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At the end of the 16th century,
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China concentratesa quarter of the world’s population
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and represents 40%of the planet’s wealth.
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In the Ming Empire,
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taxes were collected in kind,
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an ineffective system
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for such a developed economy.
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In 1580,
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the emperor's secretary,Zhang Juzheng,
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completely changed the tax system
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and the collection unitchanged from rice
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to silver.
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But there was a problem:
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China had no silver.
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Only the Spaniards,
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already established in Manila,
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were in a position to meetthis need in a stable manner
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and with quality guarantees,
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thanks to silver from America.
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This confluence of interests
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connected the two mostpowerful world economies of the time:
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the Hispanic and the Chinese,
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the Habsburgs and the Ming.
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In a few decades,from East to West,
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the world becomes aware of its shape,
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and the Hispanic monarchy
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becomes the engineof an unprecedented globalization.
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The history of the Spanish Empireis unknown to most Spaniards;
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it should be known.
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It is worth it.
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No other story can compare.
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There is an entireconnection of cultural,
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scientific and artistic exchange
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between Europe and China.
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Matteo Ricci and Diego de Pantoja,
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a Jesuit missionary from Valdemoro
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arrive in Beijing,
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gain audience
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and present a series of gifts:
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two clocks
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and a clavichord.
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Diego de Pantoja isin charge of teaching how to play
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the first keyboard instrument
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to four eunuchs
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at the Chinese court.
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Right now,
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there is a translation project in China
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due to his greatproduction in Chinese,
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publishing aboutreligion or philosophy…
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but also about music.
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The emperor
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asked for Chinese themes to be played
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with Western instrumentsand vice versa,
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They were looking forthat sonic encounter,
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that miscegenationthat occurred at that time,
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which is afascinating phenomenon.
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The communication betweenthe Ming Empire and the Habsburg Empire
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through the silver trade
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and through the Manila Galleon,
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which is also called Nao of China
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had transcendentalimportance for all humanity.
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A kind of metallic silvermono-standard was established,
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to such an extent thatcountries that did not have it,
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for example,Holland, France or England,
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first needed toget hold of Spanish silver
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if they came to trade with China.
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American silver was also used in India;
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it was used everywhere.
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Spanish silver was theimmense international currency,
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that is why it is thefoundation of the first globalization.
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Why is history so important?
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Sure, professor,history explains the past.
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No, I tell you, son,history does not explain the past;
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history actually explains the present,
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but much more important than that,
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is that he who knows history,
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builds the future.
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You cannot see historypermanently from the present
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as it is being seen;
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judge it from the present,analyze it from the present...
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Spain was a countrythat dominated half the world,
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it had a languagethat half the world spoke,
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its culture expanded enormously.
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Spain needs to recover its history.
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The Roman Empire existed
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and changed the world.
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The Spanish Empire existed
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and changed the world.
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It is a false link to think thatthe Spanish Empire is an issue of Spain.
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No, the Spanish Empireis an issue of the whole world,
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because it changed it,
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and left its blood, its institutions,its life and its way of existing
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through various continents.
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All of those
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are descendants ofthe Spanish Empire as we are.
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Being ashamed ofthat past makes no sense, at all.
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That empire was an amazingmoment in the history of humanity,
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and I don't think anyone
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should be ashamed of it,unless half of humanity
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is determined to beashamed of itself.
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That could happen, right?
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I studied in Galicia,
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and the Catholic Monarchswere the devil there.
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In any subject,Galician language, or history itself...
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the Catholic Monarchs immediatelyappeared like the demon at noon
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and the Black Legend
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was the official historyfrom the point of view
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of education there.
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And yet, as soon as youexplored a little, not too much,
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you began to see the contradictions
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and that something didn't fit.
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From there on, thosecontradictions become, I suppose...
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like the Platonic Cave, right?
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You start to see contradictionsand you want to get out.
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Castile hasa very convulsed 15th century,
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with a major civil war,
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with the presence of Islamin Granada but, to a large extent,
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it was almost an agreedpresence for many years.
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Henry IV of Castile realized,
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after the Turks took Constantinople,
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that there was a medium-term danger
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of Islamic expansion or Turkish supportfor Barbary Islam in North Africa.
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His sister and his successor,Isabel I, already conquered Granada
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between 1482
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and 1491.
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In 1516,
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the Turks were already in Algiers.
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Then it would probablyhave been impossible to conquer Granada.
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In Spain,
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it is assumed thatthe Jews were expelled in 1492,
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without knowing
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that we are the last Europeans
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to expel the Jews
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and, of course, it was done againstthe Catholic Monarchs' desire
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and against
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all the elites of that time.
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In Spain,
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the Jewish minorityin the late Middle Ages
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was the most importantof the entire European diaspora.
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There wereapproximately 380,000 Jews,
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around 7 or 8 percentof the population,
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and around 70,000 or 80,000people were expelled.
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Throughout the entire 15th century,
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all that converted worldgradually assimilated
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into Spanish society.
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There were severalprocesses of attempts to transform
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that Jewish race into converts,
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and that is preciselywhat makes it not racist,
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because what they wanted isto incorporate them as converts.
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In other words, to stop being a Jew,you had to get baptized, that's it.
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That does not make any racist sense:
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If you were Jewfrom a racist point of view,
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like in the 1937 Nuremberg Nazi Laws,
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as much as you were baptized,you would continue being a Jew;
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That transformationwould be worthless then.
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And yet, here of course it was worth it,as the converts also rose socially,
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and tremendously so.
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Most of the Jewish minority converted
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more or less spontaneously.
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I can tell you specific casesof how the Jews were converted
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in Soria or Murcia, for example.
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What happened?
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Mixed marriages, permanently.
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The third generationwas already consolidated.
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There the Holy Officedid not intervene at all.
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From the end of the 14th centuryuntil the Expulsion of the Jews in 1492,
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three-quarters of thatJewish population were converted
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and that is a uniqueand singular phenomenon
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in the entire historyof the European Jew diaspora.
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You ask anyonefrom Gibraltar to the North Cape:
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An expulsion of Jews in Western Europe?
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1492 in Spain.
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And why do you not knowthe dates of the expulsion of Jews
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in the territories of theGermanic Holy Roman Empire?
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Or those in France?
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Or those that have occurred in…?
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No,
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the others don’t matter.
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Only that one matters.
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In 1492, three eventshappened at the same time:
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the end of the Hispano-Muslimperiod in Spanish history;
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secondly,
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the expulsion ofa section of Spanish Jews
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while the others convert or stay…
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and, evidently also,the Discovery of America.
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Actually,
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the expansive possibility thatCastile had with Portugal on one side,
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Aragon on the other,Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in the south,
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was practically a stripof the Andalusian Atlantic.
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Castile will go outto the great expansion
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and will collide withthe interests of Portugal.
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Columbus is a manthat the Portuguese discarded.
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They are not interestedin a bluff move,
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which is to hirethis very strange man
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who says that thereis a route to the west
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and he is going to try to reachAsia by the Western Route.
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Portugal
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already had the Cape Route
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towards the Indian Ocean,
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which was the one that was known
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and the one that led safelyto India and the spice Islands.
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For Castile,
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it meant the possibility offinding a route to the Indies
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without entering Portuguese territory.
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This is probably what madeIsabel and Fernando think
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they could try itat a very low cost,
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just over a million maravedis.
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Castile could not give upon a business like that of spices.
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It is truly boxed in
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and Aragonhas the Mediterranean
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and a whole organized andincredible commercial tradition.
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Therefore, you have to ventureinto unknown spaces,
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and that’s how it was.
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Isabel the Catholic now becomes,
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without opponents,
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the great Queen of Spain.
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She is going to undertakea universal adventure,
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first through thesuppression of Islam,
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and secondly throughthe great opening to America.
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Spain’s action
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is one of the most importantin the history of humanity.
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Discovery is a legal,political, economic, scientific
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and technological factin Western tradition,
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which means that I arrive at a place,
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I proclaim to the other Europeansthat I have arrived there,
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I return home and tell about it
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and then I also manage to returnto the place that I was able to discover.
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When Christopher Columbus returnsfrom that unsuccessful spice attempt,
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he nevertheless brings
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six or seven Taino men and women
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and small pieces of Guanin gold…
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which means he hasreached somewhere interesting.
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The kings haveappointed him Viceroy,
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Admiral, Governor of that place
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and realize that this is a contradiction
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to the modern politicalproject they want to carry out.
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Therefore, they look for someone
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with prestige to be able to neutralize
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the personalisms of Columbus
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and use him for the hegemonic projectthe king and queen have.
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Juan Rodríguez de Fonsecais going to become
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the man of action
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for American projects.
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Every time they have toorganize an expedition,
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he starts from scratch.
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You have to look for money, crew, ships
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and all this is consolidatedand coordinated by Fonseca
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until he dies in 1524.
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Then, there isthe Council of the Indies
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which is basically created toreplace everything Fonseca did.
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Between America and Castile,
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the navigation flow is increasing
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and that must be controlled.
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How?
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In 1503, the Casa de la Contrataciónis created in Seville.
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It will control not only commerce
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and laws
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but also science and technology.
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Pedro Medina’s book
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is the manual
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from which all the othersin Europe will be inspired.
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He is the one who is goingto teach Europeans cosmography;
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Pedro de Medina,
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unknown to practically everyone.
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As Pedro Medina said,
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a current sailoris wiser than Aristotle;
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he knows the worldmore than Aristotle.
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Spain does not merely rise up
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00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:36,240
and that’s it,
270
00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:37,599
as if Finland arose.
271
00:17:37,720 --> 00:17:39,559
No, Spain rises up
272
00:17:39,640 --> 00:17:41,519
and the ancient world collapses,
273
00:17:41,920 --> 00:17:43,240
which is not just anything.
274
00:17:43,559 --> 00:17:45,359
The ancient world collapses,
275
00:17:45,480 --> 00:17:47,640
a fourth continent appearsand, therefore,
276
00:17:47,799 --> 00:17:49,039
the entire world appears.
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00:17:51,319 --> 00:17:53,960
It is the beginning ofthe Scientific Revolution.
278
00:18:00,279 --> 00:18:03,319
This document is one of the key elements
279
00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:06,160
in the history of Globalization
280
00:18:06,480 --> 00:18:08,759
as it proposes
281
00:18:09,079 --> 00:18:15,319
what the Salamanca Academyestablishes for the calendar’s reform.
282
00:18:16,759 --> 00:18:21,119
The calendar, which until thenhad served Western humanity,
283
00:18:21,319 --> 00:18:23,279
had been the Julian Calendar,
284
00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:25,839
established and signedby Julius Caesar
285
00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:28,920
in 46 BC.
286
00:18:30,039 --> 00:18:32,200
The Julian Calendar’s reform
287
00:18:32,279 --> 00:18:34,839
begins preciselyat the University of Salamanca.
288
00:18:34,960 --> 00:18:38,680
There, a series of calculationsare made to close a gap that existed.
289
00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:42,880
The mathematical problemwas that there was no way to match
290
00:18:42,960 --> 00:18:46,240
the Sun's rhythmwith the rhythm of the Moon,
291
00:18:46,359 --> 00:18:48,079
as seen from the Earth.
292
00:18:53,519 --> 00:18:56,440
The struggle for the searchfor a perfect calendar
293
00:18:56,599 --> 00:19:00,400
led to the mobilization ofall the important mathematicians:
294
00:19:00,480 --> 00:19:01,200
Catholics,
295
00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:02,079
Jews,
296
00:19:02,160 --> 00:19:03,079
Arabs...
297
00:19:04,920 --> 00:19:07,559
On February 24, 1582,
298
00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:10,319
the papal bull that startsthe calendar’s reform
299
00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:13,279
is issued by Gregory XIII.
300
00:19:19,920 --> 00:19:22,960
This implied eliminating ten days
301
00:19:23,200 --> 00:19:27,000
in the territories of the Spanish crownor in the papal territories.
302
00:19:27,319 --> 00:19:33,440
October 4, 1582,becomes October 15, 1582.
303
00:19:36,480 --> 00:19:37,880
That reform implied two things:
304
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:39,039
on the one hand,
305
00:19:39,160 --> 00:19:43,119
that the salaries of those ten daysbe deducted for the royal officials,
306
00:19:43,240 --> 00:19:44,839
today’s civil servants.
307
00:19:44,920 --> 00:19:47,759
On the other hand,that debts were not computed.
308
00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:50,079
It seems appropriate tothe Council of the Indies
309
00:19:50,359 --> 00:19:53,079
to send that reform to the new world.
310
00:19:53,400 --> 00:19:57,680
The same thing happensin Mexico, but in 1583,
311
00:19:57,799 --> 00:20:00,400
and it is replicated once more in Peru
312
00:20:00,480 --> 00:20:03,079
and throughout its viceroyalty in 1584.
313
00:20:05,079 --> 00:20:07,559
We find that, by 1586,
314
00:20:07,640 --> 00:20:10,039
it is starting upeven in the Philippines.
315
00:20:10,519 --> 00:20:14,400
That implies, in turn,a global synchrony.
316
00:20:28,599 --> 00:20:33,000
There is a constant use of the past
317
00:20:33,119 --> 00:20:40,880
to say that the Spanish pastis a disaster,
318
00:20:41,160 --> 00:20:44,599
a horror,a colonial state…
319
00:20:44,839 --> 00:20:49,880
and also,another aspect, the Inquisition,
320
00:20:49,960 --> 00:20:52,519
and together with this one,more aspects are added…
321
00:20:52,839 --> 00:20:56,400
This is the idea thatChristians are the bad guys.
322
00:20:56,720 --> 00:20:59,519
This fantasy paradise existed
323
00:20:59,680 --> 00:21:03,680
and then the Christianscame to establish their Inquisition.
324
00:21:03,759 --> 00:21:06,079
More or less,this is the Black Legend.
325
00:21:07,839 --> 00:21:11,359
The Inquisitionoperated before in Europe,
326
00:21:11,519 --> 00:21:13,440
more precisely, in France.
327
00:21:14,359 --> 00:21:18,519
In England, the executionertook the accused to his house
328
00:21:18,599 --> 00:21:20,519
and did what he wanted,
329
00:21:20,720 --> 00:21:25,240
while in Spain there were certain laws.
