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A guy walks into a bar...
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"My name is Christopher Columbus,"
he yells, "And I now own this bar."
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From now on, I call it:
"Hispaniola Lounge".
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Among the black patrons,
nobody says a word.
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Only the black barman, shakes his head:
"White people..."
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EXTERMINATE ALL THE BRUTES
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PART 4
THE BRIGHT COLORS OF FASCISM
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LAND WITH PEOPLE
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THE MYTH OF PRISTINE WILDERNESS
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Land with no peoples does not exist.
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00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:46,880
The idea that America was virgin land
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or wilderness inhabited by non-people
called savages is a myth.
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00:03:52,890 --> 00:03:58,060
Only through killing and displacement
does it become uninhabited.
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00:04:01,770 --> 00:04:05,650
Before the arrival of the British,
North America was a continent
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of villages, of nations,
of federations of nations.
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Between 1814 and 1824,
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a big chunk of land between today's
Florida and Kentucky
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00:04:17,410 --> 00:04:21,080
became the private property
of white settlers.
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00:04:21,170 --> 00:04:25,050
The first permanent US colonial
institution was established.
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00:04:25,130 --> 00:04:27,920
First named
the Office of Indian Affairs
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and placed within
the Department of War.
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We are less than two centuries old.
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But no nation has ever been
more strongly stirred
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by the knowledge of its own story.
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00:04:39,940 --> 00:04:43,520
We are the product of many strains,
and many visions.
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00:04:43,690 --> 00:04:48,280
And yet we see that story as
essentially one heroic adventure.
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00:05:00,580 --> 00:05:02,500
Photocall
at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
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00:05:02,580 --> 00:05:04,040
South Dakota, 1891
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00:05:23,850 --> 00:05:28,190
The bid for independence by what
became the United States of America
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was nourished by the ideas of freedom,
democracy, and equality for all.
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But these ideas
were difficult to reconcile
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00:05:36,780 --> 00:05:40,450
with the reality of dominance
of one race over another,
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00:05:40,540 --> 00:05:45,580
much less with genocide,
settler colonialism, and empire.
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00:05:45,670 --> 00:05:50,550
To reconcile rhetoric with reality,
a new model had to emerge.
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00:05:50,630 --> 00:05:55,010
The birth of something new:
the birth of the US American race.
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A new people born of the merger of
the best of both worlds:
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the Native and the European.
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Not a biological merger.
God forbid!
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00:06:04,900 --> 00:06:09,230
But something more ephemeral,
implying the dissolving of the Indian.
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00:06:09,320 --> 00:06:13,320
A process that would exclude
Native Americans and Afro-Americans
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00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:16,490
from participating,
unless as foils.
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00:06:39,140 --> 00:06:42,810
"You have there the myth of
the essential white America,"
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wrote D. H. Lawrence
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00:06:44,270 --> 00:06:49,110
about James Fenimore Cooper's
frontiersman character Deerslayer.
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"All the other stuff, the love, the
democracy, the floundering into lust,
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is a sort of by-play", he writes.
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00:06:57,610 --> 00:07:03,660
The essential American soul is hard,
isolate, stoic, and a killer.
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00:07:03,750 --> 00:07:05,830
It has never yet melted."
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00:07:17,970 --> 00:07:19,640
The Navy SEAL team members
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00:07:19,720 --> 00:07:25,020
who carried out the assassination
of Osama bin Laden on May 2nd, 2011
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00:07:25,100 --> 00:07:28,060
were reporting in real time
to President Obama,
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Secretary of State Hilary Clinton,
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and other officials
in their sealed "Situation" Room.
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NO PHOTO FINISH
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00:07:35,740 --> 00:07:40,160
Following the operation,
the "New York Daily News" commented:
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00:07:40,240 --> 00:07:44,120
"Along with the unseen pictures of
Osama Bin Laden's corpse,
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intelligence officials' reasons for
dubbing the Al Qaeda boss 'Geronimo'
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00:07:49,500 --> 00:07:53,750
remain one of the biggest mysteries of
the Black Ops mission."
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00:07:54,380 --> 00:07:59,180
But it was not a mystery to the
US Navy Seals, or to Obama or Clinton,
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00:07:59,260 --> 00:08:03,260
and especially to any Native American
who heard it.
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00:08:03,350 --> 00:08:06,230
Geronimo, or by his real name,
Goyathlay,
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was one of the greatest adversaries
the colonizing Army had confronted
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in their "kill anything that moves"
march across the continent.
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00:08:16,070 --> 00:08:20,570
Geronimo is revered as a great
freedom fighter by the Apache people
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and by all Native Americans.
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00:08:23,620 --> 00:08:27,290
The choice of the code word "Geronimo"
for a US enemy
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was not a mystery to the military,
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who also use the term "Indian country"
to designate enemy territory.
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00:08:34,590 --> 00:08:38,220
"Indian country" and "in-country"
are military terms,
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00:08:38,380 --> 00:08:40,300
like other euphemisms
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00:08:40,380 --> 00:08:43,600
such as "collateral damage"
for killing civilians
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or "ordnance" for bombs,
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that appear in military training
manuals and are used regularly.
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00:08:49,940 --> 00:08:51,940
CLEAR-IN-ZONE
UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE
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ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURES
VIOLENT EXTREMISM
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"Indian country" and "in-country"
mean "behind enemy lines."
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00:09:00,240 --> 00:09:02,910
UNLAWFUL COMBATTANTS
ADMINISTERED TERRITORIES
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00:09:02,990 --> 00:09:04,410
BULK PERSONAL DATASET
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00:09:04,490 --> 00:09:06,740
HARSH TACTICS
BRUTAL TREATMENT
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00:09:07,870 --> 00:09:09,710
UH-60 BLACK HAWK
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00:09:09,790 --> 00:09:14,170
All US wars re-enact fundamentally
the "Indian Wars.
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00:09:14,330 --> 00:09:17,250
H-34 CHOCKTAW
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00:09:17,420 --> 00:09:20,260
BELL-UH1 IROQUOIS
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00:09:20,420 --> 00:09:22,510
OV-1 MOHAWK
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00:09:22,680 --> 00:09:25,800
AH-64 APACHE
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00:09:25,970 --> 00:09:28,470
LOOKHEED AH-56A CHEYENNE
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00:09:28,640 --> 00:09:31,230
CH-47 CHINOOK
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00:09:46,320 --> 00:09:50,370
Counterinsurgent warfare
was the way of war.
