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Surely one of the most remarkable animals
that had ever existed,
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00:00:22,024 --> 00:00:26,525
and certainly one of the most famous,
is a dinosaur.
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Tyrannosaurus rex.
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An animal to spark the imagination
for all of us.
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What kind of an animal was it?
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00:00:38,249 --> 00:00:41,460
What did it look like? How did it live?
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Now, scientific research has answered
such questions.
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00:00:45,590 --> 00:00:47,841
And not just about T. Rex,
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but the other species
that lived alongside it.
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00:00:51,345 --> 00:00:58,223
And the latest imaging technology
enables us to bring them all to life.
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00:01:01,856 --> 00:01:06,065
Planet Earth, 66 million years ago.
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00:01:13,868 --> 00:01:17,701
The skies are filled with flying giants.
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In the seas,
monstrous reptiles patrol the depths.
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And on land, dinosaurs of every kind,
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all facing the struggle to survive.
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We now know so much about a world
that was ruled by the dinosaurs.
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This is their story.
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00:02:09,257 --> 00:02:12,760
The southern shores
of the great inland sea
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that splits North America.
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00:02:23,187 --> 00:02:27,271
And the tracks of the land's top predator.
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A Tyrannosaurus rex taking a swim.
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Hollow, air-filled bones
and powerful hind limbs
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00:02:43,124 --> 00:02:46,582
make T. Rex very effective swimmers.
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This is an adult male
with his young family.
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His offspring are now just old enough
to follow him on a journey
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to one of the many offshore islands
that fringe this coast.
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It's a short enough crossing,
but it can still be a dangerous one.
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A mosasaur.
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A giant marine lizard over twice the size
of a tyrannosaur
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and weighing over 15 tons.
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It's the largest predator on the planet.
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Turtles are normally on a mosasaur's menu.
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But this brood would make a welcome snack.
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An adult T. Rex, even in water,
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could still defend itself
very effectively.
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But the young must stay close.
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Tyrannosaurus rex often lose
at least two-thirds
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of their original brood of 15 or so
in the first year.
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Now there are only four.
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The island offers safety
and the promise of food.
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00:06:01,989 --> 00:06:05,989
Giant two-ton turtles are here to nest.
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But this is the one
that has drawn him here.
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It's dead, and the tyrannosaur
has smelled its rotting body.
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If he can just get to the underbelly,
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he will have over 2,000 pounds
of easy meat.
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T. Rex has the most powerful jaws
in nature.
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And can bite
with the force of over five tons.
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The young are keen for a taste,
but he's not sharing it.
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00:07:12,477 --> 00:07:15,684
It's time for them to learn
to hunt for themselves.
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00:07:17,982 --> 00:07:21,315
The beach, however,
doesn't look very promising.
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00:07:27,450 --> 00:07:32,117
But as the evening approaches,
things start to change.
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Baby turtles are beginning to hatch
from the sand and rush down to the sea.
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The young T. Rex have been brought
to an ideal training ground.
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Hatchling turtles are the perfect size
for a novice to tackle.
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It pays for any hunter to be inquisitive.
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There's a lot to learn.
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And there's enough food here
to satisfy both parent and young.
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00:09:09,552 --> 00:09:11,178
And if all else fails,
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you can always steal supper
from someone else.
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00:09:35,661 --> 00:09:36,954
Across the globe,
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these shallow coastal seas cover an area
of 25 million square miles.
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Far more than even the largest continent.
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That, combined with the richness
of the waters,
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makes them very important habitat.
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00:09:59,811 --> 00:10:02,021
Wherever land meets sea,
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nutrients rise from the deep,
fueling an abundance of life.
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00:10:09,278 --> 00:10:12,573
It's especially rich here
in the North Atlantic,
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00:10:12,657 --> 00:10:16,949
where huge shoals of fish
come close to the shore.
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00:10:26,546 --> 00:10:32,548
One kind of animal thrives in such places
and forms immense colonies.
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Flying reptiles. Pterosaurs.
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00:10:41,394 --> 00:10:46,562
Here, on the beaches of North Africa,
there are seven different species of them.
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They come here to feed, to rest,
and to raise their young.
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Tethydraco are well-adapted
to spend time on the ground
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and not only make their nests here
but stay to protect their brood.
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And their young certainly need protection.
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The dagger beak of Phosphatodraco.
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A nine-foot-tall predator
that stalks through these colonies,
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looking for a chance
to snatch an unguarded hatchling.
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00:11:41,662 --> 00:11:45,833
But some types of pterosaurs
are less well-adapted to life on land.
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00:11:45,917 --> 00:11:49,666
They have a slightly different
nesting strategy.
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They make their nests where they will
attract less attention from predators.
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Isolated cliffs like this are ideal.
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Pterosaur eggs are leathery
and can easily dry out,
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so they need to be covered.