330
00:21:26,160 --> 00:21:28,160
The Inquisition was born,precisely,
331
00:21:28,240 --> 00:21:30,960
so that the crimeof religious intolerance
332
00:21:31,039 --> 00:21:35,440
is subject to astructured legal process.
333
00:21:37,559 --> 00:21:41,359
It took the territoriesthat did not have it
334
00:21:41,440 --> 00:21:47,160
a long time to be able to tame thecrime of religious dissent of any kind.
335
00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:52,680
Between 1540 and 1700 in Spain,
336
00:21:52,799 --> 00:21:58,559
those rendered to the civil authoritiesto execute punishment at the stake,
337
00:21:58,680 --> 00:22:02,240
were approximately 1,500 people,
338
00:22:02,359 --> 00:22:05,799
of which,approximately half,
339
00:22:05,920 --> 00:22:07,319
were in effigies,
340
00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:09,599
that is,people who had died or were absent.
341
00:22:09,759 --> 00:22:12,119
In 17th and 18th centuries,
342
00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:16,480
witches were burned in France,England or in the United States...
343
00:22:16,559 --> 00:22:18,759
and that is not talked about at all.
344
00:22:22,039 --> 00:22:27,000
Between 1540 and 1700,approximately,
345
00:22:27,359 --> 00:22:33,480
the witches prosecutedwould be around 150 or 200.
346
00:22:34,720 --> 00:22:36,279
And from 1604 onwards,
347
00:22:36,559 --> 00:22:39,279
in the Inquisitorial Courts of Spain,
348
00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:45,680
Italy and the dependenciesin the Courts in the Indies in America,
349
00:22:46,039 --> 00:22:48,359
the three courtsthat existed in the Indies,
350
00:22:48,480 --> 00:22:50,799
there were no more witch procedures,
351
00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:52,079
at all,
352
00:22:52,240 --> 00:22:55,920
unlike what happenedin other parts of Europe.
353
00:22:56,440 --> 00:23:00,960
In the Germanic territories,this figure reached 25,000
354
00:23:01,039 --> 00:23:05,160
and it is possible that it reached100,000 in the whole of Western Europe.
355
00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:12,640
A cosmic confusion occurswhen it is understood that,
356
00:23:12,839 --> 00:23:16,119
since there is no Inquisitionin those countries,
357
00:23:16,359 --> 00:23:19,319
the crime of religious dissentis not prosecuted.
358
00:23:19,440 --> 00:23:20,359
That is false.
359
00:23:20,559 --> 00:23:22,400
In the Protestant territories,
360
00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:26,960
religious crimes becamecrimes against the State,
361
00:23:27,119 --> 00:23:31,640
that is, there was a fusionbetween the Church and the State.
362
00:23:33,519 --> 00:23:36,240
The queen is still the head,
363
00:23:36,519 --> 00:23:39,119
she is the Pope of the Anglican Church
364
00:23:39,279 --> 00:23:43,839
in the same way the Princes of Saxonywere the Popes, of their churches.
365
00:23:46,799 --> 00:23:50,880
Luther was a good servantat the service of those German princes,
366
00:23:51,160 --> 00:23:54,960
who are the great antagonistsof the European project of Charles V,
367
00:23:55,240 --> 00:23:58,920
produces a creaturethat is going to have a very long life,
368
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:01,759
and is going to conditionthe history of the entire West:
369
00:24:01,880 --> 00:24:03,599
propaganda.
370
00:24:04,079 --> 00:24:08,480
What the Protestants,especially the Dutch and the English did
371
00:24:08,720 --> 00:24:12,160
was to take advantageof the printing press
372
00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:16,359
to publish books or pamphlets
373
00:24:16,759 --> 00:24:20,920
in up to fifteen different languages
374
00:24:21,160 --> 00:24:24,279
to discredit the Spanish Empire.
375
00:24:25,519 --> 00:24:28,599
It works like a cartoon, but literary.
376
00:24:29,759 --> 00:24:32,799
Exaggerate features that can harm us,
377
00:24:32,920 --> 00:24:33,960
as a nation,
378
00:24:34,359 --> 00:24:38,559
underline those acts that atcertain times are seen as reprehensible
379
00:24:38,720 --> 00:24:43,240
and omit those features that canfavor us in the international arena.
380
00:25:13,680 --> 00:25:16,599
All anti-Catholic propaganda is,
381
00:25:16,839 --> 00:25:19,440
by definition, anti-Spanish.
382
00:25:20,960 --> 00:25:26,960
It was born to be a way oferoding the Catholic hegemonic power
383
00:25:27,079 --> 00:25:28,480
which was from Spain.
384
00:25:47,519 --> 00:25:51,759
The Germanic lords have the right toimpose their religious option
385
00:25:51,880 --> 00:25:54,599
on the populationof the territory they govern.
386
00:25:54,759 --> 00:25:57,400
This is called religious freedom.
387
00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:03,920
With Luther’s and Calvin’s idea,
388
00:26:04,039 --> 00:26:05,839
in the face of salvation,works are worth nothing,
389
00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:08,200
because otherwise Godwould be a wimp in the hands of man.
390
00:26:08,319 --> 00:26:10,640
Otherwise freedomwould work in the face of salvation,
391
00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:11,880
and it cannot work.
392
00:26:18,079 --> 00:26:20,400
The total attributes of God,
393
00:26:20,400 --> 00:26:23,559
omniscient, omnipotent,allknowing, omnipresent…
394
00:26:23,759 --> 00:26:24,759
would fall apart.
395
00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:26,319
So, if God is all that,
396
00:26:26,640 --> 00:26:27,759
man cannot be free.
397
00:26:27,880 --> 00:26:29,000
This is Luther.
398
00:26:29,680 --> 00:26:31,160
This is Luther,Servo Arbitrio,
399
00:26:31,359 --> 00:26:33,119
Luther,who triggered all this controversy.
400
00:26:35,680 --> 00:26:39,480
Lutheranism is a manifestationof Germanic nationalism
401
00:26:39,559 --> 00:26:43,640
and was deeply markedby that Germanic seal.
402
00:26:43,839 --> 00:26:47,160
The Dutch needed their own heresy
403
00:26:47,359 --> 00:26:49,720
and Calvinism comes to offer them
404
00:26:49,960 --> 00:26:55,279
that ideological ammunitionthat William of Orange totally needs.
405
00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:26,400
Calvinism in Geneva
406
00:27:27,359 --> 00:27:31,759
caused about 500 deaths
407
00:27:32,119 --> 00:27:34,880
in the roughly 20 yearsthat John Calvin
408
00:27:34,960 --> 00:27:36,799
controlled and ruled that city,
409
00:27:37,319 --> 00:27:39,279
a city of about 10,000 inhabitants.
410
00:27:40,240 --> 00:27:42,000
John Calvin has today,
411
00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:43,720
in the Park of the Bastions of Geneva,
412
00:27:43,799 --> 00:27:46,039
a monument several meters high,
413
00:27:47,440 --> 00:27:50,160
placed by the city of Genevato honor its reformer.
414
00:27:50,559 --> 00:27:58,119
If we were to make a monumentto Torquemada, for example,
415
00:27:58,440 --> 00:28:00,960
who caused many fewer deaths,incomparable really,
416
00:28:01,079 --> 00:28:02,640
we would have to leave the country.
417
00:28:02,839 --> 00:28:06,079
It is inconceivable that somethinglike this would happen in Spain,
418
00:28:06,240 --> 00:28:10,160
but it is perfectly conceivablethat it happens in Geneva.
419
00:28:12,319 --> 00:28:15,319
How many people didTorquemada really process?
420
00:28:15,440 --> 00:28:16,880
In 160 years,
421
00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:21,640
1,500 people had been prosecutedat the stake
422
00:28:21,799 --> 00:28:29,720
and that eliminates that simple,manipulable and grotesque idea
423
00:28:29,880 --> 00:28:33,440
that the Tribunal was so bloody.
424
00:28:35,119 --> 00:28:38,839
What we call torture today torture inthe Inquisition was meticulously arranged
425
00:28:39,359 --> 00:28:40,400
and was very limited,
426
00:28:40,480 --> 00:28:42,599
much more thanthat the civil courts of the time.
427
00:28:42,680 --> 00:28:46,319
Of course, the civil courts weremuch crueler and with less guarantee.
428
00:28:46,599 --> 00:28:49,559
The popularity of the inquisitorialissue reaches such extremes
429
00:28:49,640 --> 00:28:51,119
that it has become a real business.
430
00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:52,640
A lot of money is earned by
431
00:28:52,720 --> 00:28:56,480
exhibiting instruments of torture artificially manufactured,
432
00:28:56,559 --> 00:28:59,759
based on images found indifferent parts of Europe
433
00:28:59,839 --> 00:29:03,960
that are not Spanish and have never hadanything to do with the Inquisition,
434
00:29:04,039 --> 00:29:05,519
and that are shown
435
00:29:05,599 --> 00:29:08,119
as if at some point theyhad been used by the Inquisition.
436
00:29:10,759 --> 00:29:12,640
This has not stopped growing,
437
00:29:13,079 --> 00:29:17,519
it manifests itself in textbooks,comics and movies
438
00:29:17,720 --> 00:29:22,920
and in this kind of very crudeand even vulgar falsification.
439
00:29:24,559 --> 00:29:27,680
It is one more development,of the absurd Black Legend
440
00:29:27,759 --> 00:29:30,359
and of the enormous profitabilitythis argument has had
441
00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:31,720
and continues having.
442
00:29:33,119 --> 00:29:35,839
Whoever, withoutmuch information, sees this
443
00:29:35,920 --> 00:29:38,799
is convinced that theseatrocities were a normal practice
444
00:29:38,880 --> 00:29:40,400
in the Spanish Inquisition.
445
00:29:40,519 --> 00:29:43,880
And then, that affects Spain, interms of the image that the country has.
446
00:29:43,960 --> 00:29:47,039
But, everyone is content, you see?And nothing happens.
447
00:29:50,160 --> 00:29:53,759
The Protestants usedthe Spanish Inquisition
448
00:29:53,880 --> 00:29:57,400
to build the mythof the Black Legend.
449
00:29:58,559 --> 00:30:04,079
The English and the Dutch assembleHistory's first propaganda campaign
450
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:06,279
to weaken Spain,
451
00:30:06,559 --> 00:30:12,759
to attack it and to mobilizeother dynasties against it,
452
00:30:13,039 --> 00:30:15,640
because in purely military terms,
453
00:30:15,720 --> 00:30:16,680
they can't do it.
454
00:30:20,880 --> 00:30:22,839
I have studied La Invencible.
455
00:30:24,880 --> 00:30:27,119
I have studied it in my textbooks.
456
00:30:27,240 --> 00:30:29,359
Instead of studyingthe war or who won it,
457
00:30:29,480 --> 00:30:31,279
I have studied La Invencible.
458
00:30:32,559 --> 00:30:34,559
La Invencible wasn’t relevant,
459
00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:36,839
not even in the context of that war
460
00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:41,920
which finally ended with anhonorable defeat on England’s part.
461
00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:46,000
England is quitea minor country at the moment.
462
00:30:46,279 --> 00:30:51,680
We see a bit of the history ofEngland as the great imperial power,
463
00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:54,880
when at this moment it is not.
464
00:30:59,839 --> 00:31:01,680
It was honestly not an invasion attempt.
465
00:31:01,759 --> 00:31:08,400
A large part of the English populationsupported a change of dynasty,
466
00:31:08,559 --> 00:31:10,680
which was reallywhat it was intended to do.
467
00:31:10,960 --> 00:31:15,839
Isabel I is absolutely dependenton a religious schism to be queen.
468
00:31:16,160 --> 00:31:20,400
She cannot reign if thisreligious schism is not consolidated
469
00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:22,319
as she is illegitimate.
470
00:31:25,599 --> 00:31:29,680
She take the opportunity tocontradict something very clear:
471
00:31:29,839 --> 00:31:33,279
"We are people withless force and less power
472
00:31:33,519 --> 00:31:39,000
but God has sent his windsagainst the emperor's ships,
473
00:31:39,519 --> 00:31:40,640
against Philip II
474
00:31:40,759 --> 00:31:42,920
and God is with us."
475
00:31:46,680 --> 00:31:52,920
In its day, it was an act ofaffirmation of the dynasty of Isabel I,
476
00:31:53,079 --> 00:31:55,559
but then, in the 17th century,
477
00:31:55,680 --> 00:32:02,359
that act of affirmation becomesone of the myths of English,
478
00:32:02,480 --> 00:32:04,440
and later British, nationalism.
479
00:32:06,319 --> 00:32:08,400
It makes sense thatEnglish children study it.
480
00:32:08,880 --> 00:32:11,640
But that the Spanishchildren study it, in the same key…
481
00:32:11,799 --> 00:32:17,640
I don't know if what we haveis a suicidal tendency, let's say.
482
00:32:17,720 --> 00:32:19,720
I don't know,something is wrong there.
483
00:32:25,240 --> 00:32:28,799
Textbooks do not adequatelyreflect the history of Spain,
484
00:32:28,920 --> 00:32:29,920
they reflect it very badly.
485
00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:33,720
History, in general, went one wayand the history of America, another.
486
00:32:33,920 --> 00:32:37,599
The proof is in thehigh school textbooks where,
487
00:32:38,440 --> 00:32:41,839
when speaking about America, onlyColumbus and Cortés are mentioned, a bit.
488
00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:43,359
But history is never explained.
489
00:32:43,480 --> 00:32:44,559
It never was.
490
00:32:58,599 --> 00:33:00,759
The conquerors never stopped.
491
00:33:04,640 --> 00:33:06,599
Cortés is a man who succeeds young,
492
00:33:06,839 --> 00:33:12,079
he goes to La Española,to Santo Domingo at the age of 19,
493
00:33:13,559 --> 00:33:16,400
and he is rich in just ten years,
494
00:33:16,640 --> 00:33:18,839
he has responsibilities and herds...
495
00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:22,319
In a manner of speaking,he had no need to get into more trouble.
496
00:33:22,559 --> 00:33:27,319
There is an urge that leadshim to continue later to Cuba,
497
00:33:27,559 --> 00:33:29,839
to listen to the rumorsof the Western Empire
498
00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:32,359
and to become the conqueror of New Spain.
