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- [Announcer] This program is presented
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by University of California Television.
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Like what you learn?
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Visit our website, or follow us
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on Facebook and Twitter to keep up
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with the latest UCTV programs.
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(upbeat techno music)
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- I'm going to tell you, tonight, a story.
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And this story dates back about 30 years.
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This story has a little bit
of something for everybody.
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It has a little bit of biochemistry,
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a little bit of clinical research,
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a little bit of public health,
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a little bit of politics, a
little bit of racial innuendo.
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The only thing it's missing is sex.
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(audience laughs)
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But, well, we can see what
we can do about that, too.
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By the end of the story I hope I will
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have debunked the last 30 years
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of nutrition information in America.
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And I would very much appreciate it
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if at the end of the
talk, you would tell me
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whether or not I was successful or not.
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Okay?
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So, in order to get you in the mood,
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as it were, let's start
with a little quiz.
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What do the Atkins Diet
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and the Japanese Diet have in common?
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Anybody?
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Hm?
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Oh, you have the answers
right, never mind.
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That's right, you have
the answer right there.
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So the Atkins diet, of
course, is all fat no carb.
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The Japanese diet's all carb, not fat.
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They both work, right?
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So what do they share in common?
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They both eliminate the sugar, fructose.
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So, with that, think about
what it means to be on a diet,
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and what macro-nutrients you're eating
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and which ones your not.
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And then we'll go from there, and I'll try
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to explain how this all works.
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So, you've all heard about
the obesity epidemic.
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Here are the numbers.
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These are the NHANES
database Body Mass Index.
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Everybody knows what that is now.
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Histograms marching ever
rightward as time has gone on.
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This was what was
projected for 2008 in blue.
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We had so far exceeded and surpassed,
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this is not even funny.
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This was from 2003.
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The reason I show this is not just to show
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that the obese are getting obeser,
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of course, that's true, but in fact
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the entire curve has shifted.
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We all weigh 25 pounds more today
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than we did 25 years ago, all of us.
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Now, it is often said that obesity
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is the ultimate interaction between
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genetics and environment.
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And Doctor Christian Vaisse, who's sitting
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in the back of the room, will be talking
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to you next week about
the genetic component,
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which I am also very interested in.
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But, having said that, our genetic pool
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did not change in the last 30 years,
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but, boy oh boy, has our
environment sure changed.
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So, tonight, we're gonna talk about
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the environment rather than genes.
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Now, in order to talk
about the environment,
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we need to talk about what is obesity.
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And, of course, you're all familiar with
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the basic concept with the
first law of thermodynamics,
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which states that the total energy
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inside a closed system remains constant.
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Now, in human terms, the
standard interpretation
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of this law is the following.
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If you eat it, you better burn
it, or you're gonna store it.
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Now, who here believes that?
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Oh, come on, you all do.
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(audience laughs)
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I used to believe that.
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I don't anymore.
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I think that's a mistake.
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I think that is the biggest mistake.
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And that is the phenomenon
I'm going to try to debunk
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over the course over the next hour.
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Because I think there's
another way to state the law
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which is much more relevant,
and much more to the point.
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Before I get there, of
course, if you believe that,
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these are the two problems,
calories in, calories out.
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Two behaviors, gluttony and sloth.
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After all, you see anybody on the street,
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"Oh, he's a gluttonous sloth,
that's all there is to it."
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Tommy Thompson said it on the TV show.
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"We just eat too damn much."
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Well, you know, if that were the case,
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how did the Japanese do this?
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Why are they doing bariatric surgery
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on children at Tokyo
Children's Hospital today?
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Why are the Chinese, why are the Koreans,
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why are the Australians?
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I mean, all these countries
who've adopted our diet
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all suffer now from the same problem.
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And we're gonna get even
further in a minute.
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There's another way to
state this first law.
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And that is, if you're gonna store it,
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that is biochemical forces
that drive energy storage,
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and we'll talk about what
they are in a few minutes,
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and you expect to burn it, that is normal
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energy expenditure for
normal quality of life.
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Because energy expenditure
and quality of life
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are the same thing.
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Things that make your
energy expenditure go up,
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make you feel good.
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Like ephedrine, it's off the market,
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coffee for two yours, then
you need another hit, like me.
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Things that make your
energy expenditure go down,
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like starvation, hypothyroidism,
make you feel lousy.
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And how many calories you burn
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and how good you feel are synonymous.
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So, if you're gonna store it,
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that is an obligate weight gain
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set up by a biochemical process,
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and you expect to burn it, that is normal
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energy expenditure for
normal quality of life,
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then you're gonna have to eat it.
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And now, all of the sudden,
these two behaviors,
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the gluttony and the sloth,
are actually secondary
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to a biochemical process,
which is primary.
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And it's a different way
to think about the process.
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And it also alleviates the obese person
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from being the perpetrator,
but rather the victim.
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Which is how obese people really feel.
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'Cause no one chooses to be obese.
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Certainly, no child chooses to be obese.
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Oh, you say, "Oh, yeah, sure,
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"I know some adults who don't care."
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You know, Rossini, the famous composer,
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you know La gazza ladra,
Figaro, and all that.
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He retired at age 37
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to a lifetime of gastronomic debauchery.
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Maybe he chose to be obese.
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But the kids I take care
of in obesity clinic
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do not choose to be obese.
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In fact, this is the exception
that proves the rule.
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We have an epidemic of
obese six month olds.
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Now, if you wanna say that it's all about
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diet and exercise, then you
have to explain this to me.
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So, any hypothesis that you wanna proffer
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that explains the obesity epidemic,
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you've got to explain this one too.
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And this is not just in America,
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these six month old obese kids,
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but these are around the world now.
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So, open your minds?, and let's go
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and figure out what the real story is.
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Let's talk about calorie intake,
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because that's what today is about.
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We're gonna talk about the
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energy intake side of the equation.
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Sure enough, we are all eating more now
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than we did 20 year ago.
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Teen boys are eating 275 calories more.
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American adult males are eating
187 calories more per day.
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American adult females are
eating 335 calories more per day.
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No question, we're all eating more.
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Question is why, how come?
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'Cause it's all there?
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You know what, it was there before.
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We're all eating more, there's a system
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in our body, which you've heard about
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over the last couple
of weeks called leptin.
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Everybody heard of leptin?
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It's this hormone that
comes from your fat cell,
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tells your brain, "You
know what, I've had enough.
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"I don't need to eat anymore.
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"I'm done, and I can
burn energy properly."
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Well, you know what?
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If you're eating 187 or
335 calories more today
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than you were 20 years ago,
your leptin ain't working.
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'Cause if it were, you
wouldn't be doing it.
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Whether the food was there or not.
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So, there's something wrong with our
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biochemical negative feedback system
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that normally controls energy balance.
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And we have to figure out what caused it,
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and how to reverse it.
