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Surely, one of the most remarkable animals
that has ever existed,
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00:00:22,105 --> 00:00:26,318
and certainly one of the most famous,
is a dinosaur.
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00:00:27,361 --> 00:00:29,613
Tyrannosaurus rex.
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00:00:30,656 --> 00:00:35,202
An animal to spark the imagination
for all of us.
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What kind of an animal was it?
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00:00:38,330 --> 00:00:41,542
What did it look like? How did it live?
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00:00:41,625 --> 00:00:45,587
Now, scientific research has answered
such questions.
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And not just about T. rex,
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but the other species
that lived alongside it.
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00:00:51,426 --> 00:00:58,016
And the latest imaging technology
enables us to bring them all to life.
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Planet Earth, 66 million years ago.
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The skies are filled with flying giants.
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In the seas,
monstrous reptiles patrol the depths.
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And on land, dinosaurs of every kind,
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all facing the struggle to survive.
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We now know so much about a world
that was ruled by the dinosaurs.
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This is their story.
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The west of South America
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and one of the most desolate places
on this prehistoric planet.
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Few animals venture here,
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yet it is the stage for one of the most
extraordinary gatherings on Earth.
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Dreadnoughtus.
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Titanosaurs. Eighty-five feet long
and weighing 40 tons.
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These are all males,
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and they're many miles
from their rich forest feeding grounds.
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They come here for only one reason:
to fight for the chance to mate.
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Crowds of females
scrutinize the newly arriving males,
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assessing their strength and suitability.
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00:04:05,621 --> 00:04:08,123
The titanosaurs' immense necks
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are supported by
an ultralightweight air-filled skeleton.
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Their hollow neck bones
are connected to a series of bellows
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that inflate bizarre gular air sacs.
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Those males with the most impressive
displays will attract the most females.
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00:04:48,622 --> 00:04:53,001
This huge bull, white with dust,
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has held the center stage for two weeks.
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He weighs nearly 50 tons.
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And his display has, so far,
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intimidated all challengers.
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00:05:35,502 --> 00:05:36,753
But this new arrival…
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is not deterred.
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Lifting up such a huge body is exhausting.
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It's a battle of endurance.
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As the conflict intensifies,
each fighter tries to wound the other,
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stabbing with sharp dagger-like spikes
on each thumb
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and raking the skin with their teeth.
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Until, eventually…
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the knockout blow.
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The old bull's rule is finally over.
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The young victor takes his turn
on the center stage.
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00:08:09,489 --> 00:08:13,952
The price of defeat, for some,
is very high.
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00:08:40,102 --> 00:08:44,107
Even though some animals
are well adapted to desert conditions,
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their survival is often on a knife-edge.
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Especially here in Asia,
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where, in the height of summer,
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temperatures soar
above 60 degrees Celsius…
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and water evaporates in an instant.
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There are
ferocious-looking reptiles here too.
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00:09:24,982 --> 00:09:29,444
But this little lizard
is only a few inches long.
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Here, getting a meal is never easy.
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This immense carcass could be promising.
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A dead sauropod.
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A potential feast for many.
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But, strangely, all is quiet.
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Tarbosaurus…
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the equivalent, in this desert, of T. rex.
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They keep everyone else away.
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00:10:39,056 --> 00:10:42,768
But for the lizard,
they might bring an opportunity.
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If there is one thing
that attracts flies more than a carcass…
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it's a sleeping tarbosaur
that has been feeding on that carcass.
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00:11:32,943 --> 00:11:34,778
Time to be bold.
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A Velociraptor.
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Time to be careful.
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Because Velociraptors often hunt together.
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The tarbosaurs move on.
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00:13:39,862 --> 00:13:42,072
And now the pterosaurs can come down…
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and claim a share of the carcass.
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For the little lizard,
the opportunity has gone.
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Making the most of fleeting chances
is key to surviving in the desert,
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and some dinosaurs manage to do so
very effectively indeed.
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Mononykus is a desert specialist.
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Like many desert animals,
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she must patrol a huge area
if she is to find enough food.
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Bare legs help keep her body cool.
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Feathers on her body
shield her from the sun's rays,
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and they provide her with a super sense.
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They form facial discs that help her
detect the faintest of sounds.
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Such hypersensitive directional hearing
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gives her a mental map
of this hollow log and what lies within.
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She now uses the weapon
that gives this hunter its name.
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Mononykus, single giant claw.
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Just what she needs
to open a termite's nest.
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And she has
another special piece of equipment.
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A flexible tongue
twice the length of her head.
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An excellent protein-packed meal,
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if only termites
weren't quite so irritating.
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00:17:05,901 --> 00:17:10,656
Specialists like Mononykus can thrive
in this arid desert.