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00:09:50,450 --> 00:09:54,420
Military historian John Grenier states:
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00:09:54,500 --> 00:09:59,210
"Successive generations of Americans,
both soldiers and civilians,
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made the killing of Indian men, women,
and children
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00:10:02,630 --> 00:10:05,760
a defining element
of their first military tradition
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00:10:05,840 --> 00:10:09,560
and thereby
part of a shared American identity."
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00:10:11,390 --> 00:10:16,020
The chief characteristic of irregular
warfare is that of the extreme violence
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against civilians,
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in this case the tendency to
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seek the utter annihilation
of the Indigenous population.
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Kill anything that moves,
take no prisoners.
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00:10:30,540 --> 00:10:35,170
In California, hunting Indians
was both legal and profitable.
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00:10:35,250 --> 00:10:38,670
$5 a head, 50 cents a scalp.
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00:10:38,750 --> 00:10:40,630
In 1854 alone,
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00:10:40,710 --> 00:10:45,880
the federal government paid more than
a million dollars to Indian hunters.
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00:10:45,970 --> 00:10:52,600
The State reward for dead Indians
has been increased to 200 dollars.
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00:10:53,430 --> 00:10:55,640
Many of the descendants
of those settlers
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are at the forefront
of the Second Amendment activists.
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00:11:00,230 --> 00:11:05,070
They say they represent "the people"
and have the right to bear arms
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00:11:05,240 --> 00:11:07,530
in order to overthrow any government
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00:11:07,610 --> 00:11:12,830
that does not in their view adhere to
the God-given covenant.
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00:11:13,620 --> 00:11:18,080
But it is a fact that the original
mandate of the Second Amendment was
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to empower and authorize settlers
to arm themselves to kill Indians
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00:11:22,420 --> 00:11:25,670
and to control enslaved Africans.
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00:11:27,180 --> 00:11:32,680
Roughly three-fourth of gun owners
are men, and 82% are white.
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00:11:32,850 --> 00:11:38,730
Taken together, that's 61% of adults
who own guns are white men.
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00:11:39,150 --> 00:11:43,230
We cannot make sense of gun hoarding
and the cult of the gun
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if we don't deal with
white nationalism.
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00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:48,410
And we can't deal
with white nationalism
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00:11:48,490 --> 00:11:52,120
without dealing with
United States history.
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00:11:52,200 --> 00:11:54,370
My friend Roxanne told me:
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00:11:54,450 --> 00:11:55,910
As Men of their times,
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00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:59,790
the founders created
the most perfect document ever written
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00:11:59,870 --> 00:12:02,500
for the most perfect country on Earth.
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00:12:02,590 --> 00:12:06,300
But today we can see the warts.
And they ruin the picture.
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00:12:43,840 --> 00:12:47,460
"Make America great again,"
he said.
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00:12:50,130 --> 00:12:52,640
When exactly was it great?
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00:12:52,720 --> 00:12:55,010
I mean, really great?
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And for whom?
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00:13:01,060 --> 00:13:02,810
Roxanne tells me:
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00:13:02,900 --> 00:13:07,480
Thanks to slavery cotton became
the fuel of the 19th century.
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00:13:10,240 --> 00:13:16,200
Around 1831, US cotton made up almost
half of the world's production.
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00:13:17,450 --> 00:13:20,790
The elite in the South
became extremely wealthy.
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00:13:20,870 --> 00:13:24,540
The elite in the North became
extremely wealthy as well.
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00:13:24,630 --> 00:13:28,130
Sparking the Industrial Revolution.
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00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:35,850
At the beginning, the slaves had to
clean the cotton with their bare hands.
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00:13:37,350 --> 00:13:42,690
The invention of the cotton gin by
Eli Whitney would change everything.
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00:13:42,770 --> 00:13:45,400
But cotton also destroyed the soil.
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00:13:45,480 --> 00:13:50,030
So, Southerners and Northerners
plundered more Indian land.
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00:13:50,110 --> 00:13:52,740
While using slaves' bodies
as a commodity
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became the most lucrative enterprise
around.
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00:13:55,820 --> 00:14:00,250
More profitable than all land, banks,
railroads, factories,
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00:14:00,330 --> 00:14:03,460
and gold products put together.
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00:14:03,540 --> 00:14:06,880
Slaves were used as collateral
for mortgage.
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00:14:06,960 --> 00:14:10,090
A newly developed tool of commerce.
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00:14:11,840 --> 00:14:18,140
Thomas Jefferson mortgaged a 150 of his
enslaved workers to build Monticello.
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00:14:18,220 --> 00:14:21,680
With a Dutch company
putting up the money.
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00:14:23,600 --> 00:14:27,270
Mortgaging people to buy more people.
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00:14:27,360 --> 00:14:32,610
A large part of Europe had abolished
slavery by 1848,
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00:14:32,690 --> 00:14:36,990
but Europeans were still silently
bankrolling the slave industry
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00:14:37,070 --> 00:14:39,660
in the United States.
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00:14:41,790 --> 00:14:44,290
Rapha�l Lemkin wrote:
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00:14:44,370 --> 00:14:49,290
"Slavery may be called
cultural genocide par excellence.
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It is the most effective and thorough
method of destroying a culture,
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and of de-socializing human beings."
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RESISTANCE
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00:15:01,810 --> 00:15:04,020
By 1890, disarmed,
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held in concentration camps, their
children taken away, half-starved,
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00:15:09,810 --> 00:15:14,650
the Lakota and Dakota survivors,
found a new form of resistance:
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00:15:14,740 --> 00:15:16,700
Ghost dancing.
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00:15:19,950 --> 00:15:23,620
It was a simple dance
performed by everyone in the open,
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00:15:23,700 --> 00:15:27,540
requiring only a specific kind of
handmade ribbon shirt
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that might protect the dancers
from gunfire.
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It spread like wildfire
in all directions.
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00:15:36,090 --> 00:15:38,630
Among the presumed sources
of this dance,
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is a Nevada Paiute holy man
named Wovoka.