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And that's what tonight is about.
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But, nonetheless, there are 275 calories
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we have to account for.
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So where are they?
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Are they in the fat?
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No, they're not in the fat.
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Five grams, 45 calories
out of the 275, nothing.
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In fact, it's all in the carbohydrates.
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57 grams 228 calories.
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We're all eating more carbohydrate.
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Now, you all know, back int 1982,
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The American Heart Association,
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The American Medical Association,
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and the US Department of Agriculture
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admonished us to reduce our total
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fat consumption from 40% to 30%.
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Everybody remember that?
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That how Entenmann's fat
free cakes came into being.
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Remember that?
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So what happened?
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We did it, we've done it.
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40% down to 30%, and look what's happened
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to the obesity, metabolic syndrome,
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non-alcoholic fatty liver
disease, cardiovascular disease,
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stroke prevalence, all jacked way up,
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as our total fat consumption
as a percent has gone down.
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It ain't the fat,
people, it ain't the fat.
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So what is it?
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Well, it's the carbohydrate.
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Specifically, which carbohydrate?
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Well, beverage intake, right?
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41% increase in soft drinks,
35% increase in fruit drinks,
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fruitades, whatever you wanna call them.
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Just remember, down here,
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one can of soda a day, is 150 calories.
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Multiply that by 365 days a year,
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and then divide that by the magic number
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of 3500 calories per pound,
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if you eat or drink 3500 calories
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more than you burn, you
will gain one pound of fat.
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That's the first law of
thermodynamics, no argument there.
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That's worth 15 1/2
pounds of fat per year.
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One soda a day is 15 1/2 pounds per year.
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Now, you've all heard that before.
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That's not news to you.
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The question is how come we don't respond?
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How come leptin doesn't work?
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How come we can't stay energy stable.
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That's what we're gonna get to.
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So, I call this slide, very specifically,
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the Coca Cola Conspiracy.
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Anybody here work for Coke, Pepsi?
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Okay, good.
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All right, so, this over here, 1915,
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the first standardized bottle
of Coca Cola out of Atlanta.
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Anybody remember this bottle?
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Sure, a lot of you do.
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I remember this bottle,
because my grandfather
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in Brooklyn, took me on Saturday afternoon
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down to the local soda shop
on Avenue M and Ocean Avenue,
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and every Saturday afternoon
I had one of these.
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I remember it very well.
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Now, if you drank one of those every day,
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assuming of course that
the recipe hasn't changed,
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'cause after all, only
two people in the word
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know the recipe, and they're not allowed
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to fly on the plane at the same time.
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You know that, okay.
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Assuming the recipe hasn't changed,
258
00:11:50,037 --> 00:11:51,793
if you drank one of those
every day for a year,
259
00:11:51,793 --> 00:11:53,279
6 1/2 ounces, that would be worth
260
00:11:53,279 --> 00:11:56,245
eight pounds of fat per year.
261
00:11:56,245 --> 00:11:59,233
Now, in 1955, after World War II,
262
00:11:59,233 --> 00:12:01,091
when sugar became plentiful again,
263
00:12:01,091 --> 00:12:02,423
and wasn't being rationed,
264
00:12:02,423 --> 00:12:04,768
we have the appearance
of the 10 ounce bottle,
265
00:12:04,768 --> 00:12:07,571
the first one that was
found in vending machines.
266
00:12:07,571 --> 00:12:09,705
You probably remember that one, as well.
267
00:12:09,705 --> 00:12:11,931
Then in 1960, the ever ubiquitous,
268
00:12:11,931 --> 00:12:15,081
12 ounce can, worth 16
pounds of fat per year.
269
00:12:15,081 --> 00:12:17,397
And, of course, today, this, over here
270
00:12:17,397 --> 00:12:20,828
is the single unit of measure, 20 ounces.
271
00:12:20,828 --> 00:12:23,726
Anybody know how many
servings are in that bottle?
272
00:12:23,726 --> 00:12:24,907
- [Audience Member] 2.5.
273
00:12:24,907 --> 00:12:27,200
- 2.5 eight ounce servings, that's right.
274
00:12:27,200 --> 00:12:30,070
Anybody know, anybody gets 2.5 eight ounce
275
00:12:30,070 --> 00:12:31,794
servings out of that bottle?
276
00:12:31,794 --> 00:12:34,334
That's a single serving, right?
277
00:12:34,334 --> 00:12:36,589
So that would be worth
26 pounds of fat per year
278
00:12:36,589 --> 00:12:37,442
if you did that every day.
279
00:12:37,442 --> 00:12:38,539
And then, of course, over here,
280
00:12:38,539 --> 00:12:40,612
we have the 7/11 Big K, Thirst Buster,
281
00:12:40,612 --> 00:12:42,339
Big Gulp, whatever you wanna call it,
282
00:12:42,339 --> 00:12:45,273
44 ounces, worth 57
pounds of fat per year.
283
00:12:45,273 --> 00:12:47,325
And if that wasn't bad
enough, my colleague,
284
00:12:47,325 --> 00:12:50,436
Dr. Dan Hale, at the University
of Texas San Antonio,
285
00:12:50,436 --> 00:12:54,822
tells me that down there they
got a Texas size Big Gulp.
286
00:12:54,822 --> 00:12:57,181
60 ounces of Coca Cola, a Snickers bar,
287
00:12:57,181 --> 00:12:59,741
and a bag of Doritos, all for 99 cents.
288
00:12:59,741 --> 00:13:01,810
- [Audience] Oh.
289
00:13:01,810 --> 00:13:03,235
- So if you did that every day for a year
290
00:13:03,235 --> 00:13:06,916
that would be worth 112
pounds of fat per year.
291
00:13:06,916 --> 00:13:11,188
So why do I call it the
Coca Cola conspiracy?
292
00:13:11,188 --> 00:13:12,938
Well, what's in Coke?
293
00:13:14,271 --> 00:13:16,258
Caffeine, good, good, so what's caffeine?
294
00:13:16,258 --> 00:13:18,208
It's a mild stimulant, right?
295
00:13:18,208 --> 00:13:19,922
It's also a diuretic, right?
296
00:13:19,922 --> 00:13:21,752
It makes you pee free water.
297
00:13:21,752 --> 00:13:24,160
What else is in Coke?
298
00:13:24,160 --> 00:13:27,311
We'll get to the sugar
in a minute, what else?
299
00:13:27,311 --> 00:13:28,228
Salt, salt.
300
00:13:29,287 --> 00:13:31,563
55 milligrams of sodium per can.
301
00:13:31,563 --> 00:13:33,877
It's like drinking a pizza.
302
00:13:33,877 --> 00:13:36,012
So what happens if you take on sodium
303
00:13:36,012 --> 00:13:38,022
and lose free water, you get...
