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What if we could tell you everything,
the entire history of the world?
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Now, what if we told you
we could do it in just two hours?
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00:00:12,595 --> 00:00:17,933
We're going to tell the whole story,
from the Big Bang to the present day.
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How the planet prepared
for the rise of man.
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00:00:22,939 --> 00:00:26,567
How the Stone Age
led to the steam engine.
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How the first seeds sprouted
into cities and civilizations.
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Everything is connected,
and the path leads to you.
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lt took history 1 3.7 billion years
to unfold.
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We'll show you everything you
need to know in the next two hours.
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This is our infant universe.
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Everything that will ever exist,
everything that will ever happen,
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all begins here,
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within this tiny bundle of energy,
smaller than an atom.
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And right now, history as we know it
is about to mysteriously begin.
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For reasons we may never know,
our universe suddenly erupts.
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ln a millionth of a millionth
of a millionth of a millionth
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of a millionth
of a millionth of a second,
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it went from a size
smaller than an atom
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to bigger than a galaxy.
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What you're seeing is energy,
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and it's one key to understanding
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everything that will unfold
in the next two hours.
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Within a fraction of a second,
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the Big Bang creates
all the energy that will ever exist,
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all the energy
that will power the stars,
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that will fuel
anything that ever lives.
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All the energy
that you will ever consume
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dates back to the beginning of time.
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When you put gas into your car,
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you're tapping energy
that was created during the Big Bang.
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You're tapping
the energy of the universe itself.
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We're only a few minutes into
our two-hourjourney,
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but already 380,000 years have passed.
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You are about to witness
the birth of your original ancestors,
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the first atoms.
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This is hydrogen.
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The universe will use it to make
everything in the world around us.
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Hydrogen is like a baseball team.
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You say, "What player do l want
to start my team with?"
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Well, if l want to start a universe,
l want to start it with hydrogen.
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Because from that, with a lot of heat
and a lot of pressure,
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you can build more kinds of atoms.
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The first atoms
blast through the early universe.
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And luckily for us,
they don't spread out evenly,
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because in those tiny pockets
with more atoms,
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gravity, the great sculptor
of the early universe,
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00:04:01,574 --> 00:04:03,659
begins to work its magic.
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The first galaxies
are beginning to form,
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revealing a timeless secret
of the universe.
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Throughout history,
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whenever more matter and energy
can be drawn together in one place,
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more complex things can emerge.
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We have all of these urban centers
around the planet
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where so much creativity, so much art,
so much science,
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so much culture came about
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because of all these opportunities for
things to interact with each other.
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Really, in a sense, where
there is stuff, new stuff can develop.
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And where there isn't anything,
nothing much can develop.
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300 million years after the Big Bang,
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inside of forming galaxies,
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gravity continues to squeeze together
clouds of gas and dust,
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causing pressure and heat
to violently rise.
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When the temperature reaches
1 8 million degrees Fahrenheit,
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hydrogen atoms slam together,
creating a new element, helium,
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and radiating bursts of energy.
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The first stars are born.
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Suddenly there were
these new beacons of light
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shining forth,
pouring energy into the universe.
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Let there be light.
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But something is missing
from this early universe.
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There are billions of stars,
yet not a single planet.
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To form planets and eventually people,
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to take the next leap that would
make all of history possible,
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the universe needs more to work with
than just hydrogen and helium.
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The complicated elements,
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the heavier things
that we build stuff out of,
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for example, iron or life built out
of carbon and things like that,
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they're actually
manufactured in stars.
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We may see stars like our own sun
as sources of light,
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but there is something bigger
happening deep inside.
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Stars are element factories.
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They fuse hydrogen into helium,
helium into lithium,
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forging 25 of the most common elements
we'll need to live,
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including carbon, oxygen,
nitrogen, and iron.
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So more than 1 2 billion years ago,
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stars are already creating the element
that will spur the lron Age,
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allow for the building of cities
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and the creation of some of mankind's
most famous monuments.
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But a look at the Statue of Liberty
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reveals the next challenge
awaiting the early universe.
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While the statue's frame is iron,
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her skin requires an element
too heavy to be made in stars.
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For Lady Liberty to have
material for her skin,
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for there to be
gold for wedding rings,
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or uranium for nuclear reactors,
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some elements had
to be created another way.
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Stars don't have
enough energy to do the job,
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but if the element factory
isn't powerful enough,
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how about blowing up the factory?
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Just a few million years
after the first stars formed,
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some of them exploded.
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These explosions, known as supernovas,
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are the biggest blasts in the universe
since the Big Bang,
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providing the extra boost of energy
needed to fuse heavier elements.
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ln the fiery blast
of their own destruction,
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stars create uranium, gold,
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all the rest of the elements that will
fill our world, including copper.
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The periodic table of the elements
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is sort of the library
of matter in the universe.
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Those are your building blocks,
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everything that is coming out of
that particular chemistry set.
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Supernovas are absolutely necessary
for us to be here.
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You know, we have iron in our blood.
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We have little bits of old supernova,
therefore,
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just floating around through us.
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We are all stardust.
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Copper and tin, Bronze Age.
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Without supernovas,
there's no Bronze Age.
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Go to any supermarket
and buy a multivitamin
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and go and look in the ingredients.
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You'll find copper. You'll find zinc.
You'll find selenium.
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You'll find all sorts of elements
that can only be made in a supernova.
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The elements made by stars
will become the seeds of life on Earth
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and the drivers of human history.
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But the journey has just begun.
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Before there can be life, the universe
has to build us a suitable home.
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To build a proper house, you have to
assemble the right materials
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all in one place.
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Now when planets form,
it's the same thing,
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it's the materials
that you have at hand
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that's gonna dictate the kind of house
that your planet's gonna be.
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To get enough of the right material
in the right place all at once
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takes a very long time.
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Over the next eight billion years,
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more than half of history
as we know it,
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the element factories
continue their work.
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Stars explode and are reborn,
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each generation with
more heavy elements than the last.
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Until 4.6 billion years ago.
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Finally there are
enough materials gathered
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for the next step on the path to us.
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A new star is born.
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This is our sun.
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lt's so massive that it's gathered up
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00:11:00,826 --> 00:11:04,579
99.9% of the gas and dust
in the solar system,
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00:11:05,247 --> 00:11:07,374
but there's still
just enough left behind
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for gravity to build
some other things,
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like planets.
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The third one out from this star
will be our home.
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By the time Earth emerges just over
four and a half billion years ago,
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two-thirds of the history
of the universe has already passed.
152
00:11:31,732 --> 00:11:36,277
The first sunrises sweep
across a foreboding alien planet,
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a world spinning so rapidly
that a day lasts only six hours.
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When you go back to the early Earth,
right after the planet formed,
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you really have to think
of the Earth as another planet.
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The sun would have looked out
over a hellacious scene
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ofjust molten lava.
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And in places you would
see rafts of black volcanic rock.
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Within the liquefied rock
the elements are all in a jumble.
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Something has to
bring order out of this chaos.
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And once again
that something is gravity.
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Lighter material
drifts toward the surface
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and forms a solid crust,
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while heavier material
sinks toward the center,
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forming a molten iron-nickel core.
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This churning liquid metal
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creates a magnetic field
that reaches out into space.
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Like a force field,
it will protect our future home
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from the sun's
deadly charged particles.
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Soon this magnetic field
will allow for life to grow,
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and later, guide the explorers who
will connect two halves of the world.
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But for all this to unfold, the Earth
will need a critical partner.
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Four and a half billion years ago,
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an object the size of Mars
smashes into the planet
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at 25,000 miles per hour.
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Earth swallows up
much of the impactor.
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But a spray of molten debris
is whipped off into space.
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Within as little as a year,
gravity gathers this debris
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into a secondary sphere
in orbit around the Earth,
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where it has been ever since.
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The formation of the moon
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was an incredibly important event
in Earth's history.
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00:14:02,174 --> 00:14:03,967
And in fact, its creation,
over four billion years ago,
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is really important to
the Earth's climate today.
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The moon keeps Earth steady.
186
00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:15,228
lts gravitational pull
prevents the planet from wobbling,
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saving us from wild climate swings.
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And the collision that formed the moon
leaves Earth tilted on its axis,
189
00:14:24,029 --> 00:14:26,906
giving the planet
a key ingredient to life,
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seasons.
191
00:14:32,079 --> 00:14:34,372
Having seasons is very, very important
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for the evolution of life
on the Earth,
193
00:14:36,834 --> 00:14:40,503
and having some stability
in the tilt of those axes,
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that's very, very important also
for maintaining life on the Earth.
195
00:14:46,802 --> 00:14:51,347
The moon's gravity
also begins to slow Earth's rotation,
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00:14:51,432 --> 00:14:57,478
which will eventually lengthen
our days from six hours to 24.
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4.4 billion years ago.
198
00:15:11,994 --> 00:15:15,496
lt's too hot on Earth
for liquid water to exist,
199
00:15:15,539 --> 00:15:19,042
but there's water vapor,
steam in the atmosphere.
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00:15:21,086 --> 00:15:24,172
The trick is
how to get it out of the sky.
201
00:15:24,715 --> 00:15:29,719
Onto any world where you hope
to have life, a little rain must fall.
202
00:15:36,018 --> 00:15:41,022
For millions of years
as the planet cools, rain pours down,
203
00:15:41,815 --> 00:15:47,195
forming puddles, lakes,
and eventually our oceans.
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00:15:50,366 --> 00:15:53,034
By 3.8 billion years ago,
205
00:15:53,118 --> 00:15:57,080
our planet has a moon
and permanent oceans,
206
00:15:57,164 --> 00:16:00,583
but it hardly resembles
the place we now call home.
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00:16:02,336 --> 00:16:05,713
To become the stage
for all of human history,
208
00:16:05,798 --> 00:16:08,841
Earth needs an oxygen-rich atmosphere,
209
00:16:08,884 --> 00:16:12,679
fertile continents
for people to discover and develop.
210
00:16:12,721 --> 00:16:15,223
Who will create our modern world?
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00:16:15,766 --> 00:16:19,560
There's a trillion of them
crawling on your skin right now.
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00:16:28,320 --> 00:16:31,739
We're telling the history of the world
in two hours,
213
00:16:31,824 --> 00:16:35,118
from the Big Bang to the present day.
214
00:16:35,619 --> 00:16:39,330
And our modern world
holds important clues to the story.
215
00:16:39,790 --> 00:16:42,333
ln fact, structures like this
216
00:16:42,418 --> 00:16:46,087
hide a mysterious link
to the first life on Earth.
217
00:16:53,220 --> 00:16:55,680
3.8 billion years ago,
218
00:16:57,641 --> 00:17:00,643
beneath the surface
of our primeval oceans,
219
00:17:02,771 --> 00:17:05,189
a revolution is taking place.
220
00:17:09,611 --> 00:17:13,489
Six simple elements,
including hydrogen from the Big Bang,
221
00:17:13,574 --> 00:17:17,160
and oxygen, carbon,
and nitrogen created by stars,
222
00:17:17,244 --> 00:17:19,829
have combined
to form the key substances
223
00:17:19,913 --> 00:17:23,291
that will make up all life,
including us.
224
00:17:26,295 --> 00:17:29,213
The most spectacular is DNA.
225
00:17:31,258 --> 00:17:34,969
Within its spirals
hide the secret codes of life.
226
00:17:37,306 --> 00:17:41,142
700,000 years
after the planet first formed,
227
00:17:42,478 --> 00:17:44,729
life on Earth begins.
228
00:17:46,648 --> 00:17:49,650
We stand
not on the shoulders of giants,
229
00:17:49,693 --> 00:17:52,987
but of tiny organisms, bacteria.
230
00:17:55,699 --> 00:17:59,535
We're very egocentric. We think
that we animals run the world,
231
00:17:59,620 --> 00:18:02,246
but in fact we are very late entrants.
232
00:18:03,332 --> 00:18:06,000
lt was an empire of bacteria
long before animals.
233
00:18:06,085 --> 00:18:07,418
Animals come along,
234
00:18:07,503 --> 00:18:11,005
and we like to think
that we wiped out that empire.
235
00:18:11,048 --> 00:18:14,509
Well, we would be dead
if we wiped out that empire.
236
00:18:15,469 --> 00:18:18,596
l have within me
an entire zoo of bacteria.
237
00:18:19,973 --> 00:18:21,891
ln fact, each one of us
238
00:18:21,975 --> 00:18:26,270
has more bacteria living in our bodies
than there are people on the planet.
239
00:18:28,524 --> 00:18:30,399
For billions of years,
240
00:18:30,484 --> 00:18:34,529
microbes like these
will have Earth to themselves.
241
00:18:36,698 --> 00:18:38,574
Like our infant universe,
242
00:18:38,659 --> 00:18:43,746
the first life is small, simple,
and full of possibilities.
