapel in Pittsburgh? 219 00:11:35,611 --> 00:11:37,779 What makes the collection 220 00:11:37,863 --> 00:11:40,022 of relics here particularly unique 221 00:11:40,116 --> 00:11:42,450 is the way in which they were obtained 222 00:11:42,535 --> 00:11:45,537 by Father Mollinger, who built the chapel. 223 00:11:45,621 --> 00:11:48,039 He obtained them in the late 1880s 224 00:11:48,124 --> 00:11:50,616 because there were people who just thought 225 00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:54,462 that the relics had no value, and things were being discarded. 226 00:11:54,547 --> 00:11:57,540 Father Mollinger had a network of people in Europe 227 00:11:57,624 --> 00:11:59,792 who were preserving the relics, 228 00:11:59,885 --> 00:12:02,044 and he would go and retrieve them himself. 229 00:12:02,129 --> 00:12:06,799 We have pilgrimages come in at least once a week if not more. 230 00:12:06,884 --> 00:12:08,968 And what a gift it is to be able to welcome them 231 00:12:09,061 --> 00:12:10,895 and share this treasure that we have here. 232 00:12:13,056 --> 00:12:15,984 Each and every relic is enclosed with a wax seal, 233 00:12:16,068 --> 00:12:18,227 both to ensure its authenticity, 234 00:12:18,312 --> 00:12:20,155 and to protect it from those who might wish 235 00:12:20,239 --> 00:12:23,566 to tamper with the holy remains. 236 00:12:23,650 --> 00:12:26,244 But why are holy relics 237 00:12:26,403 --> 00:12:29,238 so coveted and revered in the first place? 238 00:12:29,323 --> 00:12:32,158 Why go to such extraordinary lengths 239 00:12:32,251 --> 00:12:35,003 to preserve these ancient bones? 240 00:12:35,162 --> 00:12:37,672 All throughout Europe, in churches, 241 00:12:37,831 --> 00:12:40,425 you'll see these bejeweled skeletons 242 00:12:40,584 --> 00:12:45,764 adorned with gold, silver, and expensive jewels, 243 00:12:45,923 --> 00:12:48,674 that really look like they're works of art, 244 00:12:48,759 --> 00:12:52,428 but strange works of art. 245 00:12:52,513 --> 00:12:55,181 And the whole purpose of this is because 246 00:12:55,265 --> 00:12:57,609 there is this idea, especially in Christianity, 247 00:12:57,768 --> 00:13:01,437 that there is this inherent spiritual power 248 00:13:01,522 --> 00:13:04,774 that infuses the remains, 249 00:13:04,867 --> 00:13:08,036 and that spirit has to be honored. 250 00:13:08,195 --> 00:13:10,205 The bones of saints and martyrs 251 00:13:10,289 --> 00:13:13,282 in Christianity are of exceptional value, 252 00:13:13,367 --> 00:13:15,284 and extraordinary power 253 00:13:15,377 --> 00:13:16,878 according to Christian tradition. 254 00:13:17,037 --> 00:13:18,963 It was believed 255 00:13:19,122 --> 00:13:22,967 that when a saint was murdered for their beliefs, 256 00:13:23,126 --> 00:13:27,713 that their bones became infused with their sanctity, 257 00:13:27,798 --> 00:13:29,390 the essence of their grace. 258 00:13:29,550 --> 00:13:32,060 Holy relics, 259 00:13:32,144 --> 00:13:34,387 specifically skeletal relics, 260 00:13:34,480 --> 00:13:36,481 stem from this tradition 261 00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:41,394 that the bones themselves possess power. 262 00:13:41,487 --> 00:13:43,321 And this comes from the Bible. 263 00:13:43,480 --> 00:13:47,984 You have a story in 2 Kings, in the Hebrew Bible, 264 00:13:48,068 --> 00:13:51,412 in the Old Testament of a burial procession. 265 00:13:51,497 --> 00:13:53,122 And they were doing a burial. 266 00:13:54,333 --> 00:13:56,000 And they saw some invaders coming, 267 00:13:56,159 --> 00:13:58,578 and they just threw the body on top of the bones 268 00:13:58,671 --> 00:14:00,830 of the prophet Elisha, 269 00:14:00,923 --> 00:14:04,425 which were already lying in the ground. 270 00:14:04,585 --> 00:14:07,503 And as soon as the dead body touched the bones of Elisha, 271 00:14:07,588 --> 00:14:10,006 they came back to life. 272 00:14:10,099 --> 00:14:12,433 So, obviously, the bones of Elisha have 273 00:14:12,593 --> 00:14:14,102 some life-giving property. 274 00:14:14,261 --> 00:14:16,262 We also have stories 275 00:14:16,346 --> 00:14:18,264 from the very beginning of Christianity 276 00:14:18,348 --> 00:14:21,434 about miracles related to the bones of different saints. 277 00:14:21,518 --> 00:14:24,445 The bones of Saint Lazarus, for example, 278 00:14:24,530 --> 00:14:28,691 who was raised from the dead by Jesus, were highly coveted. 279 00:14:28,784 --> 00:14:31,027 And there are legends in Provence 280 00:14:31,120 --> 00:14:33,621 that the bones of Lazarus were brought in 281 00:14:33,706 --> 00:14:37,033 to people who were sick and dying, 282 00:14:37,117 --> 00:14:39,619 and that utilizing the bones in the presence 283 00:14:39,712 --> 00:14:42,046 of these people with the right kind of prayers 284 00:14:42,205 --> 00:14:46,125 would then heal them of this near fatal illness. 285 00:14:46,218 --> 00:14:49,220 There was a huge, lucrative market 286 00:14:49,379 --> 00:14:52,381 in Medieval Europe for saints' bones. 287 00:14:52,466 --> 00:14:55,226 Different cathedrals would be vying with each other 288 00:14:55,311 --> 00:14:58,554 about who could have the most important relics. 289 00:14:58,639 --> 00:15:01,223 So even today, if you go to the cathedrals of Europe, 290 00:15:01,317 --> 00:15:02,817 any good cathedral will have a few 291 00:15:02,902 --> 00:15:05,144 body parts in there of saints. 