304
00:13:38,022 --> 00:13:38,980
- [Audience] Thirsty.
305
00:13:38,980 --> 00:13:40,427
- Thirstier, right.
306
00:13:40,427 --> 00:13:43,686
So, why's there so much sugar in Coke?
307
00:13:43,686 --> 00:13:45,331
To hide the salt.
308
00:13:45,331 --> 00:13:46,929
When was the last time you
went to a Chinese restaurant,
309
00:13:46,929 --> 00:13:48,795
had sweet and sour pork?
310
00:13:48,795 --> 00:13:50,585
That's half soy sauce,
you wouldn't eat that.
311
00:13:50,585 --> 00:13:52,087
Except the sugar plays
a trick on your tongue,
312
00:13:52,087 --> 00:13:54,684
you can't even tell it's there.
313
00:13:54,684 --> 00:13:57,517
Everybody remember New Coke, 1985?
314
00:13:58,573 --> 00:14:00,248
More salt, more caffeine.
315
00:14:00,248 --> 00:14:02,466
They knew what they were doing.
316
00:14:02,466 --> 00:14:04,753
That's the smoking gun.
317
00:14:04,753 --> 00:14:07,249
They know, they know.
318
00:14:07,249 --> 00:14:10,989
All right, so, that's why
it's the Coca Cola conspiracy.
319
00:14:10,989 --> 00:14:13,183
So, are soft drinks the cause of obesity?
320
00:14:13,183 --> 00:14:14,978
Well, depends on who you ask.
321
00:14:14,978 --> 00:14:16,388
If you ask the scientists for the
322
00:14:16,388 --> 00:14:17,642
National Soft Drink Association,
323
00:14:17,642 --> 00:14:18,576
they'll tell you there's absolutely
324
00:14:18,576 --> 00:14:22,189
no association between sugar
consumption and obesity.
325
00:14:22,189 --> 00:14:24,314
If you ask my colleague,
Doctor David Ludwig,
326
00:14:24,314 --> 00:14:26,367
remember, I'm Lustig he's Ludwig,
327
00:14:26,367 --> 00:14:28,880
he does what I do at
Boston Children's Hospital.
328
00:14:28,880 --> 00:14:31,013
Some day we're gonna open up a law firm.
329
00:14:31,013 --> 00:14:31,846
(audience laughs)
330
00:14:31,846 --> 00:14:34,073
Each additional sugar
sweetened drink increase
331
00:14:34,073 --> 00:14:36,364
over a 19 month follow up period in kids
332
00:14:36,364 --> 00:14:37,869
increased their BMI by this much
333
00:14:37,869 --> 00:14:42,281
in their odds risk ratio
for obesity by 60%.
334
00:14:42,281 --> 00:14:46,673
That's a prospective study
on soft drinks and obesity.
335
00:14:46,673 --> 00:14:48,332
The real deal.
336
00:14:48,332 --> 00:14:49,752
If you look at meta-analysis,
337
00:14:49,752 --> 00:14:51,787
everybody know what a meta-analysis is?
338
00:14:51,787 --> 00:14:53,635
It's a conglomeration of numerous studies
339
00:14:53,635 --> 00:14:57,647
subjected to rigorous
statistical analysis.
340
00:14:57,647 --> 00:14:59,913
88 cross sectional and
longitudinal studies
341
00:14:59,913 --> 00:15:01,782
regressing soft drink consumption against
342
00:15:01,782 --> 00:15:03,976
energy intake, body weight,
milk and calcium intake,
343
00:15:03,976 --> 00:15:08,487
adequate nutrition, all showing
significant associations.
344
00:15:08,487 --> 00:15:09,724
And some of these being longitudinal,
345
00:15:09,724 --> 00:15:13,172
this came from Kelly
Brownell's group at Yale.
346
00:15:13,172 --> 00:15:15,912
I should comment, a
disclaimer, those studies
347
00:15:15,912 --> 00:15:17,377
that were funded by the beverage industry
348
00:15:17,377 --> 00:15:19,379
showed consistently smaller effects
349
00:15:19,379 --> 00:15:21,594
than those that were independent.
350
00:15:21,594 --> 00:15:23,139
Wonder why.
351
00:15:23,139 --> 00:15:24,836
Now, how 'bout the converse?
352
00:15:24,836 --> 00:15:27,396
What if you take the soft drinks away?
353
00:15:27,396 --> 00:15:28,805
So this was the fizzy drink study
354
00:15:28,805 --> 00:15:30,991
from Christ Church England James et al,
355
00:15:30,991 --> 00:15:33,008
British Medical Journal, where they went
356
00:15:33,008 --> 00:15:35,794
into schools and they took
the soda machines out.
357
00:15:35,794 --> 00:15:38,177
Just like we did here in California.
358
00:15:38,177 --> 00:15:39,117
We haven't seen the data yet,
359
00:15:39,117 --> 00:15:41,636
but they went and did it for a year.
360
00:15:41,636 --> 00:15:43,260
So the prevalence of obesity in
361
00:15:43,260 --> 00:15:44,704
the intervention schools stayed
362
00:15:44,704 --> 00:15:46,544
absolutely constant, no change.
363
00:15:46,544 --> 00:15:47,845
Whereas the prevalence of obesity
364
00:15:47,845 --> 00:15:50,344
in the control schools
where nothing changed
365
00:15:50,344 --> 00:15:53,633
continued to rise over the year.
366
00:15:53,633 --> 00:15:55,741
So that's pretty good.
367
00:15:55,741 --> 00:15:57,896
So, how 'bout type two diabetes?
368
00:15:57,896 --> 00:16:00,569
Are soft drinks the cause
of type two diabetes?
369
00:16:00,569 --> 00:16:03,178
Well, this study from JAMA in 2004
370
00:16:03,178 --> 00:16:05,250
looked at the relative risk ratio
371
00:16:05,250 --> 00:16:07,117
of all soft drinks, cola, fruit punch,
372
00:16:07,117 --> 00:16:09,630
and found a very statistically significant
373
00:16:09,630 --> 00:16:13,470
trend of sugared soft drinks, fruitades,
374
00:16:13,470 --> 00:16:15,685
et cetera, causing type two diabetes.
375
00:16:15,685 --> 00:16:17,573
And you know we've got
just as big a problem
376
00:16:17,573 --> 00:16:18,966
with type two diabetes as we do
377
00:16:18,966 --> 00:16:21,495
with obesity for the same reasons.
378
00:16:21,495 --> 00:16:23,327
And this was a sugared
sweetened beverage against
379
00:16:23,327 --> 00:16:25,886
risk for type two diabetes
in African American women.
380
00:16:25,886 --> 00:16:27,683
Looking here at sugar
sweetened soft drinks,
381
00:16:27,683 --> 00:16:30,160
just the downward arrow shows that
382
00:16:30,160 --> 00:16:32,153
there was a significant rise
383
00:16:32,153 --> 00:16:34,600
as the number of drinks went up.