243
00:18:44,373 --> 00:18:45,873
The secret of how it explodes
244
00:18:45,958 --> 00:18:50,044
into all of the incredible forms
we see today, including us,
245
00:18:50,129 --> 00:18:52,088
goes back to the beginning of time.
246
00:18:53,549 --> 00:18:54,757
As we've seen,
247
00:18:54,842 --> 00:18:58,845
all the energy that will ever exist
was created in the Big Bang.
248
00:19:00,973 --> 00:19:05,226
All creatures need to grab their share
of this energy to survive.
249
00:19:05,853 --> 00:19:09,397
The more we harness,
the more efficiently we use it,
250
00:19:09,439 --> 00:19:11,816
the more complex we can become.
251
00:19:12,025 --> 00:19:15,194
And almost all of our share
of the Big Bang's energy
252
00:19:15,571 --> 00:19:18,156
is beamed to us by the sun.
253
00:19:21,201 --> 00:19:23,411
Two and a half billion years ago,
254
00:19:24,204 --> 00:19:26,455
some very special bacteria
255
00:19:26,540 --> 00:19:30,084
figure out how to
consume the sun's energy to live.
256
00:19:32,629 --> 00:19:34,964
ln doing this, they also create
257
00:19:35,048 --> 00:19:38,885
the most important waste product
in the history of the world,
258
00:19:40,846 --> 00:19:42,096
oxygen.
259
00:19:45,058 --> 00:19:47,935
Soon, oxygen will remake our world,
260
00:19:48,645 --> 00:19:51,856
but first,
it has another important job to do.
261
00:19:53,066 --> 00:19:56,694
Earth's ancient seas
are full of iron particles,
262
00:19:56,778 --> 00:20:01,282
and everyone knows
what happens when oxygen meets iron.
263
00:20:03,368 --> 00:20:06,704
Here l'm a little bacterium.
l've produced this oxygen molecule,
264
00:20:06,788 --> 00:20:09,790
and here's a big piece
of iron and clump, l rust it.
265
00:20:12,127 --> 00:20:14,962
The rusted iron
collects on the sea floor.
266
00:20:17,966 --> 00:20:22,845
Billions of years later,
these huge deposits will be raised up
267
00:20:22,930 --> 00:20:26,641
to become major sources
of the world's iron and steel.
268
00:20:30,020 --> 00:20:31,646
lt was these iron deposits
269
00:20:31,813 --> 00:20:34,815
that later on
drove the lndustrial Revolution.
270
00:20:36,777 --> 00:20:38,986
ln this way, the Brooklyn Bridge
271
00:20:39,655 --> 00:20:42,823
and the other early landmarks
of the lndustrial Age
272
00:20:42,908 --> 00:20:46,702
are a direct link to
some of the first life forms on Earth.
273
00:20:49,081 --> 00:20:52,708
Once there's no more iron
left in the sea to rust,
274
00:20:52,793 --> 00:20:56,128
these ancient bacteria
have a mission to complete.
275
00:20:56,838 --> 00:20:59,006
They create so much oxygen
276
00:20:59,758 --> 00:21:04,011
that it fills the oceans
and escapes into the atmosphere.
277
00:21:06,515 --> 00:21:09,100
And from then on
we have a very different planet
278
00:21:09,184 --> 00:21:11,269
from all the other planets
in the solar system.
279
00:21:12,145 --> 00:21:14,939
Now, life takes a giant leap.
280
00:21:15,691 --> 00:21:19,777
For the first time,
some bacteria learn to live on oxygen.
281
00:21:21,113 --> 00:21:26,575
Every human breath is a ritual
two and a half billion years old.
282
00:21:29,705 --> 00:21:30,746
Life tends to stick with what works
283
00:21:32,416 --> 00:21:33,958
even over the course of
billions of years.
284
00:21:34,042 --> 00:21:36,210
Oxygen is a game changer.
285
00:21:36,795 --> 00:21:38,337
By taming its power,
286
00:21:38,380 --> 00:21:41,716
life has found
a better way to energize itself.
287
00:21:41,758 --> 00:21:45,970
Twenty times more efficient
than anything used on Earth before.
288
00:21:46,596 --> 00:21:49,307
What life does
with all this new energy
289
00:21:49,391 --> 00:21:51,892
will be the story that leads to us.
290
00:21:58,400 --> 00:22:02,403
Over the next two billion years,
life becomes more complex.
291
00:22:05,532 --> 00:22:07,283
Skies become blue,
292
00:22:08,952 --> 00:22:11,662
and so do the oceans
that reflect them.
293
00:22:12,706 --> 00:22:15,124
Large, solid continents appear.
294
00:22:15,959 --> 00:22:19,962
Earth is beginning to look
more like the place we now call home.
295
00:22:28,263 --> 00:22:30,723
550 million years ago,
296
00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:35,936
as the planet celebrates
its four billionth birthday,
297
00:22:36,021 --> 00:22:39,982
oxygen levels in the atmosphere have
risen from next to nothing
298
00:22:40,067 --> 00:22:42,026
to as much as 1 3%.
299
00:22:44,571 --> 00:22:46,072
Take a deep breath,
300
00:22:46,114 --> 00:22:49,200
because life on Earth
is about to go wild.
301
00:22:55,624 --> 00:23:00,753
This is the Cambrian explosion,
biology's version of the Big Bang.
302
00:23:02,923 --> 00:23:05,132
Right after you have abundant oxygen,
you get size and complexity.
303
00:23:07,969 --> 00:23:10,137
And oxygen lets you do that.
304
00:23:13,266 --> 00:23:17,728
lt's in this breathtaking span
of roughly 30 million years
305
00:23:17,813 --> 00:23:20,815
that most of the
major animal groups evolve.
306
00:23:22,567 --> 00:23:28,030
By 500 million years ago, the first
bony fish have evolved in the seas.
307
00:23:29,032 --> 00:23:31,951
These fish are our direct ancestors.
308
00:23:32,577 --> 00:23:34,662
Though they look nothing like us,
309
00:23:34,704 --> 00:23:38,582
they evolve the body parts that will
make our own bodies possible,
310
00:23:38,667 --> 00:23:42,586
including a spine,
and a mouth with jaws and teeth.
311
00:23:44,339 --> 00:23:46,507
We owe a great deal
to our fish ancestors.
312
00:23:46,550 --> 00:23:47,842
ln fact, all vertebrates today
313
00:23:47,926 --> 00:23:50,761
really represent modifications
of the original fish body plan.
314
00:23:53,682 --> 00:23:56,851
For the first four billion years
of Earth's history,
315
00:23:56,935 --> 00:23:59,770
plants and animals
have stuck to the seas.
316
00:24:02,357 --> 00:24:04,900
But that all begins to change.
317
00:24:04,985 --> 00:24:07,403
With oxygen comes an ozone layer,
318
00:24:07,487 --> 00:24:10,114
protecting us from
dangerous radiation.
319
00:24:13,785 --> 00:24:15,953
Plants make the move first.
320
00:24:25,714 --> 00:24:30,551
Around 400 million years ago,
animals are ready to take the leap.
321
00:24:32,637 --> 00:24:35,806
Among the first ashore
are the amphibians,
322
00:24:35,891 --> 00:24:38,559
whose descendants will include us.
323
00:24:39,686 --> 00:24:42,980
The most amazing thing about animal
evolution ever, for me personally,
324
00:24:44,941 --> 00:24:46,567
is that moment that first amphibian
325
00:24:46,610 --> 00:24:50,279
walks out of the primeval ocean
onto land
326
00:24:50,780 --> 00:24:52,948
and takes a big gulp of air.
327
00:24:54,784 --> 00:24:57,870
Kind of like great-great-great-
great-great-great grandpa
328
00:24:57,913 --> 00:25:01,499
coming out of the ocean
and seeing this fantastic world.
329
00:25:03,084 --> 00:25:05,336
And it's like, "Hey! l can live here.
330
00:25:05,420 --> 00:25:06,795
"Look at those trees.
Look at those bugs.
331
00:25:06,880 --> 00:25:08,797
"There's food here. l can do this."
332
00:25:14,763 --> 00:25:18,891
Eventually, humans will conquer
every imaginable terrain.
333
00:25:21,186 --> 00:25:23,020
But before we can do that,
334
00:25:23,188 --> 00:25:27,107
our ancestors must first cut their
final tie to the water,
335
00:25:28,401 --> 00:25:29,735
mating season.
336
00:25:33,949 --> 00:25:35,616
Like modern frogs,
337
00:25:35,700 --> 00:25:38,869
they have jelly-like eggs
that would dry out on land.
338
00:25:41,331 --> 00:25:44,583
But some amphibians
eventually solve the problem.
339
00:25:45,126 --> 00:25:47,461
They evolve a new form of egg
340
00:25:48,004 --> 00:25:50,589
with a shell
that keeps the moisture in.
341
00:25:51,633 --> 00:25:55,761
This allows us
to carry the ocean with us onto land
342
00:25:56,012 --> 00:26:01,016
and signals the evolution
of amphibians into reptiles.
343
00:26:01,893 --> 00:26:06,021
You could be 300, 400, 500,
1 ,000 miles away from water
344
00:26:06,231 --> 00:26:09,858
and still have the water in that egg
in order to birth.
345
00:26:10,860 --> 00:26:11,902
That is the key.
346
00:26:12,862 --> 00:26:15,489
lt cuts that final tie to the ocean.
347
00:26:16,241 --> 00:26:19,159
That way we could colonize
the rest of the land.
348
00:26:33,091 --> 00:26:40,014
300 million years ago, life flourishes
in massive tropical swamps
349
00:26:40,223 --> 00:26:43,183
where planet Earth
is cooking up a surprise.
350
00:26:44,811 --> 00:26:46,645
As plants die here,
351
00:26:47,606 --> 00:26:52,026
they are buried, compacted,
and cooked.
352
00:26:53,111 --> 00:26:55,696
Energy created in the Big Bang
353
00:26:55,864 --> 00:26:59,325
and radiated by the sun
to plants on Earth
354
00:27:00,785 --> 00:27:05,414
is now locked away underground
as coal,
355
00:27:05,790 --> 00:27:10,961
a gift to be opened by human beings
millions of years in the future.
356
00:27:19,012 --> 00:27:21,138
250 million years ago,
357
00:27:23,224 --> 00:27:25,059
an apocalypse unfolds.
358
00:27:26,394 --> 00:27:31,398
The biggest spike in volcanic activity
since the early days of the planet.
359
00:27:32,776 --> 00:27:36,236
The atmosphere is choked
with carbon dioxide,
360
00:27:36,363 --> 00:27:40,032
and the diversity of animal life
spawned in the Cambrian explosion
361
00:27:40,408 --> 00:27:42,618
is stopped dead in its tracks.
362
00:27:46,247 --> 00:27:50,042
More than 70% of all species on Earth
go extinct
363
00:27:50,126 --> 00:27:55,589
in the worst mass die-off in history,
the Permian extinction.
364
00:27:58,259 --> 00:28:02,388
Extinction is a recurring character
in the story of planet Earth.
365
00:28:04,432 --> 00:28:07,768
Five times
in the last 500 million years,
366
00:28:07,811 --> 00:28:11,188
some cataclysm
wiped out the dominant species.
367
00:28:12,065 --> 00:28:16,652
lt's a reshuffling of the deck that
allows new creatures to take hold.
368
00:28:17,779 --> 00:28:21,115
New creatures like the dinosaurs.
369
00:28:24,786 --> 00:28:28,580
Dinosaurs will reign
for the next 1 60 million years.
370
00:28:30,667 --> 00:28:34,044
During that time,
the first hardwood forests appear.
371
00:28:36,464 --> 00:28:39,508
And after
more than four billion years,
372
00:28:39,592 --> 00:28:44,763
the moon's gravity finally settles
Earth into a 24-hour day.
373
00:28:47,058 --> 00:28:48,976
At the start of the dinosaur era,
374
00:28:49,144 --> 00:28:51,061
the continents are clustered together
375
00:28:51,146 --> 00:28:53,939
into a single landmass
we call Pangaea.
376
00:28:54,733 --> 00:28:57,109
But now they start to break apart.
377
00:29:00,905 --> 00:29:03,449
Africa separates from South America.
378
00:29:04,159 --> 00:29:06,452
The vast Atlantic Ocean opens up,
379
00:29:07,495 --> 00:29:11,331
creating what will become one of the
defining barriers of human history,
380
00:29:12,167 --> 00:29:15,252
the gulf
between the old and new worlds.
381
00:29:19,174 --> 00:29:21,842
The undisputed stars
of the dinosaur era
382
00:29:21,926 --> 00:29:25,262
are animals like Triceratops
and T-Rex.