499
00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:46,759
He was a man well aware that he wasopening new horizons for his own time.
500
00:33:47,160 --> 00:33:50,319
Besides, he couldn't sit still,I think he was a hyperactive man.
501
00:33:59,240 --> 00:34:00,839
There is a fascinating moment
502
00:34:00,960 --> 00:34:07,640
when Cortés sendsCarlos I his first letter
503
00:34:07,920 --> 00:34:11,000
with a list including thefamous feathers that are in Vienna
504
00:34:11,079 --> 00:34:12,199
the Aztec plume
505
00:34:12,639 --> 00:34:14,280
and a series of riches,
506
00:34:14,480 --> 00:34:16,079
gold, silver, jade...
507
00:34:16,199 --> 00:34:20,119
The offerings from the Aztecs to scarehim so that Cortés would not advance.
508
00:34:20,239 --> 00:34:22,760
The effect is the oppositeas Cortés has more desire to go there.
509
00:34:22,920 --> 00:34:27,440
Of course, those incredibleriches stimulate his ambition.
510
00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:33,840
Cortés can exercise violence
511
00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:37,440
when he has to exercise itas captain of his army,
512
00:34:37,519 --> 00:34:41,599
but he is also capable of being surprisedand marvel at the American reality,
513
00:34:41,719 --> 00:34:45,840
and not only to marvel butto describe it with enormous detail.
514
00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:56,960
Cortés is Mexico’s inventor
515
00:34:57,280 --> 00:34:59,239
He builds the foundations of a nation.
516
00:34:59,679 --> 00:35:02,760
What more portentous legend than that?
517
00:35:03,800 --> 00:35:07,079
A statesman who createsa new state is a unique case.
518
00:35:07,760 --> 00:35:11,559
He even lays the foundationsof the economic structure of Mexico.
519
00:35:11,719 --> 00:35:12,800
It is awesome.
520
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:19,719
Hernán Cortés isa character off the charts,
521
00:35:19,840 --> 00:35:21,000
he is magnificent.
522
00:35:24,679 --> 00:35:28,199
Cortés, poor him,and a couple of other crazy people;
523
00:35:28,280 --> 00:35:31,239
no dogs, nor horses,arquebuses or anything else.
524
00:35:31,480 --> 00:35:35,199
They could never conqueran empire of a million soldiers
525
00:35:35,280 --> 00:35:38,320
if it was not for the factthat the entire people,
526
00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:42,039
subjugated by the Aztecs,threw themselves into the arms of Cortés
527
00:35:42,199 --> 00:35:48,039
to free themselves from the bloodsacrifice the Aztecs demanded of them.
528
00:35:49,960 --> 00:35:52,159
The famous genocide did not exist.
529
00:35:52,440 --> 00:35:55,760
The conquest of Mexicowas not made by Hernán Cortés,
530
00:35:55,840 --> 00:35:57,280
but rather by the Indians themselves.
531
00:35:57,400 --> 00:35:59,199
Cortés had no idea where he got to,
532
00:35:59,320 --> 00:36:01,519
or how many people inhabited the land,
533
00:36:01,639 --> 00:36:03,679
or who were friends or enemies.
534
00:36:04,639 --> 00:36:06,360
Marina, an Indian nobleman’s daughter,
535
00:36:06,480 --> 00:36:09,239
knew perfectly wellwho she could ally with,
536
00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:15,559
and she was guiding Cortésto build those alliances.
537
00:36:16,880 --> 00:36:22,400
The true architect of theconquest of what is now called Mexico
538
00:36:22,480 --> 00:36:25,800
has been a woman,who is Doña Marina herself.
539
00:36:27,320 --> 00:36:29,519
I ask in class:Who conquered Mexico?
540
00:36:29,639 --> 00:36:32,719
And people look at meas if to say "this has to be a trap."
541
00:36:32,960 --> 00:36:34,719
And someone already says,Hernán Cortés.
542
00:36:34,920 --> 00:36:35,920
No.
543
00:36:37,079 --> 00:36:39,199
It was an alliance,an allied army.
544
00:36:41,960 --> 00:36:45,639
Aztecs were one of many peoples.
545
00:36:45,719 --> 00:36:49,440
Each of these peoplehad their own peculiarity.
546
00:36:49,519 --> 00:36:56,599
Therefore, they offered multipleresponses of fear, alliance or combat
547
00:36:56,840 --> 00:36:59,639
to the Hispanic presence.
548
00:36:59,920 --> 00:37:04,760
This happens when somethingunknown comes into our reality.
549
00:38:02,599 --> 00:38:06,440
The military conquest is notnecessarily carried out by the Spaniards
550
00:38:06,599 --> 00:38:10,039
but by the indigenousMesoamerican in the name of the king,
551
00:38:10,119 --> 00:38:14,079
who conquer the barbarian,semi-nomadic tribes of the North.
552
00:38:14,400 --> 00:38:16,119
That is fascinating,
553
00:38:16,320 --> 00:38:20,960
because they are indeed king’s soldiersand are part of the Spanish army
554
00:38:21,159 --> 00:38:24,559
There is an imageof a chief from Tetzcoco
555
00:38:24,719 --> 00:38:27,559
who was in charge of conqueringthe entire part of Querétaro
556
00:38:27,639 --> 00:38:28,960
in the north part of Mexico
557
00:38:29,159 --> 00:38:32,559
He appears representedwith his General flare
558
00:38:32,679 --> 00:38:35,599
and his cross of Santiagoas Captain of the Spanish army.
559
00:38:35,719 --> 00:38:37,239
He could have been in Flanders,
560
00:38:37,360 --> 00:38:38,480
directly.
561
00:38:46,719 --> 00:38:50,039
He wanted to reach Chinaas he always wanted to go further.
562
00:38:50,119 --> 00:38:53,280
That is a frontierand innovative spirit.
563
00:38:53,360 --> 00:38:56,360
Conquerors are frontier heroes
564
00:38:56,519 --> 00:39:00,400
and I believe that this impulseis that of 16th century Spain.
565
00:39:04,880 --> 00:39:07,800
In 1500, Juan de la Cosa’s mapcan already be drawn,
566
00:39:07,880 --> 00:39:09,280
which is a spectacular advance.
567
00:39:09,880 --> 00:39:16,719
In 1505 onwards, there aremeetings of pilots in all directions.
568
00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:18,559
The entire land of Mexico is traversed.
569
00:39:18,960 --> 00:39:22,800
For an obvious reason, a passagedoes not appear as it does not exist.
570
00:39:22,920 --> 00:39:24,440
There is a decisive point:
571
00:39:25,639 --> 00:39:27,639
Vasco Núñez de Balboa.
572
00:39:27,800 --> 00:39:32,719
On September 29, 1513,he bumps into the Pacific Ocean.
573
00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:37,159
We have reached the other seathrough the isthmus of Panama,
574
00:39:37,840 --> 00:39:41,119
but we do not know howthey connect by sea.
575
00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:50,880
On their return ofevery trip to America,
576
00:39:51,039 --> 00:39:52,960
pilots brought newinformation about the coast
577
00:39:53,039 --> 00:39:58,320
that is then incorporated into a model,which was made in La Casa de la Contratación.
578
00:39:58,480 --> 00:39:59,960
named Padrón Real.
579
00:40:00,079 --> 00:40:01,280
In 1508,
580
00:40:01,519 --> 00:40:03,519
the figure of thePiloto Mayor (Head Pilot)
581
00:40:03,599 --> 00:40:05,599
and this Padrón Real(Royal Register) were created.
582
00:40:07,719 --> 00:40:12,960
Burgos and Seville are the twogreat cosmopolitan cities of the crown.
583
00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:18,320
What is special about Burgos is that,
584
00:40:18,440 --> 00:40:21,119
since mid 15th century,
585
00:40:21,440 --> 00:40:26,119
high-level merchants therehandle a vast amount of money
586
00:40:26,360 --> 00:40:31,719
and have branches in different pointsespecially important for European trade,
587
00:40:31,800 --> 00:40:35,039
such as Amberes, London, Lisbon...
588
00:40:36,199 --> 00:40:38,719
The Haros are one of those families.
589
00:40:39,039 --> 00:40:41,440
They are a converted lineagefamily originally from La Rioja
590
00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:48,199
who usually trade throughthe fairs of Medina del Campo.
591
00:40:52,280 --> 00:40:57,199
Cristobal de Haro is responsiblefor managing the Lisbon branch
592
00:40:57,639 --> 00:41:02,639
and he reaches outwhere there is something to profit.
593
00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:12,480
In 1515,
594
00:41:13,280 --> 00:41:15,280
Juan Díaz de Solísenters the Río de la Plata
595
00:41:15,400 --> 00:41:18,880
He did not know that Cristobal de Harohad already sent an expedition
596
00:41:19,039 --> 00:41:21,320
with the Portuguese to explore the area.
597
00:41:26,559 --> 00:41:30,039
Next step is going further south.
598
00:41:34,519 --> 00:41:40,800
Haro met Fernão Magalhães,Fernando de Magallanes, in Lisbon.
599
00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:48,719
They were both angrywith the king of Portugal,
600
00:41:48,920 --> 00:41:53,800
and somehow, they understand that theirbest chance is going to be in Castile.
601
00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:02,360
Haro's role will befundamentally financial.
602
00:42:02,519 --> 00:42:05,480
He was, together withJuan de Fonseca, the shipowner.
603
00:42:09,199 --> 00:42:14,519
Magallanes,who was a naturalized Spaniard.
604
00:42:14,880 --> 00:42:17,639
carried all the weight of the expedition.
605
00:42:19,920 --> 00:42:21,320
He manages to take the step
606
00:42:23,760 --> 00:42:24,960
from the North Sea
607
00:42:26,760 --> 00:42:27,880
to the South Sea.
608
00:42:29,960 --> 00:42:33,960
The dimension ofthe Pacific is established here.
609
00:42:34,039 --> 00:42:36,400
There was a seabetween Asia and America,
610
00:42:36,719 --> 00:42:38,920
which is the largestbody of water on the planet.
611
00:42:39,199 --> 00:42:41,199
Until that momentthis was not known.
612
00:42:50,840 --> 00:42:52,880
And with this, an ordeal begins.
613
00:42:52,960 --> 00:42:56,320
Day by day,the Pacific is killing people.
614
00:43:05,840 --> 00:43:07,000
When he got to the Philippines,
615
00:43:07,280 --> 00:43:08,159
to Cebu,
616
00:43:08,480 --> 00:43:09,840
Magallanes is almost a missionary.
617
00:43:09,920 --> 00:43:12,320
He starts preaching and so on.
618
00:43:12,400 --> 00:43:14,440
- Bring me the gifts for King Humabón.
619
00:43:14,559 --> 00:43:15,280
- Yes, my captain.
620
00:43:17,039 --> 00:43:20,400
- These are gifts thatI offer you, and you, madam
621
00:43:21,079 --> 00:43:22,599
They are fabrics from Spain.
622
00:43:22,920 --> 00:43:28,320
In Cebu, King Humabónand his wife are baptized.
623
00:43:28,519 --> 00:43:32,440
King Humabón isnamed after Emperor Carlos,
624
00:43:32,719 --> 00:43:34,960
and his wife,is named after Carlos’ mother
625
00:43:35,039 --> 00:43:36,440
who was Queen Juana,
626
00:43:36,519 --> 00:43:38,920
the so-called Juana la Loca.
627
00:43:40,440 --> 00:43:44,719
But the queen is cravingthat statue of baby Jesus.
628
00:43:44,960 --> 00:43:45,719
Therefore,
629
00:43:45,880 --> 00:43:46,800
Magallanes,
630
00:43:47,199 --> 00:43:50,480
as a sign of friendship and goodwill,
631
00:43:50,760 --> 00:43:55,119
donates that statueof the Cebu child
632
00:43:55,280 --> 00:43:57,280
to Queen Juana.
633
00:44:01,800 --> 00:44:05,320
Magallanes gets into a warthat was not his with Lapu Lapu,
634
00:44:05,480 --> 00:44:09,280
who has a tremendousbronze sculpture in the Philippines.
635
00:44:13,119 --> 00:44:16,719
The soldier Lapu Lapu kills Magallanes.
636
00:44:17,519 --> 00:44:21,320
The Spaniardswalk away and flee.
637
00:44:21,880 --> 00:44:26,440
The child Jesusis left abandoned in Cebu,
638
00:44:26,800 --> 00:44:29,039
and what do theindigenous people do with that child?
639
00:44:29,119 --> 00:44:30,119
They worshipped him.
640
00:44:30,199 --> 00:44:31,280
When it wasn't raining,
641
00:44:31,360 --> 00:44:34,400
they took that statueof the child from Cebu
642
00:44:34,559 --> 00:44:36,159
and carried it to the sea.
643
00:44:36,400 --> 00:44:38,360
They soaked it in the sea
644
00:44:38,480 --> 00:44:41,320
and they did not remove itfrom there until it rained.
645
00:44:41,960 --> 00:44:44,639
For forty-four years,
646
00:44:44,800 --> 00:44:51,039
this baby Jesus becamethe God of Water for the Filipinos,
647
00:44:51,239 --> 00:44:55,679
the God who attractedrain in times of drought.
648
00:44:59,480 --> 00:45:03,079
There is confusion amongthose who succeed him.
649
00:45:03,159 --> 00:45:05,400
They lose ten months in Asia,
650
00:45:05,880 --> 00:45:10,320
and when Elcano andGómez-Espinosa finally take charge
651
00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:11,960
of the two remaining ships,
652
00:45:12,159 --> 00:45:13,280
they go to the Moluccas.
653
00:45:13,360 --> 00:45:17,360
That is to say, they fulfill theobjective for what had been organized,
654
00:45:17,440 --> 00:45:19,519
which is to get to the spices,
655
00:45:19,599 --> 00:45:22,280
the richest commoditythere was at that time.
656
00:45:24,360 --> 00:45:26,360
The value was incalculable,
657
00:45:26,719 --> 00:45:28,320
more than gold, in weight
658
00:45:28,920 --> 00:45:35,559
and, at that time, it was considereda valid element against Black Death.