384
00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:35,638
You can see that here.
385
00:16:35,638 --> 00:16:39,962
Whereas orange and grapefruit
juice, interestingly, did not.
386
00:16:39,962 --> 00:16:43,095
So, two different studies,
two different increases
387
00:16:43,095 --> 00:16:47,829
in type two diabetes, relative
to soft drink consumption.
388
00:16:47,829 --> 00:16:49,820
So, what's in soft drinks?
389
00:16:49,820 --> 00:16:52,074
Well, in America, it's this stuff, right?
390
00:16:52,074 --> 00:16:54,077
High fructose corn syrup.
391
00:16:54,077 --> 00:16:55,609
Everybody's heard of it, right?
392
00:16:55,609 --> 00:16:57,693
It's been demonized something awful.
393
00:16:57,693 --> 00:17:00,245
So much so that the corn refiners industry
394
00:17:00,245 --> 00:17:03,028
has launched a mega-campaign to try
395
00:17:03,028 --> 00:17:06,909
to absolve high fructose
corn syrup of any problems,
396
00:17:06,909 --> 00:17:08,401
which we'll talk about in a moment.
397
00:17:08,401 --> 00:17:10,313
But the bottom line is, this is something
398
00:17:10,313 --> 00:17:14,006
we were never exposed to before 1975.
399
00:17:14,006 --> 00:17:15,428
And currently we are consuming
400
00:17:15,428 --> 00:17:19,941
63 pounds per person per
year, every one of us,
401
00:17:19,941 --> 00:17:21,935
63 pounds of high fructose corn syrup.
402
00:17:21,935 --> 00:17:22,768
- [Audience Member] That's America?
403
00:17:22,768 --> 00:17:25,155
- That's America, yes.
404
00:17:25,155 --> 00:17:27,148
Now, what is high fructose corn syrup?
405
00:17:27,148 --> 00:17:28,306
Well, you'll see in a minute.
406
00:17:28,306 --> 00:17:30,297
It's one glucose, one fructose,
407
00:17:30,297 --> 00:17:32,848
we'll talk about those at great length.
408
00:17:32,848 --> 00:17:34,558
One of the reasons we use
high fructose corn syrup
409
00:17:34,558 --> 00:17:35,989
is because it's sweeter.
410
00:17:35,989 --> 00:17:38,569
So here's sucrose, this
is cane or beet sugar,
411
00:17:38,569 --> 00:17:41,260
standard table sugar, you
know, the white stuff,
412
00:17:41,260 --> 00:17:44,310
and we give that an index
in sweetness of 100.
413
00:17:44,310 --> 00:17:45,480
So here's high fructose corn syrup,
414
00:17:45,480 --> 00:17:47,642
it's actually sweeter, it's about 120.
415
00:17:47,642 --> 00:17:51,543
So, you should be able to use less, right?
416
00:17:51,543 --> 00:17:56,010
Wrong, we use just as
much, in fact, we use more.
417
00:17:56,010 --> 00:17:58,930
So, here's lab fructose over
here, crystalline fructose.
418
00:17:58,930 --> 00:18:00,868
And they're starting to
put crystalline fructose
419
00:18:00,868 --> 00:18:03,405
into some of the soft drinks.
420
00:18:03,405 --> 00:18:06,253
They're actually advertising
it as a good thing.
421
00:18:06,253 --> 00:18:07,760
Phew.
422
00:18:07,760 --> 00:18:09,910
And that's got a sweetness of 173,
423
00:18:09,910 --> 00:18:12,480
so you should be able to
cut that way back, right?
424
00:18:12,480 --> 00:18:13,820
They're not.
425
00:18:13,820 --> 00:18:16,403
Lactose, down here, milk
sugar, it's not sweet at all.
426
00:18:16,403 --> 00:18:19,428
And glucose, I should
point out over here, 74.
427
00:18:19,428 --> 00:18:20,907
It's not particularly
sweet, and we're gonna
428
00:18:20,907 --> 00:18:24,439
get to that at the end, and
what goes on with glucose.
429
00:18:24,439 --> 00:18:27,679
But anyway, there's why
we use it, it's sweeter,
430
00:18:27,679 --> 00:18:30,230
it's also cheaper as I'll show you.
431
00:18:30,230 --> 00:18:32,242
So, here's high fructose corn syrup.
432
00:18:32,242 --> 00:18:35,167
One glucose, one fructose.
433
00:18:35,167 --> 00:18:37,524
Notice the glucose is a six membered ring,
434
00:18:37,524 --> 00:18:39,981
the fructose is a five membered ring.
435
00:18:39,981 --> 00:18:41,413
They are not the same.
436
00:18:41,413 --> 00:18:43,567
Believe me, they're not the same.
437
00:18:43,567 --> 00:18:45,355
That's what this whole talk is about
438
00:18:45,355 --> 00:18:47,803
is how their not the same.
439
00:18:47,803 --> 00:18:49,246
And here's sucrose, and they're just
440
00:18:49,246 --> 00:18:51,128
bound together by this ether linkage.
441
00:18:51,128 --> 00:18:53,940
We have this enzyme in
our gut called sucrose,
442
00:18:53,940 --> 00:18:56,886
it kills that bond in two seconds flat,
443
00:18:56,886 --> 00:19:00,117
and you absorb it and, basically,
high fructose corn syrup,
444
00:19:00,117 --> 00:19:03,400
sucrose, it's a non issue, it's a wash.
445
00:19:03,400 --> 00:19:05,226
They're the same.
446
00:19:05,226 --> 00:19:08,226
And they know that they're the same,
447
00:19:10,002 --> 00:19:11,907
the soft drink companies
and the corn refiners.
448
00:19:11,907 --> 00:19:14,354
Because here are their missives.
449
00:19:14,354 --> 00:19:16,278
This comes from the Corn
Refiners Association.
450
00:19:16,278 --> 00:19:18,826
Obesity research shows
high fructose corn syrup
451
00:19:18,826 --> 00:19:22,649
metabolizes and impacts
satiety similar to sugar.
452
00:19:22,649 --> 00:19:24,649
Indeed it does, I agree.
453
00:19:27,331 --> 00:19:31,498
Decent meetings, academic
meetings around the country.
454
00:19:32,680 --> 00:19:34,900
Hunger and satiety profiles energy intakes
455
00:19:34,900 --> 00:19:36,120
following ingestion of soft drinks,
456
00:19:36,120 --> 00:19:37,774
bottom line, research supported by
457
00:19:37,774 --> 00:19:39,106
the American Beverage Institute
458
00:19:39,106 --> 00:19:41,594
and the Corn Refiner's Association.