383
00:29:25,847 --> 00:29:29,850
But there are some important creatures
scurrying around their feet.
384
00:29:30,852 --> 00:29:33,228
lf we were to trace our lineage back
far enough,
385
00:29:33,396 --> 00:29:37,274
we would come to really small
shrew-like mammals
386
00:29:37,358 --> 00:29:40,736
surrounded by
these titans of reptile life.
387
00:29:41,362 --> 00:29:44,656
During that time, mammals,
we were living on the fringes.
388
00:29:44,699 --> 00:29:49,161
We were maybe stealing dinosaur eggs,
maybe just eking out an existence.
389
00:29:49,788 --> 00:29:52,080
So the dinosaurs kind of held us back.
390
00:29:53,875 --> 00:29:56,335
The biggest headline of the history
of dinosaurs,
391
00:29:56,377 --> 00:29:59,630
which is 1 60 million years,
is that we lost!
392
00:30:00,381 --> 00:30:01,381
Mammals lost.
393
00:30:02,133 --> 00:30:05,052
We couldn't get much bigger
than a small cat.
394
00:30:05,136 --> 00:30:09,807
For 1 60 million years,
all the medium-size, medium-big,
395
00:30:09,891 --> 00:30:14,144
big, gigantic and stupendous animals
were dinosaurs, for that whole time!
396
00:30:15,188 --> 00:30:18,106
They beat us fair and square.
397
00:30:20,693 --> 00:30:23,654
But the deck
is about to be reshuffled.
398
00:30:32,080 --> 00:30:34,623
Sixty-five million years ago,
399
00:30:34,707 --> 00:30:38,085
a six-mile wide object,
likely an asteroid,
400
00:30:38,628 --> 00:30:40,462
slams into the Earth.
401
00:30:48,680 --> 00:30:51,306
A dust cloud blocks out the sun.
402
00:30:51,724 --> 00:30:53,725
Temperatures plummet.
403
00:30:54,310 --> 00:30:58,939
Every creature on land
weighing over 50 pounds goes extinct.
404
00:31:00,024 --> 00:31:03,735
The reign of the dinosaurs is over.
405
00:31:05,613 --> 00:31:09,408
The greatest gift that the dinosaurs
ever gave us was dying.
406
00:31:10,577 --> 00:31:14,705
When they went extinct,
it gave the mammals time to rise.
407
00:31:16,624 --> 00:31:19,793
lt doesn't take long after
the disappearance of the dinosaurs
408
00:31:19,836 --> 00:31:22,629
for the first true primates to appear.
409
00:31:23,298 --> 00:31:26,383
Like their later versions,
including us,
410
00:31:26,467 --> 00:31:29,678
these mammals have evolved
forward-facing eyes
411
00:31:29,762 --> 00:31:35,142
allowing for accurate depth perception
and flexible hands with five digits.
412
00:31:35,894 --> 00:31:40,355
They have five fingers, just like us,
which means we can grasp things.
413
00:31:40,440 --> 00:31:42,733
lf you think about other animals
that don't have digits
414
00:31:44,235 --> 00:31:46,904
organized the way ours are,
their ability to hold things,
415
00:31:46,988 --> 00:31:49,948
to manipulate objects,
is much more limited.
416
00:31:52,577 --> 00:31:54,828
Fifty million years ago,
417
00:31:54,871 --> 00:31:58,498
our primate ancestors are evolving
on a planet that is warming.
418
00:31:59,292 --> 00:32:02,961
lt's so hot,
there are jungles at the poles.
419
00:32:05,757 --> 00:32:07,382
As the continents drift,
420
00:32:07,467 --> 00:32:10,886
the Americas and Africa
have almost fully taken shape.
421
00:32:12,305 --> 00:32:13,972
But in northern Africa,
422
00:32:14,015 --> 00:32:17,893
modern-day Egypt
is submerged beneath an ancient sea.
423
00:32:19,812 --> 00:32:24,232
On the floor of that sea live small,
shelled creatures called nummulites.
424
00:32:24,359 --> 00:32:26,860
Their shells,
made of calcium and carbon,
425
00:32:26,903 --> 00:32:29,863
pile up on the sea bottom
over millions of years,
426
00:32:29,906 --> 00:32:32,991
where they form into limestone.
427
00:32:33,076 --> 00:32:36,536
Limestone that will be used
to build the Great Pyramids.
428
00:32:37,538 --> 00:32:39,998
lf you look closely
at the pyramids today,
429
00:32:40,041 --> 00:32:43,669
you can still see evidence that
these 4,000-year-old monuments
430
00:32:43,711 --> 00:32:48,173
are in fact made of
50-million-year-old seashells.
431
00:32:56,224 --> 00:32:58,225
By 1 0 million years ago,
432
00:32:58,267 --> 00:33:02,020
Earth is morphing into a world
most of us would recognize.
433
00:33:02,313 --> 00:33:05,774
The Colorado River
is carving out the Grand Canyon.
434
00:33:06,442 --> 00:33:09,528
Mountain ranges
like the Himalayas have arisen.
435
00:33:09,612 --> 00:33:12,698
They're so tall,
they disrupt weather patterns
436
00:33:13,741 --> 00:33:16,368
setting the stage for a colder planet.
437
00:33:20,790 --> 00:33:25,252
The lsthmus of Panama emerges
to connect North and South America,
438
00:33:25,336 --> 00:33:29,089
cleaving the connection between
the Atlantic and the Pacific,
439
00:33:29,173 --> 00:33:30,924
disrupting ocean currents
440
00:33:30,967 --> 00:33:34,386
and tipping the world
even more towards an ice age.
441
00:33:37,557 --> 00:33:39,099
With the planet getting colder,
442
00:33:39,183 --> 00:33:42,686
our primate ancestors
hang on in the tropics,
443
00:33:42,770 --> 00:33:47,691
but a new creature is coming in
that threatens to destroy them.
444
00:33:56,325 --> 00:33:58,118
Seven million years ago,
445
00:34:00,079 --> 00:34:03,165
our primate ancestors
live safely in the trees.
446
00:34:04,125 --> 00:34:07,210
But their neighborhood
is about to be invaded.
447
00:34:08,212 --> 00:34:11,631
This newcomer will have
as profound an effect on human history
448
00:34:11,716 --> 00:34:14,468
as any other living thing on Earth.
449
00:34:16,637 --> 00:34:19,014
lt seems almost impossible to believe,
450
00:34:19,140 --> 00:34:23,727
but one of the most important things
that will lead to the emergence of us,
451
00:34:24,437 --> 00:34:27,773
is the emergence of grass.
452
00:34:29,150 --> 00:34:33,278
The grasslands appear almost
simultaneously around the world.
453
00:34:35,490 --> 00:34:37,657
We get the African savannas,
454
00:34:39,118 --> 00:34:41,328
we get the Eurasian steppe lands,
455
00:34:42,914 --> 00:34:45,457
we get the North American prairies,
456
00:34:46,709 --> 00:34:49,544
we get the great grasslands
ofArgentina,
457
00:34:50,546 --> 00:34:53,381
appearing simultaneously
around the world.
458
00:34:56,469 --> 00:35:00,931
ln Eastern Africa, grasslands invade
the traditional woodland habitat
459
00:35:01,015 --> 00:35:02,974
of our ape ancestors.
460
00:35:03,017 --> 00:35:06,353
With fewer trees
and greater gaps between them,
461
00:35:06,521 --> 00:35:09,272
our ancestors have to adapt.
462
00:35:09,607 --> 00:35:12,526
Apes would notice that there's more
and more apes in the same tree
463
00:35:12,610 --> 00:35:14,027
and less and less food,
464
00:35:15,196 --> 00:35:16,488
increasing incentives for apes
465
00:35:16,531 --> 00:35:18,198
to go from one patch of food
to a different one,
466
00:35:18,241 --> 00:35:19,741
separated by grasslands.
467
00:35:20,034 --> 00:35:23,203
Now, one way to do it
is to run like hell, you know.
468
00:35:23,538 --> 00:35:27,332
The other way to do it is to extend
one's food sources into the grasslands
469
00:35:27,375 --> 00:35:30,293
to seek out the foods
that are available there.
470
00:35:32,088 --> 00:35:37,843
And so, some apes make the move down
into this stark, new habitat.
471
00:35:40,847 --> 00:35:45,267
lt's a landscape better suited
to primates that can walk on two legs.
472
00:35:46,894 --> 00:35:51,148
Keeping their heads up above the tall
grasses to watch for predators.
473
00:35:54,068 --> 00:35:57,571
Standing on two feet
is a revolutionary advance.
474
00:35:59,198 --> 00:36:01,783
Because it frees up our hands.
475
00:36:03,661 --> 00:36:06,913
Hands we will need
to shape human history.
476
00:36:16,090 --> 00:36:18,758
2.6 million years ago,
477
00:36:21,262 --> 00:36:24,055
early proto-humans or hominids
478
00:36:24,098 --> 00:36:28,018
walk an Earth whose rocks are
loaded with the element silicon.
479
00:36:31,981 --> 00:36:36,276
Created in the cores of stars
billions of years before,
480
00:36:36,319 --> 00:36:40,530
silicon is the second-most
abundant element in Earth's crust.
481
00:36:40,781 --> 00:36:44,576
One of its chemical quirks
is the ability to bond with oxygen
482
00:36:44,619 --> 00:36:48,580
to form crystals
that combine into solid rocks,
483
00:36:49,207 --> 00:36:52,959
rocks that can be chipped
and shaped without shattering.
484
00:36:54,837 --> 00:36:57,631
Hominids started doing this
2.6 million years ago,
485
00:36:58,966 --> 00:37:01,635
breaking cryptocrystalline silicates
to make sharp edges,
486
00:37:01,802 --> 00:37:05,931
and people use them for millions,
literally 2.6 million years.
487
00:37:10,019 --> 00:37:13,647
Simply having a modified stone
with a sharp edge on it,
488
00:37:13,731 --> 00:37:15,815
now suddenly you have a hammer.
489
00:37:15,942 --> 00:37:18,151
You have a crude cutting edge.
490
00:37:18,194 --> 00:37:22,697
A simple modified stone means
a human can suddenly do
491
00:37:22,782 --> 00:37:26,493
a thousand more things
than we could do previously.
492
00:37:31,874 --> 00:37:34,834
That little extra bit of technology
493
00:37:34,919 --> 00:37:40,257
enabled our ancestors to persist
and eventually turn into us.
494
00:37:43,344 --> 00:37:46,888
Silicon launches the first
technological revolution,
495
00:37:47,640 --> 00:37:49,182
the Stone Age.
496
00:37:51,936 --> 00:37:56,147
Millions of years after it powers
our first handheld devices,
497
00:37:56,190 --> 00:37:59,025
another chemical quirk
of silicon will make it
498
00:37:59,110 --> 00:38:01,820
the height of technology once again.
499
00:38:04,448 --> 00:38:07,117
The next leap towards
becoming truly human
500
00:38:07,201 --> 00:38:10,370
relies on a little-known secret
of our home planet.
501
00:38:10,871 --> 00:38:12,163
ln the known universe,
502
00:38:12,206 --> 00:38:15,250
it turns out Earth
may have a rare and special power.
503
00:38:21,716 --> 00:38:24,718
Of all the planets and moons
in the solar system,
504
00:38:24,760 --> 00:38:29,472
we think that Earth is unique
in the ability to sustain fire.
505
00:38:32,643 --> 00:38:35,854
Other planets and moons
have lightning and lava.
506
00:38:38,357 --> 00:38:40,942
But only on Earth do we have
the two critical things
507
00:38:41,027 --> 00:38:43,737
we need for fire to burn,
508
00:38:45,197 --> 00:38:48,825
a vast fuel supply
in the form of plants and trees,
509
00:38:49,076 --> 00:38:52,829
and an atmosphere full of oxygen
to fan the flames.
510
00:38:53,247 --> 00:38:57,542
lf fire wasn't a possibility, you'd
have nothing like us running around.
511
00:39:01,213 --> 00:39:04,466
Homo sapiens,
they made a world with fire.
512
00:39:10,723 --> 00:39:15,727
Our ancestors have fire firmly
under control by 800,000 years ago.
513
00:39:19,148 --> 00:39:22,776
lt's a skill that connects us
back to the very beginning.
514
00:39:24,362 --> 00:39:27,447
Remember that all energy
was created in the Big Bang
515
00:39:27,490 --> 00:39:31,451
and all life is in a competition
for our share of this energy.
516
00:39:33,621 --> 00:39:35,955
Using fire to cook is like having
517
00:39:35,998 --> 00:39:38,917
an external stomach
to break down foods,
518
00:39:38,959 --> 00:39:42,587
releasing more calories,
giving us more energy,
519
00:39:42,671 --> 00:39:45,924
which in turn allows us
to support bigger brains.