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00:15:43,770 --> 00:15:48,560
Native Pilgrims journeyed long
distances to hear Wovoka's message
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and to receive directions on
how to perform the Ghost Dance,
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which promised to restore
the Indigenous world
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as it was before colonialism,
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make the invaders disappear and
the dead warriors and buffalo return.
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00:16:06,160 --> 00:16:08,580
They danced without rest.
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00:16:08,660 --> 00:16:12,000
Occasionally,
they collapsed unconscious.
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Quickly those on each side
of the fallen closed the gap
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00:16:16,460 --> 00:16:19,720
and continued dancing.
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00:16:19,800 --> 00:16:23,260
When the dancing began among
the Sioux in 1890,
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reservation officials falsely reported
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00:16:26,060 --> 00:16:29,850
that Sioux leader Tatanka Yotanka,
Sitting Bull,
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had ordered the people
at Pine Ridge Reservation
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to perform the Ghost Dance
day and night.
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00:16:36,820 --> 00:16:39,740
Although Sitting Bull had learned
the Ghost Dance,
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he lived in the Standing Rock Sioux
reservation,
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00:16:42,820 --> 00:16:47,080
miles away from the dancing,
and was not giving orders.
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00:16:47,160 --> 00:16:50,290
The dancing was spontaneous.
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00:16:50,370 --> 00:16:52,500
General Sherman, General Sherman.
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00:16:52,580 --> 00:16:54,630
New York City
January 7,1891
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A few days after the "battle"
of Wounded Knee
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00:17:03,930 --> 00:17:06,850
General Sherman,
how do you see the end of this revolt?
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00:17:06,930 --> 00:17:11,060
- Are there civilian casualties?
- How many savages have you killed?
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Lots of familiar faces.
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00:17:19,110 --> 00:17:24,530
General. How do you keep such vigor
after such an exhausting battle?
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00:17:24,620 --> 00:17:29,290
Well, riding horses and killing Indians
do keep one crisp and fresh.
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00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:38,420
What lesson do you draw
from this campaign?
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00:17:38,500 --> 00:17:41,590
Is there an end
to these permanent revolts?
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00:17:42,430 --> 00:17:44,840
Indians must either work or starve.
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00:17:44,930 --> 00:17:50,640
They never have worked; they won't work
now, and they never will work.
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00:17:50,730 --> 00:17:52,560
But should not the government
supply them with enough
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00:17:52,730 --> 00:17:54,520
to keep them from starvation?
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00:17:54,690 --> 00:17:57,020
You're gonna pay for it?
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00:17:59,610 --> 00:18:01,400
Who shot Sitting Bull?
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00:18:02,190 --> 00:18:07,160
How is that important?
He resisted arrest, and he was shot.
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00:18:10,160 --> 00:18:13,500
- What about Big foot?
- What about him?
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00:18:13,580 --> 00:18:17,340
It is said that
they had him surrounded.
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00:18:23,340 --> 00:18:27,050
That's what the fake press
wanted us to believe.
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00:18:30,010 --> 00:18:35,350
What about Custer's regiment?
It is said that they wanted revenge.
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00:18:35,440 --> 00:18:38,810
And what about the twenty-five soldiers
killed in "friendly fire"?
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00:18:38,980 --> 00:18:41,150
Shit happens.
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00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:45,070
And why is it that you journalists
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00:18:45,150 --> 00:18:49,740
are always trying to make things
more complicated than there are?
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00:18:49,830 --> 00:18:55,120
It was a search action. We told them to
surrender and hand over their weapons.
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00:18:55,210 --> 00:18:56,830
Which they did...
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00:19:01,420 --> 00:19:04,550
Well that's your version...
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00:19:07,970 --> 00:19:11,140
Wounded Knee Massacre
Est. Indians killed: 300
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00:19:11,220 --> 00:19:14,770
Survivors: 51 (4 men, 47 women)
Army casualties: 25 dead
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00:19:36,330 --> 00:19:39,710
Yellow Bird, Medicine Man
213
00:19:44,130 --> 00:19:49,140
Big Foot, chief of the Miniconjou
Lakota Sioux
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00:20:08,780 --> 00:20:11,450
The Wizard of Oz
Victor Fleming, 1939
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00:20:11,530 --> 00:20:14,910
Five days after the sickening events
at Wounded Knee,
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00:20:14,990 --> 00:20:18,120
Lyman Frank Baum,
a Dakota Territory settler,
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00:20:18,290 --> 00:20:23,420
who would become famous years later for
writing The Wonderful Wizard of Oz,
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00:20:23,500 --> 00:20:27,590
wrote in the Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer
newspaper:
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00:20:27,760 --> 00:20:29,720
'The Pioneer has before declared
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00:20:29,800 --> 00:20:35,010
that our only safety depends upon
the total extermination of the Indians.
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00:20:35,100 --> 00:20:37,180
Having wronged them for centuries,
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00:20:37,270 --> 00:20:40,600
we had better,
in order to protect our civilization,
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00:20:40,690 --> 00:20:43,480
follow it up by one more wrong
and wipe
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00:20:43,650 --> 00:20:48,690
these untamed and untamable creatures
from the face of the earth."
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00:20:52,910 --> 00:20:54,160
The fact is,
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00:20:54,330 --> 00:20:58,870
the Native Americans are still here,
and this is still their home.
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00:20:58,950 --> 00:21:02,170
And despite some real individual
accomplishments,
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00:21:02,250 --> 00:21:07,880
the real fight remains the fight for
self-determination and restitution.
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00:21:07,960 --> 00:21:11,970
Anything less, will not be acceptable,
230
00:21:12,130 --> 00:21:13,220
Representative Heather Keeler
Minnesota
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00:21:13,300 --> 00:21:16,260
"American Indian individuals
shall have the right to choose
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00:21:16,430 --> 00:21:21,890
his or her citizenship. And American
Indian nations have the right to choose
233
00:21:22,060 --> 00:21:27,230
their level of citizenship and autonomy
up to absolute independence."
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00:21:29,570 --> 00:21:31,780
THE PAST IN THE PRESENT
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00:21:31,860 --> 00:21:35,160
The same observation could be made
about slavery.
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00:21:35,240 --> 00:21:40,700
For slavery here is a ghost,
both the past and a living presence.
237
00:21:40,790 --> 00:21:45,250
And after 400 years the problem of
historical representation
238
00:21:45,330 --> 00:21:48,170
is how to represent that ghost.