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00:12:11,567 --> 00:12:16,068
Beneath this pile of seaweed,
something is stirring.
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A tiny Alcione hatchling,
just a few inches high
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and weighing less than two ounces.
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Their mothers left the eggs here
about two months ago.
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Calling to each other
synchronizes hatching.
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There is safety in numbers.
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Their first instinct is to climb.
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Hatchlings from hundreds of nests
gather on the cliff-top
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to prepare for their first flight.
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But their wings are still unformed.
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00:13:47,538 --> 00:13:50,958
The bones of the long finger
that supports their wing membrane
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00:13:51,042 --> 00:13:56,335
must first straighten and lock together,
and that will take some hours.
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00:13:58,966 --> 00:14:01,048
But they can't stay here for long.
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00:14:08,226 --> 00:14:12,146
Their bones are extremely light,
up to 90% air,
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00:14:12,230 --> 00:14:15,979
and that makes the effort needed
to take off much easier.
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00:14:18,528 --> 00:14:21,860
Even so, test flights are essential.
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00:14:22,949 --> 00:14:25,909
There will only be one chance
to get it right
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00:14:25,993 --> 00:14:28,242
when the time comes to launch.
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00:14:35,545 --> 00:14:39,381
The cliff edge creates updrafts,
and they can help.
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00:14:39,465 --> 00:14:43,594
So, it pays to gather there
facing into the prevailing winds
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and towards the mainland.
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00:14:49,267 --> 00:14:52,766
But no one seems quite ready
to take the plunge.
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00:14:59,569 --> 00:15:05,070
Until, at last,
one youngster sets them all on their way.
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They're not heading for the beach
and its colony.
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They need to get to the mist forest
that lies beyond.
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Barbaridactylus.
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Powerful, predatory pterosaurs
that normally catch fish.
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00:16:07,595 --> 00:16:10,844
But the hatchlings are too good to miss.
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One way to take evasive action is
to simply fold their wings and drop.
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00:16:31,953 --> 00:16:36,203
But losing height will make it harder
for them to reach the forests.
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A crash landing in the colony.
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It's no place for a hatchling on its own.
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A lucky survivor
from the first wave of hatchlings…
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Still heading in the right direction.
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Sanctuary.
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00:18:14,472 --> 00:18:19,139
Of the hatchlings that left the stack,
few get as far as this.
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But for them,
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this forest offers all the shelter
and food that a young pterosaur needs.
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For the next five years,
this will be their home.
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Then, they will be large enough
to join the adults,
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00:18:38,913 --> 00:18:42,079
catching fish out on the open ocean.
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00:18:52,343 --> 00:18:57,097
Some marine animals that spend
all their lives fishing out at sea
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must occasionally visit the coast
for a very particular purpose.
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In the waters off the drowned continent
of Zealandia,
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a long journey is coming to an end.
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These are tuarangisaurs,
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a type of huge marine reptile
nearly 30 feet long.
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This female is accompanied by her calf,
about six months old.
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00:19:34,177 --> 00:19:38,138
At most, she'll have only one youngster
every two years or so.
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It's a huge investment,
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00:19:39,932 --> 00:19:44,308
and one that makes the bond
between mother and young very important.
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00:19:54,989 --> 00:20:00,282
She has brought her young calf many miles
to this one bay.
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And they're not alone.
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Tuarangisaurs come here
from across the South Pacific.
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00:20:34,195 --> 00:20:40,197
Males also gather here
to display to females.
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00:20:46,791 --> 00:20:51,792
But for now, courtship is not
the female's first priority.
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This bay has something
that few others can provide.
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Pebbles that are particularly smooth,
hard, and rounded.
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00:21:24,620 --> 00:21:29,496
They've been worn by the action
of river water, but they're hard to find.
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00:21:36,424 --> 00:21:39,927
Here, however, in the pool
at the bottom of a waterfall,
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there are plenty of them.
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And the tuarangisaurs can take their pick.
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They then do something rather remarkable.
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They swallow them.
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00:21:56,068 --> 00:22:01,615
They need the stones to act both
as ballast and as gizzard stones.
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00:22:01,699 --> 00:22:05,494
Gastroliths which will remain
in their stomachs
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to grind up their unchewed food.
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00:22:16,214 --> 00:22:17,464
For a youngster,
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learning to swallow pebbles
for the first time isn't easy.
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It takes a little practice.
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But it's also a chance for his mother
to find a suitable mate amongst the males.
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For the calf, at last, success.
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Now, he will swallow as many as he can.
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00:23:25,158 --> 00:23:29,491
And, as he grows,
he'll return here for more.
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00:23:35,793 --> 00:23:38,921
It's time for the family
to leave the coast
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and head back out to sea to feed.