520
00:39:48,135 --> 00:39:51,179
Fire is also the ultimate
gateway technology.
521
00:39:52,681 --> 00:39:55,809
We will soon use it
to turn clay into pottery,
522
00:39:56,936 --> 00:39:58,561
metal into weapons,
523
00:39:59,355 --> 00:40:01,856
water into steam power.
524
00:40:03,692 --> 00:40:06,444
lf you don't have fire, you can't have
the internal combustion engine.
525
00:40:06,987 --> 00:40:08,363
No fire, no metal.
526
00:40:08,614 --> 00:40:09,906
No fire, no rubber.
527
00:40:11,033 --> 00:40:14,661
lt's a technology that opens a world
of possibilities
528
00:40:14,787 --> 00:40:16,246
for creatures that know how to use it.
529
00:40:22,628 --> 00:40:24,838
200,000 years ago,
530
00:40:27,425 --> 00:40:29,926
the modern human
has fully taken shape.
531
00:40:31,429 --> 00:40:33,513
The larynx or voice box
532
00:40:33,681 --> 00:40:37,642
which is high up in the throat
in our ancestors, descends.
533
00:40:38,477 --> 00:40:41,229
More complex sounds are now possible.
534
00:40:44,859 --> 00:40:47,235
We begin to speak.
535
00:40:49,196 --> 00:40:52,657
For the first time,
information can be shared
536
00:40:52,700 --> 00:40:56,244
between individuals
and across generations.
537
00:40:57,037 --> 00:40:59,205
Humans have gained
a critical advantage
538
00:40:59,248 --> 00:41:01,332
over every other creature on Earth.
539
00:41:02,376 --> 00:41:05,503
You can tell, "My grandfather said
that when the elephants didn't show up
540
00:41:05,588 --> 00:41:06,796
"we go off and hunted zebras."
541
00:41:07,798 --> 00:41:10,300
You know, "My aunt told me that her
cousin found this water hole
542
00:41:10,384 --> 00:41:11,926
"on the other side of that river."
543
00:41:13,304 --> 00:41:14,554
And we can all benefit
544
00:41:14,638 --> 00:41:17,599
and we can all understand what they
mean when they were describing
545
00:41:17,683 --> 00:41:19,476
what they found out on that landscape.
546
00:41:20,227 --> 00:41:24,814
Language changes humans
from being like stand-alone computers
547
00:41:24,899 --> 00:41:27,859
to being networked computers
where you can share information.
548
00:41:30,237 --> 00:41:32,906
Now, one doesn't need to depend
on one's own personal experience.
549
00:41:33,282 --> 00:41:36,159
One can borrow the personal experience
of anyone
550
00:41:36,285 --> 00:41:37,535
with whom one can communicate.
551
00:41:38,287 --> 00:41:39,621
That's a powerful advantage.
552
00:41:39,955 --> 00:41:41,080
No other creature has that.
553
00:41:42,500 --> 00:41:46,211
As a species,
humans become exponentially smarter.
554
00:41:47,254 --> 00:41:51,716
The global game board has been set,
and we are now ready to play.
555
00:41:54,803 --> 00:41:58,973
1 00,000 years ago, man can move.
556
00:41:59,433 --> 00:42:02,143
We have agile hands
and primitive tools.
557
00:42:02,603 --> 00:42:05,438
We can communicate and control fire.
558
00:42:06,398 --> 00:42:09,692
We are finally ready to expand
out of our African home
559
00:42:11,487 --> 00:42:14,614
on a path
millions of years in the making.
560
00:42:19,119 --> 00:42:22,247
Shifting continents have linked Africa
and Eurasia
561
00:42:22,331 --> 00:42:27,585
into the largest contiguous landmass
on Earth, Afro-Eurasia.
562
00:42:29,213 --> 00:42:31,464
33 million square miles,
563
00:42:31,507 --> 00:42:34,842
more than twice the surface area
of our entire moon.
564
00:42:36,512 --> 00:42:37,762
For early humans,
565
00:42:37,805 --> 00:42:42,684
this means more than half the land
on Earth can be reached on foot.
566
00:42:47,481 --> 00:42:50,567
Human dispersal
was a crucial game changer.
567
00:42:51,110 --> 00:42:53,236
We are one of the few primates
568
00:42:53,320 --> 00:42:56,155
that live on more than
one continent simultaneously.
569
00:42:57,658 --> 00:43:00,159
So what that means is that
we're better insulated
570
00:43:00,202 --> 00:43:02,954
from the kinds of things that caused
big mammals to become extinct
571
00:43:03,497 --> 00:43:04,706
than other primates are.
572
00:43:05,291 --> 00:43:08,751
lt's extinction insurance.
Dispersal is extinction insurance.
573
00:43:12,965 --> 00:43:16,259
But just as the world
begins to open itself up to man,
574
00:43:16,343 --> 00:43:18,136
the planet turns on us.
575
00:43:20,764 --> 00:43:22,640
An ice age begins.
576
00:43:24,476 --> 00:43:27,520
Now the planet will test us
like never before.
577
00:43:29,231 --> 00:43:34,068
By 50,000 years ago, glaciers begin
to advance down from the North Pole.
578
00:43:34,778 --> 00:43:38,448
At the same time, humans continue
their conquest of the globe,
579
00:43:38,532 --> 00:43:40,908
arriving in China and Australia.
580
00:43:41,076 --> 00:43:45,830
By 30,000 years ago, Homo sapiens
reach Europe for the first time.
581
00:43:46,498 --> 00:43:50,877
By 20,000 years ago, with the ice
nearing its most extreme,
582
00:43:51,045 --> 00:43:55,340
the march of man reaches the frigid
tundra of Northeast Siberia.
583
00:43:57,384 --> 00:43:59,886
Despite the trials of the lce Age,
584
00:44:00,888 --> 00:44:07,602
man endures and develops the last
skills we will need to be truly human.
585
00:44:12,358 --> 00:44:14,651
The clues lie in these symbols.
586
00:44:16,153 --> 00:44:18,488
We have taken an intellectual leap,
587
00:44:18,989 --> 00:44:21,366
to think beyond the here and now,
588
00:44:21,617 --> 00:44:24,577
beyond what is simply
needed to survive.
589
00:44:25,120 --> 00:44:28,081
We can only start saying we have
an organism that is human,
590
00:44:28,123 --> 00:44:29,374
that is the same as us,
591
00:44:29,541 --> 00:44:31,793
when we start seeing evidence
of symbolic thought.
592
00:44:33,712 --> 00:44:37,298
lt's when we start seeing
a picture of a cow
593
00:44:38,175 --> 00:44:41,219
that everybody will recognize
as the picture of a cow.
594
00:44:41,929 --> 00:44:44,764
Because only when we start seeing
all of those things
595
00:44:44,848 --> 00:44:46,849
can we say that is a human.
596
00:44:47,768 --> 00:44:50,978
People or creatures
that think like us,
597
00:44:51,105 --> 00:44:53,231
that see the world
in the same way as us.
598
00:44:54,108 --> 00:44:55,149
And from that moment on,
599
00:44:55,234 --> 00:44:56,609
human history was marked to be
radically different
600
00:44:58,821 --> 00:45:00,947
to any other species on this planet.
601
00:45:01,031 --> 00:45:05,451
Now, with huge amounts of the planet's
water locked up in ice,
602
00:45:05,577 --> 00:45:09,497
sea levels plummet by 300 to 400 feet.
603
00:45:10,165 --> 00:45:14,085
The last great barrier
to the spread of man is erased.
604
00:45:14,962 --> 00:45:19,716
We come across the Bering Land Bridge
from Siberia to North America.
605
00:45:23,303 --> 00:45:26,347
We are telling the history
of the world in two hours,
606
00:45:26,515 --> 00:45:31,394
and in just one hour, more than
1 3 billion years have already passed.
607
00:45:31,520 --> 00:45:34,439
These years of preparation
have allowed man
608
00:45:34,481 --> 00:45:37,692
to finally emerge
and spread out across the planet.
609
00:45:38,193 --> 00:45:41,988
And human history as we know it
can truly begin.
610
00:45:48,412 --> 00:45:53,458
Our history of the world began with
the beginning of time, the Big Bang.
611
00:45:54,418 --> 00:45:58,337
lt has taken us on a journey
of nearly 14 billion years.
612
00:46:01,425 --> 00:46:04,343
Now, as humans take center stage,
613
00:46:04,803 --> 00:46:06,387
it's important to remember
614
00:46:07,097 --> 00:46:11,642
just how small a slice of history
we actually occupy.
615
00:46:12,269 --> 00:46:13,603
To make things simple,
616
00:46:13,645 --> 00:46:17,273
imagine compressing 14 billion years
of history
617
00:46:18,025 --> 00:46:20,318
down to just 14 years.
618
00:46:22,779 --> 00:46:28,409
On this scale, the Earth would have
existed only for the past five years.
619
00:46:29,161 --> 00:46:31,537
So that's about a third
of the history of the universe.
620
00:46:32,873 --> 00:46:36,918
Large complex creatures
would have developed seven months ago.
621
00:46:37,503 --> 00:46:42,590
On this scale, dinosaurs went extinct
only about three weeks ago.
622
00:46:43,175 --> 00:46:45,635
The entire recorded history of humans
623
00:46:46,303 --> 00:46:49,013
would span
only the last three minutes.
624
00:46:50,432 --> 00:46:51,933
Modern industrial societies,
625
00:46:52,059 --> 00:46:55,770
the lndustrial Revolution,
effectively, six seconds ago.
626
00:46:57,272 --> 00:47:00,483
What this shows me is that we humans
have been around
627
00:47:00,567 --> 00:47:05,154
for only a very brief instant in
the recorded history of the universe.
628
00:47:06,907 --> 00:47:11,619
Mankind has waited billions of years
for our brief instant to shine,
629
00:47:12,162 --> 00:47:14,622
as the stars and our evolving planet
630
00:47:14,665 --> 00:47:17,667
carried out the slow work
of organizing the elements
631
00:47:18,126 --> 00:47:20,962
in a way that would
make human history possible.
632
00:47:27,469 --> 00:47:29,679
lt's 1 0,000 B.C.,
633
00:47:29,763 --> 00:47:34,183
less than 1 00,000 years
after expanding out ofAfrica,
634
00:47:34,351 --> 00:47:36,852
man has reached South America.
635
00:47:37,813 --> 00:47:40,940
Humans have met the adversity
of the ice age head on,
636
00:47:41,275 --> 00:47:42,858
and rather than die off,
637
00:47:43,026 --> 00:47:46,612
we have adapted,
become even more intelligent.
638
00:47:47,030 --> 00:47:50,449
And now
we have colonized the entire globe.
639
00:47:52,160 --> 00:47:55,413
From coast to mountaintop,
640
00:47:58,834 --> 00:48:03,504
from tundra to desert,
641
00:48:04,339 --> 00:48:06,257
humans are there.
642
00:48:07,926 --> 00:48:11,387
Our closest living ancestors,
the chimpanzees, live in the tropics.
643
00:48:11,430 --> 00:48:13,097
They only live in the tropics.
644
00:48:13,181 --> 00:48:16,267
Humans have managed to colonize
the entire globe.
645
00:48:18,395 --> 00:48:22,064
lce age land bridges allowed man
to spread around the world,
646
00:48:22,691 --> 00:48:28,070
but now the ice begins to melt
and sea levels rise again.
647
00:48:28,572 --> 00:48:33,534
Humans are trapped and separated in
two vast and unconnected hemispheres.
648
00:48:33,952 --> 00:48:38,414
Each pocket of humanity left to make
the best of what it has been given.
649
00:48:39,833 --> 00:48:41,751
As the glaciers recede,
650
00:48:41,793 --> 00:48:45,338
they carve out lakes,
rivers, and bays.
651
00:48:46,381 --> 00:48:48,841
The map as we know it emerges.
652
00:48:51,303 --> 00:48:52,428
ln Africa,
653
00:48:52,512 --> 00:48:56,682
increased rainfall causes Lake
Victoria and Lake Albert to overflow
654
00:48:58,101 --> 00:49:00,311
and form Egypt's Nile River.
655
00:49:02,022 --> 00:49:04,607
ln Eurasia, other rivers emerge,
656
00:49:05,776 --> 00:49:09,904
the Tigris and Euphrates
in Mesopotamia, modern-day lraq.
657
00:49:11,365 --> 00:49:16,369
The lndus in modern-day Pakistan
and China's Yellow and Yangtze.
658
00:49:18,246 --> 00:49:20,623
These river valleys
become critically important
659
00:49:20,707 --> 00:49:23,084
for how human history will now be
played out
660
00:49:23,210 --> 00:49:25,294
following the retreat
of these ice sheets.