459
00:19:41,594 --> 00:19:43,685
They are correct, there is absolutely
460
00:19:43,685 --> 00:19:47,648
no difference between high
fructose corn syrup and sucrose.
461
00:19:47,648 --> 00:19:49,609
So much so that the Corn
Refiner's Association,
462
00:19:49,609 --> 00:19:51,966
in attempt to capture market share,
463
00:19:51,966 --> 00:19:55,775
came out with this entire ad campaign.
464
00:19:55,775 --> 00:19:57,238
You probably saw it on the back page
465
00:19:57,238 --> 00:20:00,479
of the New York Times, it
was on TV, it's everywhere.
466
00:20:00,479 --> 00:20:02,705
"My hairdresser says
that sugar's healthier
467
00:20:02,705 --> 00:20:03,933
"than high fructose corn syrup.
468
00:20:03,933 --> 00:20:06,139
"Wow, you get your hair done by a doctor?"
469
00:20:06,139 --> 00:20:08,531
I didn't know I could cut hair.
470
00:20:08,531 --> 00:20:10,050
If you all wanna see all of them,
471
00:20:10,050 --> 00:20:11,038
there are a whole bunch of them.
472
00:20:11,038 --> 00:20:14,318
You can go to www.sweetsurprise.com
473
00:20:14,318 --> 00:20:16,666
and see how you're being hoodwinked.
474
00:20:16,666 --> 00:20:18,924
But indeed, this is true.
475
00:20:18,924 --> 00:20:22,782
High fructose corn syrup and
sucrose are exactly the same.
476
00:20:22,782 --> 00:20:24,865
They're both equally bad.
477
00:20:26,317 --> 00:20:30,811
They're both dangerous,
they're both poison.
478
00:20:30,811 --> 00:20:33,271
Okay, I said it, poison.
479
00:20:33,271 --> 00:20:35,751
My charge before the end of tonight
480
00:20:35,751 --> 00:20:39,001
is to demonstrate fructose is a poison,
481
00:20:40,080 --> 00:20:41,685
and I will do it, and you will tell me
482
00:20:41,685 --> 00:20:44,002
if I was successful.
483
00:20:44,002 --> 00:20:46,684
None the less, here's
Center for the Science
484
00:20:46,684 --> 00:20:49,650
and Public Interest and the
Corn Refiners Association.
485
00:20:49,650 --> 00:20:51,978
Everybody remember last
year, when Gavin Newsom
486
00:20:51,978 --> 00:20:55,745
floated his soda tax, last February?
487
00:20:55,745 --> 00:20:58,407
Governor Patterson of New
York has since floated one.
488
00:20:58,407 --> 00:21:00,439
And other people are
starting to talk about it.
489
00:21:00,439 --> 00:21:01,719
So, why are they saying this?
490
00:21:01,719 --> 00:21:03,660
Well, they're saying obesity's a problem,
491
00:21:03,660 --> 00:21:06,715
kids are drinking soda, let's tax it.
492
00:21:06,715 --> 00:21:10,323
So they're talking about soda
like it's empty calories.
493
00:21:10,323 --> 00:21:14,591
I'm here to tell you that it
goes way beyond empty calories.
494
00:21:14,591 --> 00:21:17,375
The reason why this is
a problem is because
495
00:21:17,375 --> 00:21:21,542
fructose is a poison, it's
not about the calories.
496
00:21:22,584 --> 00:21:25,287
It has nothing to do with the calories.
497
00:21:25,287 --> 00:21:28,761
It's a poison by itself,
and I'm gonna show you that.
498
00:21:28,761 --> 00:21:30,689
Nonetheless, I just wanna read you
499
00:21:30,689 --> 00:21:33,292
this paragraph here in yellow.
500
00:21:33,292 --> 00:21:34,978
"We respectfully urge that the proposal
501
00:21:34,978 --> 00:21:37,010
"be revised as soon as possible to reflect
502
00:21:37,010 --> 00:21:38,728
"the scientific evidence that demonstrates
503
00:21:38,728 --> 00:21:40,909
"no material differences
in the health effects
504
00:21:40,909 --> 00:21:43,448
"of high fructose corn syrup and sugar."
505
00:21:43,448 --> 00:21:44,844
I agree.
506
00:21:44,844 --> 00:21:46,519
Here's the important sentence.
507
00:21:46,519 --> 00:21:48,582
"The real issue is that
excessive consumption
508
00:21:48,582 --> 00:21:51,923
"of any sugars may lead
to health problems."
509
00:21:51,923 --> 00:21:54,197
I agree, that's exactly right.
510
00:21:54,197 --> 00:21:55,864
Not may, does, does.
511
00:21:58,918 --> 00:22:00,355
So, here's the secular trend in
512
00:22:00,355 --> 00:22:03,524
fructose consumption
over the past 100 years.
513
00:22:03,524 --> 00:22:06,288
Before we had food processing, we used to
514
00:22:06,288 --> 00:22:08,917
get our fructose from
fruits and vegetables,
515
00:22:08,917 --> 00:22:11,619
and if we did that today, we would consume
516
00:22:11,619 --> 00:22:15,065
about 15 grams per day of fructose.
517
00:22:15,065 --> 00:22:16,739
Not sugar, fructose.
518
00:22:16,739 --> 00:22:19,433
So sugar would be 30
grams, it'd be double.
519
00:22:19,433 --> 00:22:22,184
We're just talking about fructose, today.
520
00:22:22,184 --> 00:22:26,881
Prior to World War II,
before it got rationed again,
521
00:22:26,881 --> 00:22:29,749
we were up to about 16
to 24, about 20 grams.
522
00:22:29,749 --> 00:22:32,678
So, a small increase from the beginning
523
00:22:32,678 --> 00:22:35,097
of the century to World War II.
524
00:22:35,097 --> 00:22:38,908
Then, in 1977, just as
high fructose corn syrup
525
00:22:38,908 --> 00:22:41,088
was hitting the market,
we had increased that,
526
00:22:41,088 --> 00:22:44,933
we had, basically, doubled
up to 37 grams per day,
527
00:22:44,933 --> 00:22:47,209
or 8% of total caloric intake.
528
00:22:47,209 --> 00:22:51,372
By 1994 we were up to 55
grams of the stuff per day.
529
00:22:51,372 --> 00:22:54,907
Remember, if you wanna do
sugar, then double the number.
530
00:22:54,907 --> 00:22:58,140
So, that's 10.2, so you
can see that more and more
531
00:22:58,140 --> 00:23:00,526
of our caloric intake, a higher percentage
532
00:23:00,526 --> 00:23:04,174
is being accounted for by
sugar every single year.
533
00:23:04,174 --> 00:23:07,030
So, it's not just that we're eating more.
534
00:23:07,030 --> 00:23:09,030
We're eating more sugar.
535
00:23:10,444 --> 00:23:14,109
And for adolescents today,
up to almost 75 grams,
536
00:23:14,109 --> 00:23:16,852
12% of total caloric intake.