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00:23:41,340 --> 00:23:43,717
And for the young tuarangisaur,
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that is an important step
on the road to adulthood.
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00:23:58,357 --> 00:23:59,650
In southern Europe,
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where the Atlantic meets
the great Tethys Sea,
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coastal life reaches
perhaps its greatest diversity.
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00:24:08,910 --> 00:24:13,247
Rising sea level means that
there are countless submerged islands
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covered with sponges, clams and corals.
168
00:24:26,886 --> 00:24:31,140
Corals take advantage
of the sunshine in these shallows,
169
00:24:31,224 --> 00:24:35,432
forming partnerships with algae
that grow within their tissues.
170
00:24:43,820 --> 00:24:48,737
They collect tiny particles of food
floating in the ocean currents.
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00:25:05,007 --> 00:25:09,758
Myriads of these marine creatures
encrust the solid rock.
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00:25:14,267 --> 00:25:18,559
But one rock here
appears surprisingly bare.
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00:25:21,441 --> 00:25:25,444
Beyond is a sheer drop-off
and the deep sea,
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home to oceanic predators…
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00:25:43,796 --> 00:25:47,713
And danger for unwary reef fish.
176
00:26:14,535 --> 00:26:19,203
But this pycnodont fish
has little to fear.
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00:26:20,208 --> 00:26:24,917
This is Hoffman's mosasaur,
the ocean's deadliest predator.
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00:26:25,213 --> 00:26:29,380
But he's not here to eat.
He's come to be cleaned.
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00:26:34,764 --> 00:26:40,394
Mosasaurs are giant lizards
and have both a lizard's forked tongue,
180
00:26:40,478 --> 00:26:44,603
and during the mating season,
a lizard's colorful skin.
181
00:26:46,984 --> 00:26:50,776
Now it's time to shed old skin.
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00:27:02,291 --> 00:27:04,251
And when you need to look your best,
183
00:27:04,335 --> 00:27:08,252
nothing but an all-over body scrub
will do.
184
00:27:18,850 --> 00:27:23,559
Fish and shrimp pick scales
shed from his body.
185
00:27:39,078 --> 00:27:43,707
Resting at the surface allows
this sea-going, air-breathing lizard
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00:27:43,791 --> 00:27:46,290
to fill his lungs,
187
00:27:47,336 --> 00:27:50,002
and relax.
188
00:28:06,814 --> 00:28:08,023
A rival.
189
00:28:08,107 --> 00:28:11,106
A younger male,
challenging for this territory.
190
00:28:37,011 --> 00:28:40,556
The old male is heavier, over 15 tons.
191
00:28:40,640 --> 00:28:43,347
But his rival is more nimble.
192
00:28:56,531 --> 00:29:01,407
When they are as evenly matched as this,
these battles can be lethal.
193
00:29:03,496 --> 00:29:07,374
Mosasaurs have been found
with the shattered teeth of rivals
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00:29:07,458 --> 00:29:09,540
embedded in their skulls.
195
00:29:16,384 --> 00:29:18,757
The old male snatches a breath.
196
00:29:26,477 --> 00:29:29,101
Now he has the advantage.
197
00:29:33,943 --> 00:29:37,651
By dragging his rival down,
he could drown him.
198
00:30:24,202 --> 00:30:27,034
The old male has triumphed.
199
00:30:27,580 --> 00:30:32,122
For now, at least,
this reef is still his territory.
200
00:30:40,093 --> 00:30:45,135
A crescent moon
off the coast of North America.
201
00:30:49,560 --> 00:30:56,271
The calm, dark nights that follow
trigger a rare and beautiful event.
202
00:31:04,659 --> 00:31:08,992
Tonight, even in the deep, there is light.
203
00:31:21,717 --> 00:31:26,051
Glowing ammonites rise from the abyss.
204
00:31:34,689 --> 00:31:39,106
Ammonites are mollusks,
related to octopus and squid.
205
00:31:39,527 --> 00:31:44,111
These scaphitids are no bigger
than a human hand.
206
00:31:52,039 --> 00:31:56,081
For weeks, they've been gathering
in the coastal depths.
207
00:32:02,258 --> 00:32:07,009
In the deep, these lights
may help lure plankton as food.
208
00:32:07,430 --> 00:32:11,180
But tonight,
they serve a different purpose.
209
00:32:13,519 --> 00:32:16,980
They've been drawn to the surface to mate.
210
00:32:17,064 --> 00:32:21,315
And soon there are thousands
in each shoal.
211
00:32:34,207 --> 00:32:39,917
Neighbor triggers neighbor,
creating waves of bioluminescence.
212
00:32:48,971 --> 00:32:51,598
They have complex nervous systems,
213
00:32:51,682 --> 00:32:55,432
controlling light-producing cells
called photocytes.