661
00:49:27,673 --> 00:49:31,467
These are the river valleys
whose waters and fertile soils
662
00:49:31,718 --> 00:49:35,971
will allow the first seeds
of civilization to be planted.
663
00:49:38,725 --> 00:49:41,477
With temperatures warming
after the ice age,
664
00:49:41,728 --> 00:49:44,271
plants and animals are more plentiful,
665
00:49:45,273 --> 00:49:48,442
and man can finally
choose to stop moving.
666
00:49:50,487 --> 00:49:52,613
Permanent settlements begin.
667
00:49:54,074 --> 00:49:55,783
Populations grow.
668
00:50:00,580 --> 00:50:04,750
With more mouths to feed,
our ancestors have to get clever.
669
00:50:06,378 --> 00:50:08,671
They had to find a way
to increase the amount of food
670
00:50:08,755 --> 00:50:10,297
they could get from the surroundings.
671
00:50:11,967 --> 00:50:17,596
Now, one discovery forever changes
the planet and the path of mankind.
672
00:50:20,475 --> 00:50:22,435
We learn to plant seeds.
673
00:50:25,355 --> 00:50:28,357
And the seeds we sow
come from the same plants
674
00:50:28,400 --> 00:50:33,028
that millions of years earlier
spurred our evolution from ape to man,
675
00:50:33,864 --> 00:50:38,200
the unheralded hero
of human history, grass.
676
00:50:40,162 --> 00:50:42,455
A grass seed is tiny, right?
lt's no food.
677
00:50:42,539 --> 00:50:44,623
l can hunt a bison
or l can take grass.
678
00:50:45,208 --> 00:50:47,042
You hunt a bison, right?
679
00:50:47,169 --> 00:50:50,671
lronically, grass seeds
become the most important food crops
680
00:50:50,714 --> 00:50:53,549
in the world, but they're the things
that are ignored by hunter-gatherers
681
00:50:53,633 --> 00:50:55,509
for thousands and thousands of years.
682
00:50:55,552 --> 00:50:58,721
People don't start using them until
they absolutely have to use them.
683
00:51:00,348 --> 00:51:03,350
Some of the species of grass
that we are most familiar with
684
00:51:03,393 --> 00:51:05,311
includes sugarcane.
685
00:51:05,395 --> 00:51:09,064
lt includes wheat and rye and barley,
686
00:51:09,107 --> 00:51:12,735
all of the cereal crops
are types of grass.
687
00:51:13,111 --> 00:51:16,363
So it's not just
that beautiful green lawn
688
00:51:16,406 --> 00:51:18,824
that we measure
our middle class success from.
689
00:51:19,409 --> 00:51:24,246
lt's also the staple crop
upon which civilization depends.
690
00:51:24,831 --> 00:51:27,583
lt is the majority
of our calorie intake.
691
00:51:29,586 --> 00:51:32,797
Once again,
it all goes back to the Big Bang.
692
00:51:34,049 --> 00:51:37,760
Central to the story of all life
is our competition for that energy
693
00:51:37,844 --> 00:51:39,637
created at the beginning of time.
694
00:51:40,764 --> 00:51:43,599
Just as oxygen gave us an edge,
695
00:51:43,642 --> 00:51:47,895
just as fire allowed us
to consume more calories,
696
00:51:47,938 --> 00:51:50,689
switching to farming
is an energy revolution.
697
00:51:51,608 --> 00:51:54,610
A hunter-gatherer
needs 1 0 square miles of territory
698
00:51:54,653 --> 00:51:57,279
to provide himself
with enough sustenance,
699
00:51:57,322 --> 00:52:01,450
enough energy in the form of
plants and meat to survive.
700
00:52:02,869 --> 00:52:06,413
A farmer can harvest the sun's energy
so efficiently,
701
00:52:06,456 --> 00:52:11,126
he can fulfill his needs using
only a tenth of a square mile of land.
702
00:52:14,798 --> 00:52:18,843
ln the warming after the last ice age,
farming begins to take hold
703
00:52:18,927 --> 00:52:21,804
in a half dozen places
around the globe,
704
00:52:21,888 --> 00:52:25,599
but by the fortunes of geography,
no place in the ancient world
705
00:52:25,642 --> 00:52:28,269
has a better concentration
of plants and animals
706
00:52:28,311 --> 00:52:30,062
that can be domesticated
707
00:52:30,146 --> 00:52:33,190
than the Middle East's
Fertile Crescent.
708
00:52:33,275 --> 00:52:36,652
ln the Middle East,
we have this remarkable convergence
709
00:52:36,736 --> 00:52:39,488
of species
that seem to have been susceptible
710
00:52:39,531 --> 00:52:42,491
to domestication,
both plants and animals.
711
00:52:43,159 --> 00:52:47,121
ln terms of animals, we're talking
about cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats.
712
00:52:47,205 --> 00:52:52,001
ln terms of plants, two varieties
of wheat, rye, barley, lentils, figs,
713
00:52:52,502 --> 00:52:55,212
all in this very small part
of the world.
714
00:52:56,506 --> 00:53:00,342
Unlike the Fertile Crescent
and the rest ofAfro-Eurasia,
715
00:53:00,427 --> 00:53:03,512
places like sub-Saharan Africa
and the Americas
716
00:53:03,597 --> 00:53:08,058
have very few wild species
that can be easily domesticated.
717
00:53:10,979 --> 00:53:13,063
lt's a critical difference.
718
00:53:13,398 --> 00:53:16,567
People blessed with the right mix
of plants and animals
719
00:53:16,693 --> 00:53:18,444
will become more powerful
720
00:53:18,528 --> 00:53:22,448
and get a massive head start
on the road to the modern world.
721
00:53:30,624 --> 00:53:33,208
One animal that gives any human
who can tame it
722
00:53:33,251 --> 00:53:37,254
an almost unbeatable edge
is the horse.
723
00:53:39,758 --> 00:53:43,719
lt's a little-known fact that although
horses first evolved in the Americas,
724
00:53:43,803 --> 00:53:47,056
they died out there
along with many other large mammals
725
00:53:47,098 --> 00:53:49,308
around 1 0,000 B.C.
726
00:53:49,392 --> 00:53:52,728
There were at least three species
of ice age horses in North America,
727
00:53:52,812 --> 00:53:56,815
maybe more, some as small as ponies,
some as big as Clydesdales.
728
00:53:56,900 --> 00:53:59,526
And they had evolved in North America
for 40 million years.
729
00:53:59,569 --> 00:54:03,113
They're part of the whole history, and
then... They're gone. They're gone.
730
00:54:04,032 --> 00:54:06,158
These powerful potential allies
731
00:54:06,242 --> 00:54:10,412
disappear before they can be used
by the first North Americans.
732
00:54:10,455 --> 00:54:12,498
Fortunately before that happened,
733
00:54:12,582 --> 00:54:16,126
large numbers of horses escaped back
across the Bering Strait land bridge
734
00:54:16,252 --> 00:54:18,420
and spread out
across the great grasslands
735
00:54:18,505 --> 00:54:20,673
and steppe lands of Central Eurasia.
736
00:54:22,092 --> 00:54:26,345
A narrow escape that had
a profound effect on human history.
737
00:54:27,263 --> 00:54:29,556
Around 4,000 B.C.,
738
00:54:29,724 --> 00:54:34,478
nomadic people in Central Asia
learn to tame them for the first time.
739
00:54:36,564 --> 00:54:40,067
Domesticated horses will be harnessed
across Eurasia,
740
00:54:40,110 --> 00:54:43,779
advancing everything
from work to warfare.
741
00:54:47,450 --> 00:54:50,411
Perhaps no other animal
has had a bigger influence
742
00:54:50,453 --> 00:54:52,788
on the course of human history.
743
00:54:54,290 --> 00:54:58,460
And the circle wouldn't be complete
for another 5,000 years
744
00:54:58,545 --> 00:55:01,255
when Christopher Columbus
would bring horses with him
745
00:55:01,339 --> 00:55:04,299
on his second voyage to the Americas.
746
00:55:05,677 --> 00:55:09,471
His horses would be the first
to set hooves in the Americas
747
00:55:09,556 --> 00:55:13,392
since the great die-off
over 1 0,000 years earlier.
748
00:55:21,401 --> 00:55:25,696
6,000 years ago,
domestication of animals and plants
749
00:55:25,822 --> 00:55:29,074
sets the stage for the next phase
of human history.
750
00:55:30,660 --> 00:55:35,664
Like clouds of interstellar dust
gathering in material to form stars,
751
00:55:35,707 --> 00:55:39,376
a type of gravity is at work
as places like Sumeria,
752
00:55:39,461 --> 00:55:43,130
located in part of the
Fertile Crescent known as Mesopotamia,
753
00:55:43,173 --> 00:55:46,508
draw in people,
support large populations,
754
00:55:46,551 --> 00:55:50,262
and spin up into centers of power
and innovation.
755
00:55:52,682 --> 00:55:54,725
By 3,000 B.C.,
756
00:55:54,809 --> 00:55:59,897
some of these Sumerian settlements
can truly be called our first cities.
757
00:56:01,983 --> 00:56:05,694
One of them, Uruk,
has around 50,000 people
758
00:56:05,737 --> 00:56:09,323
living in less than one square mile,
759
00:56:09,365 --> 00:56:13,035
a population density
that rivals modern-day New York City.
760
00:56:16,581 --> 00:56:19,208
Humans have become so efficient
at deriving energy
761
00:56:19,250 --> 00:56:22,377
from domesticated food
that this land area,
762
00:56:22,420 --> 00:56:25,964
which would have supported
only a single hunter-gatherer,
763
00:56:26,049 --> 00:56:28,175
now can support thousands.
764
00:56:30,887 --> 00:56:34,723
But a change in diet
also triggers a new dependence.
765
00:56:39,521 --> 00:56:41,188
Once you move to agriculture,
766
00:56:41,439 --> 00:56:44,399
you are depending for 80, 90%
of your calories
767
00:56:44,484 --> 00:56:46,110
on perhaps one or two species.
768
00:56:46,194 --> 00:56:48,403
ln the case of the Middle East,
wheat and barley.
769
00:56:49,239 --> 00:56:50,823
ln the case of wheat and barley,
770
00:56:50,907 --> 00:56:53,575
they both ripen
at about the same time.
771
00:56:53,660 --> 00:56:56,662
Humans have to gather the seeds
at the same time.
772
00:56:56,746 --> 00:57:00,916
So now we have our food for the year
that has arrived in one hit.
773
00:57:01,000 --> 00:57:04,086
lt's like getting your salary
paid once a year.
774
00:57:04,129 --> 00:57:06,755
You need to record it.
You need to plan,
775
00:57:06,881 --> 00:57:10,926
because if inevitably your crop fails,
you have famine.
776
00:57:11,094 --> 00:57:14,096
And you're not gonna have another go
for another 1 2 months.
777
00:57:19,102 --> 00:57:23,021
ln these first cities, crops are king.
778
00:57:25,900 --> 00:57:27,109
To keep track of them,
779
00:57:27,193 --> 00:57:30,696
our ancestors
develop the first writing.
780
00:57:30,780 --> 00:57:33,365
To protect them, the first armies.
781
00:57:34,075 --> 00:57:37,953
And to administer them,
the beginnings of politics.
782
00:57:38,079 --> 00:57:42,166
When you have hundreds or thousands
of people who are living together,
783
00:57:42,250 --> 00:57:43,625
there's simply too many people
784
00:57:43,668 --> 00:57:45,919
to sort of run around
and create a census.
785
00:57:45,962 --> 00:57:48,964
lt creates a need for government.
786
00:57:49,007 --> 00:57:53,010
lt creates a need for some form of
social and political hierarchy.
787
00:57:55,138 --> 00:57:57,848
Planting seeds has set man
on a new path.
788
00:57:59,267 --> 00:58:01,768
Settlements have grown into cities.
789
00:58:02,854 --> 00:58:07,441
But to take the next epic step
from city to civilization,
790
00:58:07,483 --> 00:58:11,486
we'll need the help
of a very surprising creature.
791
00:58:22,749 --> 00:58:25,542
5,000 years ago,
792
00:58:25,627 --> 00:58:29,087
after wandering the Earth
for more than 1 00,000 years,
793
00:58:30,006 --> 00:58:32,841
mankind has begun to settle down.
794
00:58:35,345 --> 00:58:39,681
We cluster near rivers,
along the Tigris and Euphrates,
795
00:58:41,684 --> 00:58:45,187
the Nile, the lndus,
796
00:58:47,023 --> 00:58:49,274
the Yellow and Yangtze.
797
00:58:49,359 --> 00:58:51,860
Civilizations are about to take off.