659
00:45:36,320 --> 00:45:40,880
When it reached Europe,
660
00:45:41,079 --> 00:45:46,599
its yields were10,000% at its highest.
661
00:45:47,000 --> 00:45:49,840
Above all, clove and nutmeg,
662
00:45:49,960 --> 00:45:52,760
which are unique spices,rare in the world,
663
00:45:52,840 --> 00:45:55,679
that appeared naturally in those islands.
664
00:46:00,840 --> 00:46:04,800
Above all,spices bring sophistication, right?
665
00:46:05,039 --> 00:46:06,960
If there were spices,
666
00:46:07,360 --> 00:46:09,800
the dishes were much tastier.
667
00:46:09,920 --> 00:46:14,159
It was like today’s caviar or truffle.
668
00:46:17,840 --> 00:46:21,599
Elcano trades there with clove,the most valuable spice.
669
00:46:23,760 --> 00:46:28,559
He loads the Nao Victoria with it,and says, now I'm leaving, but which way?
670
00:46:28,639 --> 00:46:29,679
There were two ships,
671
00:46:29,800 --> 00:46:31,639
his and the Trinidad,
672
00:46:32,079 --> 00:46:34,159
led by Gómez de Espinosa,another great man.
673
00:46:34,280 --> 00:46:35,519
Gómez Espinosa says:
674
00:46:35,639 --> 00:46:39,599
the shortest way isto go towards America,
675
00:46:39,679 --> 00:46:42,280
but we aretrying a new way back.
676
00:46:42,559 --> 00:46:43,760
He doesn't make it.
677
00:46:45,280 --> 00:46:49,119
Actually, the decision to go aroundthe world was Elcano's in the Moluccas.
678
00:46:52,880 --> 00:46:55,159
Elcano devised amore ingenious solution,
679
00:46:55,239 --> 00:46:58,239
which was to try to usethe Portuguese route,
680
00:46:58,320 --> 00:47:00,480
trying not to run into the Portuguese.
681
00:47:00,639 --> 00:47:01,920
That was his success.
682
00:47:02,880 --> 00:47:06,239
Elcano's action hasan impressive intrepidity.
683
00:47:06,360 --> 00:47:11,840
The journey from Timorto Cape Verde is impressive.
684
00:47:11,960 --> 00:47:13,039
An ocean liner doesn't do that.
685
00:47:13,159 --> 00:47:15,679
Nao Victoria,which was the most modern ship,
686
00:47:15,760 --> 00:47:17,320
consisted of floating wooden planks.
687
00:47:17,440 --> 00:47:19,079
It was the one with the best caulking,
688
00:47:19,159 --> 00:47:21,280
and that was probablywhat allowed it to hold.
689
00:47:21,440 --> 00:47:24,760
Because the return from Cape Verdeto Sanlúcar de Barrameda is terrible.
690
00:47:31,119 --> 00:47:33,480
Those who have to saila ship that involves fifty people
691
00:47:33,559 --> 00:47:35,159
are indeed eighteen.
692
00:47:35,360 --> 00:47:37,280
They are baling water,they are defeated.
693
00:47:37,400 --> 00:47:40,880
It was very hard becausethey were going with very few troops.
694
00:47:44,079 --> 00:47:47,320
There are no continentsdividing the seas;
695
00:47:47,400 --> 00:47:51,199
the entire planetcan be crossed by sea.
696
00:48:00,000 --> 00:48:02,159
A comparison is madewith the arrival to the Moon…
697
00:48:02,280 --> 00:48:07,760
I believe the trip around the world wasmuch more important than that event.
698
00:48:09,639 --> 00:48:13,199
When they arrive to CapeVerde Islands they are one day late.
699
00:48:13,280 --> 00:48:15,199
The Portuguese saythat it is Thursday,
700
00:48:15,320 --> 00:48:17,840
but their charts saythat it is Wednesday.
701
00:48:18,159 --> 00:48:20,840
That means that the Earthis spinning on its own axis,
702
00:48:21,360 --> 00:48:23,519
that is, it is a spinning globe.
703
00:48:23,639 --> 00:48:26,480
For the first time ever,this is verified.
704
00:48:27,079 --> 00:48:30,920
The same year thatMagallanes' expedition begins,
705
00:48:31,199 --> 00:48:35,519
the city of Veracruzand Panama City are founded,
706
00:48:36,199 --> 00:48:40,840
and Carlos I is elected,not crowned, as emperor.
707
00:48:46,199 --> 00:48:48,760
King Carlos I,who was young but no stupid
708
00:48:48,880 --> 00:48:54,360
understands that he has to have a realinvestment to ensure some benefits.
709
00:48:54,800 --> 00:48:59,719
Haro tried to make the trip a privateinitiative so the crown could not enter.
710
00:48:59,920 --> 00:49:02,679
In the end,it is going to be a joint venture.
711
00:49:06,599 --> 00:49:10,719
In this Armada Haro investedalmost 2,000,000 maravedis
712
00:49:10,880 --> 00:49:14,239
and the Crown around 6,500,000.
713
00:49:17,920 --> 00:49:19,719
There were enormous benefits,
714
00:49:19,840 --> 00:49:23,000
if we put asidethe number of lives it cost.
715
00:49:25,920 --> 00:49:29,119
The coverage ofthe entire investment is made
716
00:49:29,639 --> 00:49:33,519
with just one of the five ships.
717
00:49:35,480 --> 00:49:38,800
What they carry is so valuable…
718
00:49:39,039 --> 00:49:41,960
Expenses were coveredand money was earned.
719
00:49:46,000 --> 00:49:47,760
A few months after Elcano’s return,
720
00:49:47,840 --> 00:49:50,199
we already have a map on the table.
721
00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:51,400
The following year,
722
00:49:51,639 --> 00:49:53,159
in 1523,
723
00:49:53,719 --> 00:49:56,840
Nuño García de Toreno made the first map
724
00:49:57,079 --> 00:50:00,760
in which the American continent andthe Pacific Ocean were already included.
725
00:50:00,960 --> 00:50:05,719
That is, a world mapas we find them today.
726
00:50:07,320 --> 00:50:10,159
At the same timethat a cartography is being made
727
00:50:10,840 --> 00:50:13,719
for precisely that conquest of space,
728
00:50:14,039 --> 00:50:19,079
the conquest of time is taking placein a synchronic and coordinated way.
729
00:50:19,239 --> 00:50:24,440
The network we would calllongitude and latitude today
730
00:50:24,519 --> 00:50:27,159
is being formedthrough that circumnavigation
731
00:50:27,239 --> 00:50:29,000
and Iberian expansion in the world.
732
00:50:31,480 --> 00:50:34,440
All the continents and oceansbegin to be placed as they should.
733
00:50:34,519 --> 00:50:36,760
Not only America, but Europeand Asia are also discovered,
734
00:50:36,840 --> 00:50:37,840
everything is discovered...
735
00:50:37,920 --> 00:50:42,239
For the first time, the globeand the orb are discovered.
736
00:50:42,360 --> 00:50:44,360
Continents, seas and oceansbegin to be distributed
737
00:50:44,440 --> 00:50:48,559
in conditions that adjustto the one and only geographical reality.
738
00:51:47,960 --> 00:51:50,599
What bothered many people the most
739
00:51:50,920 --> 00:51:58,480
was precisely that Spainbuilt the first overseas world empire,
740
00:51:58,639 --> 00:52:01,320
because there are two oceans in between
741
00:52:01,400 --> 00:52:03,079
the Atlantic and the Pacific.
742
00:52:03,679 --> 00:52:07,400
Even the Black Legendis still manifesting itself,
743
00:52:07,519 --> 00:52:08,960
and it has continued to function.
744
00:52:09,039 --> 00:52:10,920
There is no doubt that the Black Legend
745
00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:13,039
is the most perfectwork of political marketing.
746
00:52:13,119 --> 00:52:18,000
Never in the history of humanityhas there been a lie turned into truth
747
00:52:18,159 --> 00:52:19,480
that lasted so long.
748
00:52:19,639 --> 00:52:24,280
All the countries that have hadpower at some point in their lives
749
00:52:24,400 --> 00:52:27,400
have always had peoplewho have denigrated them.
750
00:52:27,559 --> 00:52:31,960
We can call it Black Legend, propagandaor a denigration of the contrary.
751
00:52:33,159 --> 00:52:34,880
Our case is a special one.
752
00:52:35,119 --> 00:52:36,239
How is it different?
753
00:52:36,320 --> 00:52:39,800
In the fact that we assume itfrom the first moment,
754
00:52:40,320 --> 00:52:43,800
and we rejoicein that external denigration.
755
00:52:47,159 --> 00:52:51,280
The hatred of Spain leads to admittingthe Black Legend in a complete way,
756
00:52:51,599 --> 00:52:53,840
which does not mean that therewere errors, because there were.
757
00:52:54,079 --> 00:52:56,039
There were acts of violence
758
00:52:56,119 --> 00:52:58,480
because the companywas a company of men, not angels.
759
00:52:58,760 --> 00:53:01,199
It would be stupid to thinkthat it was a company of angels,
760
00:53:01,280 --> 00:53:02,639
it was a company of men.
761
00:53:02,960 --> 00:53:05,559
And men are like that,sometimes violent, sometimes they love,
762
00:53:05,639 --> 00:53:07,400
sometimes they fight,sometimes they hate,
763
00:53:07,559 --> 00:53:08,639
sometimes they detest...
764
00:53:08,760 --> 00:53:10,960
they have sublime actsand horrible acts,
765
00:53:11,480 --> 00:53:16,519
Using only one part of that,as when you believe the Black Legend
766
00:53:16,719 --> 00:53:19,519
the legend the enemyinvented about them,
767
00:53:19,679 --> 00:53:22,199
they begin to havea hatred for themselves
768
00:53:22,400 --> 00:53:24,039
a contempt for themselves.
769
00:53:24,280 --> 00:53:27,360
In reality, a lower value,
770
00:53:27,599 --> 00:53:29,920
that is, to considerthemselves less than they were.
771
00:53:31,159 --> 00:53:33,360
All good things have been forgotten.
772
00:53:33,519 --> 00:53:40,920
You still hear nonsenseabout the Conquest of America
773
00:53:41,199 --> 00:53:45,679
and children and generationshave not been educated
774
00:53:45,920 --> 00:53:48,400
in the objectivity of history.
775
00:53:49,639 --> 00:53:52,760
Spain not onlydiscovered that new continent,
776
00:53:52,840 --> 00:53:56,280
but also brought Western,European cultures there.
777
00:53:56,719 --> 00:53:59,039
It opened printing presses,universities,
778
00:53:59,079 --> 00:54:01,239
the magnificenturbanism that it developed
779
00:54:01,360 --> 00:54:05,920
and, above all, a Laws ofthe Indies by which the Indians
780
00:54:06,000 --> 00:54:08,320
were equal subjectsof the kings of Spain,
781
00:54:08,400 --> 00:54:12,880
as non-Indians of European Spain were.
782
00:54:13,719 --> 00:54:15,360
The subjects of Felipe IV…
783
00:54:15,760 --> 00:54:17,760
All are subjects of Felipe IV,
784
00:54:17,840 --> 00:54:21,000
the Indians, the non-Indians,the mestizos, the non-mestizos,
785
00:54:21,159 --> 00:54:24,119
who are born in Europeor are born in America.
786
00:54:25,199 --> 00:54:27,239
Colonialism is something else entirely.
787
00:54:27,360 --> 00:54:31,000
It is a model of expansion based onthe difference between the metropolis
788
00:54:31,079 --> 00:54:32,199
and its colonies.
789
00:54:33,840 --> 00:54:36,480
England did notgenerate other Englands.
790
00:54:36,760 --> 00:54:39,039
Spain did generate other Spains.
791
00:54:42,199 --> 00:54:43,719
It was incorporating territories
792
00:54:43,880 --> 00:54:46,320
and to all of themit brought their ways of life,
793
00:54:46,400 --> 00:54:49,320
their rights,their aqueducts, their societies,
794
00:54:49,480 --> 00:54:51,039
their organizational systems...
795
00:54:51,119 --> 00:54:55,920
Spain is going to completely sow allof Spanish America with universities...
796
00:54:56,079 --> 00:54:58,440
And there is a rosary of universities.
797
00:54:58,599 --> 00:55:00,800
Lima’s University,
798
00:55:00,920 --> 00:55:03,119
the University ofSan Marcos de Lima,
799
00:55:03,199 --> 00:55:05,280
was founded almostseventy years earlier than
800
00:55:05,480 --> 00:55:09,599
what we could consider the first NorthAmerican university, which is Harvard.
801
00:55:10,880 --> 00:55:13,079
When the English founded Harvard,
802
00:55:13,519 --> 00:55:16,239
Spain had alreadyfounded ten universities.
803
00:55:16,400 --> 00:55:19,480
It is always said thatSpain had sent criminals,
804
00:55:19,679 --> 00:55:23,239
swineherds, pig farmerslike Pizarro, right?
805
00:55:25,800 --> 00:55:30,440
The Spanish Empire did not exportsomething worse than themselves,
806
00:55:30,519 --> 00:55:32,920
but the best of themselves.
807
00:55:33,079 --> 00:55:36,360
The best teachersin Spain come to America.
808
00:55:36,800 --> 00:55:38,400
They go to Mexico and to Peru.
809
00:55:39,239 --> 00:55:41,960
And one looks at those universities
810
00:55:42,400 --> 00:55:44,079
and they had the same privileges
811
00:55:44,159 --> 00:55:46,800
and the same conditionsas the University of Salamanca.
812
00:55:50,639 --> 00:55:52,239
It had always been said
813
00:55:52,320 --> 00:55:57,719
that Spain had not participated inwhat had been the scientific revolution.
814
00:55:57,800 --> 00:55:58,719
However,
815
00:55:58,840 --> 00:56:02,519
at the University of Salamanca,there are great discoveries of physics,
816
00:56:02,639 --> 00:56:03,719
of the Earth.