239
00:21:48,250 --> 00:21:51,800
Something that is
and yet is not.
240
00:21:52,760 --> 00:21:56,390
The fact that US slavery has both
officially ended
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00:21:56,470 --> 00:22:01,230
and yet continues in many complex forms
of institutionalized racism
242
00:22:01,390 --> 00:22:05,650
makes its representation
particularly burdensome.
243
00:22:05,730 --> 00:22:08,110
As long as genocide, slavery
244
00:22:08,270 --> 00:22:12,860
and the exploitation of human bodies
do not convert into reparation,
245
00:22:13,030 --> 00:22:17,700
whatever the form,
there will never be any peace.
246
00:22:18,120 --> 00:22:20,370
As writer James Baldwin says:
247
00:22:20,450 --> 00:22:23,580
"...there is scarcely any hope
for the American dream,
248
00:22:23,660 --> 00:22:26,710
because people who are denied
participation in it,
249
00:22:26,790 --> 00:22:29,920
by their very presence will wreck it."
250
00:22:34,510 --> 00:22:36,590
Galveston, Texas
August 2019
251
00:22:36,680 --> 00:22:40,510
The facts are staring us in the face.
252
00:22:42,890 --> 00:22:46,310
Time is not a chronological continuity,
253
00:22:46,400 --> 00:22:50,980
wrote Trouillot in his book
"Silencing The Past".
254
00:22:51,070 --> 00:22:55,650
It is the range of disjointed moments,
practices and symbols,
255
00:22:55,740 --> 00:23:00,950
that thread the historical relations
between events and narratives.
256
00:23:05,460 --> 00:23:09,840
No amount of historical debate about
any of these events,
257
00:23:09,920 --> 00:23:13,170
and no amount of guilt
can serve as a substitute
258
00:23:13,260 --> 00:23:15,840
for marching in the streets today.
259
00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:17,340
Synagogue Shooting
260
00:23:17,430 --> 00:23:19,640
What must be denounced here
261
00:23:19,720 --> 00:23:23,310
is not so much the reality of
the Native American genocide,
262
00:23:23,470 --> 00:23:27,940
or the reality of slavery,
or the reality of the Holocaust.
263
00:23:28,690 --> 00:23:31,110
What needs to be denounced here
264
00:23:31,190 --> 00:23:36,610
are the consequences of these realities
in our lives and in life today.
265
00:24:00,390 --> 00:24:03,060
I witnessed death in Haiti.
266
00:24:03,140 --> 00:24:07,140
Of unknown people and of friends like
Antoine Izm�ry
267
00:24:07,310 --> 00:24:12,150
or Guy Malary
both slain by CIA linked military.
268
00:24:13,070 --> 00:24:16,190
But not all deaths are violent.
269
00:24:18,450 --> 00:24:24,030
I accompanied my mother's passing, in a
hospital room in Voorhees, New Jersey.
270
00:24:24,120 --> 00:24:28,830
She, who was the first to tell me about
Congo's assassinated Prime Minister,
271
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:31,250
Patrice Lumumba.
272
00:24:31,330 --> 00:24:36,420
I made a film about him too.
And my mother is in it.
273
00:24:38,800 --> 00:24:44,100
I spent 15 years of my life
in a city called Berlin in Germany.
274
00:24:45,810 --> 00:24:48,600
I went to film school there.
275
00:24:49,180 --> 00:24:55,230
My entry project was about the prison
of Plotzensee. A Nazi torture compound.
276
00:25:00,950 --> 00:25:05,700
Not one single day when I lived there,
did I forget that this country,
277
00:25:05,780 --> 00:25:11,420
which produced some of humanity's best
philosophers, scientists, and artists,
278
00:25:11,500 --> 00:25:15,920
also operated one of the most
devastating scientifically-run
279
00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:19,340
and engineered killing machines.
280
00:25:22,840 --> 00:25:27,310
Berlin.
I know these streets by heart.
281
00:25:27,390 --> 00:25:29,810
Every day,
I walked under these arches
282
00:25:29,890 --> 00:25:33,850
to my classes
at the Technical University.
283
00:25:34,270 --> 00:25:38,190
The superimposition of time and images.
284
00:25:41,030 --> 00:25:44,870
Auschwitz.
I went there too.
285
00:25:44,950 --> 00:25:47,870
I wanted to see for myself.
286
00:26:48,850 --> 00:26:50,430
More than anything else,
287
00:26:50,510 --> 00:26:55,480
it was these details which gave me
the clearest sense of the horror.
288
00:26:56,850 --> 00:26:59,310
I have seen these Images before.
289
00:26:59,400 --> 00:27:03,320
In Ntarama, Rwanda, in 2003.
290
00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:06,280
I took these exact same photos.
291
00:27:06,360 --> 00:27:09,870
A few hundred people had been
slaughtered by Hutu militias
292
00:27:09,950 --> 00:27:12,580
and government soldiers in a church.
293
00:27:12,660 --> 00:27:16,250
A young man told me
about what happened.
294
00:27:16,330 --> 00:27:19,920
He had been there
and had escaped through a hole.
295
00:27:21,340 --> 00:27:25,220
He showed me the hole.
Still there after ten years.
296
00:27:25,380 --> 00:27:27,760
Sometimes in April
Raoul Peck, 2005
297
00:27:27,840 --> 00:27:30,640
I knew I had seen this picture before,
298
00:27:47,530 --> 00:27:50,070
"We're staying together".
299
00:28:07,340 --> 00:28:11,930
Why didn't the world react?
The argument that people didn't know.
300
00:28:12,010 --> 00:28:14,310
That's not true. They knew.
301
00:28:14,470 --> 00:28:18,270
We know now from intelligence records;
just how much they knew.
302
00:28:18,350 --> 00:28:20,100
That within hours,
303
00:28:20,190 --> 00:28:23,860
they were aware that the killing was
being done on an ethnic basis,
304
00:28:23,940 --> 00:28:26,360
systematically,
that there were lists,
305
00:28:26,440 --> 00:28:30,070
that the killers were going through
the capital city
306
00:28:30,160 --> 00:28:33,410
choosing out people from certain
households and executing them.
307
00:28:33,490 --> 00:28:35,330
They knew this.