292 00:15:05,228 --> 00:15:09,741 Ancient relics that can channel the power of God? 293 00:15:09,900 --> 00:15:12,577 For some, that idea is a little hard to believe. 294 00:15:12,736 --> 00:15:15,163 In fact, there are many skeptics who claim 295 00:15:15,322 --> 00:15:18,416 that supposed holy relics are not even the actual bones 296 00:15:18,575 --> 00:15:21,252 of Christian saints. 297 00:15:21,337 --> 00:15:25,498 And yet, some of these relics have been proven 298 00:15:25,591 --> 00:15:27,842 to be quite authentic. 299 00:15:27,927 --> 00:15:30,002 Of all the holy relics that exist from the saints, 300 00:15:30,087 --> 00:15:35,350 perhaps the most fascinating is the skull of Mary Magdalene. 301 00:15:35,509 --> 00:15:38,427 The relics and the skull of Mary Magdalene have been kept 302 00:15:38,512 --> 00:15:41,189 on display in the Basilica of Saint-Maximin 303 00:15:41,348 --> 00:15:44,192 in the southwest of France since about the fourth century 304 00:15:44,351 --> 00:15:46,268 and have been dated and carbon-dated 305 00:15:46,362 --> 00:15:48,187 and examined in a number of different ways. 306 00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:51,107 So, we're pretty clear that these are actually 307 00:15:51,200 --> 00:15:53,442 truly the relics of Mary Magdalene. 308 00:15:53,535 --> 00:15:56,112 Now because Mary Magdalene was present 309 00:15:56,196 --> 00:15:58,873 for the resurrection of Jesus Christ, 310 00:15:58,958 --> 00:16:02,284 her relics were considered to have even more power 311 00:16:02,369 --> 00:16:05,871 and importance than perhaps any other saint. 312 00:16:05,965 --> 00:16:09,125 There was an understanding that you could even potentially 313 00:16:09,218 --> 00:16:10,626 bring somebody back from the dead 314 00:16:10,719 --> 00:16:12,387 with the relics of Mary Magdalene. 315 00:16:12,471 --> 00:16:14,547 There have been miracles recorded for centuries 316 00:16:14,631 --> 00:16:17,308 from people who were in the presence of Magdalene's relics. 317 00:16:17,393 --> 00:16:21,062 And many people believe that you could benefit 318 00:16:21,221 --> 00:16:23,472 from the extraordinary sanctity 319 00:16:23,557 --> 00:16:25,733 that was said to rest in her bones. 320 00:16:25,892 --> 00:16:28,060 And people who go 321 00:16:28,145 --> 00:16:31,147 to revere her skull have incredibly powerful 322 00:16:31,240 --> 00:16:34,325 emotional experiences with it. 323 00:16:34,410 --> 00:16:38,654 It really radiates a type of grace and a spirituality. 324 00:16:38,747 --> 00:16:41,323 And people walk away from it sobbing. 325 00:16:41,408 --> 00:16:43,251 People fall to their knees. 326 00:16:44,828 --> 00:16:48,256 I've heard many stories of people who trust, 327 00:16:48,340 --> 00:16:51,417 with all their heart, that the encounter they had 328 00:16:51,501 --> 00:16:53,511 with the relics of saints 329 00:16:53,670 --> 00:16:55,930 brought about healing in their life. 330 00:16:56,015 --> 00:16:58,340 In fact, over in the chapel museum, 331 00:16:58,434 --> 00:17:01,093 there are crutches and canes and things 332 00:17:01,186 --> 00:17:04,180 that people were able to cast aside because they were healed. 333 00:17:04,264 --> 00:17:08,693 If someone would doubt whether this is real, 334 00:17:08,777 --> 00:17:10,603 whether this is authentic, 335 00:17:10,696 --> 00:17:13,781 I would just invite them 336 00:17:13,940 --> 00:17:18,703 to talk to someone whose life, even in the slightest way, 337 00:17:18,787 --> 00:17:21,864 was made better or made different 338 00:17:21,948 --> 00:17:25,460 because of their encounter with the saints through holy relics. 339 00:17:26,620 --> 00:17:28,546 It's fascinating to think 340 00:17:28,630 --> 00:17:31,457 about how the bones of saints could be imbued 341 00:17:31,550 --> 00:17:35,970 with divine power than can actually bring us closer to God. 342 00:17:36,129 --> 00:17:38,130 But what happens when the remains 343 00:17:38,215 --> 00:17:42,310 of the dead aren't treated with such veneration and care? 344 00:17:42,469 --> 00:17:47,315 Perhaps the answer can be found deep beneath the city of Paris 345 00:17:47,399 --> 00:17:50,392 in a labyrinth of tunnels that has been called 346 00:17:50,477 --> 00:17:53,863 "The Empire of the Dead." 347 00:17:59,078 --> 00:18:01,412 More than two million people live and work 348 00:18:01,497 --> 00:18:03,748 in this 41-square-mile metropolis. 349 00:18:03,907 --> 00:18:06,501 And although Paris is one of the world's most 350 00:18:06,585 --> 00:18:08,836 instantly recognizable cities, 351 00:18:08,921 --> 00:18:12,173 just below the surface of the City of Light 352 00:18:12,257 --> 00:18:14,917 lurks a mysterious darkness... 353 00:18:15,001 --> 00:18:18,346 A centuries-old labyrinth of tunnels that contains 354 00:18:18,430 --> 00:18:21,507 the bones of millions of bodies... 355 00:18:21,591 --> 00:18:24,060 The Paris Catacombs. 356 00:18:25,354 --> 00:18:27,263 When you walk in there, 357 00:18:27,347 --> 00:18:29,273 you will see bones stacked. 358 00:18:29,432 --> 00:18:31,100 They're everywhere. 359 00:18:31,193 --> 00:18:34,103 You'll have thigh bones stacked up in places. 360 00:18:34,187 --> 00:18:36,355 You'll have skulls stacked in other places. 361 00:18:36,439 --> 00:18:40,868 It's almost like a warehouse of human bones. 362 00:18:42,362 --> 00:18:45,447 We don't know which bone goes with which. 