817
00:56:03,840 --> 00:56:06,960
In 1555,Domingo de Soto
818
00:56:07,039 --> 00:56:11,480
formulates in a bookthe law of free fall,
819
00:56:11,599 --> 00:56:14,679
but in the books thatwe have read as children,
820
00:56:14,800 --> 00:56:17,920
it is written that it hadonly been discovered by Galileo Galilei,
821
00:56:18,000 --> 00:56:19,840
sixty three years later.
822
00:56:20,239 --> 00:56:22,559
Or, for example, in 1529,
823
00:56:22,719 --> 00:56:26,559
there was a rector of the Universityof Salamanca named Pérez de Oliva.
824
00:56:26,719 --> 00:56:29,679
who was explaining some new things,
825
00:56:29,800 --> 00:56:31,679
among them magnetism.
826
00:56:31,840 --> 00:56:33,400
According to science books,
827
00:56:33,480 --> 00:56:38,559
magnetism is something invented byor that appears in Gilbert's first book
828
00:56:38,679 --> 00:56:40,440
from 1600.
829
00:56:40,760 --> 00:56:42,239
The same happens in medicine.
830
00:56:42,320 --> 00:56:45,440
The solutions to the subjectof syphilis by Doctor Villalobos,
831
00:56:45,559 --> 00:56:50,960
or the discovery of theear bones and the skull's structure
832
00:56:51,079 --> 00:56:55,760
by Doctor Cosme de Medinaor his student, Doctor Collado.
833
00:56:58,480 --> 00:57:03,039
In 1516, Pedro Ciruelo publishedfor the first time in Salamanca,
834
00:57:03,119 --> 00:57:05,199
a complete Treatise on Mathematics.
835
00:57:07,760 --> 00:57:08,519
Here,
836
00:57:08,599 --> 00:57:14,239
Acosta's book on the Natural Historyof the Indies was written and published,
837
00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:18,119
in which twovery important elements appear:
838
00:57:18,559 --> 00:57:21,119
Darwin's evolutionary theory
839
00:57:21,239 --> 00:57:24,320
two hundred fifty years before Darwin
840
00:57:25,840 --> 00:57:29,559
and the Humboldt Current Theory,
841
00:57:29,679 --> 00:57:32,840
which in this case was discoveredby Humboldt in the 19th century.
842
00:57:33,000 --> 00:57:37,119
It appears in Acosta's workpublished here.
843
00:57:37,239 --> 00:57:38,039
That is to say,
844
00:57:38,119 --> 00:57:42,039
Salamanca was a leader in knowledge
845
00:57:42,239 --> 00:57:46,079
and still today,we continue to enjoy its results.
846
00:57:49,400 --> 00:57:53,400
There were a lot of positions in Spain,
847
00:57:53,920 --> 00:57:56,800
from Father Las Casas to Fonseca.
848
00:57:56,920 --> 00:57:58,719
There are many very diverse approaches,
849
00:57:58,800 --> 00:58:01,800
it is not possible to givea single and monolithic answer.
850
00:58:04,519 --> 00:58:08,119
Perhaps, the man whohas gone the furthest in his vision
851
00:58:08,239 --> 00:58:10,000
was Father Vitoria.
852
00:58:12,239 --> 00:58:19,360
Do we legitimately have the possibilityof having sovereignty over America?
853
00:58:20,960 --> 00:58:24,800
There should be a people's law above all,
854
00:58:24,880 --> 00:58:26,079
and to which all,
855
00:58:26,280 --> 00:58:31,239
winners and losers,had to be accountable.
856
00:58:34,760 --> 00:58:38,639
From there,the Salamanca School was born,
857
00:58:38,800 --> 00:58:42,360
but it does not stoprevealing a philosophical
858
00:58:42,440 --> 00:58:44,360
and legal valuation of persons.
859
00:58:47,800 --> 00:58:50,079
Castile, or Spain, has arrived,
860
00:58:50,199 --> 00:58:53,559
and has imposed its lawbecause it is the victor.
861
00:58:53,920 --> 00:58:57,039
But what he proposes isthat it is possible to evangelize
862
00:58:57,159 --> 00:58:59,159
without conquering.
863
00:59:03,079 --> 00:59:06,599
Basically, from there on,an extremely interesting development
864
00:59:06,760 --> 00:59:09,119
will take placein the Salamanca School,
865
00:59:09,239 --> 00:59:11,760
which is, somehow,one of the great legacies
866
00:59:11,880 --> 00:59:13,800
of our story.
867
00:59:18,880 --> 00:59:20,599
If one crosses the Atlantic,
868
00:59:20,719 --> 00:59:23,440
goes through the baquía,baquía is the tropical fever,
869
00:59:23,519 --> 00:59:25,119
the drowsiness, the adaptation…
870
00:59:25,320 --> 00:59:26,440
You survive
871
00:59:26,599 --> 00:59:29,599
and become a veteranof the Antillean frontier.
872
00:59:30,000 --> 00:59:33,000
It is a very risky enterprise,
873
00:59:33,159 --> 00:59:35,239
comparable to thefirst circumnavigation.
874
00:59:36,400 --> 00:59:38,840
nineteen out of two hundred forty-five arrive.
875
00:59:39,239 --> 00:59:41,719
One would hire life insurance for that trip…
876
00:59:44,039 --> 00:59:48,360
All the sailors who embarkedmade a will before leaving.
877
01:00:08,320 --> 01:00:11,199
There is neither a coursenor a road or route
878
01:00:11,360 --> 01:00:15,239
that leads fromFar East Asia to America,
879
01:00:15,360 --> 01:00:19,320
which is the way back so asnot to run into the Portuguese way.
880
01:00:19,519 --> 01:00:22,199
That must be discoveredso a first attempt is made,
881
01:00:22,280 --> 01:00:24,280
followed by a second,a third, a fourth, a fifth...
882
01:00:24,360 --> 01:00:25,320
All failed.
883
01:00:28,639 --> 01:00:34,440
In 1559, Felipe II wrote a letteraddressed to Fray Andrés de Urdaneta.
884
01:00:34,880 --> 01:00:36,679
What does a king say to a friar?
885
01:00:36,840 --> 01:00:44,960
Felipe II notes that Urdaneta saysthat he is able to bring the ships back,
886
01:00:45,079 --> 01:00:46,960
from the Philippines to Mexico.
887
01:00:47,159 --> 01:00:50,599
Urdaneta was ordained a priest,
888
01:00:50,679 --> 01:00:52,159
became an Augustinian,
889
01:00:52,360 --> 01:00:54,840
and was a professorat the seminary in Mexico.
890
01:00:55,000 --> 01:01:00,519
Already sixty-five years oldhe began, with a renewed spirit,
891
01:01:00,800 --> 01:01:02,639
to plan that expedition.
892
01:01:02,760 --> 01:01:07,639
Urdaneta is the one who choosesLegazpi as head of the expedition.
893
01:01:07,760 --> 01:01:11,360
Legazpi and Friar Urdaneta,
894
01:01:11,960 --> 01:01:13,559
the cosmographer,
895
01:01:13,719 --> 01:01:16,400
the adventurer, a character too…
896
01:01:16,719 --> 01:01:18,760
Both of them are incredible characters.
897
01:01:20,440 --> 01:01:23,079
They set sail from Mexico,from Puerto de Navidad,
898
01:01:23,840 --> 01:01:26,800
with a practically secret destination.
899
01:01:26,920 --> 01:01:30,679
In fact, it is readwhen they are already at sea,
900
01:01:31,000 --> 01:01:35,159
and Miguel López de Legazpireads the orders to the crew.
901
01:01:35,400 --> 01:01:38,400
They don't go to the spices,they go to the Philippine Islands.
902
01:01:42,320 --> 01:01:44,440
There are seven expeditionsone after another,
903
01:01:45,079 --> 01:01:48,800
spending money, blood,time and what there was not...
904
01:01:48,920 --> 01:01:50,960
Until the genius Urdaneta arrives,
905
01:01:51,119 --> 01:01:53,400
and says no, I am goingand I am coming back.
906
01:01:54,960 --> 01:01:59,280
He knew that he had tonavigate to a northern parallel,
907
01:01:59,400 --> 01:02:02,400
the closer to the40th parallel the better,
908
01:02:02,519 --> 01:02:06,119
so the winds and currents
909
01:02:06,199 --> 01:02:10,280
were conducive to finally reachthe West Coast of the United States,
910
01:02:10,440 --> 01:02:14,960
around California, and thengo down to what is now Acapulco.
911
01:02:16,440 --> 01:02:20,840
Urdaneta himself is the one who insistson Acapulco to be the port of departure
912
01:02:20,920 --> 01:02:23,079
and entry for those galleons.
913
01:02:24,480 --> 01:02:27,159
Very shortly after, in 1571,
914
01:02:27,320 --> 01:02:30,639
Miguel López de Legazpifounded the city of Manila,
915
01:02:30,719 --> 01:02:32,480
and from that bay
916
01:02:32,760 --> 01:02:38,000
it was finally possible to maintaincommercial relations across the Pacific.
917
01:02:40,519 --> 01:02:43,119
From that moment on,that astral conjunction is produced:
918
01:02:43,199 --> 01:02:45,880
Urdaneta's return trip
919
01:02:46,000 --> 01:02:49,000
and the crown of Portugal to Felipe II.
920
01:02:49,119 --> 01:02:52,000
Then, my dear friend,the total panic attack.
921
01:02:53,239 --> 01:02:54,760
From 1580 onwards,
922
01:02:54,840 --> 01:02:56,960
the entire Asian market
923
01:02:57,079 --> 01:02:59,159
is in the hands ofthe Hispanic Monarchy.
924
01:03:00,519 --> 01:03:04,119
They achieved whatthey had been looking for
925
01:03:04,239 --> 01:03:06,199
since the end of the 15th century.
926
01:03:10,280 --> 01:03:14,519
This explains theparoxysm in the rebellions
927
01:03:14,599 --> 01:03:16,599
that take place in the Netherlands.
928
01:03:16,719 --> 01:03:20,679
There is a commercialaspect that is normally ignored.
929
01:03:20,880 --> 01:03:24,119
You just have to seehow the dates coincide,
930
01:03:24,400 --> 01:03:26,519
and that helps tounderstand a lot of things.
931
01:03:49,199 --> 01:03:52,840
In the first meetingbetween China and the West,
932
01:03:53,239 --> 01:03:55,280
the Hispanic link is key.
933
01:03:57,079 --> 01:04:05,239
It is the Spanish who become catalystsfor this economic and cultural exchange
934
01:04:05,320 --> 01:04:07,480
between China and the West.
935
01:04:10,440 --> 01:04:13,639
I think there is no realawareness of the importance
936
01:04:13,719 --> 01:04:18,639
the connection that existed between theHabsburg Empire and the Ming Empire had.
937
01:04:20,440 --> 01:04:23,480
Butter and sugar began to appear,
938
01:04:23,559 --> 01:04:27,199
which were things thatdid not exist in the Chinese Empire.
939
01:04:29,920 --> 01:04:33,079
It is providentialwhen the Spanish arrive.
940
01:04:33,239 --> 01:04:35,320
They arrive at the right time.
941
01:04:48,280 --> 01:04:50,599
China is increasingly demanding
942
01:04:50,719 --> 01:04:53,719
that the payment to the public treasuryshould be made in silver,
943
01:04:53,800 --> 01:04:58,000
and that only metallic payments in silverand nothing else would be accepted.
944
01:04:59,960 --> 01:05:04,880
But China had very feworiginal sources of silver.
945
01:05:04,960 --> 01:05:09,239
The sources, the silverremittances, were also huge,
946
01:05:09,320 --> 01:05:13,159
those that come from the American mines,mainly from the Zacatecas in New Spain,
947
01:05:13,239 --> 01:05:16,480
and from Potosíin the Viceroyalty of Peru.
948
01:05:20,000 --> 01:05:21,920
Through Manila,
949
01:05:22,000 --> 01:05:25,840
which is the place ofexchange with the Chinese
950
01:05:26,039 --> 01:05:28,000
who come from the shores of Fujian,
951
01:05:28,400 --> 01:05:33,480
an economy generatesthat will transform the world’s finance.
952
01:05:34,840 --> 01:05:37,719
With China being the mostpopulous country on Earth,
953
01:05:38,079 --> 01:05:41,280
the conversion of its economy
954
01:05:41,480 --> 01:05:43,280
around the silver standard
955
01:05:43,400 --> 01:05:46,119
will have effects around the globe.
956
01:05:47,920 --> 01:05:48,920
For the first time,
957
01:05:49,039 --> 01:05:51,880
there is a standard, silver,
958
01:05:52,400 --> 01:05:53,920
as a medium of exchange,
959
01:05:54,119 --> 01:05:55,639
as a monetary unit.
960
01:05:57,880 --> 01:06:00,320
The Real-de-a-Ocho is a Spanish coin
961
01:06:01,280 --> 01:06:06,480
whose launch andabove all, its later development,
962
01:06:06,800 --> 01:06:08,719
coincides with theConquest and the Empire.
963
01:06:10,239 --> 01:06:15,159
After it is minted with new methodsthat make counterfeiting more difficult,
964
01:06:15,320 --> 01:06:19,039
and maintains value,weight and measure,
965
01:06:19,159 --> 01:06:21,800
the Real-de-a-Ochobecomes international currency.
966
01:06:24,840 --> 01:06:25,920
In the United States,
967
01:06:26,480 --> 01:06:30,639
the Spanish Milled Dollar,the Spanish minted dollar
968
01:06:30,760 --> 01:06:32,599
is the monetary standard for the dollar.
969
01:06:34,199 --> 01:06:38,000
Even the symbol is createdwith the two columns of Plus Ultra
970
01:06:38,280 --> 01:06:40,960
and the tie that joins the columns.
971
01:06:41,159 --> 01:06:42,800
That is the symbol's origin.
972
01:06:46,679 --> 01:06:50,679
Many think that much of America's silverended up in Spain, and it did not.
973
01:06:50,760 --> 01:06:55,159
A third of the American Spanish silverended up in China.
974
01:06:55,280 --> 01:06:57,880
They added engravings to thosecoins to give them circulation.
975
01:06:57,920 --> 01:07:01,199
They came out with some engravings,which they called Chops.