214
00:33:04,112 --> 00:33:09,279
The males jostle for a place
around the larger females.
215
00:33:10,535 --> 00:33:16,787
Clues from their displays tell her who is
the fittest and who is the best mate.
216
00:33:21,379 --> 00:33:26,130
As couples entwine,
they coordinate their light displays.
217
00:33:32,473 --> 00:33:37,224
If he can't match her precise rhythm,
he'll be rejected.
218
00:33:42,024 --> 00:33:44,523
But there is perfect synchrony.
219
00:33:47,613 --> 00:33:52,156
This pair will now spawn
and help produce the next generation.
220
00:33:57,331 --> 00:33:58,916
After fertilization,
221
00:33:59,000 --> 00:34:02,875
the females enter the shallows
to release their eggs.
222
00:34:11,471 --> 00:34:13,597
As with most cephalopods,
223
00:34:13,681 --> 00:34:17,388
breeding is the final act
of their short lives.
224
00:34:22,732 --> 00:34:27,274
By morning, these lights
will have flickered and died.
225
00:34:37,371 --> 00:34:41,663
This magical night will be their last.
226
00:34:54,472 --> 00:34:58,851
All over the globe,
the coast provides an ideal place
227
00:34:58,935 --> 00:35:05,062
for countless animals to mate,
raise their young, and to feed.
228
00:35:11,864 --> 00:35:14,613
Back in the shallow waters of Zealandia,
229
00:35:15,243 --> 00:35:19,326
large groups of tuarangisaurs
have come together.
230
00:35:33,886 --> 00:35:39,433
They propel themselves with all four fins
and travel almost effortlessly
231
00:35:39,517 --> 00:35:43,183
to find the fish shoals
that gather here in summer.
232
00:35:44,814 --> 00:35:47,733
Occasionally,
they break the surface to gulp air
233
00:35:47,817 --> 00:35:51,442
before continuing
on their underwater flight.
234
00:35:59,954 --> 00:36:04,621
But one female is not swimming
with her usual grace.
235
00:36:05,585 --> 00:36:11,086
She and her two-year-old calf are lagging
behind the rest of the group.
236
00:36:14,719 --> 00:36:17,843
She's moving rather laboriously.
237
00:36:19,974 --> 00:36:23,390
And that has not gone unnoticed.
238
00:36:26,272 --> 00:36:30,189
A deadly hunter, Kaikaifilu.
239
00:36:35,740 --> 00:36:40,157
The apparently stricken female
is a tempting target.
240
00:36:43,581 --> 00:36:47,539
Diving to deeper water
might make her less vulnerable.
241
00:36:53,091 --> 00:36:57,925
For the calf, trying to distract
the mosasaur is a dangerous game.
242
00:36:59,555 --> 00:37:02,012
But it's buying time.
243
00:37:07,188 --> 00:37:10,938
The mother and calf
are not entirely alone.
244
00:37:21,410 --> 00:37:23,871
These individuals may be related,
245
00:37:23,955 --> 00:37:28,831
and it's in all their interests
to drive Kaikaifilu away.
246
00:37:53,067 --> 00:37:57,901
This is the reason
for the female's apparent distress.
247
00:37:58,656 --> 00:38:00,487
She's pregnant.
248
00:38:24,766 --> 00:38:28,807
And now,
after a one-and-a-half year pregnancy,
249
00:38:29,395 --> 00:38:30,976
a baby.
250
00:38:36,778 --> 00:38:41,904
Over ten feet long,
nearly half the length of its mother.
251
00:38:42,283 --> 00:38:45,824
One of the biggest babies of all time.
252
00:38:53,586 --> 00:38:58,754
It needs to get to the surface
to take its very first breath.
253
00:39:19,695 --> 00:39:24,363
This young tuarangisaur could live
for 80 years.
254
00:39:26,119 --> 00:39:28,829
Now, supported by her family,
255
00:39:28,913 --> 00:39:32,204
she can take her place as a predator…
256
00:39:35,002 --> 00:39:38,168
In one of the richest habitats on Earth,
257
00:39:39,006 --> 00:39:44,216
the seas around the coasts
of our prehistoric planet.
258
00:39:59,152 --> 00:40:01,695
Next on Prehistoric Planet,
259
00:40:01,779 --> 00:40:07,448
giant dinosaurs wrestle to win a mate
in baking-hot deserts.
260
00:40:08,119 --> 00:40:09,536
And across the globe,
261
00:40:09,620 --> 00:40:14,458
remarkable specialists
must use every trick they can to survive
262
00:40:14,542 --> 00:40:18,042
in the most inhospitable places on Earth.
263
00:40:18,755 --> 00:40:21,799
To discover the science
behind the stories,
264
00:40:21,883 --> 00:40:26,633
go now
to the Prehistoric Planet show page.22614
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