363 00:18:45,532 --> 00:18:48,033 Sometimes they're just piled up, but sometimes 364 00:18:48,118 --> 00:18:50,536 it's almost a decoration, where they put them. 365 00:18:50,629 --> 00:18:52,547 In some cases, 366 00:18:52,631 --> 00:18:56,551 they're more architecturally or artistically placed. 367 00:18:56,635 --> 00:19:01,046 There are lined along the walls, thousands 368 00:19:01,131 --> 00:19:04,633 of skeletons, some with bits of clothing hanging off of them. 369 00:19:04,718 --> 00:19:07,219 It's a whole network of tunnels really. 370 00:19:07,312 --> 00:19:10,231 There's about a mile of it that's open to visitors, 371 00:19:10,315 --> 00:19:12,775 and you can see some of these places. 372 00:19:14,653 --> 00:19:16,988 Over the main entrance to the Paris Catacombs, 373 00:19:17,072 --> 00:19:19,991 there is carved a sign which, when translated, reads, 374 00:19:20,075 --> 00:19:24,403 "Stop. This is the Empire of the Dead." 375 00:19:24,487 --> 00:19:26,497 According to some estimates, 376 00:19:26,582 --> 00:19:28,073 the Paris Catacombs hold the bones 377 00:19:28,158 --> 00:19:30,501 of more than six million people. 378 00:19:32,171 --> 00:19:35,247 But why did Parisians decide to stack all these bones 379 00:19:35,332 --> 00:19:37,175 together in the first place? 380 00:19:37,259 --> 00:19:40,836 In Paris, you had people being buried 381 00:19:40,929 --> 00:19:42,930 in a traditional sense in a graveyard. 382 00:19:43,089 --> 00:19:45,600 But those are finite locations. 383 00:19:45,684 --> 00:19:49,762 And they started running out of space. 384 00:19:49,855 --> 00:19:53,357 So, if that is the case, after a certain amount of time, 385 00:19:53,516 --> 00:19:55,276 individuals are going to get dug back up 386 00:19:55,360 --> 00:19:57,353 to create space for new burials, 387 00:19:57,446 --> 00:20:00,189 and you have to do something with those bones. 388 00:20:00,282 --> 00:20:03,776 So, they started to utilize catacombs as a way 389 00:20:03,869 --> 00:20:05,828 to relocate those bones. 390 00:20:24,464 --> 00:20:26,382 In the Parisian Catacombs, 391 00:20:26,475 --> 00:20:28,309 very often bones have been rearranged, 392 00:20:28,468 --> 00:20:32,313 made into even sculptural sort of forms. 393 00:20:32,472 --> 00:20:34,649 In many ways, this conflicts with that Christian idea 394 00:20:34,733 --> 00:20:36,475 of keeping the body together. 395 00:20:36,559 --> 00:20:38,227 The one thing 396 00:20:38,311 --> 00:20:40,813 most funeral practices have in the world 397 00:20:40,897 --> 00:20:43,649 is some kind of respect for one's ancestor, 398 00:20:43,733 --> 00:20:47,569 or some kind of feeling that this is one last act of charity 399 00:20:47,654 --> 00:20:50,915 that needs to be completed for the soul to move on properly. 400 00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:53,834 On the other hand, 401 00:20:53,919 --> 00:20:56,412 the Paris Catacombs was not a sacred site. 402 00:20:56,496 --> 00:20:58,422 They are going to get rid of the old bones, 403 00:20:58,507 --> 00:21:00,347 and they don't want to have this problem again. 404 00:21:00,425 --> 00:21:03,261 I would question whether the Paris Catacombs are respectful 405 00:21:03,345 --> 00:21:05,680 to the dead or not. 406 00:21:05,764 --> 00:21:09,183 Did the builders of the Paris Catacombs 407 00:21:09,342 --> 00:21:11,260 desecrate the souls of the dead 408 00:21:11,353 --> 00:21:13,929 by moving their bones from cemeteries 409 00:21:14,022 --> 00:21:16,440 to the dark tunnels beneath the city? 410 00:21:16,525 --> 00:21:19,110 There are many who believe the answer is "yes," 411 00:21:19,194 --> 00:21:22,780 and there's a local legend which says that moving the bones 412 00:21:22,864 --> 00:21:25,274 of so many deceased people 413 00:21:25,358 --> 00:21:27,868 unleashed a dark and malevolent force 414 00:21:27,953 --> 00:21:33,291 that still haunts the catacombs. 415 00:21:33,375 --> 00:21:37,119 It is believed that if you're there in the hours of darkness, 416 00:21:37,203 --> 00:21:40,706 after midnight, that you hear whispers 417 00:21:40,790 --> 00:21:44,885 coming from the spirits of the skeletons, 418 00:21:45,045 --> 00:21:50,308 drawing you deeper and deeper and deeper into the catacombs, 419 00:21:50,392 --> 00:21:52,810 where you get so lost, you will never get out. 420 00:21:54,721 --> 00:21:57,973 The system of tunnels is really elaborate. 421 00:21:58,066 --> 00:22:00,642 You can get turned around down there and get lost. 422 00:22:00,727 --> 00:22:04,238 There's a legend in the city of Paris 423 00:22:04,323 --> 00:22:06,398 that there was a doorman at a hospital 424 00:22:06,491 --> 00:22:08,484 named Philibert Aspairt, 425 00:22:08,568 --> 00:22:11,495 and he went on an errand down a staircase. 426 00:22:11,654 --> 00:22:13,558 One rumor is that he was going to the wine cellar 427 00:22:13,582 --> 00:22:16,325 to get a certain cognac. We don't know. 428 00:22:16,418 --> 00:22:20,996 But there were various points of entry into the Paris Catacombs, 429 00:22:21,081 --> 00:22:24,416 and apparently, he went down the wrong staircase. 430 00:22:24,501 --> 00:22:29,347 And he got himself in there and turned around and lost, 431 00:22:29,431 --> 00:22:31,932 and never came out 432 00:22:32,017 --> 00:22:33,675 and died in there. 433 00:22:33,760 --> 00:22:36,520 And they didn't find his body for 11 years. 434 00:22:36,679 --> 00:22:41,108 So, they buried him right there in 1804. 435 00:23:03,715 --> 00:23:06,291 Paris Catacombs really were designed 436 00:23:06,376 --> 00:23:09,387 to be a spectacle and a tourist attraction. 