308
00:28:35,410 --> 00:28:37,660
This is Alison Des Forges.
309
00:28:37,750 --> 00:28:40,960
She spent her life documenting
the horror.
310
00:28:41,040 --> 00:28:45,960
She met world leaders, confronted
assassins, engaged doubters,
311
00:28:46,130 --> 00:28:51,340
and denounced world institutions
hiding behind their silence.
312
00:28:51,510 --> 00:28:55,760
She guided me and taught me
how to decipher the language of death
313
00:28:55,850 --> 00:29:00,730
and see through the monster
hiding behind a human mask.
314
00:29:00,810 --> 00:29:05,770
Alison died in an airplane accident
on February 12th 2009,
315
00:29:05,860 --> 00:29:09,690
on her way to visit her family
in Buffalo.
316
00:29:09,780 --> 00:29:11,700
I miss her.
317
00:29:15,280 --> 00:29:18,450
I am not putting anybody on a moral
plane - what I'm saying is this:
318
00:29:18,540 --> 00:29:21,250
You had a group on one side
and you had a group on the other,
319
00:29:21,330 --> 00:29:25,040
and they came at each other with clubs,
and it was vicious, and horrible.
320
00:29:25,210 --> 00:29:28,920
It was a horrible thing to watch.
I think there is blame on both sides.
321
00:29:29,090 --> 00:29:33,220
You look at both sides,
I think there is blame on both sides.
322
00:29:33,300 --> 00:29:38,350
George Washington was a slave owner.
are we gone take down the statues?
323
00:29:38,430 --> 00:29:39,720
How about Thomas Jefferson?
324
00:29:39,890 --> 00:29:43,230
What do you think of Thomas Jefferson?
Do you like him?
325
00:29:46,270 --> 00:29:49,980
These images project a profound idea
of self.
326
00:29:50,070 --> 00:29:52,900
Or of the desperation.
327
00:29:53,490 --> 00:29:57,330
Lost souls on a pile of
human confusion.
328
00:29:58,530 --> 00:30:04,120
The absence of any trace of empathy
and genuine humanity is unbearable.
329
00:30:05,500 --> 00:30:08,840
The nightmare is buried deep
in our consciousness.
330
00:30:08,920 --> 00:30:13,170
So deep
that we do not recognize it at first.
331
00:30:13,840 --> 00:30:18,100
It says who you are,
It says what you have become.
332
00:30:18,180 --> 00:30:22,980
The stubborn privilege of
superiority... And comedy.
333
00:30:23,060 --> 00:30:26,480
In times of despair, fear
and insecurity,
334
00:30:26,560 --> 00:30:30,190
people are looking for saviors.
Any kind will do.
335
00:30:30,280 --> 00:30:36,280
But possibly, one with easy sounding
solutions, that others will pay for.
336
00:30:36,360 --> 00:30:39,160
RAPEFUGEES STAY AWAY!
NOT WELCOME
337
00:30:39,330 --> 00:30:42,700
But a complex world
calls for complex responses.
338
00:30:42,790 --> 00:30:47,250
With at least some minimal agreement
over the diagnosis.
339
00:30:47,330 --> 00:30:49,290
We never listened to the poor.
340
00:30:49,380 --> 00:30:52,340
Those who are less poor,
fear the loss of what they have.
341
00:30:52,510 --> 00:30:54,510
And they are rebelling.
342
00:30:54,590 --> 00:30:59,140
I am extremely happy to be here
among you, in Marseille.
343
00:30:59,220 --> 00:31:02,520
We have been there before.
Without learning much.
344
00:31:02,600 --> 00:31:05,600
For some reason
we thought that in modern days,
345
00:31:05,690 --> 00:31:08,730
fascism would be disguised
in bright friendly colors,
346
00:31:08,810 --> 00:31:12,280
so that
it would be difficult to recognize.
347
00:31:12,980 --> 00:31:18,030
But it is recognizable.
The same roar when the leader speaks.
348
00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:22,120
The same hatred of aliens.
The same violence.
349
00:31:22,290 --> 00:31:25,960
The same projection
of wounded manhood.
350
00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:28,460
The frailty of power.
351
00:31:38,090 --> 00:31:40,760
The Western world is panicking.
352
00:31:40,850 --> 00:31:44,060
A delirious, spiraling panic.
353
00:31:44,140 --> 00:31:47,890
Complaining about a clash of
civilization,
354
00:31:47,980 --> 00:31:51,690
thus displaying the limits of
superiority.
355
00:31:53,520 --> 00:31:55,940
"Privilege" makes you vulnerable.
356
00:31:56,030 --> 00:32:01,240
And panic, when blended with ignorance
and bigotry, creates anger.
357
00:32:01,320 --> 00:32:04,660
Limitless and blinding anger.
358
00:32:04,740 --> 00:32:07,910
Everyone else becomes the enemy.
359
00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:10,420
The fortress becomes a prison.
360
00:32:10,500 --> 00:32:14,250
Everyone else looking in at you.
361
00:32:47,080 --> 00:32:49,460
People die, because they are hungry
362
00:32:49,540 --> 00:32:52,250
and can't protect their own existence.
363
00:32:52,330 --> 00:32:54,670
Others, because they are persecuted
364
00:32:54,750 --> 00:33:00,510
or because they can't feed, protect or
care for their own children.
365
00:33:00,590 --> 00:33:05,470
Meanwhile, the pornographic rich
are the new moralists.
366
00:33:07,640 --> 00:33:13,350
Most disturbing are not the images.
Or even the terrifying words.
367
00:33:13,440 --> 00:33:17,360
Most disturbing here
is the absence of ridicule.
368
00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:20,780
And the silence of complacency.
369
00:33:20,860 --> 00:33:25,740
Any hint of decency has definitely been
lost in the picture.
370
00:33:27,080 --> 00:33:30,660
Murder in Pacot
Raoul Peck, 2014
371
00:33:30,750 --> 00:33:35,250
We search for truth
when we should search for meaning.
372
00:33:35,330 --> 00:33:39,670
The very existence of this film
is a miracle.
373
00:33:42,590 --> 00:33:47,180
One day, an 18-year-old Palestinian
girl strapped with explosives
374
00:33:47,260 --> 00:33:52,270
detonates herself
in a crowded discotheque in Tel Aviv.