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00:17:14,034 --> 00:17:16,869
But such conditions
don't always stay the same.
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On rare occasions,
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cooler mountain winds sweep in
and mix with the rising hot air.
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A desert storm,
bringing with it welcome rain.
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She may never before
have seen the land soaked like this.
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It transforms this landscape
in unexpected ways.
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Seeds that have been lying dormant
burst into life.
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They transform this arid landscape
in a matter of days.
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And with the vegetation comes
an abundance of food,
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if you know how to catch it.
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00:18:58,639 --> 00:19:03,018
Enantiornithines, an ancient type of bird.
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But perhaps a little too big to tackle.
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It can be hard adapting
to such a different and unfamiliar world.
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Oh, dear.
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Finally, she's got something.
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But these new challenges will be brief.
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One thing is certain in the desert:
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Searing heat and scorched earth
will soon return.
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Flowers will be nothing more
than a distant memory.
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It's not just the unrelenting power
of the sun
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that makes deserts so inhospitable.
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So too do winds.
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Here in central Asia,
they rip across the landscape,
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drying out the land still further
and uprooting vegetation.
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Large dinosaurs keep on the move
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to try to cope
with these harsh conditions.
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00:20:51,168 --> 00:20:55,380
These duck-billed dinosaurs
are Barsboldia.
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They are long-distance specialists
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and can go without water
for an astonishing length of time.
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But on rare occasions,
there is an abundance.
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00:21:33,919 --> 00:21:35,045
When rain does fall,
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it can seep into the land
and travel great distances underground.
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00:21:41,385 --> 00:21:46,139
Until, in some special places,
the water rises to the surface
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00:21:46,223 --> 00:21:48,267
and creates an oasis.
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00:21:51,562 --> 00:21:56,733
Open water attracts desert animals
of every kind from many miles away.
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Some dwarf everyone else.
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The Mongolian titan.
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They are colossal.
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Weighing over 70 tons,
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they are among the biggest animals
to have ever walked the Earth.
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00:22:23,468 --> 00:22:27,931
A risky place for a tiny Mononykus
to come for a drink.
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There may be a crowd,
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00:22:36,440 --> 00:22:41,570
but if you've got the longest neck
on Earth, you can jump the queue.
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00:23:11,099 --> 00:23:13,977
Such a gathering attracts attention.
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A tarbosaur.
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00:24:33,015 --> 00:24:39,563
But like everyone else,
the hunter is here just for water.
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With so many thirsty mouths
drinking day and night,
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the water doesn't last long.
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00:25:04,379 --> 00:25:06,423
The animals disperse,
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00:25:06,507 --> 00:25:10,886
and once again, the harsh,
arid conditions return.
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00:25:17,893 --> 00:25:21,939
Over millions of years,
water has carved some deserts
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into spectacular landscapes…
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as here in North Africa.
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These canyon lands offer some
desert visitors special opportunities.
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00:25:38,288 --> 00:25:43,669
With a 17-foot wingspan,
Barbaridactylus, a type of pterosaur,
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can exploit the thermals
with effortless skill…
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00:25:50,425 --> 00:25:52,594
and so cover great distances,
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00:25:52,678 --> 00:25:57,099
despite the fact
that some have enormous head crests.
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Every year, males and females
gather at these special places in the sky
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in their thousands.
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There are no ground predators
on the summits of these isolated plateaus,
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00:26:43,020 --> 00:26:45,355
so they're safe places on which to land.
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00:26:45,939 --> 00:26:50,652
Large males select an area
in which to perform their displays
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00:26:52,279 --> 00:26:55,699
whilst eager young bachelors
circle overhead.
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Territory holders warn off
any challengers.
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A message that sometimes needs
to be violently reinforced.
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00:27:55,259 --> 00:27:59,680
But you don't necessarily
have to be a heavyweight to succeed.
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There are some males
that don't develop the huge head crest.
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They are sneaky males
that look like females
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and so, can try to remain unnoticed.
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It's a dangerous game to play…
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because the large males
are regularly on patrol.
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00:28:49,396 --> 00:28:51,648
And they perform their displays.
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00:29:08,582 --> 00:29:11,168
The sneak has been spotted.
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00:29:37,486 --> 00:29:38,904
But in fact…
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00:29:40,072 --> 00:29:43,200
he caught the eye of the large male.
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But the sneak pretends
to be a reluctant female…
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00:30:07,015 --> 00:30:09,393
and rejects the male's advances.
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Now, back to the mission in hand…
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and time to make his move.
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Success.
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Large males might seem more attractive,
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00:31:10,287 --> 00:31:14,208
but the females, it seems,
ensure producing the fittest young
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by mating
with as many partners as they can…
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whether they're impressively adorned
or just sneaky.