976
01:07:01,719 --> 01:07:05,039
They were Chinese characters,sometimes conventional characters,
977
01:07:05,159 --> 01:07:07,239
or sometimes the merchant's signature,
978
01:07:07,440 --> 01:07:09,400
Chong, Cheng, Li...
979
01:07:11,360 --> 01:07:14,199
Keep in mind that thePhilippines was the bazaar of the East.
980
01:07:15,800 --> 01:07:19,280
The Chinese say:The Spanish are interested in this.
981
01:07:19,519 --> 01:07:23,159
Well, we are going tobring porcelain to them.
982
01:07:23,280 --> 01:07:24,920
Are they interested in silk?We bring silk.
983
01:07:25,000 --> 01:07:27,000
Are they interested in ivory?We bring ivory.
984
01:07:59,280 --> 01:08:02,280
One of the characteristicsof Buddhist art
985
01:08:02,400 --> 01:08:05,000
is that they usuallyhave enlarged lobes.
986
01:08:05,119 --> 01:08:10,880
Therefore, it is striking that thesevirgins sometimes have very large ears
987
01:08:11,039 --> 01:08:13,960
reminiscent of Chinese iconography.
988
01:08:18,760 --> 01:08:25,720
Also, there are folds in the neckthat sometimes appear a bit chubby.
989
01:08:31,840 --> 01:08:35,159
The Chinese who aregoing to Manila every year,
990
01:08:35,279 --> 01:08:37,000
understand what the Spanish wanted
991
01:08:37,079 --> 01:08:41,600
and end up making religiousimages that make no sense to them,
992
01:08:41,800 --> 01:08:44,199
or much later,Manila shawls
993
01:08:44,319 --> 01:08:46,720
that can also have anaffectionate meaning in Spain
994
01:08:46,880 --> 01:08:48,319
but none for them.
995
01:08:48,399 --> 01:08:53,079
- Where do you go with a Manila shawl?
996
01:08:53,399 --> 01:08:58,199
Where do you go with a chiné dress?
997
01:08:58,279 --> 01:09:03,199
- To show off and see the Verbena,
998
01:09:03,359 --> 01:09:08,119
and to get into bed afterwards.
999
01:09:08,319 --> 01:09:12,439
The famous Manila shawlhad not been woven in the Philippines.
1000
01:09:13,000 --> 01:09:15,039
It had been woven in China,
1001
01:09:15,199 --> 01:09:18,520
but the Philippines traded it in America.
1002
01:09:21,000 --> 01:09:25,640
Then Spain created its own silk road,the Manila Galleon sea route.
1003
01:09:25,760 --> 01:09:29,760
Manila-Acapulco, Acapulco-Veracruz,Veracruz-Cádiz-Seville.
1004
01:09:30,640 --> 01:09:35,119
We call Manila the epicenterof the first Globalization,
1005
01:09:35,279 --> 01:09:38,159
because it is the placewhere Asia meets America,
1006
01:09:38,239 --> 01:09:41,880
and the place, above all,where silver arrives.
1007
01:09:42,000 --> 01:09:45,439
That is why Manilahas essential importance
1008
01:09:45,560 --> 01:09:47,359
from the 16th to the 18th centuries.
1009
01:09:47,439 --> 01:09:49,880
Chinese goods were very cheap.
1010
01:09:50,039 --> 01:09:52,399
Because of that, the Galleonwas an impressive business.
1011
01:09:52,479 --> 01:09:54,000
Manila Galleon's capacity,
1012
01:09:54,079 --> 01:09:57,319
one of the largestwooden ships of its time,
1013
01:09:57,399 --> 01:10:02,319
was more than 1,500 tons,even reaching 2,000 tons.
1014
01:10:03,920 --> 01:10:06,880
The importance of this trade route
1015
01:10:06,960 --> 01:10:11,680
has made humanity,the entire world, connect.
1016
01:10:12,000 --> 01:10:17,600
Consequently, it alsoarouses interest in exchange
1017
01:10:17,720 --> 01:10:20,479
between western and eastern worlds
1018
01:10:20,560 --> 01:10:24,600
because the productsarouse curiosity about China
1019
01:10:24,720 --> 01:10:25,720
and vice versa.
1020
01:10:29,159 --> 01:10:32,159
It will be the longest-livedintercontinental route
1021
01:10:32,279 --> 01:10:33,680
that has ever existed.
1022
01:10:36,960 --> 01:10:40,920
It will end in 1815,with the arrival of the Magellan Galleon,
1023
01:10:41,159 --> 01:10:43,479
returning from Acapulco to Manila.
1024
01:10:44,640 --> 01:10:47,000
Almost 250 years of trade.
1025
01:10:48,840 --> 01:10:53,439
This explains the importanceof all this exchange of products,
1026
01:10:53,640 --> 01:10:54,760
tools and techniques
1027
01:10:54,840 --> 01:11:00,840
that come from America to Europe,from Asia to America, directly.
1028
01:11:00,960 --> 01:11:05,520
They arrive for any type of cuisineand they open huge new possibilities.
1029
01:11:07,119 --> 01:11:10,680
There really was a connectionthrough the fleet
1030
01:11:10,800 --> 01:11:13,720
and the entireadministrative organization,
1031
01:11:14,439 --> 01:11:17,680
which made possiblesomething that, even today,
1032
01:11:17,800 --> 01:11:20,800
with all the means we have,would have been difficult.
1033
01:11:23,079 --> 01:11:26,800
A widow from a townin Córdoba goes to Mexico.
1034
01:11:26,960 --> 01:11:28,680
In her will, she says
1035
01:11:28,800 --> 01:11:32,279
she was able to endowall of her daughters with her work,
1036
01:11:32,960 --> 01:11:34,399
and I believe there were four.
1037
01:11:35,520 --> 01:11:36,399
Finally,
1038
01:11:36,920 --> 01:11:43,800
at sixty years old, which is a lotfor the end of the 16th century,
1039
01:11:44,600 --> 01:11:47,119
she continued working
1040
01:11:47,239 --> 01:11:50,560
and did business with an otherdaughter residing in Zacatecas
1041
01:11:50,640 --> 01:11:51,920
that would send her carrots
1042
01:11:52,000 --> 01:11:55,199
bought from farmson the outskirts of Mexico.
1043
01:11:55,520 --> 01:11:57,039
Preserved carrots.
1044
01:11:57,159 --> 01:11:59,960
She even managed silver resources,
1045
01:12:00,079 --> 01:12:02,279
to invest in the Manila Galleon.
1046
01:12:03,439 --> 01:12:04,840
Hers and others.
1047
01:12:06,279 --> 01:12:09,560
Reading those who were thereand lived during that time,
1048
01:12:09,880 --> 01:12:13,880
you notice the existenceof a link with the crown.
1049
01:12:13,960 --> 01:12:17,640
Maybe not so much withthe rest of the regions or kingdoms,
1050
01:12:17,960 --> 01:12:20,600
but with the figure of the crown,absolutely,
1051
01:12:20,760 --> 01:12:23,960
"We are subjectsof the Hispanic Monarchy"
1052
01:12:24,079 --> 01:12:26,279
and that is an identity card.
1053
01:12:29,319 --> 01:12:33,000
Two important elements of theaction of Spain in America remain:
1054
01:12:33,159 --> 01:12:34,560
Catholicism
1055
01:12:34,640 --> 01:12:36,039
and Spanish.
1056
01:12:36,319 --> 01:12:38,319
In Asia, only Catholicism,
1057
01:12:38,600 --> 01:12:39,720
indeed in the Philippines.
1058
01:12:41,880 --> 01:12:45,880
Without Spain, Catholicismwould possibly now be an entelechy
1059
01:12:46,119 --> 01:12:50,079
The vast majorityof Catholics are in areas
1060
01:12:50,279 --> 01:12:54,039
colonized by the Spanishand the Portuguese.
1061
01:12:54,159 --> 01:12:56,319
In Greek, Catholic meanshe that looks at everything.
1062
01:12:56,439 --> 01:12:57,960
We Spaniards looked at everything.
1063
01:12:58,079 --> 01:13:00,560
We Spaniards aspired to everything,
1064
01:13:01,159 --> 01:13:02,439
and we have also travelled it.
1065
01:13:04,079 --> 01:13:05,600
You talk about the Spanish Empire
1066
01:13:05,680 --> 01:13:07,199
or you talk about the history of Spain,
1067
01:13:07,479 --> 01:13:09,680
and you automatically judge.
1068
01:13:10,439 --> 01:13:11,880
Immediately.
1069
01:13:12,680 --> 01:13:15,079
It is a moral history.
1070
01:13:15,680 --> 01:13:18,960
All the other historiesof the western countries
1071
01:13:19,039 --> 01:13:20,520
are the history of that country,
1072
01:13:20,600 --> 01:13:21,720
but the history of Spain is not.
1073
01:13:21,920 --> 01:13:27,600
You immediately put a moraljudgment ahead the Spanish history.
1074
01:14:19,880 --> 01:14:21,880
What happened in theNetherlands was not a war
1075
01:14:22,039 --> 01:14:23,399
between Spain and the Netherlands.
1076
01:14:23,479 --> 01:14:26,279
It was a civil warin the interior of the Netherlands,
1077
01:14:26,560 --> 01:14:29,960
between some Dutch who supported unity
1078
01:14:30,039 --> 01:14:33,000
and the great projectthat was the Catholic Monarchy,
1079
01:14:33,119 --> 01:14:36,640
and others whodecided that the best option
1080
01:14:36,720 --> 01:14:39,960
in order to controlthat territory on their own,
1081
01:14:40,039 --> 01:14:41,720
was Secession.
1082
01:16:35,079 --> 01:16:35,960
- You see?
1083
01:16:36,119 --> 01:16:38,319
I think we are unfairwith the Spaniards.
1084
01:16:38,680 --> 01:16:40,880
- What do you want?It is politics.
1085
01:16:41,479 --> 01:16:44,199
When you start tostudy different episodes,
1086
01:16:44,279 --> 01:16:48,640
you realize there are more Dutchwith the Duke of Alba
1087
01:16:48,760 --> 01:16:50,319
than there are Dutch
1088
01:16:50,880 --> 01:16:52,520
on the Orange side.
1089
01:16:52,640 --> 01:16:55,800
It has been told asa David and Goliath story:
1090
01:16:55,920 --> 01:16:59,800
Heroic, young and wonderful David,always a lover of freedom...
1091
01:16:59,960 --> 01:17:01,640
That is,something wonderful,
1092
01:17:01,720 --> 01:17:03,760
in opposition to thehorrible Spanish Empire,
1093
01:17:03,840 --> 01:17:05,439
obscurantist and Catholic,
1094
01:17:05,520 --> 01:17:08,760
which has taken freedomfrom that happy people,
1095
01:17:09,079 --> 01:17:13,720
that was the Netherlands' territory untilthe Spanish arrived and happiness ended.
1096
01:17:19,319 --> 01:17:25,560
The Habsburgs led a wholepolicy of support for Catholicism
1097
01:17:25,640 --> 01:17:29,000
which was persecuted by Calvinismand Lutheranism, et cetera.
1098
01:17:29,279 --> 01:17:35,159
All these circumstances makethe history of Spain highly ideological.
1099
01:17:35,279 --> 01:17:37,119
Let's say you are a historianof modern France, right?
1100
01:17:37,239 --> 01:17:38,720
And you study modern France.
1101
01:17:38,920 --> 01:17:42,920
You are not saying all day longif Louis XIV is good or bad.
1102
01:17:43,359 --> 01:17:50,399
With Felipe II it's different as hemust be immediately condemned.
1103
01:17:50,520 --> 01:17:52,079
You first proceed to condemn,
1104
01:17:52,319 --> 01:17:55,840
and once you have done it, in order toshow that you are one of the good guys,
1105
01:17:55,920 --> 01:17:57,479
you can then say something.
1106
01:17:57,560 --> 01:17:59,159
But first, you have to condemn,
1107
01:17:59,239 --> 01:18:01,520
because if youdo not condemn that story,
1108
01:18:01,600 --> 01:18:04,199
it means you arecontaminated with the same evil.
1109
01:18:13,560 --> 01:18:14,720
It has always been said, right?
1110
01:18:14,800 --> 01:18:17,079
The decadence, Carlos II...
1111
01:18:17,159 --> 01:18:21,920
The Black Legendof an inquisitorial Spain,
1112
01:18:22,000 --> 01:18:24,439
a dark Spain,
1113
01:18:24,520 --> 01:18:29,640
a Spain that does not keep pacewith the evolution of European culture
1114
01:18:29,720 --> 01:18:30,720
and so on.
1115
01:18:30,960 --> 01:18:37,399
What Carlos II had wasan heir who came from abroad,
1116
01:18:37,520 --> 01:18:41,840
who found himself in need of prestige.
1117
01:18:43,800 --> 01:18:48,199
Obviously, the way of saying that thischange has been favorable and positive
1118
01:18:48,520 --> 01:18:51,199
is a condemnationof the entire previous era.
1119
01:18:56,800 --> 01:18:57,800
Not at all.
1120
01:18:57,920 --> 01:19:01,000
Carlos II was not stupid.
1121
01:19:01,079 --> 01:19:05,239
Carlos II is notmentally weak but physically.
1122
01:19:05,479 --> 01:19:07,079
I think he is a mentally normal person.
1123
01:19:09,560 --> 01:19:11,720
Of course, the word"bewitched" is very beautiful,
1124
01:19:11,800 --> 01:19:13,720
there is no one to uproot it.
1125
01:19:14,039 --> 01:19:17,079
Not even if it were shownthat he was a phenomenon, a great King…
1126
01:19:20,319 --> 01:19:24,560
First of all, Felipe Vwas the grandson of Louis XIV,
1127
01:19:25,039 --> 01:19:27,159
and the French shadow
1128
01:19:27,840 --> 01:19:30,279
permanently floated over Spain.
1129
01:19:31,239 --> 01:19:34,199
When Felipe V is named King,
1130
01:19:34,399 --> 01:19:39,039
Louis XIV begins to take overSpanish trade with America,
1131
01:19:39,119 --> 01:19:40,399
and to try to have even more of it...
1132
01:19:40,479 --> 01:19:42,199
It was a great business.