537
00:23:16,852 --> 00:23:20,269
25% of the adolescents today consume
538
00:23:21,342 --> 00:23:25,384
at least 15% of their
calories from fructose alone.
539
00:23:25,384 --> 00:23:29,937
This is a disaster, an
absolute unmitigated disaster.
540
00:23:29,937 --> 00:23:33,118
The fat's going down,
the sugar's going up,
541
00:23:33,118 --> 00:23:35,319
and we're all getting sick.
542
00:23:35,319 --> 00:23:37,319
Now let me show you why.
543
00:23:39,872 --> 00:23:41,295
How'd this happen?
544
00:23:41,295 --> 00:23:42,771
Why'd it happen?
545
00:23:42,771 --> 00:23:45,188
So, this is where the politics comes in.
546
00:23:45,188 --> 00:23:47,026
This is the perfect storm,
547
00:23:47,026 --> 00:23:49,182
and it was created from
three political winds
548
00:23:49,182 --> 00:23:51,862
that swirled around all at the same time
549
00:23:51,862 --> 00:23:54,302
to create this perfect storm.
550
00:23:54,302 --> 00:23:57,207
So, the first political wind,
551
00:23:57,207 --> 00:23:59,128
everything bad that ever happened
552
00:23:59,128 --> 00:24:01,239
in this country started with one man.
553
00:24:01,239 --> 00:24:04,072
(audience laughs)
554
00:24:05,169 --> 00:24:08,377
And it's still being felt today.
555
00:24:08,377 --> 00:24:12,377
So, Richard Nixon, in his
paranoia back in 1972,
556
00:24:13,648 --> 00:24:16,009
food prices were going up
and down, and up and down.
557
00:24:16,009 --> 00:24:17,910
I'm gonna show you that on the next slide.
558
00:24:17,910 --> 00:24:19,260
And he was worried that this was
559
00:24:19,260 --> 00:24:20,978
actually gonna cost him the election.
560
00:24:20,978 --> 00:24:24,827
So, he admonished his
Secretary of Agriculture,
561
00:24:24,827 --> 00:24:27,660
Earl Rusty Butz, I love that name,
562
00:24:28,543 --> 00:24:32,460
to basically take food
off the political table,
563
00:24:33,521 --> 00:24:37,293
to make food a non-issue
in presidential elections.
564
00:24:37,293 --> 00:24:41,194
Well, the only way to do
that was to make food cheap.
565
00:24:41,194 --> 00:24:44,344
So, he was out to find all methods
566
00:24:44,344 --> 00:24:46,517
to be able to decrease the price of food.
567
00:24:46,517 --> 00:24:49,545
Remember Nixon's war on poverty?
568
00:24:49,545 --> 00:24:51,862
We're suffering from it today.
569
00:24:51,862 --> 00:24:53,529
That's what this is.
570
00:24:54,435 --> 00:24:56,068
Second political wind, the advent
571
00:24:56,068 --> 00:24:57,828
of high fructose corn syrup.
572
00:24:57,828 --> 00:25:01,740
So, this was invented in
1966 at Saga Medical School
573
00:25:01,740 --> 00:25:04,445
in Japan, by a guy named
Takasaki, who's still alive.
574
00:25:04,445 --> 00:25:06,109
As far as I'm concerned, this stuff
575
00:25:06,109 --> 00:25:09,195
is Japan's revenge for World War II,
576
00:25:09,195 --> 00:25:10,833
except, of course, that they're suffering
577
00:25:10,833 --> 00:25:13,038
from it now, themselves.
578
00:25:13,038 --> 00:25:16,014
Like everything, it always
comes back to haunt you.
579
00:25:16,014 --> 00:25:19,489
And it was introduced to
the American Market in 1975.
580
00:25:19,489 --> 00:25:20,638
So, what do you think happened
581
00:25:20,638 --> 00:25:24,954
to the price of sugar when
this thing hit the market?
582
00:25:24,954 --> 00:25:26,173
Here's what happened.
583
00:25:26,173 --> 00:25:29,027
So, here's the US producer
price index of sugar
584
00:25:29,027 --> 00:25:31,587
going up and down, and up and down.
585
00:25:31,587 --> 00:25:33,004
This is not good.
586
00:25:34,339 --> 00:25:37,583
Stability is at 100%, if
it stays nice and stable
587
00:25:37,583 --> 00:25:41,890
at 100%, that's what you
want if you're a politician.
588
00:25:41,890 --> 00:25:44,166
Up and down, here's where corn sweeteners
589
00:25:44,166 --> 00:25:47,286
entered the market, 1975, 1980.
590
00:25:47,286 --> 00:25:48,859
And you can see that since then the price
591
00:25:48,859 --> 00:25:51,906
of sugar has remained remarkably constant.
592
00:25:51,906 --> 00:25:53,746
And it did so, not just in the US,
593
00:25:53,746 --> 00:25:55,889
but also on the international stage.
594
00:25:55,889 --> 00:25:57,919
Here's the London price
doing the same thing.
595
00:25:57,919 --> 00:25:59,973
And when you look at
the difference in price
596
00:25:59,973 --> 00:26:03,336
between sugar and high
fructose corn syrup,
597
00:26:03,336 --> 00:26:05,247
you can see that high
fructose corn syrup's
598
00:26:05,247 --> 00:26:07,366
about half the price.
599
00:26:07,366 --> 00:26:09,352
So, in other words, it's cheap.
600
00:26:09,352 --> 00:26:11,332
So, high fructose corn syrup is evil.
601
00:26:11,332 --> 00:26:14,200
But it's not evil because
it's metabolically evil.
602
00:26:14,200 --> 00:26:17,509
It's evil because it's economically evil.
603
00:26:17,509 --> 00:26:19,530
Because it's so cheap that it's
604
00:26:19,530 --> 00:26:22,221
found it's way into everything.
605
00:26:22,221 --> 00:26:25,280
It's found it's way into hamburger buns,
606
00:26:25,280 --> 00:26:29,447
pretzels, barbecue sauce, and
ketchup, almost everything.
607
00:26:30,318 --> 00:26:32,839
Somebody emailed me the other day
608
00:26:32,839 --> 00:26:34,982
and told me they went into
their local grocery store
609
00:26:34,982 --> 00:26:37,899
and went through every
single loaf of bread
610
00:26:37,899 --> 00:26:42,205
on the shelf, and out of 32 types of bread
611
00:26:42,205 --> 00:26:44,226
on the shelf, only one of them did not
612
00:26:44,226 --> 00:26:47,843
have high fructose corn syrup in it.
613
00:26:47,843 --> 00:26:50,342
So, we are being poisoned by this stuff,
614
00:26:50,342 --> 00:26:52,526
and it's been added surreptitiously
615
00:26:52,526 --> 00:26:55,865
to all of our food, every processed food.