375
00:33:53,020 --> 00:33:58,150
When others think about revenge,
I think of my daughter.
376
00:33:58,230 --> 00:34:02,740
What would have pushed her
to commit such a horrific act?
377
00:34:02,900 --> 00:34:06,490
Would I call my child a monster?
378
00:34:08,910 --> 00:34:11,830
Yes, it is complicated.
379
00:34:21,880 --> 00:34:25,590
Today, I learned of Sven's death.
380
00:34:26,930 --> 00:34:28,720
It wasn't sudden.
381
00:34:28,890 --> 00:34:34,060
I knew it would happen soon.
I had learned to cope.
382
00:34:34,140 --> 00:34:36,400
It's not pain that I feel.
383
00:34:36,560 --> 00:34:39,110
But rage and sorrow.
384
00:34:39,190 --> 00:34:43,150
Sven gave me the original impulse
for this story.
385
00:34:43,240 --> 00:34:48,200
And he washed away my doubts that
such a film was even conceivable.
386
00:34:48,280 --> 00:34:52,160
Up until his last day,
he wanted it to happen.
387
00:34:53,450 --> 00:34:57,080
Finishing this story is now vital.
388
00:35:07,010 --> 00:35:09,640
Nobody starts with a clean slate.
389
00:35:09,720 --> 00:35:12,220
But the human condition also requires
390
00:35:12,310 --> 00:35:16,690
that practices of power and domination
be renewed.
391
00:35:18,690 --> 00:35:22,440
It is that renewal that
should concern us most.
392
00:35:26,200 --> 00:35:30,320
Calling to account the so-called
legacies of past horrors,
393
00:35:30,410 --> 00:35:33,580
slavery, colonialism, or the Holocaust
394
00:35:33,740 --> 00:35:36,660
is only possible
because of that renewal.
395
00:35:36,750 --> 00:35:41,170
And that renewal occurs
only in the present.
396
00:35:41,250 --> 00:35:44,130
Only in that present can we be true
or false
397
00:35:44,210 --> 00:35:48,680
to the past we choose to acknowledge,
said Trouillot.
398
00:35:48,840 --> 00:35:51,300
You know...
I'm not an expert in religion.
399
00:35:52,220 --> 00:35:53,510
The racial industry...
400
00:35:53,680 --> 00:35:56,430
This is a hardline issue for people
who live in border states.
401
00:35:56,600 --> 00:35:59,310
The president tries to protect
borders from an invasion."
402
00:35:59,480 --> 00:36:03,110
- So you know the law?
- Shut up moron! Shut up!
403
00:36:03,270 --> 00:36:06,070
45000 people a year die from
automobile accidents...
404
00:36:06,150 --> 00:36:08,650
American scholars have largely
abandoned
405
00:36:08,740 --> 00:36:13,530
the role of public intellectuals
to pundits and entertainers.
406
00:36:13,990 --> 00:36:19,000
No proof, no arguments are necessary.
It is opinions against opinions.
407
00:36:19,080 --> 00:36:23,460
Shamelessly passing off impudence
as reason.
408
00:36:23,630 --> 00:36:26,920
We now know that narratives
are made of silences.
409
00:36:28,090 --> 00:36:31,970
While some of us debate
what history is or was,
410
00:36:32,140 --> 00:36:35,180
others take it into their own hands.
411
00:36:36,930 --> 00:36:40,600
In 1920,
biologist Charles Davenport,
412
00:36:40,690 --> 00:36:43,610
leader of the American eugenics'
movement,
413
00:36:43,770 --> 00:36:49,240
asked his friend Madison Grant, author
of The Passing of the Great Race:
414
00:36:49,320 --> 00:36:52,410
"Can we build a wall high enough
around this country
415
00:36:52,490 --> 00:36:55,870
so as to keep out those
cheaper races?"
416
00:36:55,950 --> 00:36:57,790
Japs keep moving
This is a white man's neighbourhood
417
00:36:57,870 --> 00:37:00,540
On May 26, 1924,
418
00:37:00,620 --> 00:37:05,290
President Calvin Coolidge signed
the Restriction Act into law
419
00:37:05,460 --> 00:37:09,550
and shut down immigration by 97%.
420
00:37:09,630 --> 00:37:15,430
The door was shut for 40 years.
People tend to forget.
421
00:37:15,510 --> 00:37:18,520
A political victory for eugenics.
422
00:37:22,850 --> 00:37:24,860
As one congressman said,
423
00:37:24,940 --> 00:37:28,780
the nation would remain
the home of a great people.
424
00:37:28,860 --> 00:37:32,570
Christian,
English-speaking white people.
425
00:37:39,290 --> 00:37:43,750
The open arms of Ellis Island
are now closed again.
426
00:37:44,460 --> 00:37:49,420
That law closed the door on Jews
who were fleeing the Nazis.
427
00:37:50,090 --> 00:37:55,970
For lack of a visa, Anne Frank died
in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.
428
00:37:57,850 --> 00:37:59,930
AFTERMATH
429
00:38:00,020 --> 00:38:02,430
CULTURAL LOSSES
DISLOCATION
430
00:38:02,520 --> 00:38:05,060
MORAL DETERIORATION
POLITICAL CHANGES
431
00:38:08,480 --> 00:38:10,730
When Adolf Hitler entered politics,
432
00:38:10,820 --> 00:38:14,950
the opportunities for Germany to expand
had been closed.
433
00:38:15,030 --> 00:38:18,910
He had to find an alternative
closer to home.
434
00:38:18,990 --> 00:38:24,040
Hitler's campaign to the East
became his very own colonial war.
435
00:38:24,120 --> 00:38:28,790
In the long-term, he intended to
incorporate these agricultural areas
436
00:38:28,880 --> 00:38:32,090
into the expanding German Lebensraum.
437
00:38:32,170 --> 00:38:35,680
The Lebensraum, meaning living space.
438
00:38:35,760 --> 00:38:38,600
According to Hitler's imperial vision,
439
00:38:38,760 --> 00:38:42,600
the elimination of America's redskins,
as he called them,
440
00:38:42,680 --> 00:38:46,850
was the perfect example
of a successful colonization.
441
00:38:47,020 --> 00:38:51,360
Like the Americans had done, he would
proceed to send German settlers,
442
00:38:51,530 --> 00:38:55,990
to replace all Jewish and Slavic
populations in the East.