1133
01:19:45,880 --> 01:19:49,920
One of the elements was therights of the slave trade in America,
1134
01:19:50,000 --> 01:19:52,640
and the commercial rightswith Spanish America
1135
01:19:52,720 --> 01:19:55,760
sought by France,as well as by England
1136
01:19:55,880 --> 01:19:59,840
and Holland and later on, of course,the immense American market.
1137
01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:05,479
Deep down what is being dealtwith is the desire of many to participate
1138
01:20:05,560 --> 01:20:11,399
in all the possessions and commercialpossibilities of the Spanish Empire.
1139
01:20:14,279 --> 01:20:17,359
The Spain of Carlos IIIis a world power.
1140
01:20:17,720 --> 01:20:20,079
Where is that decadence then?
1141
01:20:23,000 --> 01:20:30,039
The Bourbon triumph meantthat Spain became France's doorman,
1142
01:20:30,119 --> 01:20:35,880
and that has greatly conditioned us onthe specific themes of the Black Legend.
1143
01:20:37,760 --> 01:20:42,640
In the 18th century, Spainstill had the entire American Empire
1144
01:20:42,720 --> 01:20:44,640
with important reforms,
1145
01:20:44,760 --> 01:20:48,920
but that imagepassed through that French filter,
1146
01:20:49,159 --> 01:20:52,439
which says thatthe neighbors were the worst.
1147
01:20:53,840 --> 01:20:57,119
From 1808, the disaster breaks out.
1148
01:20:57,279 --> 01:20:59,159
This is the greatest momentof the disaster.
1149
01:21:07,960 --> 01:21:13,359
So far, the historical event thatI think we can consider the most serious
1150
01:21:13,439 --> 01:21:15,359
is the Napoleonic Invasion.
1151
01:21:19,560 --> 01:21:24,239
The war of 1808 shouldnot be called the War of Independence,
1152
01:21:24,439 --> 01:21:26,840
because we didn't achieveindependence from anything.
1153
01:21:26,920 --> 01:21:30,119
Spain was absolutely independent,
1154
01:21:30,199 --> 01:21:36,119
and had been more powerful than France,throughout the modern age.
1155
01:21:38,520 --> 01:21:43,720
The Napoleonic Invasionabsolutely destroyed everything
1156
01:21:43,840 --> 01:21:50,720
that had been done throughout the18th century and previously in the 17th.
1157
01:21:50,840 --> 01:21:55,600
The invading army,the French, razed everything it could.
1158
01:21:55,760 --> 01:21:59,840
The English allied army was even worse,
1159
01:22:00,079 --> 01:22:05,720
because they burned all thefactories that competed with England...
1160
01:22:05,840 --> 01:22:13,119
For six years, we hadthe longest Napoleonic War in Europe,
1161
01:22:13,359 --> 01:22:17,359
and then bad luckthat Fernando VII came.
1162
01:22:20,479 --> 01:22:26,119
Long Live Spain.
1163
01:22:26,359 --> 01:22:31,039
Long Live Spain
1164
01:22:31,600 --> 01:22:40,640
and Death to France
1165
01:22:40,800 --> 01:22:51,239
who burned the papal bull.
1166
01:22:51,319 --> 01:22:56,479
From 1808 to 1810, there was a warbetween the Spanish Empire and Napoleon,
1167
01:22:56,560 --> 01:22:58,319
in America and in Europe.
1168
01:23:00,600 --> 01:23:05,119
Despite the dire circumstancesand the continuous wars until 1810,
1169
01:23:05,199 --> 01:23:08,239
there is no rupture of the empire.
1170
01:23:12,800 --> 01:23:20,920
And deny faith
1171
01:23:23,119 --> 01:23:25,680
Long Live Spain
1172
01:23:28,680 --> 01:23:31,079
Long Live Spain
1173
01:23:33,840 --> 01:23:36,640
England had alwayslooked at Spanish America
1174
01:23:36,880 --> 01:23:39,119
like the cat looks at the canary,
1175
01:23:39,439 --> 01:23:41,119
but it had not been able to eat it.
1176
01:23:42,159 --> 01:23:44,199
First, what it wants is free trade
1177
01:23:44,560 --> 01:23:47,199
as it allows them to sell their goods.
1178
01:23:47,439 --> 01:23:48,680
Secondly,
1179
01:23:48,960 --> 01:23:52,319
if this is going toproduce a breakup with Spain,
1180
01:23:52,399 --> 01:23:53,359
from whatever arises,
1181
01:23:53,439 --> 01:23:56,600
many states have to emerge.
1182
01:23:56,680 --> 01:23:59,000
It wants territorial fragmentation.
1183
01:23:59,399 --> 01:24:00,479
Balkanization.
1184
01:24:03,880 --> 01:24:05,560
The Spanish Empire collapses,
1185
01:24:05,720 --> 01:24:08,079
and not even the viceroyalties survive.
1186
01:24:08,239 --> 01:24:13,399
There were the viceroyalties of Mexico,New Spain, Granada, Río de la Plata...
1187
01:24:17,039 --> 01:24:19,880
Great Britain preachesCampanario's nationalism,
1188
01:24:19,960 --> 01:24:22,359
so each one of the republicsthat are going to be created,
1189
01:24:22,439 --> 01:24:24,279
is created differentlyfrom one another
1190
01:24:24,560 --> 01:24:26,520
as if they had been enemies.
1191
01:24:26,960 --> 01:24:28,399
It also preaches Hispanophobia.
1192
01:24:31,000 --> 01:24:32,239
Civilizations.
1193
01:24:32,560 --> 01:24:33,680
It is the English language.
1194
01:24:33,920 --> 01:24:35,119
Spanish is barbaric.
1195
01:24:38,199 --> 01:24:39,880
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
1196
01:24:40,039 --> 01:24:44,000
despite being the greatestprose writer in Castillian,
1197
01:24:44,159 --> 01:24:47,199
that he handled admirably,he did not like it.
1198
01:24:47,600 --> 01:24:49,439
What is civilization?
1199
01:24:49,520 --> 01:24:52,960
The Protestant sayscatholicism is awful.
1200
01:24:53,359 --> 01:24:54,520
Everything is an atrocity.
1201
01:24:54,960 --> 01:24:57,039
What is civilization?It is the city of Buenos Aires.
1202
01:24:57,119 --> 01:24:58,840
What is barbarism?It is the barbaric inland
1203
01:24:58,960 --> 01:25:00,079
and its chieftains.
1204
01:25:00,319 --> 01:25:01,439
It must be razed.
1205
01:25:01,720 --> 01:25:04,199
That is why duringthe Argentinian Civil War
1206
01:25:04,399 --> 01:25:07,479
he tells a generalnot to spare gaucho blood
1207
01:25:07,560 --> 01:25:09,279
as it is the only humanattribute they have...
1208
01:25:09,319 --> 01:25:10,399
Kill them.
1209
01:25:12,079 --> 01:25:18,479
When you study the 19th century andhow the Argentine nation loses strength,
1210
01:25:18,720 --> 01:25:22,560
you find that the concept ofextermination appears in the Law.
1211
01:25:23,279 --> 01:25:26,760
That is a very dramatic breakdown.
1212
01:25:35,560 --> 01:25:37,760
When you study the 16th century,
1213
01:25:37,920 --> 01:25:42,880
you find that all legislation isin favor of indigenous subjects.
1214
01:25:46,960 --> 01:25:51,319
The so-called “Pueblos Originarios”were the most faithful to Spain
1215
01:25:51,760 --> 01:25:54,880
because the indigenous massesin Peru, in Ecuador,
1216
01:25:55,000 --> 01:25:57,800
were against Independence,and that is how it was.
1217
01:25:59,279 --> 01:26:05,399
The War of Independencewas not the end of a 300-year struggle.
1218
01:26:05,479 --> 01:26:08,359
No. For 300 yearsthey lived in peace in America.
1219
01:26:10,800 --> 01:26:14,279
It would be desirablefor the whole population
1220
01:26:14,359 --> 01:26:17,079
to stop using history as a weapon,
1221
01:26:17,319 --> 01:26:19,319
to stop using history to win votes,
1222
01:26:20,840 --> 01:26:24,079
to cut off Fray Junipero’s head,because this comes in handy...
1223
01:26:26,720 --> 01:26:28,880
We must leave history there,where it is.
1224
01:26:29,000 --> 01:26:29,800
Period.
1225
01:26:32,439 --> 01:26:36,439
Many American citieshave been founded by Fray Junipero.
1226
01:26:36,680 --> 01:26:41,039
The first mass and the city’sname has been given by Fray Junipero.
1227
01:26:43,359 --> 01:26:47,560
San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco,Santa Clara, San Bernardino,
1228
01:26:47,640 --> 01:26:48,680
Sacramento…
1229
01:26:48,920 --> 01:26:50,159
Are all Christian names.
1230
01:26:50,439 --> 01:26:54,680
If they wanted to say in the pastthat Junipero's work did not exist or
1231
01:26:54,840 --> 01:26:58,600
Junipero's work wassomething bad for this place,
1232
01:26:58,800 --> 01:27:01,199
they would simplyhave changed the names.
1233
01:27:04,600 --> 01:27:07,520
At the time of the Franciscans,
1234
01:27:07,600 --> 01:27:10,960
the indigenous populationsof California increased,
1235
01:27:11,159 --> 01:27:13,439
not decreased.
1236
01:27:13,920 --> 01:27:18,920
They disappeared later,during the Gold Rush when,
1237
01:27:19,079 --> 01:27:24,079
by the way, Stanfordwas California’s Governor
1238
01:27:24,479 --> 01:27:26,840
and the disappearanceof all these population
1239
01:27:26,960 --> 01:27:29,880
occured in just twenty or thirty years.
1240
01:27:30,079 --> 01:27:33,000
The indigenous peoplecalled him Padre Viejo.
1241
01:27:33,520 --> 01:27:36,159
When he was already on his deathbed,
1242
01:27:36,239 --> 01:27:38,720
they removed pieces of his clothing,
1243
01:27:38,840 --> 01:27:41,000
they wanted to cut his hair
1244
01:27:41,079 --> 01:27:45,079
and they gave hima great funeral and great masses.
1245
01:27:45,359 --> 01:27:48,640
The natives wept a lot for him.
1246
01:27:49,239 --> 01:27:50,439
He is buried there.
1247
01:27:55,800 --> 01:27:57,960
Many of those Indians spoke Spanish.
1248
01:28:00,920 --> 01:28:04,399
Geronimo is called like thatbecause he is from Arizpe.
1249
01:28:04,600 --> 01:28:09,079
Arizpe is a town founded by a Jesuitwhose name was Geronimo de la Canal.
1250
01:28:11,079 --> 01:28:13,479
Two generations had been sedentary there.
1251
01:28:15,760 --> 01:28:20,239
From 1848, when theTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed,
1252
01:28:20,600 --> 01:28:23,319
and Mexico loses a littlemore than half of its territory,
1253
01:28:23,520 --> 01:28:26,479
the Apaches have to stayon the other side of the border,
1254
01:28:26,560 --> 01:28:29,319
as they absolutelyrefuse to abandon the lands
1255
01:28:29,399 --> 01:28:33,279
in which theyhad been reasonably well-off.
1256
01:28:35,359 --> 01:28:37,319
Most of the tribes
1257
01:28:37,880 --> 01:28:40,359
and populationsin California disappeared
1258
01:28:40,479 --> 01:28:42,479
when the Spanish Empire disappeared.
1259
01:28:48,680 --> 01:28:53,439
It's the job of North American cinemato tells us how the Anglo-Saxons
1260
01:28:53,600 --> 01:28:58,039
advance against these evil natives,
1261
01:28:58,279 --> 01:29:01,800
who want to scalp and destroy them,
1262
01:29:01,920 --> 01:29:04,399
and they come upagainst these wild people.
1263
01:29:04,640 --> 01:29:07,079
This is simply trying not to see reality.
1264
01:29:07,279 --> 01:29:09,000
All the villages of the West,
1265
01:29:09,199 --> 01:29:11,119
which were alreadyfounded and evangelized,
1266
01:29:11,279 --> 01:29:12,840
disappear from history.
1267
01:29:15,439 --> 01:29:19,319
Someone is going to be to blamed forthe disappearance of those populations,
1268
01:29:19,439 --> 01:29:21,960
and it is not goingto be a white Protestant.
1269
01:29:23,600 --> 01:29:27,680
This distortion of historywith a poorly told story
1270
01:29:28,039 --> 01:29:30,159
generates all that we have now.
1271
01:29:44,279 --> 01:29:46,760
There is one thingthat is absolutely ignored:
1272
01:29:47,720 --> 01:29:51,199
The “Pueblos Originarios”,the natives, were never anti-Hispanic,
1273
01:29:51,600 --> 01:29:54,199
they always remainedfaithful to the Hispanic idea.
1274
01:29:57,520 --> 01:30:01,760
For this reason, the saying goes:Sir, the Conquest was made by the Indians
1275
01:30:01,960 --> 01:30:04,319
and the Independencewas made by the Spanish.
1276
01:30:06,640 --> 01:30:09,640
- There is a lot of injustice,we can no longer bear it.
1277
01:30:09,960 --> 01:30:13,560
That is why,from the first of January,
1278
01:30:14,279 --> 01:30:17,800
we had no choicebut to take up arms.
1279
01:30:21,560 --> 01:30:24,119
The Zapatista movement developed
1280
01:30:24,239 --> 01:30:25,880
as a response
1281
01:30:26,000 --> 01:30:28,680
to the state's lack of attention
1282
01:30:28,800 --> 01:30:30,960
to these indigenous populations.
1283
01:30:37,800 --> 01:30:39,760
Once the hostilities ended,
1284
01:30:40,000 --> 01:30:45,520
negotiations were conductedthat resulted in the San Andrés Accords.
1285
01:30:45,880 --> 01:30:47,000
What did they consist of?
1286
01:30:47,079 --> 01:30:53,000
In that the Mexican state undertookto respect the uses and customs
1287
01:30:53,079 --> 01:30:57,760
of the Government and Administrationof those indigenous populations.
1288
01:31:00,479 --> 01:31:05,239
What the indigenous groups understoodas "traditional uses and customs"
1289
01:31:05,439 --> 01:31:09,920
were nothing other than the onesthey had in the 16th and 17th centuries,
1290
01:31:10,000 --> 01:31:12,239
consolidated by the Hispanic Monarchy.