616
00:26:55,865 --> 00:26:57,972
The question is why?
617
00:26:57,972 --> 00:27:00,746
Well, you'll see why in a minute.
618
00:27:00,746 --> 00:27:02,973
So, the corn refiners like to point out,
619
00:27:02,973 --> 00:27:06,524
"Well, you know, it's
just been a substitution.
620
00:27:06,524 --> 00:27:07,983
"As the high fructose
corn syrup's gone up,
621
00:27:07,983 --> 00:27:09,346
:the sugar's gone down.
622
00:27:09,346 --> 00:27:13,288
"You know, we're just
replacing, like gram for gram."
623
00:27:13,288 --> 00:27:15,625
Well, not exactly, because here's
624
00:27:15,625 --> 00:27:18,115
73 pounds of sugar per year.
625
00:27:18,115 --> 00:27:20,083
This is from the Economic Research Service
626
00:27:20,083 --> 00:27:22,496
of the US Department of Agriculture.
627
00:27:22,496 --> 00:27:23,886
So disappearance data.
628
00:27:23,886 --> 00:27:26,803
73 pounds, up to 95 pounds by 2000.
629
00:27:29,283 --> 00:27:32,026
And there's something
missing from this slide.
630
00:27:32,026 --> 00:27:33,762
Anybody wanna tell me what it is?
631
00:27:33,762 --> 00:27:35,012
What's missing?
632
00:27:36,110 --> 00:27:38,069
Juice, juice is missing.
633
00:27:38,069 --> 00:27:41,098
'Cause juice is sucrose, right, sugar.
634
00:27:41,098 --> 00:27:43,181
And juice causes obesity.
635
00:27:44,113 --> 00:27:46,014
So this is a study done by Myles Faith,
636
00:27:46,014 --> 00:27:49,832
a prospective study in
inner city Harlem toddlers.
637
00:27:49,832 --> 00:27:53,085
And the number of juice servings per day
638
00:27:53,085 --> 00:27:56,434
predicts the change in BMI score per month
639
00:27:56,434 --> 00:27:58,356
in these inner city Harlem toddlers.
640
00:27:58,356 --> 00:28:00,492
Now, where do these inner city
641
00:28:00,492 --> 00:28:03,812
Harlem toddlers get their juice?
642
00:28:03,812 --> 00:28:06,562
From what, from where, from whom?
643
00:28:08,809 --> 00:28:09,642
From WIC.
644
00:28:11,158 --> 00:28:12,539
Anybody heard of WIC?
645
00:28:12,539 --> 00:28:13,588
You know what WIC is?
646
00:28:13,588 --> 00:28:15,628
Women Infants Children, right?
647
00:28:15,628 --> 00:28:20,179
A government entitlement
program set up under who?
648
00:28:20,179 --> 00:28:23,886
Nixon, to prevent failure to thrive.
649
00:28:23,886 --> 00:28:24,719
They did.
650
00:28:27,525 --> 00:28:31,171
This is the equal and opposite reaction.
651
00:28:31,171 --> 00:28:33,580
So, let's add juice in, here it is.
652
00:28:33,580 --> 00:28:35,458
So, most fructose items
when you put it together,
653
00:28:35,458 --> 00:28:38,314
now we're up to 113 pounds on this graph,
654
00:28:38,314 --> 00:28:39,980
and I just heard from Brian Williams,
655
00:28:39,980 --> 00:28:44,063
of NBC News, after the
most recent study came out,
656
00:28:44,063 --> 00:28:46,188
that was in the Journal
of Clinical Investigation,
657
00:28:46,188 --> 00:28:50,098
that we are actually up to
141 pounds of sugar per year.
658
00:28:50,098 --> 00:28:51,133
Each of us.
659
00:28:51,133 --> 00:28:51,966
That's what we're up to.
660
00:28:51,966 --> 00:28:54,808
141 pounds of sugar per year.
661
00:28:54,808 --> 00:28:58,070
Now, do you think that this might
662
00:28:58,070 --> 00:29:01,153
have some detrimental effects on you?
663
00:29:04,301 --> 00:29:06,647
Hasn't stopped you, has it?
664
00:29:06,647 --> 00:29:08,739
That's the point, it hasn't stopped you.
665
00:29:08,739 --> 00:29:11,778
That's why we need to talk about this.
666
00:29:11,778 --> 00:29:13,647
So, juice consumption increases
667
00:29:13,647 --> 00:29:15,555
the risk for Type 2 diabetes.
668
00:29:15,555 --> 00:29:17,366
So this is the relative risk ratio
669
00:29:17,366 --> 00:29:20,530
as juice intake goes up, and
this is in the Nurse's Study.
670
00:29:20,530 --> 00:29:23,470
Showing again, juice consumption,
671
00:29:23,470 --> 00:29:26,204
sucrose, obesity, diabetes.
672
00:29:26,204 --> 00:29:30,499
Okay, the third political
storm, that's swirling around
673
00:29:30,499 --> 00:29:34,082
to create this disaster,
this mega-typhoon,
674
00:29:35,061 --> 00:29:38,431
that thing that happened in 1982,
675
00:29:38,431 --> 00:29:40,464
the USDA, the American Hearth Association,
676
00:29:40,464 --> 00:29:41,816
the American Medical Association,
677
00:29:41,816 --> 00:29:46,152
all telling us we had to
reduce our consumption of fat.
678
00:29:46,152 --> 00:29:48,735
Now, why did they tell us that?
679
00:29:49,882 --> 00:29:50,965
To stop what?
680
00:29:51,882 --> 00:29:52,918
To stop hear disease.
681
00:29:52,918 --> 00:29:53,751
Did we?
682
00:29:54,808 --> 00:29:56,831
No, we didn't, did we?
683
00:29:56,831 --> 00:29:58,802
In fact, it's worked the exact opposite.
684
00:29:58,802 --> 00:30:01,232
We've only created more.
685
00:30:01,232 --> 00:30:03,393
So, now how did this come to be?
686
00:30:03,393 --> 00:30:06,868
Why did they tell us to stop eating fat?
687
00:30:06,868 --> 00:30:09,103
Well, in the early 1970s we discovered
688
00:30:09,103 --> 00:30:12,008
something in our blood called LDL,
689
00:30:12,008 --> 00:30:13,966
low-density lipoproteins.
690
00:30:13,966 --> 00:30:15,592
You've heard of that, right?
691
00:30:15,592 --> 00:30:16,670
Is it good or bad?
692
00:30:16,670 --> 00:30:17,535
- [Audience Member] Bad.
693
00:30:17,535 --> 00:30:19,498
- Not so bad, we'll talk about it.
694
00:30:19,498 --> 00:30:21,834
In the mid 1970s we learned that
695
00:30:21,834 --> 00:30:24,565
dietary fat raised your LDL.