437 00:23:09,471 --> 00:23:12,139 You know, they were not designed to have a sacred function. 438 00:23:12,298 --> 00:23:14,550 You didn't go down in there and pray. 439 00:23:14,634 --> 00:23:17,061 They designed it to be a famous macabre site. 440 00:23:17,220 --> 00:23:20,648 And the whole point of it was, like, you know, 441 00:23:20,732 --> 00:23:22,650 you look in this room, and you cannot tell 442 00:23:22,809 --> 00:23:25,144 the king from the pauper. 443 00:23:25,228 --> 00:23:28,480 You cannot tell the wise man from the fool. 444 00:23:28,565 --> 00:23:31,075 Death is this great leveler. 445 00:23:31,159 --> 00:23:34,319 Understanding that aspect of death is an incentive 446 00:23:34,413 --> 00:23:36,580 to live right. 447 00:23:36,665 --> 00:23:40,242 If you think about it, the Paris Catacombs are 448 00:23:40,326 --> 00:23:42,744 a pretty grim reminder that we have no control 449 00:23:42,829 --> 00:23:45,339 over what happens to our bones after we die. 450 00:23:45,498 --> 00:23:49,343 But there's another location, high in the Himalayas, 451 00:23:49,428 --> 00:23:51,929 that is even more unsettling. 452 00:23:52,013 --> 00:23:55,349 A place where the bones of hundreds of people can be found 453 00:23:55,434 --> 00:23:58,769 beneath the waters of an icy lake. 454 00:24:05,435 --> 00:24:08,353 High atop the Himalayan Mountains 455 00:24:08,447 --> 00:24:12,283 sits a small body of water called "Roopkund Lake." 456 00:24:13,785 --> 00:24:17,705 For most of the year, the lake's waters are frozen. 457 00:24:17,789 --> 00:24:19,781 But during the summer months, 458 00:24:19,866 --> 00:24:22,543 as the snow and ice slowly melt away, 459 00:24:22,627 --> 00:24:25,963 a bizarre spectacle is revealed. 460 00:24:28,383 --> 00:24:31,635 Roopkund Lake is a place high up 461 00:24:31,720 --> 00:24:35,881 in the Himalayan Mountains in the northern part of India. 462 00:24:35,974 --> 00:24:39,801 It's close to the second highest mountain in India. 463 00:24:39,895 --> 00:24:42,897 And it is mostly unremarkable, 464 00:24:42,981 --> 00:24:46,734 other than the fact that we have thousands 465 00:24:46,893 --> 00:24:49,653 of human bones scattered around the shores of this lake, 466 00:24:49,738 --> 00:24:53,157 and that really is something which is exceptional. 467 00:24:53,241 --> 00:24:56,911 Now, these bones have been known about for a very long time. 468 00:24:56,995 --> 00:24:59,079 The site is visited by locals 469 00:24:59,164 --> 00:25:00,822 and by tourists and backpackers 470 00:25:00,907 --> 00:25:02,991 who have interacted with the bones. 471 00:25:03,076 --> 00:25:07,246 As people have come by, people have picked the bones up, 472 00:25:07,330 --> 00:25:09,498 they've stacked them into piles, 473 00:25:09,582 --> 00:25:12,584 and in many cases, walked off with them. 474 00:25:12,677 --> 00:25:16,430 So, this location is an interesting example of 475 00:25:16,515 --> 00:25:19,091 how humans interact with bones. 476 00:25:19,175 --> 00:25:21,685 There are still a lot of unanswered questions. 477 00:25:21,770 --> 00:25:24,179 Did all those individuals die there, 478 00:25:24,264 --> 00:25:26,106 or were they taken there from somewhere else? 479 00:25:26,191 --> 00:25:28,850 Is it possible that in the past, there were ceremonies 480 00:25:28,935 --> 00:25:31,445 about disposing of bodies in this location 481 00:25:31,604 --> 00:25:33,531 that have been lost to time? 482 00:25:35,692 --> 00:25:37,776 I know that we have the remains 483 00:25:37,869 --> 00:25:41,113 from something like 600 to 800 human individuals. 484 00:25:41,197 --> 00:25:45,951 These bones are from adults, 485 00:25:46,044 --> 00:25:48,629 and for many years, there was a common assumption 486 00:25:48,713 --> 00:25:51,131 that all of these individuals had all died 487 00:25:51,216 --> 00:25:54,626 as a result of one catastrophic event. 488 00:25:54,711 --> 00:25:58,380 Most mass graves that we see around the world 489 00:25:58,473 --> 00:26:00,975 are the results of one event. 490 00:26:01,059 --> 00:26:03,894 A mass slaughter, a mass catastrophe. 491 00:26:03,979 --> 00:26:06,564 In the case of Roopkund Lake, you see something different. 492 00:26:06,648 --> 00:26:09,975 Looking at the bones, people have been able to figure out 493 00:26:10,068 --> 00:26:12,028 that there are several different population groups 494 00:26:12,070 --> 00:26:14,238 that are located in this lake, 495 00:26:14,322 --> 00:26:18,242 separated by hundreds, possibly even 1,000 years. 496 00:26:18,401 --> 00:26:20,235 So clearly, it was not one event. 497 00:26:20,320 --> 00:26:22,746 Clearly, there was a series of events 498 00:26:22,831 --> 00:26:25,407 around this lake that led to people being here. 499 00:26:25,491 --> 00:26:28,410 Experts have had trouble explaining 500 00:26:28,503 --> 00:26:30,337 why so many groups of people journeyed 501 00:26:30,422 --> 00:26:32,831 to this lake at different times, 502 00:26:32,915 --> 00:26:36,176 over the course of centuries, and died. 503 00:26:36,261 --> 00:26:39,421 It's a fascinating story, and recently, 504 00:26:39,505 --> 00:26:43,091 the collection of bones has become even more mysterious. 505 00:26:43,176 --> 00:26:48,096 In 2019, scientists from Harvard University conducted 506 00:26:48,181 --> 00:26:50,941 a DNA study and found that some of the people 507 00:26:51,100 --> 00:26:54,862 who died at this lake came from far away. 508 00:26:54,946 --> 00:26:58,857 Very far away. 509 00:26:58,941 --> 00:27:03,195 Most people are from South Asia, 510 00:27:03,288 --> 00:27:06,790 but one significant population group seems to have been 511 00:27:06,875 --> 00:27:11,295 from Greece, specifically from an island of Crete. 