798
00:58:54,030 --> 00:58:58,200
But first,
they must all master one thing, trade.
799
00:58:59,202 --> 00:59:02,704
The more they exchange goods
and learn from other lands,
800
00:59:02,789 --> 00:59:04,581
the faster they grow.
801
00:59:05,291 --> 00:59:08,543
lt seems that long-distance trade
and communication
802
00:59:08,586 --> 00:59:10,629
is a necessary precursor
803
00:59:10,713 --> 00:59:13,131
to allow urban civilization
as we know it.
804
00:59:13,800 --> 00:59:17,219
And surprisingly,
the first civilizations arise
805
00:59:17,303 --> 00:59:19,012
on the back of a creature
806
00:59:19,055 --> 00:59:23,308
with a lowly reputation
in the modern world, the donkey.
807
00:59:27,772 --> 00:59:30,440
The donkey caravan
is the interstate highway
808
00:59:30,525 --> 00:59:33,026
and high-speed lnternet of its day.
809
00:59:34,904 --> 00:59:38,031
Their routes will lay the groundwork
for the modern world,
810
00:59:40,910 --> 00:59:46,206
moving not only goods like timber
and bronze, but ideas and stories.
811
00:59:47,417 --> 00:59:48,792
The civilizations they connect
812
00:59:48,876 --> 00:59:52,504
will be some of the first
described in the Bible.
813
00:59:53,631 --> 00:59:56,550
The caravan routes
converge at the Persian Gulf,
814
00:59:56,592 --> 01:00:00,554
where they link up with ships
that carry goods to lndia.
815
01:00:01,264 --> 01:00:03,098
lt essentially
brought these civilizations together
816
01:00:03,141 --> 01:00:06,059
into great cultural
and material exchange
817
01:00:06,436 --> 01:00:09,438
and really was the beginning
of the trend towards globalization.
818
01:00:11,482 --> 01:00:15,652
lt is a key to understanding
how our world works to this day.
819
01:00:16,237 --> 01:00:20,407
Just like the first civilizations,
we trade and form networks.
820
01:00:21,117 --> 01:00:23,243
These networks form hubs.
821
01:00:24,120 --> 01:00:29,416
And throughout history, being at
that hub has meant one thing.
822
01:00:31,127 --> 01:00:34,755
The amount of ideas, the amount
of cargo that passes through a region,
823
01:00:35,006 --> 01:00:37,090
seems to have a direct correlation
824
01:00:37,383 --> 01:00:39,051
to how powerful
and important they are.
825
01:00:41,721 --> 01:00:45,891
By 2,000 B.C.,
humans have gone from humble huts
826
01:00:46,976 --> 01:00:48,643
to massive monuments.
827
01:00:49,854 --> 01:00:53,440
ln Africa, Great Pyramids arise
on the banks of the Nile.
828
01:00:56,778 --> 01:01:00,530
The first stages of Stonehenge
rise up in Ancient Britain.
829
01:01:02,658 --> 01:01:07,245
And back in Sumeria, artificial temple
mounds called ziggurats
830
01:01:07,497 --> 01:01:10,332
climb ever higher toward the heavens.
831
01:01:12,293 --> 01:01:15,003
To cement these massive
structures together,
832
01:01:15,421 --> 01:01:19,007
the builders of Sumeria turn to a
substance that oozes from seepages
833
01:01:19,050 --> 01:01:20,759
along the Euphrates river.
834
01:01:22,136 --> 01:01:26,014
lt's called bitumen.
Used as asphalt in the modern world,
835
01:01:26,224 --> 01:01:29,851
it's the first petroleum product
to be exploited by mankind.
836
01:01:30,686 --> 01:01:32,604
While bitumen is highly prized,
837
01:01:32,688 --> 01:01:36,191
the lighter, thinner, substance oozing
from the ground along with it
838
01:01:36,275 --> 01:01:38,568
is considered a nuisance
by the ancients
839
01:01:38,861 --> 01:01:40,904
because it catches fire so easily.
840
01:01:42,198 --> 01:01:46,576
The ancients call it naphtha.
We call it gasoline.
841
01:01:46,911 --> 01:01:50,163
And it's one of the first indications
of the vast oil fields
842
01:01:50,373 --> 01:01:53,208
that will one day
turn the cradle of civilization
843
01:01:53,376 --> 01:01:57,254
into a center of wealth and warfare.
844
01:02:00,466 --> 01:02:03,093
The legacy of these
first civilizations
845
01:02:03,177 --> 01:02:05,470
can be seen in surprising ways.
846
01:02:05,847 --> 01:02:09,307
The Sumerian counting system was
based on the number 1 2
847
01:02:09,392 --> 01:02:14,938
rather than 1 0, which is why we divide
our days into two 1 2-hour blocks,
848
01:02:15,231 --> 01:02:19,734
our hours into 60 minutes,
and our minutes into 60 seconds.
849
01:02:21,237 --> 01:02:24,197
The Sumerians also likely
invented the wheel,
850
01:02:24,240 --> 01:02:27,159
which eventually leads
to another innovation
851
01:02:27,368 --> 01:02:31,163
that will change the course of man,
the chariot.
852
01:02:32,707 --> 01:02:36,084
Thus bringing together the Sumerian
invention of the wheel
853
01:02:36,419 --> 01:02:38,211
with the domestication of the horse
854
01:02:38,254 --> 01:02:40,088
that had occurred
amongst these nomadic peoples
855
01:02:40,298 --> 01:02:43,884
into this really formidable piece
of military technology.
856
01:02:46,220 --> 01:02:48,054
Around 1 ,200 B.C.,
857
01:02:49,515 --> 01:02:51,683
a chariot-driven
clash of civilizations
858
01:02:51,767 --> 01:02:54,269
cuts off trade routes
for copper and tin,
859
01:02:54,604 --> 01:02:57,481
the metals we need to make
bronze tools and weapons.
860
01:02:57,773 --> 01:02:58,773
But luckily,
861
01:03:00,943 --> 01:03:04,446
the stars have made us
an alternative, iron.
862
01:03:06,240 --> 01:03:08,950
Now, metalsmiths
make a crucial discovery.
863
01:03:09,202 --> 01:03:11,203
By working at higher temperatures,
864
01:03:11,287 --> 01:03:13,997
they can release
the power of this ancient metal.
865
01:03:14,332 --> 01:03:18,877
Easier to sharpen and 700 times more
common on Earth than copper,
866
01:03:19,504 --> 01:03:21,546
it is a game changer.
867
01:03:23,799 --> 01:03:26,635
Humanity enters the lron Age.
868
01:03:32,475 --> 01:03:38,021
As we reach the first millennium B.C.,
history has taken us on a wild ride.
869
01:03:40,107 --> 01:03:42,484
From the initial blast
of the Big Bang,
870
01:03:42,527 --> 01:03:48,156
to the formation of Earth and its
first creatures and the rise of man,
871
01:03:48,658 --> 01:03:53,161
we've seen the ice age create bridges
to spread mankind around the world,
872
01:03:53,829 --> 01:03:56,164
then strand us
on different continents,
873
01:03:56,207 --> 01:03:59,084
leaving us to survive
on what we have at hand.
874
01:04:02,338 --> 01:04:06,841
So by 1 ,000 B.C.,
the world remains a divided place.
875
01:04:07,677 --> 01:04:11,179
The trade network that connects
much of Eurasia and North Africa
876
01:04:11,681 --> 01:04:14,641
doesn't yet penetrate
the planet's driest deserts
877
01:04:15,309 --> 01:04:17,477
or cross the vastest oceans.
878
01:04:19,855 --> 01:04:22,190
Cut off by geography are people
879
01:04:22,233 --> 01:04:25,860
in places like Sub-Saharan Africa
and the Americas.
880
01:04:26,571 --> 01:04:30,282
With few easy to domesticate plants
and animals of their own,
881
01:04:30,575 --> 01:04:33,577
they remain tied
to more ancient ways of life.
882
01:04:41,127 --> 01:04:42,502
600 B.C.
883
01:04:47,049 --> 01:04:49,009
The cavalry have arrived.
884
01:04:51,637 --> 01:04:55,640
Humans ride into battle
on horseback for the first time.
885
01:04:58,853 --> 01:05:03,064
We've seen that just taming a horse
gives man a massive advantage.
886
01:05:05,776 --> 01:05:10,614
Now, pairing him with iron weapons
makes him nearly unstoppable.
887
01:05:13,075 --> 01:05:15,368
These advances in technology,
888
01:05:17,413 --> 01:05:19,039
they don't just make a fighting
ability possible,
889
01:05:19,081 --> 01:05:21,249
they make empires possible.
890
01:05:23,836 --> 01:05:26,755
And that is the story of the
next several millennia.
891
01:05:28,716 --> 01:05:32,719
With new technology and improved
logistics, empires spread,
892
01:05:35,765 --> 01:05:37,932
uniting massive land areas
under a central control.
893
01:05:40,311 --> 01:05:41,936
As empires grow,
894
01:05:43,356 --> 01:05:45,023
so do new beliefs.
895
01:05:48,486 --> 01:05:52,656
One interesting phenomenon
we see with the rise of these empires
896
01:05:53,407 --> 01:05:55,075
is this idea of monotheism,
897
01:05:58,329 --> 01:05:59,913
this idea of a universal god that
develops over time,
898
01:05:59,955 --> 01:06:01,039
and it's just a phenomenon.
899
01:06:02,583 --> 01:06:07,962
Judaism emerges, from which we
eventually get Christianity and lslam.
900
01:06:09,757 --> 01:06:12,300
Buddhism and Hinduism also arise.
901
01:06:13,135 --> 01:06:17,931
The five major religions today are all
rooted in this remarkable era.
902
01:06:21,310 --> 01:06:25,814
Although empires spread,
some great powers remain isolated.
903
01:06:26,357 --> 01:06:29,484
The rise of the Himalayas
50 million years earlier
904
01:06:30,027 --> 01:06:33,488
has left China cut off from trading
with the rest of the world.
905
01:06:33,989 --> 01:06:35,907
But that is about to change.
906
01:06:39,662 --> 01:06:44,374
Around 1 00 B.C., a Chinese emperor
sends an envoy to the west
907
01:06:44,458 --> 01:06:46,000
in search of alliances.
908
01:06:48,170 --> 01:06:52,132
The routes he travels
will become the Silk Roads,
909
01:06:54,093 --> 01:06:56,761
a massive trade network
that connects China
910
01:06:57,179 --> 01:07:00,473
across central Asia
to the Roman Empire.
911
01:07:01,016 --> 01:07:03,393
China has joined the world.
912
01:07:04,603 --> 01:07:07,021
As far as we know,
no Chinese trader ever met a Roman.
913
01:07:07,106 --> 01:07:08,732
No Roman ever met a Chinese trader,
914
01:07:08,816 --> 01:07:11,151
at least during this first period
of the Silk Roads.
915
01:07:11,193 --> 01:07:14,195
But this vast trade
then began to explode.
916
01:07:14,530 --> 01:07:18,074
Between about 1 00 B.C.
and about 200 A.D.,
917
01:07:18,367 --> 01:07:21,536
we have three centuries of
trade and cultural exchange
918
01:07:21,620 --> 01:07:23,955
on a level that has not
been seen before in human history.
919
01:07:26,333 --> 01:07:29,627
But this new human network
also unleashes
920
01:07:32,047 --> 01:07:33,465
hidden dangers.
921
01:07:46,103 --> 01:07:50,398
By the beginning of the Common Era,
great empires have risen,
922
01:07:50,483 --> 01:07:54,027
and a massive trading network
connects most of Europe and Asia.
923
01:07:55,237 --> 01:07:58,990
But the trade routes
also carry an invisible threat,
924
01:08:02,411 --> 01:08:03,661
disease.
925
01:08:06,248 --> 01:08:11,169
Massive epidemics that some blame
for taking down both the Roman Empire
926
01:08:12,296 --> 01:08:14,297
and China's Han Dynasty,
927
01:08:19,428 --> 01:08:22,680
but these networks also lead to
the spread of religion.
928
01:08:26,852 --> 01:08:32,106
ln 31 2 A.D., the Roman Emperor
Constantine converts to Christianity,
929
01:08:32,274 --> 01:08:35,527
paving the way for it to become
the dominant religion of Europe
930
01:08:36,654 --> 01:08:38,279
and the West.
931
01:08:43,327 --> 01:08:46,830
Three centuries later,
lslam also emerges,
932
01:08:47,998 --> 01:08:50,208
a religion that will, for a time,
933
01:08:50,292 --> 01:08:54,879
unify a territory two and a half times
larger than Rome ever was.
934
01:08:56,006 --> 01:08:59,634
Arab trade will drive innovation
for the next 1 ,000 years
935
01:08:59,718 --> 01:09:04,472
and expand the global network
to places it has never gone before.