443
00:38:56,070 --> 00:39:00,330
The law of blood justified
the needs and the deeds.
444
00:39:03,160 --> 00:39:06,120
Hitler was driven throughout
his political career
445
00:39:06,210 --> 00:39:11,920
by a fanatical anti-Semitism that was
rooted in 1000-year-old tradition.
446
00:39:12,090 --> 00:39:16,300
But the step from mass murder
to genocide was not taken
447
00:39:16,470 --> 00:39:20,350
until the anti-Semitic tradition
met the tradition of genocide
448
00:39:20,430 --> 00:39:26,890
that arose during Europe's expansion in
America, Australia, Africa, and Asia.
449
00:39:30,110 --> 00:39:32,690
According to the Lebensraum theory,
450
00:39:32,770 --> 00:39:37,570
the Jews belonged to an even lower race
than the Russians and Poles,
451
00:39:37,650 --> 00:39:41,200
a race which could not lay claim
to the right to live.
452
00:39:41,280 --> 00:39:44,120
Liquidation of the Mizocz Ghetto
(now Ukraine), 1942
453
00:39:44,200 --> 00:39:48,420
It was only natural that such lower
races should be exterminated
454
00:39:48,500 --> 00:39:50,880
if they were in the way.
455
00:39:50,960 --> 00:39:55,090
The other Western master races
had done just that.
456
00:39:56,840 --> 00:40:00,590
Same procedures apply.
Different player.
457
00:40:00,760 --> 00:40:02,800
Warsaw Ghetto,
Poland, 1942
458
00:40:03,350 --> 00:40:08,100
They died on their own
when the food supply was cut off.
459
00:40:08,190 --> 00:40:12,110
The sad rule that
so-called inferior people died out
460
00:40:12,190 --> 00:40:17,820
upon contact with highly cultivated
people was at work again.
461
00:40:17,990 --> 00:40:20,110
If they did not die fast enough,
462
00:40:20,200 --> 00:40:23,990
then it was merciful to shorten
their suffering.
463
00:41:18,630 --> 00:41:21,680
A Nazi officer took these pictures.
464
00:41:21,760 --> 00:41:25,850
Like the previous ones, they were found
in what has been called
465
00:41:25,930 --> 00:41:28,220
"The Auschwitz Album".
466
00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:36,940
The accounting of death.
467
00:41:40,740 --> 00:41:45,950
Beneath the numbers, there are faces,
there are souls,
468
00:41:46,030 --> 00:41:50,370
caught for one small moment,
by the lens of their tormentors.
469
00:41:52,210 --> 00:41:55,540
And they know...
They must have known.
470
00:42:02,720 --> 00:42:04,800
"Unfit to work."
471
00:42:04,890 --> 00:42:09,890
This is how they call
those who are put aside. To die.
472
00:42:12,100 --> 00:42:16,480
This group is saved.
Momentarily.
473
00:42:17,230 --> 00:42:19,980
The photographer and his prey.
474
00:42:20,070 --> 00:42:24,700
A last glimpse of humanity,
in this woman's gaze.
475
00:42:24,780 --> 00:42:27,410
And there is no illusion.
476
00:42:28,700 --> 00:42:31,200
The children are thirsty.
477
00:42:31,290 --> 00:42:34,540
"Where can we have water?" they ask.
478
00:42:34,620 --> 00:42:39,000
"Walk all the way to the back.
There is water, I promise,"
479
00:42:39,090 --> 00:42:42,840
says the SS officer.
And so they walk.
480
00:42:43,340 --> 00:42:48,050
The children, their mother, their aunt,
their cousins,
481
00:42:48,140 --> 00:42:51,220
walking towards death.
482
00:42:51,310 --> 00:42:55,060
In less than 20 minutes,
they will be dead.
483
00:42:55,140 --> 00:42:56,770
All of them.
484
00:42:58,480 --> 00:43:04,280
20 minutes, that's the time it takes to
get from the dock, across the tracks,
485
00:43:04,360 --> 00:43:08,070
along the stony path
all the way to the back of the camp,
486
00:43:08,160 --> 00:43:11,530
where crematoriums 4 and 5 are located.
487
00:43:13,660 --> 00:43:17,500
The SS blew them all up
the day they fled.
488
00:43:17,580 --> 00:43:20,540
But enough remains to bear witness.
489
00:43:35,930 --> 00:43:39,770
It's time to own up to a basic truth:
490
00:43:39,850 --> 00:43:43,190
the great planners and executors
of the Final Solution
491
00:43:43,270 --> 00:43:46,490
were extremely well-educated.
492
00:43:46,570 --> 00:43:51,160
They had college degrees,
and quite a few even PhDs.
493
00:43:52,120 --> 00:43:54,450
All German production capabilities
494
00:43:54,620 --> 00:43:57,830
were mobilized to create
this racial paradise.
495
00:44:02,790 --> 00:44:06,380
From architect, manufacturers,
plumbers,
496
00:44:06,460 --> 00:44:11,430
bankers, to landscapers,
agronomists and SS henchmen.
497
00:44:11,510 --> 00:44:15,720
Their organizational creativeness
was unparalleled.
498
00:44:15,810 --> 00:44:19,140
Cross-section of crematorium III
by David Olere,
499
00:44:39,660 --> 00:44:41,880
SS guards
500
00:44:41,960 --> 00:44:44,290
Chimney
501
00:44:44,380 --> 00:44:47,010
Living area
for the slaves of the crematorium
502
00:44:47,090 --> 00:44:49,300
Hair combers
503
00:44:49,380 --> 00:44:52,220
Casters: gold, jewelry and teeth
504
00:44:52,300 --> 00:44:54,510
Accelerator
505
00:44:54,600 --> 00:44:56,760
Smoke vacuum
506
00:44:56,850 --> 00:44:59,480
Outside view
507
00:47:05,770 --> 00:47:07,690
IT'S NOT KNOWLEDGE WE LACK
508
00:47:07,850 --> 00:47:11,020
It's not knowledge we lack.
509
00:47:20,120 --> 00:47:24,910
Just as educated Frenchmen
in the 1950s and 1960s
510
00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:30,080
knew what their troops
were up to in Vietnam and Algeria.