512 00:27:11,454 --> 00:27:14,048 So one big question is, what was a bunch of 513 00:27:14,132 --> 00:27:15,791 people from the island of Crete 514 00:27:15,875 --> 00:27:20,137 doing up in northern India even to begin with? 515 00:27:20,221 --> 00:27:23,557 Let alone, how they ended up at the bottom of Roopkund Lake? 516 00:27:23,716 --> 00:27:27,886 The only thing which really makes any kind of sense 517 00:27:27,970 --> 00:27:29,281 is the idea that they were on a pilgrimage 518 00:27:29,305 --> 00:27:30,814 through the mountains. 519 00:27:30,899 --> 00:27:33,642 Now, this is documented and known in recent times. 520 00:27:33,726 --> 00:27:35,736 There is a pilgrimage which is made 521 00:27:35,820 --> 00:27:37,404 by people following the Hindu faith, 522 00:27:37,489 --> 00:27:39,731 who will travel through these mountains. 523 00:27:39,824 --> 00:27:44,161 Is it possible the bones in Roopkund Lake 524 00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:46,154 are the remains of unlucky travelers 525 00:27:46,239 --> 00:27:49,667 on pilgrimage through the Himalayas? 526 00:27:49,751 --> 00:27:54,004 And if so, what caused their demise? 527 00:27:54,089 --> 00:27:57,749 Some experts believe a clue may be found in a local legend 528 00:27:57,834 --> 00:28:02,421 involving a Hindu goddess named "Nanda Devi." 529 00:28:02,514 --> 00:28:05,015 Nanda Devi is a mountain goddess 530 00:28:05,100 --> 00:28:09,261 that oversees the second tallest mountain in India. 531 00:28:09,354 --> 00:28:12,523 There are shrines built to her throughout the mountain. 532 00:28:14,183 --> 00:28:16,685 So there is this legend of a king and queen 533 00:28:16,778 --> 00:28:18,770 and, uh, their many attendants 534 00:28:18,855 --> 00:28:20,698 making their way up the mountain 535 00:28:20,782 --> 00:28:24,526 to one of these shrines. 536 00:28:24,610 --> 00:28:27,612 They were being boisterous and festive 537 00:28:27,697 --> 00:28:31,125 as they approached the shrine. 538 00:28:31,209 --> 00:28:33,535 And Nanda Devi was insulted by that. 539 00:28:33,619 --> 00:28:35,287 She felt that they weren't 540 00:28:35,371 --> 00:28:37,214 respectful enough of this sacred space. 541 00:28:37,298 --> 00:28:42,878 So, out of anger, she called on these iron balls 542 00:28:42,962 --> 00:28:47,215 to rain from the sky onto the king and queen 543 00:28:47,300 --> 00:28:49,968 and their entire party. 544 00:28:50,061 --> 00:28:52,721 Now, this is believed to be the explanation 545 00:28:52,805 --> 00:28:56,558 for at least some of the human remains 546 00:28:56,642 --> 00:29:00,145 that were found at the bottom of this lake on the mountain. 547 00:29:00,238 --> 00:29:03,574 Many of them died from blunt force trauma to the skull. 548 00:29:05,151 --> 00:29:07,271 This is an area without a lot of tree cover, 549 00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:09,404 without a lot of shelter, and it's also an area 550 00:29:09,489 --> 00:29:11,990 that is known for intense hailstorms. 551 00:29:12,074 --> 00:29:16,077 Hailstorms with hail as big as your fist. 552 00:29:16,162 --> 00:29:17,890 And you can imagine if you're out in a caravan 553 00:29:17,914 --> 00:29:19,150 or a pilgrimage, and all of a sudden, 554 00:29:19,174 --> 00:29:23,510 this massive hail comes down in this area, 555 00:29:23,595 --> 00:29:26,013 that could take out people regularly 556 00:29:26,097 --> 00:29:28,599 over a thousand years' time period. 557 00:29:29,768 --> 00:29:31,435 It's plausible. 558 00:29:31,519 --> 00:29:33,238 But what's also clear is that when people started 559 00:29:33,262 --> 00:29:35,272 seeing all these skeletons together, 560 00:29:35,431 --> 00:29:37,191 all sorts of stories were developed 561 00:29:37,275 --> 00:29:40,101 as to who these people were and why they were there. 562 00:29:40,195 --> 00:29:41,770 And I think this reminds us 563 00:29:41,854 --> 00:29:44,022 that if people see something anomalous, 564 00:29:44,106 --> 00:29:46,033 you seek an explanation. 565 00:29:46,117 --> 00:29:49,110 If you see a whole bunch of skeletons in one place, 566 00:29:49,195 --> 00:29:51,613 people are going to try to explain it. 567 00:29:51,697 --> 00:29:53,540 Whether or not the people who traveled 568 00:29:53,625 --> 00:29:56,877 to Skeletons Lake were the victims of an angry goddess, 569 00:29:57,036 --> 00:29:59,788 or just freak hailstorms, 570 00:29:59,872 --> 00:30:02,549 perhaps the real lesson of Skeletons Lake is 571 00:30:02,634 --> 00:30:06,878 that our bones tell stories even after we're dead. 572 00:30:06,971 --> 00:30:10,057 And that's certainly the case with an ancient skull 573 00:30:10,141 --> 00:30:12,884 that was recently discovered. 574 00:30:12,977 --> 00:30:17,731 A skull that calls into question the origins of humanity. 575 00:30:23,905 --> 00:30:28,483 Paleontologists from China's Hebei GEO University 576 00:30:28,576 --> 00:30:30,828 analyze an astonishing discovery 577 00:30:30,912 --> 00:30:33,071 from the bottom of an ancient well. 578 00:30:35,241 --> 00:30:39,837 Their study is of the largest human skull ever found. 