1291
01:31:15,600 --> 01:31:20,399
So, they claimed as autochthonouswhat had been created
1292
01:31:20,479 --> 01:31:22,960
during the viceregal system.
1293
01:31:24,239 --> 01:31:24,960
For the moment,
1294
01:31:25,039 --> 01:31:27,960
the laws that govern the interiorof these communities are the laws
1295
01:31:28,279 --> 01:31:31,800
of the 16th and 17th centuries.
1296
01:31:32,479 --> 01:31:34,479
But, of course, they do not know it.
1297
01:31:34,920 --> 01:31:36,359
I have already sent a letter
1298
01:31:36,479 --> 01:31:37,520
to the King of Spain
1299
01:31:38,319 --> 01:31:40,279
and another letter to the Pope,
1300
01:31:41,399 --> 01:31:43,680
so that an account of grievances is made
1301
01:31:44,960 --> 01:31:52,319
and the native peopleare asked for forgiveness.
1302
01:31:55,560 --> 01:31:58,560
In historical processesthere are neither good nor bad,
1303
01:31:58,640 --> 01:31:59,880
neither heroes nor villains;
1304
01:32:00,079 --> 01:32:03,439
There are actors who,depending on their own ideas
1305
01:32:03,520 --> 01:32:06,520
act in one sense or another.
1306
01:32:06,680 --> 01:32:12,600
It seems to me that it is ahistoriographical exercise to erase
1307
01:32:13,159 --> 01:32:17,680
the imprints of theSpanish-Iberian culture on the territory.
1308
01:32:18,000 --> 01:32:21,079
Artificially,as it happens, as day after day,
1309
01:32:21,399 --> 01:32:25,359
one encounters realityand with it that Hispanic heritage.
1310
01:32:25,479 --> 01:32:28,319
It is almost an act ofpsychoanalytic denial, right?
1311
01:32:28,399 --> 01:32:30,760
To deny our own past,
1312
01:32:31,239 --> 01:32:33,359
because otherwiseit could not be explained that way
1313
01:32:33,479 --> 01:32:35,239
as three hundread years go a long way.
1314
01:33:08,279 --> 01:33:11,960
By 1500, this clearperspective has already been taken.
1315
01:33:12,039 --> 01:33:15,960
Native Americans are personsand they should be treated as such.
1316
01:33:16,039 --> 01:33:18,119
Therefore, they cannot be sold.
1317
01:33:19,760 --> 01:33:24,640
King Fernando is going to summonto Burgos the best theologians
1318
01:33:24,720 --> 01:33:29,800
and jurists in the kingdomto stipulate what to do.
1319
01:33:32,840 --> 01:33:36,279
They draft in the conventof San Francisco de Burgos
1320
01:33:36,359 --> 01:33:38,880
the so-calledThirty-Five Laws of Burgos.
1321
01:33:40,199 --> 01:33:42,279
They are a wonder of humanity.
1322
01:33:42,760 --> 01:33:44,960
There is one thing about Indian women,
1323
01:33:45,319 --> 01:33:48,039
how they cannot beforced into marriage,
1324
01:33:48,119 --> 01:33:50,439
how they can appeal…
1325
01:33:50,600 --> 01:33:55,199
It is a wonderful thing.
1326
01:33:57,800 --> 01:34:02,079
At this time, when slaverywas absolutely normal,
1327
01:34:02,479 --> 01:34:06,479
it is very important that they stoppedto think about something like that:
1328
01:34:08,359 --> 01:34:11,159
That they could have private property,their family home,
1329
01:34:11,319 --> 01:34:13,399
that their wiveswould be kept from other men…
1330
01:34:13,479 --> 01:34:15,079
It is not only authorized,
1331
01:34:15,159 --> 01:34:19,880
but Spaniards are askedto marry the natives.
1332
01:34:20,039 --> 01:34:21,960
And we found thisfrom the very beginning.
1333
01:34:22,399 --> 01:34:24,279
From the second voyageof Columbus onwards,
1334
01:34:24,359 --> 01:34:27,000
Castilian families started to go there.
1335
01:34:29,439 --> 01:34:31,600
When institutions can advance,
1336
01:34:31,720 --> 01:34:36,720
women begin to go,often in groups of single women,
1337
01:34:36,840 --> 01:34:40,159
who have not been able or didn’t havean easy time getting married in Castilla.
1338
01:34:40,239 --> 01:34:43,760
They go to America because,in the early years,
1339
01:34:43,840 --> 01:34:45,560
there are mainly men there.
1340
01:34:46,880 --> 01:34:47,520
For example,
1341
01:34:47,600 --> 01:34:52,359
in Cortés' company there are womenwho do not want her husband to go alone
1342
01:34:52,439 --> 01:34:54,319
to such an adventureso they go with them.
1343
01:34:54,479 --> 01:34:58,159
There are nurses, cooks,prostitutes, obviously,
1344
01:34:58,239 --> 01:35:01,239
but there are also womenwho embark out of necessity,
1345
01:35:02,600 --> 01:35:03,600
out of love
1346
01:35:04,359 --> 01:35:05,439
or adventure.
1347
01:35:07,319 --> 01:35:10,439
In the new world,at least in the mindset of that moment,
1348
01:35:11,399 --> 01:35:12,600
creation is possible.
1349
01:35:25,119 --> 01:35:29,000
Colonialist countriesdo not export themselves,
1350
01:35:29,079 --> 01:35:30,920
nor do they provokeintegration phenomena.
1351
01:35:31,159 --> 01:35:32,960
It is an absolutelycommercial enterprise,
1352
01:35:33,159 --> 01:35:35,319
not one of territorial integration.
1353
01:35:35,960 --> 01:35:38,760
You see ChristopherColumbus arrive in America,
1354
01:35:39,199 --> 01:35:41,119
and what is in Americaa hundred years later?
1355
01:35:41,279 --> 01:35:42,439
Something else.
1356
01:35:43,479 --> 01:35:46,960
To begin with, we have a phenomenonof extraordinary longevity:
1357
01:35:47,560 --> 01:35:49,520
It lasts for a very long time.
1358
01:35:52,840 --> 01:35:59,159
The painting of Martín de Loiolamarrying the Inca Princess
1359
01:35:59,319 --> 01:36:03,840
is a gigantic statement of inclusion.
1360
01:36:06,720 --> 01:36:11,199
Spanish nobilitydid not deny indigenous nobility,
1361
01:36:11,680 --> 01:36:16,039
it accepted it as such.
1362
01:36:16,680 --> 01:36:17,720
They married them.
1363
01:36:18,720 --> 01:36:23,159
Those children that were siredcontinued to be noble.
1364
01:36:24,119 --> 01:36:29,359
They did not stop being noble becausetheir mother or father was an Indian.
1365
01:36:38,079 --> 01:36:42,760
Until the 20th century, the British Rajhad forbidden mixed marriages
1366
01:36:44,159 --> 01:36:45,159
in India.
1367
01:36:46,359 --> 01:36:49,920
They were forbidden in such a way...That they were excluded
1368
01:36:50,720 --> 01:36:53,720
from social and official life.
1369
01:36:54,520 --> 01:36:57,800
Maharaja of Kapurthalahad to marry an Indian woman,
1370
01:36:58,880 --> 01:37:00,720
but as he married a white woman,
1371
01:37:01,560 --> 01:37:03,600
that marriage could not be recognized
1372
01:37:04,279 --> 01:37:07,840
and Anita Delgadocouldn't be invited anywhere.
1373
01:37:09,479 --> 01:37:10,680
She had broken the rule.
1374
01:37:11,119 --> 01:37:12,319
She married an Indian man.
1375
01:37:17,399 --> 01:37:19,800
Something that absolutely characterizes
1376
01:37:19,880 --> 01:37:23,079
and defines Spanish colonizationis miscegenation.
1377
01:37:24,239 --> 01:37:26,119
There was alsoreverse miscegenation,
1378
01:37:26,760 --> 01:37:30,600
indigenous men who marriedSpanish women, but to a lesser extent.
1379
01:37:31,319 --> 01:37:33,760
Approaching that worldis very interesting
1380
01:37:33,840 --> 01:37:37,039
because you see figuresthat come from a culture
1381
01:37:37,640 --> 01:37:40,600
and are able to take rootin a totally different environment,
1382
01:37:41,039 --> 01:37:42,960
and humanize it.
1383
01:37:43,119 --> 01:37:44,159
In a way,
1384
01:37:44,960 --> 01:37:48,439
they make thatimpressive cultural fusion
1385
01:37:48,680 --> 01:37:51,479
that I think isanother great legacy:
1386
01:37:51,560 --> 01:37:54,880
human miscegenation,cultural blending, etcetera.
1387
01:37:58,520 --> 01:38:01,680
That is what defeats,let's say, the Black Legend,
1388
01:38:02,079 --> 01:38:04,720
which speaks of theSpanish being genocidal.
1389
01:38:05,119 --> 01:38:06,479
If you see us,
1390
01:38:06,840 --> 01:38:08,319
the Mexicans or Latin Americans,
1391
01:38:08,520 --> 01:38:13,520
we are a mixture between the Spanishwho came from the peninsula,
1392
01:38:13,760 --> 01:38:16,800
or those Spaniards' childrenwho were born right there in Mexico:
1393
01:38:16,880 --> 01:38:17,880
the Creoles,
1394
01:38:18,000 --> 01:38:19,880
the indigenous people,the mulattos,
1395
01:38:19,960 --> 01:38:23,119
and all those who livedin the kingdom’s territories.
1396
01:38:23,319 --> 01:38:24,319
On the other hand,
1397
01:38:24,399 --> 01:38:26,039
there is no mixture in the United States
1398
01:38:26,119 --> 01:38:28,960
or let's say,the Anglo-Saxon settlers.
1399
01:38:30,520 --> 01:38:32,560
The English Empire is colonization,
1400
01:38:33,199 --> 01:38:34,720
or the French Empire and,
1401
01:38:34,960 --> 01:38:37,039
of course,the Dutch above all.
1402
01:38:37,640 --> 01:38:41,560
The Spanish conquest in Americashould never be called colonization,
1403
01:38:41,640 --> 01:38:43,680
because they did not create a colony.
1404
01:38:43,920 --> 01:38:46,800
The American Empiredid not create colonies.
1405
01:38:47,000 --> 01:38:51,039
It transferred the way of life of theSpanish and Spaniards moved there,
1406
01:38:51,119 --> 01:38:55,239
and they first creating viceroyalties,and then, during the 19th century,
1407
01:38:55,319 --> 01:38:57,000
our overseas province.
1408
01:38:57,079 --> 01:39:00,119
There were no colonies.They never were colonies.
1409
01:39:04,680 --> 01:39:10,800
There was a time when Mexicans clearlyknew they were the world's capital.
1410
01:39:13,920 --> 01:39:19,640
The true capital of the Spanish Empirewas not Madrid but Mexico.
1411
01:39:28,359 --> 01:39:31,119
The Philippines were calledthe colony of the colony,
1412
01:39:31,359 --> 01:39:34,439
because it was a Mexican colonymore than a Spanish one.
1413
01:39:36,800 --> 01:39:41,479
Spain’s viceroyalty iswith the Philippine governance.
1414
01:39:42,000 --> 01:39:44,840
It is like a coexistence,not only administrative,
1415
01:39:44,920 --> 01:39:47,520
but also a very rich cultural one.
1416
01:39:52,640 --> 01:39:56,119
In the 16th and 17th centuriesin Nueva España,
1417
01:39:56,239 --> 01:39:59,159
the same was happeningin Lima as in Seville,
1418
01:39:59,640 --> 01:40:05,279
including mores,reading habits, ambience.
1419
01:40:19,279 --> 01:40:23,680
They are equidistantfrom China and Spain.
1420
01:40:24,000 --> 01:40:27,359
The capital Mexico is worth morethan Madrid in everything.
1421
01:40:30,640 --> 01:40:35,319
Mexico should recover the awarenessof having been the articulating axis
1422
01:40:35,399 --> 01:40:37,520
of the economy of the world,
1423
01:40:37,840 --> 01:40:41,399
and of the importancethat Mexican's silver had
1424
01:40:41,520 --> 01:40:45,760
in the consolidationof those international markets.
1425
01:40:48,079 --> 01:40:52,520
I think this couldhelp us to deconstruct
1426
01:40:52,680 --> 01:40:56,279
the victimizingdiscourse of the conquered,
1427
01:40:56,359 --> 01:40:59,399
poor us,who were massacred.
1428
01:41:00,560 --> 01:41:01,600
No, just the opposite.
1429
01:41:05,640 --> 01:41:07,800
We lack a global version.
1430
01:41:08,039 --> 01:41:11,640
We lack a global historyof the Spanish-speaking world,
1431
01:41:11,720 --> 01:41:13,840
of Spain and Hispanic America.
1432
01:41:15,119 --> 01:41:18,399
We hold the answersto many questions about Globalization
1433
01:41:18,520 --> 01:41:20,359
from the perspective of other cultures.
1434
01:41:20,680 --> 01:41:26,079
We are at a good time,on both sides of the Atlantic,
1435
01:41:26,279 --> 01:41:29,479
to rethink how we haveconstructed the historical discourse,
1436
01:41:29,760 --> 01:41:33,079
and adhere more to that reality
1437
01:41:33,159 --> 01:41:37,000
and less to the founding mythsand the Black Legends.
1438
01:41:43,119 --> 01:41:47,479
World history cannot be explainedwithout Spanish history.
1439
01:41:48,159 --> 01:41:53,800
There are storiesthat can be told independently,
1440
01:41:53,880 --> 01:41:56,079
but nothing of thecurrent world is understood
1441
01:41:56,479 --> 01:42:02,000
without telling the history of theHispanic countries and monarchy.
1442
01:42:11,159 --> 01:42:13,800
If it has always been true,
1443
01:42:14,439 --> 01:42:15,479
now more than ever,
1444
01:42:15,600 --> 01:42:19,560
the fight for the pastis definitely the fight for the future.
1445
01:46:39,479 --> 01:46:47,479
In memory of our ancestors,for our sons.
129458
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