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It's not just extraordinary,
bizarre animals
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00:31:42,528 --> 00:31:45,531
that live in the deserts
of the prehistoric planet.
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There are strange,
otherworldly landscapes too.
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Such as here in South America.
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00:32:01,839 --> 00:32:04,550
This may look like a dusting of snow,
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00:32:04,633 --> 00:32:10,556
but these great dunes are composed
not of sand, but of gypsum.
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00:32:11,306 --> 00:32:16,311
Gypsum is a fine, white mineral
that dissolves in water so easily,
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it can only exist in solid form
in the driest areas on Earth.
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These dunes are so dry
that living here is almost impossible.
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00:32:32,828 --> 00:32:36,123
Yet some dinosaurs manage to do so.
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00:32:39,459 --> 00:32:43,005
Secernosaurus, a type of small hadrosaur.
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00:32:47,801 --> 00:32:50,846
Although they can survive
on a poor-quality diet,
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00:32:50,929 --> 00:32:55,309
every decade or so
this area dries out so extremely
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00:32:55,392 --> 00:32:59,104
that almost all the vegetation
shrivels and dies.
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With young to care for,
this could be the end of the herd.
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00:33:12,326 --> 00:33:15,829
But some of the older,
more experienced individuals
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00:33:15,913 --> 00:33:19,583
may remember other potential sources
of food and water.
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00:33:21,126 --> 00:33:25,797
And they know that the way to survive
is not to try to leave the desert
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00:33:25,881 --> 00:33:29,760
but to continue traveling
across its baking dunes.
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00:33:36,725 --> 00:33:42,022
With high winds and shifting sands,
the desert is always on the move.
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00:33:44,983 --> 00:33:47,110
And that makes navigation tricky.
203
00:34:08,215 --> 00:34:11,301
The herd prefers to travel at night.
204
00:34:30,654 --> 00:34:32,197
It's not only cooler
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00:34:32,281 --> 00:34:37,077
but also reveals a map that could
enable an animal to find its way
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00:34:37,159 --> 00:34:40,414
through the featureless
yet ever-changing desert.
207
00:34:42,291 --> 00:34:45,210
A map in the sky.
208
00:34:48,172 --> 00:34:50,132
Like many migrating animals,
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00:34:50,215 --> 00:34:54,178
hadrosaurs
can recognize celestial signposts.
210
00:35:00,475 --> 00:35:04,563
By day, the blistering sun
still beats down from overhead.
211
00:35:14,239 --> 00:35:19,953
Even if they can find shade,
this for some could be journey's end.
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00:35:28,003 --> 00:35:30,881
But there is something else
that may help them.
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00:35:35,928 --> 00:35:40,140
The deep, rumbling sound of waves
crashing onto the distant shoreline
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00:35:40,224 --> 00:35:42,768
travels for miles through the dunes.
215
00:35:44,978 --> 00:35:49,274
The sound is so low
that many animals cannot hear it.
216
00:35:49,358 --> 00:35:54,696
But hadrosaurs can, and so are able
to find their way towards the coast.
217
00:35:57,115 --> 00:36:01,787
But this desert still has one more
obstacle that must be overcome.
218
00:36:03,580 --> 00:36:07,376
Giant coastal dunes block their path.
219
00:36:23,767 --> 00:36:28,981
Steep, unstable sand
saps energy with every step.
220
00:37:20,115 --> 00:37:21,491
They have made it.
221
00:37:32,794 --> 00:37:38,383
And their first reward is to lick droplets
of water that condense on their skin
222
00:37:38,467 --> 00:37:42,304
from the fog that forms
where dunes and ocean meet.
223
00:37:53,232 --> 00:37:57,986
And this fog also nourishes
a rich coastal paradise.
224
00:38:10,123 --> 00:38:13,752
This is enough to feed the herd for now,
225
00:38:14,253 --> 00:38:18,090
but once it runs out,
they will be forced to move on…
226
00:38:22,219 --> 00:38:25,222
and once more endure the trials of life
227
00:38:25,806 --> 00:38:29,142
in the deserts of the prehistoric planet.
228
00:38:35,816 --> 00:38:37,568
Next on Prehistoric Planet,
229
00:38:37,651 --> 00:38:41,071
one of the strangest dinosaurs
that has ever lived.
230
00:38:41,154 --> 00:38:46,159
A bizarre, duck-billed giant
feeds in a vast inland swamp.
231
00:38:48,078 --> 00:38:50,497
And as fresh water flows
from source to sea,
232
00:38:50,581 --> 00:38:53,834
it shapes the lives of all it touches.
233
00:38:55,127 --> 00:38:58,213
To discover the science
behind the stories,
234
00:38:58,297 --> 00:39:02,718
go now
to the Prehistoric Planet show page.
19489
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