579 00:30:39,921 --> 00:30:44,165 The extraordinary find makes headlines around the world 580 00:30:44,250 --> 00:30:48,420 and sparks intense debate about this ancient skull, 581 00:30:48,513 --> 00:30:51,849 which scientists have nicknamed the "Dragon Man." 582 00:30:53,259 --> 00:30:58,430 The Dragon Man skull is arguably the most mysterious cranium 583 00:30:58,514 --> 00:31:00,607 that's ever been discovered in this world. 584 00:31:00,766 --> 00:31:03,610 It is the largest ever. 585 00:31:03,695 --> 00:31:09,774 It's actually around nine inches long by six inches across. 586 00:31:09,859 --> 00:31:15,622 It was discovered in 1933 by a Chinese workman. 587 00:31:15,707 --> 00:31:20,294 And because at the time, that part of China was occupied 588 00:31:20,378 --> 00:31:23,380 by the Japanese, he felt that the best thing to do was 589 00:31:23,464 --> 00:31:26,633 to hide it away in a well. 590 00:31:26,718 --> 00:31:34,224 And it was left there until 2018 when he revealed the location 591 00:31:34,309 --> 00:31:35,976 to his grandson. 592 00:31:36,060 --> 00:31:39,471 The grandson went and dug it up, 593 00:31:39,564 --> 00:31:42,983 and it was still there in absolute perfect condition. 594 00:31:43,067 --> 00:31:47,154 And he gave it to a local university, 595 00:31:47,238 --> 00:31:49,397 and it obviously came to the attention 596 00:31:49,482 --> 00:31:52,159 of the scientific community. 597 00:31:52,243 --> 00:31:53,994 The Dragon Man skull is interesting because 598 00:31:54,078 --> 00:31:57,080 the cranial shape is shaped like an American football 599 00:31:57,165 --> 00:32:00,325 being very elongated, 600 00:32:00,409 --> 00:32:02,169 whereas a modern human skull, Homo sapiens, 601 00:32:02,328 --> 00:32:04,755 would be more rounded in shape. 602 00:32:04,839 --> 00:32:06,673 The skull is generally very robust, 603 00:32:06,758 --> 00:32:09,843 including a very pronounced brow ridge. 604 00:32:09,928 --> 00:32:12,837 The eye sockets on Dragon Man are also very large 605 00:32:12,931 --> 00:32:16,257 and more square in shape versus a modern human's 606 00:32:16,351 --> 00:32:18,852 which are smaller and more rounded. 607 00:32:18,937 --> 00:32:21,680 Based off of what we know about the skull, 608 00:32:21,773 --> 00:32:24,274 it probably dates to around 200,000 years ago. 609 00:32:24,359 --> 00:32:27,018 Dragon Man is such a new discovery 610 00:32:27,111 --> 00:32:29,521 that lots of ideas are coming out of the field 611 00:32:29,605 --> 00:32:33,525 about exactly what did this population look like 612 00:32:33,609 --> 00:32:35,702 and how do they relate to us? 613 00:32:35,861 --> 00:32:37,696 The Dragon Man 614 00:32:37,789 --> 00:32:39,781 is bringing us face to face for the first time 615 00:32:39,874 --> 00:32:43,043 with a new Asian version of human, 616 00:32:43,127 --> 00:32:45,212 which very likely we also interbred with, 617 00:32:45,296 --> 00:32:50,050 and whose DNA we probably also carry in us today as well. 618 00:32:50,134 --> 00:32:52,627 It's one of these finds which occasionally comes along 619 00:32:52,712 --> 00:32:56,056 which is really changing what we know about our human story. 620 00:32:56,215 --> 00:33:00,143 Experts agree that the discovery of the Dragon Man 621 00:33:00,302 --> 00:33:04,556 redefines our understanding of humanity's past. 622 00:33:04,640 --> 00:33:06,641 And there are some researchers who believe 623 00:33:06,734 --> 00:33:08,810 that further investigation of the skull 624 00:33:08,894 --> 00:33:11,312 will reveal shocking truths 625 00:33:11,397 --> 00:33:15,483 about this previously unknown cousin of man. 626 00:33:15,576 --> 00:33:18,153 There is every indication 627 00:33:18,237 --> 00:33:21,915 that the Dragon Man may well have been not only large 628 00:33:22,074 --> 00:33:24,501 in size but also of great height. 629 00:33:24,585 --> 00:33:28,246 Possibly as much as seven to seven and a half feet tall. 630 00:33:28,330 --> 00:33:31,082 And if you want to imagine them, just think 631 00:33:31,175 --> 00:33:34,428 that in the past you'd have had the small guys 632 00:33:34,512 --> 00:33:36,930 that would have been the Neanderthals, 633 00:33:37,015 --> 00:33:40,091 who were about five to five and a half feet tall, 634 00:33:40,176 --> 00:33:42,269 you'd have had our own modern human ancestors 635 00:33:42,428 --> 00:33:44,187 that were around six feet tall, 636 00:33:44,346 --> 00:33:46,440 and you'd have had the much bigger, 637 00:33:46,599 --> 00:33:49,026 much stronger Dragon Man. 638 00:33:50,611 --> 00:33:53,855 With the discovery of the Dragon Man skull, 639 00:33:53,948 --> 00:33:57,192 we might have the first real evidence 640 00:33:57,285 --> 00:33:59,703 that giants once walked the Earth. 641 00:33:59,787 --> 00:34:02,122 Is it possible 642 00:34:02,206 --> 00:34:05,366 that the Dragon Man was actually a giant? 643 00:34:05,460 --> 00:34:08,211 Perhaps clues can be found by examining 644 00:34:08,296 --> 00:34:10,296 the numerous historical accounts of people claiming 645 00:34:10,372 --> 00:34:14,801 to have encountered ancient giants. 646 00:34:14,960 --> 00:34:17,796 Giants are a stock character of folklore throughout the world. 647 00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:20,974 For example, the Bible clearly states 648 00:34:21,059 --> 00:34:22,684 that there were giants on the Earth. 649 00:34:24,979 --> 00:34:26,540 In North America, the Native American cultures 650 00:34:26,564 --> 00:34:29,232 have many of these giant stories. 