936
01:09:05,808 --> 01:09:08,601
The Arabs are sitting
in the middle ofAfro-Eurasia.
937
01:09:08,853 --> 01:09:11,396
There are Arab traders who
are sailing off to China.
938
01:09:11,480 --> 01:09:13,648
There are Arab traders who are
traveling all the way
939
01:09:13,732 --> 01:09:15,316
to the Atlantic Ocean.
940
01:09:15,401 --> 01:09:18,194
So they are sitting
in the middle of the hub.
941
01:09:20,656 --> 01:09:24,492
One secret to Arab trade? The camel.
942
01:09:27,705 --> 01:09:30,498
A creature whose ancestor,
like the horse,
943
01:09:30,541 --> 01:09:34,043
escaped across the Bering land
bridge out of North America.
944
01:09:36,338 --> 01:09:40,592
A caravan of six camels can lug
as much as two tons of cargo
945
01:09:40,676 --> 01:09:43,803
as far as 60 miles a day,
946
01:09:43,846 --> 01:09:48,016
twice the load of a donkey caravan
in half the time.
947
01:09:52,897 --> 01:09:57,025
For the first time, camel caravans
open up reliable trade routes
948
01:09:57,109 --> 01:09:59,444
across the formidable Sahara Desert,
949
01:10:00,362 --> 01:10:03,781
leading to the formation of
the first states in West Africa.
950
01:10:04,450 --> 01:10:08,953
Arabic trade expands,
moving salt from the Sahara to Rome,
951
01:10:09,371 --> 01:10:11,539
rice from Eastern Asia to lndia,
952
01:10:11,832 --> 01:10:15,001
the secrets of making paper
out of China into Europe,
953
01:10:15,669 --> 01:10:19,005
and countless other inventions
and ideas around the world.
954
01:10:20,049 --> 01:10:21,966
Where does our word for lemon
come from?
955
01:10:22,217 --> 01:10:24,344
Where does our word
for coffee come from?
956
01:10:24,720 --> 01:10:29,891
They're all Arabic, because the
Arabs brought a huge number
957
01:10:29,975 --> 01:10:30,975
of food crops into Europe.
958
01:10:31,685 --> 01:10:35,063
Oranges, citrus crops,
they come from South China,
959
01:10:35,731 --> 01:10:40,276
yet they don't make it to the west
until the great age of the Arabs.
960
01:10:44,114 --> 01:10:49,077
ln lslamic North Africa, one ltalian
merchant named Leonardo Fibonacci
961
01:10:49,411 --> 01:10:52,372
becomes well-schooled in the
ways ofArab traders.
962
01:10:54,249 --> 01:10:57,543
He picks up on a simple but ingenious
counting system
963
01:10:57,670 --> 01:11:01,839
that originated in lndia but is
used extensively in the Arab world.
964
01:11:03,217 --> 01:11:05,718
His writings will spread this
knowledge to Europe
965
01:11:05,844 --> 01:11:07,303
and around the globe.
966
01:11:08,722 --> 01:11:10,723
With everyone counting the same way,
967
01:11:11,433 --> 01:11:13,643
business and trade will explode.
968
01:11:14,228 --> 01:11:15,895
And because of Fibonacci,
969
01:11:16,355 --> 01:11:19,023
people today still,
almost universally,
970
01:11:19,108 --> 01:11:22,318
use the numbers known as
Arabic Numerals.
971
01:11:24,905 --> 01:11:27,949
But there is another idea
Arab traders will spread,
972
01:11:28,450 --> 01:11:30,618
something even more influential.
973
01:11:31,620 --> 01:11:34,956
lt originates in China around 800 A.D.
974
01:11:35,833 --> 01:11:39,752
A Chinese alchemist in search
of an elixir for long life,
975
01:11:39,878 --> 01:11:44,007
instead stumbles upon chemistry
that can bring sudden death.
976
01:11:45,342 --> 01:11:48,636
He combines carbon and sulfur
with saltpeter,
977
01:11:48,804 --> 01:11:51,806
a compound made of potassium,
nitrogen, and oxygen.
978
01:11:54,476 --> 01:11:58,271
Forged in the stars,
these elements now come together
979
01:11:59,356 --> 01:12:01,024
to make gunpowder.
980
01:12:04,236 --> 01:12:08,448
The recipe for gunpowder eventually
moves west across the Silk Roads
981
01:12:08,532 --> 01:12:09,949
to the lslamic world,
982
01:12:11,076 --> 01:12:15,496
where Muslim warriors use it to fire
cannon balls at Christian crusaders.
983
01:12:26,050 --> 01:12:28,092
Europeans pick up on the idea,
984
01:12:29,094 --> 01:12:32,555
embracing and perfecting
gunpowder weapons.
985
01:12:43,192 --> 01:12:44,859
1 ,492 A.D.
986
01:12:46,153 --> 01:12:49,530
There are roughly
400 million people in the world,
987
01:12:51,075 --> 01:12:53,367
but it is still divided in two.
988
01:12:55,454 --> 01:13:00,708
ln the Americas, the civilizations of
the Aztecs, Mayans, and lncas
989
01:13:00,793 --> 01:13:02,251
have all arisen.
990
01:13:03,378 --> 01:13:07,215
While halfway around the world,
in the aftermath of the fall of Rome,
991
01:13:07,424 --> 01:13:10,760
Europe has cracked
like an egg into individual states.
992
01:13:13,013 --> 01:13:15,139
For ltalian-born Christopher Columbus,
993
01:13:15,307 --> 01:13:19,727
this means he can appeal for funding
from a succession of European rulers,
994
01:13:22,397 --> 01:13:25,650
until he finally convinces
the king and queen of Spain
995
01:13:25,734 --> 01:13:27,568
to back his expeditions.
996
01:13:29,947 --> 01:13:34,784
lt has taken all of Earth's history
to make Columbus' journey possible.
997
01:13:36,537 --> 01:13:39,997
For tacking into the wind,
he uses triangular sails,
998
01:13:40,207 --> 01:13:42,416
a technology copied from the Arabs.
999
01:13:44,670 --> 01:13:48,005
To guide him, the compass,
an invention from China.
1000
01:13:49,174 --> 01:13:50,550
And guiding the needle,
1001
01:13:50,884 --> 01:13:54,804
a magnetic field formed
with the core of the planet itself.
1002
01:13:58,225 --> 01:14:01,686
Although Columbus is looking for
a new way to sail to lndia,
1003
01:14:02,062 --> 01:14:05,690
what he does instead
is finally and forever
1004
01:14:05,774 --> 01:14:08,192
connect the two halves of the world.
1005
01:14:09,444 --> 01:14:12,572
The voyage is not just significant
in American history.
1006
01:14:12,865 --> 01:14:17,493
As you'll see, it's a pivotal event
in all of human history.
1007
01:14:19,329 --> 01:14:21,956
Nothing will ever be the same.
1008
01:14:28,839 --> 01:14:32,341
The end of the ice age
marooned large pockets of humanity
1009
01:14:32,426 --> 01:14:36,596
on separate sides of the globe
for over 1 5,000 years.
1010
01:14:38,307 --> 01:14:40,808
Now, that's all about to change.
1011
01:14:42,144 --> 01:14:44,812
The voyage of Christopher Columbus
in 1492 is taught
1012
01:14:44,980 --> 01:14:47,607
as one of the most significant events
in American history.
1013
01:14:48,692 --> 01:14:50,526
ln fact, it's one of the most
significant events
1014
01:14:50,611 --> 01:14:51,736
in all of human history.
1015
01:14:53,113 --> 01:14:55,448
Prior to that voyage,
the great world zones
1016
01:14:55,490 --> 01:14:57,491
had existed largely in isolation.
1017
01:14:59,620 --> 01:15:02,538
By crossing the Atlantic,
Columbus opens up
1018
01:15:02,664 --> 01:15:04,498
the vast American world zone,
1019
01:15:04,583 --> 01:15:07,084
these two enormous continents of
North and South America,
1020
01:15:07,169 --> 01:15:08,920
with the millions of people
that are living there,
1021
01:15:09,004 --> 01:15:10,296
the resources that are available.
1022
01:15:11,465 --> 01:15:12,798
And for the first time,
1023
01:15:12,966 --> 01:15:16,469
people living in Eurasia become
aware of this other part of the world.
1024
01:15:16,762 --> 01:15:18,137
Until the voyage of Columbus,
1025
01:15:18,388 --> 01:15:20,848
these people might as well have
been living on different planets,
1026
01:15:20,891 --> 01:15:22,141
so isolated were they.
1027
01:15:23,602 --> 01:15:26,729
A trade network that started
with the first civilizations
1028
01:15:27,022 --> 01:15:31,692
connected Europe, Asia, and Africa,
now reaches across the Atlantic.
1029
01:15:33,153 --> 01:15:37,531
ln this vast, new global network,
new hubs will form,
1030
01:15:38,200 --> 01:15:41,244
and once again, power will shift.
1031
01:15:43,247 --> 01:15:46,958
For most of the last 2,000 years,
Europe hasn't been that important.
1032
01:15:47,542 --> 01:15:50,419
Then we get the age of Columbus,
and what do you know?
1033
01:15:50,504 --> 01:15:53,547
This is exactly the time where we see
the rise of the West.
1034
01:15:53,799 --> 01:15:55,967
This is when the West starts
taking over.
1035
01:15:56,051 --> 01:15:58,719
When it gets itself smack-bang
in the middle
1036
01:15:58,762 --> 01:16:01,639
of the biggest exchange network
the world has ever seen.
1037
01:16:03,725 --> 01:16:07,561
Now, foods that had been isolated
on disconnected continents
1038
01:16:07,729 --> 01:16:09,480
begin to move around the world.
1039
01:16:10,899 --> 01:16:14,277
Maize from the Americas
shows up in Egypt and China.
1040
01:16:16,113 --> 01:16:18,990
Potatoes from the Andes
prove perfectly suited
1041
01:16:19,074 --> 01:16:21,701
to the soils of lreland and Russia.
1042
01:16:23,120 --> 01:16:25,871
The old Fertile Crescent grains
like wheat
1043
01:16:26,206 --> 01:16:28,374
begin to feed the Americas.
1044
01:16:29,751 --> 01:16:33,379
New foods mean more
calories, more energy.
1045
01:16:34,006 --> 01:16:36,340
Within three centuries
of Columbus' voyage,
1046
01:16:36,425 --> 01:16:41,304
the population of the world
will more than double to 900 million.
1047
01:16:42,931 --> 01:16:46,267
But the unequal hands dealt
to the two hemispheres
1048
01:16:46,893 --> 01:16:49,770
now play out in a deadly climax.
1049
01:16:51,982 --> 01:16:54,108
European conquistadors,
1050
01:16:54,151 --> 01:16:57,820
inheritors of the agriculture
and animals of the Fertile Crescent
1051
01:16:58,322 --> 01:17:02,199
and the trade spread along
the vast networks of the old world,
1052
01:17:02,909 --> 01:17:08,497
come bearing guns, riding horses,
and carrying infectious diseases.
1053
01:17:10,125 --> 01:17:12,585
The result, slaughter.
1054
01:17:16,798 --> 01:17:19,633
ln the years following
Columbus' first voyage,
1055
01:17:19,718 --> 01:17:22,762
95% of the native population
in the Americas
1056
01:17:22,804 --> 01:17:26,474
will die from European guns and germs.
1057
01:17:32,189 --> 01:17:36,817
Once the hemispheres are connected,
nothing can ever be the same.
1058
01:17:38,320 --> 01:17:40,654
Take the incredible story of sugar.
1059
01:17:41,406 --> 01:17:44,992
Chemically, it's the only source
of fuel for our brains,
1060
01:17:45,285 --> 01:17:48,245
a substance we are
programmed to crave.
1061
01:17:50,165 --> 01:17:52,875
Raw sugar comes mostly from sugarcane.
1062
01:17:53,293 --> 01:17:58,672
Once again, a grass will play a
central role in the story of mankind.
1063
01:18:00,842 --> 01:18:04,261
First cultivated more than
6,000 years ago in Asia,
1064
01:18:04,679 --> 01:18:08,599
Europeans discovered sugar in the
Middle East during the Crusades,
1065
01:18:08,767 --> 01:18:10,226
and carried it home.
1066
01:18:10,644 --> 01:18:12,311
Europe was hooked,
1067
01:18:12,521 --> 01:18:16,524
but there's virtually nowhere
in Europe where sugar can grow.
1068
01:18:17,609 --> 01:18:20,444
Then we have Christopher Columbus
and the discovery of the new world.
1069
01:18:21,196 --> 01:18:22,905
And the Spanish conquistadors,
1070
01:18:23,240 --> 01:18:26,992
yes, they initially are very
interested in the gold and the silver.