511
00:47:30,170 --> 00:47:33,590
Just as educated Russians in the 1980s
512
00:47:33,670 --> 00:47:37,590
knew what their troops did
in Afghanistan.
513
00:47:37,680 --> 00:47:42,560
Just as educated South Africans
and Americans, during the same period,
514
00:47:42,640 --> 00:47:46,140
knew what their "auxiliaries"
were doing in Mozambique
515
00:47:46,310 --> 00:47:48,940
and Central America, respectively.
516
00:47:49,020 --> 00:47:51,520
So educated Europeans today
517
00:47:51,690 --> 00:47:53,570
know how children die
518
00:47:53,650 --> 00:47:58,400
when the whip of debt and bombs
whistle over poor countries.
519
00:48:01,160 --> 00:48:03,910
It is not knowledge that is lacking.
520
00:48:03,990 --> 00:48:07,330
Auschwitz is just the modern industrial
application
521
00:48:07,410 --> 00:48:11,000
of established extermination methods.
522
00:48:11,080 --> 00:48:15,050
The educated general public has always
largely known
523
00:48:15,130 --> 00:48:18,550
what outrages have been committed
and are being committed
524
00:48:18,630 --> 00:48:23,010
in the name of Progress,
Civilization, Socialism, Democracy,
525
00:48:23,100 --> 00:48:24,890
and the Market.
526
00:48:24,970 --> 00:48:31,810
And this for the last 500 years
since the original Christian crusades.
527
00:48:31,900 --> 00:48:36,110
No, it's not knowledge that is lacking.
528
00:48:36,190 --> 00:48:41,950
This knowledge could be expressed
in general and in scholarly language:
529
00:48:42,030 --> 00:48:46,120
"Imperialism is a biologically
necessary process
530
00:48:46,200 --> 00:48:48,660
that, according to the laws of nature,
531
00:48:48,750 --> 00:48:53,500
leads to the inevitable destruction of
the lower races."
532
00:48:55,800 --> 00:48:58,460
Things of that kind could be said.
533
00:49:00,130 --> 00:49:01,340
At all times,
534
00:49:01,430 --> 00:49:06,390
it has also been profitable to deny
or suppress such knowledge.
535
00:49:09,520 --> 00:49:12,520
Conrad would have been able to set
his story
536
00:49:12,600 --> 00:49:16,730
using any of the peoples
of European culture.
537
00:49:17,570 --> 00:49:21,820
In practice, the whole of Europe acted
according to the maxim
538
00:49:21,990 --> 00:49:24,870
"exterminate all the brutes."
539
00:49:24,950 --> 00:49:27,950
Officially, it was, of course, denied.
540
00:49:28,040 --> 00:49:31,080
But man to man, everyone knew.
541
00:50:54,960 --> 00:50:58,790
This knowledge
is a fundamental prerequisite.
542
00:50:58,880 --> 00:51:01,710
That is why "the narrator"
can tell his story
543
00:51:01,800 --> 00:51:05,800
as he does in Conrad's novel
"Heart of Darkness".
544
00:51:05,880 --> 00:51:09,760
He has no need to count
the crimes Kurtz committed.
545
00:51:09,850 --> 00:51:12,140
He has no need to describe them.
546
00:51:12,220 --> 00:51:16,890
He has no need to produce evidence.
For no one doubted it.
547
00:51:19,440 --> 00:51:21,610
But the way it actually happened,
548
00:51:21,690 --> 00:51:25,780
what it really did to the exterminators
and the exterminated,
549
00:51:25,860 --> 00:51:29,070
that was, at most, only implied.
550
00:51:32,280 --> 00:51:33,950
Drop the bomb.
Exterminate them all!
551
00:51:34,040 --> 00:51:36,830
And when what had been done
in the heart of darkness
552
00:51:37,000 --> 00:51:41,920
was repeated in the heart of Europe,
no one recognized it.
553
00:51:42,000 --> 00:51:46,010
No one wished to admit
what everyone knew.
554
00:53:39,540 --> 00:53:42,370
APOCALYPSE NOW
Francis Ford Coppola, 1979
555
00:53:48,380 --> 00:53:52,420
Everywhere in the world
where knowledge is being suppressed,
556
00:53:52,510 --> 00:53:55,390
knowledge that,
if it were made known,
557
00:53:55,470 --> 00:54:00,720
would shatter our image of the world
and force us to question ourselves.
558
00:54:00,810 --> 00:54:05,600
Everywhere there,
"Heart of Darkness" is being enacted.
559
00:54:20,910 --> 00:54:25,120
Black Elk,
holy man of the Oglala Lakota people,
560
00:54:25,210 --> 00:54:28,040
said after the Wounded Knee massacre:
561
00:54:28,130 --> 00:54:31,300
I did not know then
how much was ended.
562
00:54:31,380 --> 00:54:35,680
When I look back now
from this high hill of my old age,
563
00:54:35,760 --> 00:54:40,680
I can still see the butchered women
and children lying heaped and scattered
564
00:54:40,760 --> 00:54:42,600
all along the crooked gulch
565
00:54:42,680 --> 00:54:46,730
as plain as
when I saw them with eyes still young.
566
00:54:49,860 --> 00:54:54,190
And I can see that something else
died there in the bloody mud
567
00:54:54,280 --> 00:54:57,410
and was buried in the blizzard.
568
00:54:58,530 --> 00:55:01,870
A people's dream died there.
569
00:55:01,950 --> 00:55:04,580
It was a beautiful dream...
570
00:55:04,660 --> 00:55:08,960
The nation's circle is broken
and scattered.
571
00:55:09,500 --> 00:55:12,800
There is no center any longer,
572
00:55:12,880 --> 00:55:15,720
and the sacred tree is dead.
573
00:55:19,800 --> 00:55:23,470
A people's dream died there.
574
00:57:48,080 --> 00:57:53,870
Auschwitz II, Birkenau
575
00:58:04,300 --> 00:58:09,010
Do not let our planet die!
Do not let our planet die!
576
00:58:09,100 --> 00:58:12,020
We still haven't seen everything yet.
577
00:58:12,100 --> 00:58:15,350
This is only the beginning
of the beginning.
578
00:58:21,190 --> 00:58:23,570
We are all together!
579
00:58:38,670 --> 00:58:42,960
No, it's not knowledge we lack.
49554
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