651 00:34:29,317 --> 00:34:31,318 For example, in Mi'kmaq tradition, 652 00:34:31,477 --> 00:34:35,739 we find stories of giants that would hunt people and eat them. 653 00:34:35,823 --> 00:34:39,576 We have similar stories in the Algonquian-speaking Natives 654 00:34:39,660 --> 00:34:41,912 of North America as well, and traditions, 655 00:34:42,071 --> 00:34:44,081 even up to relatively recent time, 656 00:34:44,165 --> 00:34:45,824 would honor these ancient giants. 657 00:34:45,908 --> 00:34:47,667 And this is something that's just prevalent 658 00:34:47,752 --> 00:34:49,994 in different parts of the world. 659 00:34:50,079 --> 00:34:51,996 There are many skeptics 660 00:34:52,090 --> 00:34:54,082 who write off tales of giants as nothing more 661 00:34:54,175 --> 00:34:57,177 than exaggeration or fantasy. 662 00:34:57,261 --> 00:34:59,513 But there are others who insist 663 00:34:59,597 --> 00:35:02,516 that giants were, in fact, quite real. 664 00:35:02,675 --> 00:35:07,104 And as evidence, they point to accounts of large human bones 665 00:35:07,188 --> 00:35:10,598 being discovered throughout North America. 666 00:35:10,691 --> 00:35:13,443 During the mid-1800s, 667 00:35:13,602 --> 00:35:16,696 the Smithsonian Institution had an edict 668 00:35:16,781 --> 00:35:18,750 where they would collect all the different skeletons 669 00:35:18,774 --> 00:35:21,442 of Native American cultures from mounds, 670 00:35:21,527 --> 00:35:25,455 from caves, from all over the country, basically. 671 00:35:25,540 --> 00:35:29,450 And they started finding these remarkable skeletons 672 00:35:29,544 --> 00:35:30,961 and discoveries that suggested 673 00:35:31,120 --> 00:35:32,963 there was a very advanced race of giants 674 00:35:33,047 --> 00:35:35,039 living in North America. 675 00:35:35,124 --> 00:35:39,460 And even in their Smithsonian annual reports 676 00:35:39,545 --> 00:35:41,296 in the late 1800s, specifically 677 00:35:41,389 --> 00:35:43,390 the fifth and the twelfth annual reports, 678 00:35:43,549 --> 00:35:47,227 they documented between seven and eight-foot-tall skeletons 679 00:35:47,386 --> 00:35:50,939 that their Smithsonian employees actually dug up themselves. 680 00:35:52,057 --> 00:35:54,401 And yet, in 1910 onwards, 681 00:35:54,485 --> 00:35:58,563 when Ales Hrdlicka became the director of the Smithsonian, 682 00:35:58,647 --> 00:36:00,490 he put a news report out saying 683 00:36:00,575 --> 00:36:03,827 giants are no more, and tried to delete this idea 684 00:36:03,911 --> 00:36:07,071 that giants ever existed, even though 685 00:36:07,165 --> 00:36:11,251 they discovered some themselves in the late 1800s. 686 00:36:11,335 --> 00:36:14,171 And so, there's a definite mystery here 687 00:36:14,330 --> 00:36:16,256 when it comes to trying to find evidence 688 00:36:16,340 --> 00:36:20,251 of these giant skeletons of North America. 689 00:36:20,344 --> 00:36:23,013 Hundreds, perhaps even thousands, 690 00:36:23,172 --> 00:36:26,674 of these giant skeletons have been unearthed, 691 00:36:26,759 --> 00:36:28,768 but the problem with this is 692 00:36:28,853 --> 00:36:31,521 that all of them today have been lost. 693 00:36:31,606 --> 00:36:34,766 Everything that was inside the Smithsonian Institute had 694 00:36:34,859 --> 00:36:38,019 to be given back, or they were just destroyed. 695 00:36:38,112 --> 00:36:41,189 And so, the importance of the discovery 696 00:36:41,282 --> 00:36:44,367 of the Dragon Man skull is in the fact 697 00:36:44,526 --> 00:36:48,196 that this archaic human that once existed 698 00:36:48,280 --> 00:36:51,625 in this region of China has been brought back 699 00:36:51,709 --> 00:36:57,047 into reality and is being studied by the scientists today. 700 00:36:57,206 --> 00:36:58,442 You can discover so much information 701 00:36:58,466 --> 00:37:00,050 from just a single bone. 702 00:37:00,209 --> 00:37:02,460 It opens up a whole world of opportunity 703 00:37:02,544 --> 00:37:03,970 for what we can learn about 704 00:37:04,055 --> 00:37:06,890 who humans are and where we came from. 705 00:37:06,974 --> 00:37:10,468 Is the Dragon Man really the skull of an ancient giant? 706 00:37:10,552 --> 00:37:12,896 It seems hard to believe. 707 00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:14,973 But just imagine what it would mean 708 00:37:15,066 --> 00:37:18,485 if we could actually prove that giants once roamed the Earth. 709 00:37:18,644 --> 00:37:21,321 Something to ponder 710 00:37:21,480 --> 00:37:25,408 while we investigate yet another collection of ancient bones. 711 00:37:25,493 --> 00:37:31,081 Bones that might have the power to unleash a deadly curse. 712 00:37:38,422 --> 00:37:41,332 While making their way across a snowy mountain range 713 00:37:41,425 --> 00:37:43,927 spanning the border of Italy and Austria, 714 00:37:44,086 --> 00:37:47,922 two German hikers make a gruesome discovery. 715 00:37:48,007 --> 00:37:51,935 The body of a man, half-frozen in ice. 716 00:37:53,429 --> 00:37:57,765 When scientists later remove the skeleton from the icy ground, 717 00:37:57,850 --> 00:38:01,102 they come to a shocking realization. 718 00:38:01,195 --> 00:38:04,272 The man, who they nicknamed "Otzi," 719 00:38:04,365 --> 00:38:07,617 lived over 5,000 years ago. 720 00:38:09,862 --> 00:38:12,539 This is a really spectacular find, 721 00:38:12,623 --> 00:38:14,365 because of the level of preservation here. 722 00:38:14,450 --> 00:38:17,210 We have the full body preserved, 723 00:38:17,369 --> 00:38:19,379 including all of his skin, 724 00:38:19,538 --> 00:38:21,658 all of the internal organs, and all of the possessions 725 00:38:21,716 --> 00:38:23,291 that he was carrying at the time. 726 00:38:23,375 --> 00:38:25,885 And this, therefore, is giving us unique insights 727 00:38:26,045 --> 00:38:28,046 into this individual 728 00:38:28,130 --> 00:38:30,724 and also what life was like when he lived. 