1071
01:18:27,327 --> 01:18:29,203
But really they just wanna
make it rich,
1072
01:18:29,329 --> 01:18:31,372
they don't care
how they're gonna make it rich.
1073
01:18:31,456 --> 01:18:33,749
And once the gold and
the silver has been looted,
1074
01:18:34,543 --> 01:18:37,837
the next step is to
open sugar plantations.
1075
01:18:39,339 --> 01:18:42,383
The Spanish themselves don't
want to work in the sugar plantations.
1076
01:18:42,551 --> 01:18:44,885
They start looking around
for a new labor force.
1077
01:18:45,554 --> 01:18:48,180
And over on the other side of
the Atlantic,
1078
01:18:48,223 --> 01:18:50,599
there is a place
where they can buy slaves.
1079
01:18:50,684 --> 01:18:52,893
And if we look at the
history of slavery,
1080
01:18:52,978 --> 01:18:57,690
the number one destination of slaves
from Africa are sugar plantations.
1081
01:18:58,400 --> 01:19:00,234
So the history of sugar
1082
01:19:00,819 --> 01:19:04,363
shapes the development of history
through the Middle East,
1083
01:19:04,739 --> 01:19:09,410
through the Crusades, through the
conquest of Mesoamerica,
1084
01:19:10,036 --> 01:19:13,622
and even the history of slavery
from Africa to the Americas.
1085
01:19:23,049 --> 01:19:27,052
ln the year 1 700,
mankind has hit a wall.
1086
01:19:27,762 --> 01:19:30,598
Most humans
continue to live simple lives
1087
01:19:30,640 --> 01:19:33,726
more like our ancient ancestors
than our own.
1088
01:19:34,519 --> 01:19:37,313
When you think back to the world
in 1 700,
1089
01:19:37,772 --> 01:19:39,106
most people were farmers,
1090
01:19:39,191 --> 01:19:42,234
most people practiced small scale
subsistence agriculture,
1091
01:19:42,444 --> 01:19:44,778
most manufacturing
was done in workshops.
1092
01:19:46,072 --> 01:19:49,116
ln 1 700, it takes over a year
1093
01:19:49,159 --> 01:19:52,369
for cargo and information
to circle the planet,
1094
01:19:52,454 --> 01:19:56,332
longer than it would take us today
to get to Mars.
1095
01:20:00,337 --> 01:20:04,548
What's holding us back is
how we power our lives.
1096
01:20:06,968 --> 01:20:12,640
ln Egypt of 2,000 B.C., 90%
of all work was done by human muscle,
1097
01:20:13,016 --> 01:20:15,142
with animals kicking in the rest.
1098
01:20:17,604 --> 01:20:21,982
By 1 700 in Europe,
the majority of work, 70%,
1099
01:20:22,108 --> 01:20:24,443
is still driven by human muscle.
1100
01:20:28,114 --> 01:20:31,825
Muscle power alone can't
clear the path to the modern age,
1101
01:20:32,494 --> 01:20:36,789
but there's a breakthrough
hidden deep within the Earth.
1102
01:20:43,421 --> 01:20:47,925
As our history of the world
in two hours races towards a close,
1103
01:20:48,677 --> 01:20:50,344
mankind has hit a wall.
1104
01:20:51,596 --> 01:20:54,682
Human progress is stalled
by the limits of our muscle.
1105
01:20:55,183 --> 01:20:58,435
To break through, we'll need
a new way to power our lives
1106
01:20:59,854 --> 01:21:02,273
and the entire history of the world.
1107
01:21:04,192 --> 01:21:08,237
Remember that billions of years ago
iron from exploding stars
1108
01:21:08,321 --> 01:21:11,574
was gathered up into planet Earth
during its formation.
1109
01:21:13,326 --> 01:21:14,785
Thousands of years ago,
1110
01:21:14,869 --> 01:21:18,330
man started using this iron
for tools and weapons.
1111
01:21:21,209 --> 01:21:25,379
To keep our forges burning,
we began cutting down our forests.
1112
01:21:25,714 --> 01:21:30,384
Now, 300 years ago in Britain,
iron is in high demand,
1113
01:21:30,552 --> 01:21:32,720
and the trees are running out.
1114
01:21:33,972 --> 01:21:36,015
The British need a new source of fuel.
1115
01:21:36,099 --> 01:21:39,226
And thanks to
the decayed remains of ancient ferns,
1116
01:21:39,436 --> 01:21:43,397
they have one. Coal.
1117
01:21:44,149 --> 01:21:48,193
But coal itself won't power mankind
into the modern world.
1118
01:21:48,403 --> 01:21:51,071
There's one more fateful twist
in the story.
1119
01:21:51,656 --> 01:21:55,492
As the quest for coal takes
miners ever deeper into the ground,
1120
01:21:55,577 --> 01:21:57,786
water begins flooding the tunnels.
1121
01:21:59,080 --> 01:22:02,583
To pump out the water,
a new invention is needed.
1122
01:22:04,711 --> 01:22:09,923
ln 1 71 2, Thomas Newcomen produces
a pump powered by burning coal
1123
01:22:10,258 --> 01:22:11,759
and driven by steam.
1124
01:22:13,386 --> 01:22:16,889
Newcomen's machine
is the first practical steam engine.
1125
01:22:18,475 --> 01:22:23,646
lt is this combination,
energy and engine, fuel and machine,
1126
01:22:24,105 --> 01:22:27,107
that will free man
from the limits of his own muscle
1127
01:22:28,443 --> 01:22:30,194
and change the world.
1128
01:22:30,945 --> 01:22:33,447
The industrial revolution begins.
1129
01:22:35,325 --> 01:22:39,745
Along with political revolutions
in America and, later France,
1130
01:22:40,038 --> 01:22:45,668
this technological revolution forever
transforms the landscape of the world.
1131
01:22:47,462 --> 01:22:51,131
And before long, the Atlantic world
has become the new economic,
1132
01:22:51,466 --> 01:22:54,510
therefore cultural, therefore
political, therefore military leader,
1133
01:22:54,969 --> 01:22:58,305
and will utterly dominate global
geopolitics from that moment to this.
1134
01:23:01,267 --> 01:23:03,852
Trains thunder across the countryside.
1135
01:23:06,398 --> 01:23:10,484
By the 1 870s, the internal
combustion engine has arrived,
1136
01:23:10,694 --> 01:23:14,655
and the Germans invent its killer app,
the automobile.
1137
01:23:18,576 --> 01:23:21,995
Oil, the substance which the ancients
considered too flammable
1138
01:23:22,038 --> 01:23:26,750
to be of any use, becomes the most
important commodity on the planet,
1139
01:23:27,293 --> 01:23:29,044
fueling even more innovation.
1140
01:23:32,966 --> 01:23:36,844
The telegraph and telephone
move messages at lightning speed.
1141
01:23:36,928 --> 01:23:42,015
With electricity, mankind reclaims
the night from darkness.
1142
01:23:44,686 --> 01:23:46,520
The hub of power has shifted.
1143
01:23:48,982 --> 01:23:51,817
ln 1 800, Europeans
and their descendants
1144
01:23:51,860 --> 01:23:54,695
control 35% of the land on Earth.
1145
01:23:55,530 --> 01:23:59,700
By 1 900, they control 85%.
1146
01:24:04,539 --> 01:24:08,792
By the 20th century, fossil fuels
and the internal combustion engine
1147
01:24:09,043 --> 01:24:10,711
have amplified everything,
1148
01:24:11,212 --> 01:24:12,755
including warfare.
1149
01:24:17,093 --> 01:24:21,680
That technology meant that
military power and military conquest
1150
01:24:21,806 --> 01:24:23,891
was something that
could be international,
1151
01:24:24,350 --> 01:24:26,477
international in a way
that it had never been before.
1152
01:24:28,480 --> 01:24:29,772
ln the 20th century,
1153
01:24:30,273 --> 01:24:33,901
almost three times as many
people are killed as a result of war
1154
01:24:34,360 --> 01:24:38,489
as in the previous 2,000 years
of human history combined.
1155
01:24:41,910 --> 01:24:45,162
The application of the industrial
skills, the industrial technologies
1156
01:24:45,246 --> 01:24:47,873
of the 1 8th century reached
their culmination, l think,
1157
01:24:47,957 --> 01:24:49,833
with these extraordinary events.
1158
01:24:50,752 --> 01:24:54,713
And it's all being driven again by the
micro-fossilized bodies of organic
1159
01:24:54,756 --> 01:24:56,840
entities that disappeared
into ancient swamps
1160
01:24:57,258 --> 01:24:59,468
millions and millions of years ago.
1161
01:25:00,887 --> 01:25:06,308
The industrial revolution also allows
the human population to explode.
1162
01:25:07,227 --> 01:25:10,604
lt has taken 200,000 years
of human history,
1163
01:25:10,730 --> 01:25:13,857
from the dawn of man to the year 1 900,
1164
01:25:14,359 --> 01:25:17,569
for the population to
reach 1 .6 billion.
1165
01:25:18,488 --> 01:25:21,532
Now, within the 1 00 years of the
20th century,
1166
01:25:21,908 --> 01:25:25,244
it nearly quadruples to
more than six billion.
1167
01:25:27,288 --> 01:25:30,707
The 20th century is the most
extraordinary moment in human history.
1168
01:25:30,959 --> 01:25:33,752
Never before have we seen change
on such a scale.
1169
01:25:39,300 --> 01:25:42,803
Today, humans number close
to seven billion.
1170
01:25:43,555 --> 01:25:46,014
We are the dominant players
on the planet.
1171
01:25:49,811 --> 01:25:53,272
We have learned to harness
50,000 times more energy
1172
01:25:53,356 --> 01:25:56,650
than our ancestors
just 1 0,000 years ago.
1173
01:25:57,652 --> 01:26:00,821
This energy drives
our fast-paced lives,
1174
01:26:01,114 --> 01:26:06,326
and a literal World Wide Web,
a network that, as we have seen,
1175
01:26:06,369 --> 01:26:10,789
has been in the making for as long
as humans have walked the Earth.
1176
01:26:12,834 --> 01:26:15,627
Our two-hour story is
coming to an end,
1177
01:26:15,962 --> 01:26:19,673
a story that really began
14 billion years ago,
1178
01:26:20,174 --> 01:26:24,344
with a tiny universe where everything
was all in one place.
1179
01:26:25,555 --> 01:26:27,347
Then the Big Bang,
1180
01:26:28,266 --> 01:26:31,977
all the energy that has ever existed
created in an instant.
1181
01:26:33,521 --> 01:26:35,355
Gravity sculpted our universe.
1182
01:26:36,232 --> 01:26:39,276
For billions of years,
stars and supernovas created
1183
01:26:39,360 --> 01:26:41,695
all the elements
we would eventually need.
1184
01:26:41,946 --> 01:26:44,448
Then, an extreme Earth took shape
1185
01:26:44,532 --> 01:26:48,285
and settled into just the
right conditions to support life.
1186
01:26:49,162 --> 01:26:52,372
As the planet evolved,
life competed for energy
1187
01:26:52,665 --> 01:26:54,791
and grew more and more complex.
1188
01:26:55,001 --> 01:26:59,379
Eventually, the conditions were right
for our species to rise.
1189
01:26:59,923 --> 01:27:01,965
We mastered stone and fire.
1190
01:27:02,133 --> 01:27:05,177
When the ice age came,
we spread around the planet.
1191
01:27:05,345 --> 01:27:09,723
And when the ice melted, we
were stranded on different continents.
1192
01:27:10,099 --> 01:27:13,769
We learned to bend plants
and animals to our will.
1193
01:27:14,395 --> 01:27:18,398
We built cities, then civilizations.
1194
01:27:19,025 --> 01:27:22,152
We created a vast network
that linked empires,
1195
01:27:22,528 --> 01:27:26,198
joined continents,
then crossed oceans.
1196
01:27:26,950 --> 01:27:29,743
Just when it seemed we had reached
our human limit,
1197
01:27:29,786 --> 01:27:33,580
we found the energy and technology
to carry us into the future.
1198
01:27:34,499 --> 01:27:38,794
On Earth, the seeds of the past
have bloomed into a present
1199
01:27:38,920 --> 01:27:41,672
filled with energy and creativity.
1200
01:27:42,340 --> 01:27:45,258
The stories of billions of lives
have played out against
1201
01:27:45,426 --> 01:27:50,097
the backdrop of a universe
almost too vast to comprehend.
1202
01:27:50,807 --> 01:27:53,892
ln everything that we do,
in all that we are,
1203
01:27:54,018 --> 01:27:56,603
we remain
living monuments to the past,
1204
01:27:56,980 --> 01:28:00,607
as we continue
to make history every day.
104258
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