729 00:38:30,808 --> 00:38:33,727 The recovery of Otzi's skeleton 730 00:38:33,886 --> 00:38:36,146 made headlines worldwide, 731 00:38:36,230 --> 00:38:39,891 and his bones became an object of intense fascination 732 00:38:39,975 --> 00:38:41,976 and scientific study. 733 00:38:42,061 --> 00:38:45,572 But then, unexpectedly, 734 00:38:45,656 --> 00:38:49,826 a series of bizarre deaths took place in the years 735 00:38:49,985 --> 00:38:53,079 after Otzi's bones were recovered. 736 00:38:53,164 --> 00:38:56,074 There's something very mysterious going on here 737 00:38:56,158 --> 00:38:59,660 with this Otzi Iceman since he was discovered. 738 00:38:59,745 --> 00:39:03,506 In the early '90s, and going into the 2000s, 739 00:39:03,591 --> 00:39:06,000 people have died who were involved 740 00:39:06,085 --> 00:39:09,679 in the discovery or the presentation of Otzi. 741 00:39:09,838 --> 00:39:12,423 A gentleman called Rainer Henn had the privilege 742 00:39:12,516 --> 00:39:14,351 of placing Otzi's body 743 00:39:14,435 --> 00:39:16,844 into a body bag at the discovery. 744 00:39:16,929 --> 00:39:19,597 He died in a car crash. 745 00:39:19,681 --> 00:39:23,693 Kurt Fritz, who was involved in the transportation of Otzi 746 00:39:23,778 --> 00:39:27,605 from one place to another, died in an avalanche. 747 00:39:27,689 --> 00:39:30,283 Helmut Simon, one of the discoverers of Otzi, 748 00:39:30,368 --> 00:39:33,111 had fallen 300 feet to his death. 749 00:39:33,195 --> 00:39:35,446 Several other people have died, as well. 750 00:39:35,539 --> 00:39:39,450 All told, seven people connected 751 00:39:39,535 --> 00:39:42,545 to the discovery of Otzi died. 752 00:39:42,630 --> 00:39:46,132 Were their untimely deaths simply a coincidence? 753 00:39:46,217 --> 00:39:47,708 Or is it possible 754 00:39:47,793 --> 00:39:50,387 that the deaths were actually the consequence 755 00:39:50,471 --> 00:39:54,307 of disturbing Otzi's bones, which had remained untouched 756 00:39:54,466 --> 00:39:56,467 for thousands of years? 757 00:39:56,552 --> 00:39:58,228 Some people believe 758 00:39:58,387 --> 00:40:00,563 there may even be a curse associated 759 00:40:00,722 --> 00:40:03,817 with this man buried in the ice. 760 00:40:03,901 --> 00:40:07,562 Otzi had these very strange tattoos, 761 00:40:07,646 --> 00:40:10,648 all these spirals and different designs. 762 00:40:10,741 --> 00:40:13,743 If he was some kind of shaman or sorcerer, 763 00:40:13,828 --> 00:40:18,081 did he place a curse over his body to protect him 764 00:40:18,240 --> 00:40:20,575 from future generations digging him up? 765 00:40:20,659 --> 00:40:22,827 It's known that it took four full days 766 00:40:22,911 --> 00:40:25,246 to excavate him from the ice. 767 00:40:25,330 --> 00:40:28,332 So there's an element of desecration of a grave. 768 00:40:28,417 --> 00:40:32,420 There are many sort of curse stories and curse rumors 769 00:40:32,504 --> 00:40:34,088 that follow the realm of archaeology, 770 00:40:34,173 --> 00:40:36,266 because archaeology is often involving 771 00:40:36,425 --> 00:40:38,342 digging people out of their graves. 772 00:40:38,427 --> 00:40:40,344 Is that disturbing their peace? 773 00:40:40,429 --> 00:40:42,847 Not allowing them to rest in peace? 774 00:40:42,931 --> 00:40:47,694 What we can see is that this does reflect a popular belief 775 00:40:47,778 --> 00:40:50,864 that maybe there is something wrong 776 00:40:50,948 --> 00:40:54,025 with handling a body in this mundane sense, 777 00:40:54,109 --> 00:40:56,536 as if it's an object to study. 778 00:40:56,620 --> 00:41:00,531 When a body decomposes, what's left? 779 00:41:00,616 --> 00:41:02,533 You have the skeleton. 780 00:41:02,618 --> 00:41:07,788 If there's a real spiritual essence that's within the body, 781 00:41:07,873 --> 00:41:10,458 it wouldn't fade away with the body. 782 00:41:10,542 --> 00:41:12,877 It wouldn't fade away with the flesh. 783 00:41:12,970 --> 00:41:15,963 It would remain with the bones themselves. 784 00:41:16,048 --> 00:41:18,725 Obviously, life is finite. 785 00:41:18,884 --> 00:41:22,220 We're only gonna be here for a certain amount of time. 786 00:41:22,304 --> 00:41:27,400 So the big question remains, when we leave 787 00:41:27,559 --> 00:41:34,565 and people view our remains, hopefully they honor us. 788 00:41:34,658 --> 00:41:37,827 Whether it's a sacred skull or a holy relic 789 00:41:37,912 --> 00:41:41,331 or a cursed skeleton, bones have a way of making us believe 790 00:41:41,490 --> 00:41:44,408 that after we die, some part of us lives on. 791 00:41:44,493 --> 00:41:46,327 But is that really true, 792 00:41:46,411 --> 00:41:49,506 or is it just wishful thinking on our part? 793 00:41:49,665 --> 00:41:53,501 Well, that my friends, is a fascinating question, 794 00:41:53,594 --> 00:41:56,671 but it's one that, while we're still alive, 795 00:41:56,764 --> 00:42:00,266 will remain... unexplained. 796 00:42:00,290 --> 00:42:02,290 >>>>oakislandtk<<<<< www.opensubtitles.org 796 00:42:03,305 --> 00:43:03,768 Support us and become VIP 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