696
00:30:24,565 --> 00:30:27,816
So, if dietary fat is A, and LDL is B,
697
00:30:27,816 --> 00:30:29,706
we learned that A lead to B.
698
00:30:29,706 --> 00:30:32,338
Dietary fat definitely increases your LDL,
699
00:30:32,338 --> 00:30:34,724
no argument, it's true.
700
00:30:34,724 --> 00:30:37,203
And then, finally, in
the late 1970s we learned
701
00:30:37,203 --> 00:30:41,551
that LDL correlated with
cardiovascular disease.
702
00:30:41,551 --> 00:30:44,761
So let's call cardiovascular disease C.
703
00:30:44,761 --> 00:30:47,666
So we learned that B lead to C.
704
00:30:47,666 --> 00:30:50,703
So, the thought process by some
705
00:30:50,703 --> 00:30:53,750
very smart nutritionists, et cetera,
706
00:30:53,750 --> 00:30:55,205
the USDA et cetera, said,
707
00:30:55,205 --> 00:30:57,178
"Well if A leads to B, and B leads to C
708
00:30:57,178 --> 00:31:01,311
"then A must lead to C,
therefore, no A, no C."
709
00:31:01,311 --> 00:31:02,419
This was the logic.
710
00:31:02,419 --> 00:31:05,760
Now, any logicians in the room?
711
00:31:05,760 --> 00:31:09,177
Anybody see any problems with that logic?
712
00:31:10,968 --> 00:31:11,801
Go ahead.
713
00:31:11,801 --> 00:31:13,774
(speaking away from microphone)
714
00:31:13,774 --> 00:31:15,369
- That's right, the premise is incorrect.
715
00:31:15,369 --> 00:31:17,237
And I'll tell you why
the premise is incorrect.
716
00:31:17,237 --> 00:31:21,943
Because this suggests that
this is all transitive.
717
00:31:21,943 --> 00:31:24,380
But, in fact, only the
contrapositive is transitive.
718
00:31:24,380 --> 00:31:27,797
So, it's not no A, no C, it's no C, no A.
719
00:31:28,846 --> 00:31:30,053
So, the logic isn't even right.
720
00:31:30,053 --> 00:31:32,053
There's faulty logic here.
721
00:31:32,053 --> 00:31:35,112
So, this doesn't work on any level.
722
00:31:35,112 --> 00:31:39,120
So, I'm gonna show you
why this doesn't work.
723
00:31:39,120 --> 00:31:40,609
But, before I how you why it doesn't work,
724
00:31:40,609 --> 00:31:42,397
I'm gonna show you that this was
725
00:31:42,397 --> 00:31:45,839
a battle royal back in the 1970s.
726
00:31:45,839 --> 00:31:47,680
This was not a simple thing.
727
00:31:47,680 --> 00:31:51,540
There were people lined up
on both sides of this story.
728
00:31:51,540 --> 00:31:56,405
So, this, over here, is
a book, 1972 it came out,
729
00:31:56,405 --> 00:31:59,260
and it was called Pure White and Deadly.
730
00:31:59,260 --> 00:32:00,906
It's all about sugar.
731
00:32:00,906 --> 00:32:02,613
Written by a British physiologist,
732
00:32:02,613 --> 00:32:03,940
nutritionist, endocrinologist,
733
00:32:03,940 --> 00:32:05,841
by the name of John Yudkin.
734
00:32:05,841 --> 00:32:08,993
Now, I never knew John
Yudkin he's passed away.
735
00:32:08,993 --> 00:32:12,081
But, I read this book about a year ago.
736
00:32:12,081 --> 00:32:16,072
And without even knowing
it, I was a Yudkin acolyte.
737
00:32:16,072 --> 00:32:17,780
I was a Yudkin disciple.
738
00:32:17,780 --> 00:32:20,637
Every single thing that this man said
739
00:32:20,637 --> 00:32:23,470
in 1972 is the God's honest truth.
740
00:32:25,072 --> 00:32:29,667
And if you wanna read a true
prophecy, you find this book.
741
00:32:29,667 --> 00:32:31,963
It's not easy to find,
but you go find this book.
742
00:32:31,963 --> 00:32:34,027
And I'm telling you, every single thing
743
00:32:34,027 --> 00:32:36,920
this guy said has come to pass.
744
00:32:36,920 --> 00:32:40,975
It's astounding, I am in awe of this guy.
745
00:32:40,975 --> 00:32:43,657
But on the other side we
had this guy over here.
746
00:32:43,657 --> 00:32:45,686
His name was Ancel Keys.
747
00:32:45,686 --> 00:32:47,393
Anybody heard of him?
748
00:32:47,393 --> 00:32:51,131
So, Ancel Keys was a
Minnesota epidemiologist,
749
00:32:51,131 --> 00:32:53,801
very interested in the cause
of cardiovascular disease.
750
00:32:53,801 --> 00:32:57,186
And he performed the first multivariate
751
00:32:57,186 --> 00:33:00,782
regression analysis without computers.
752
00:33:00,782 --> 00:33:02,639
Now, anybody know what that means?
753
00:33:02,639 --> 00:33:04,538
Multivariate regression analysis?
754
00:33:04,538 --> 00:33:06,918
So, this is where you
take a whole lot of data,
755
00:33:06,918 --> 00:33:09,744
and normally you would just
run a few computer programs,
756
00:33:09,744 --> 00:33:11,275
but basically, the object is to try
757
00:33:11,275 --> 00:33:13,350
to figure out what causes what,
758
00:33:13,350 --> 00:33:15,220
and to try to factor out other things
759
00:33:15,220 --> 00:33:17,077
and determine what the contribution
760
00:33:17,077 --> 00:33:19,362
of various things all at once are
761
00:33:19,362 --> 00:33:21,659
to an outcome that you're looking for.
762
00:33:21,659 --> 00:33:24,331
So, he was interested in
cardiovascular disease.
763
00:33:24,331 --> 00:33:27,297
So, what he did was he did this study,
764
00:33:27,297 --> 00:33:28,975
along with other people around the world,
765
00:33:28,975 --> 00:33:31,320
called the Seven Countries Study.
766
00:33:31,320 --> 00:33:36,211
Very famous, front page
of Time Magazine in 1980.
767
00:33:36,211 --> 00:33:39,844
So, here's the data on
the Seven Country Study.
768
00:33:39,844 --> 00:33:42,262
So, we have the US, Canada, Australia,
769
00:33:42,262 --> 00:33:44,811
England and Wales, Italy, Japan.
770
00:33:44,811 --> 00:33:48,163
And here's percent calories
from fat on the x axis,
771
00:33:48,163 --> 00:33:51,768
and here we have coronary
disease death rate on the y axis.
772
00:33:51,768 --> 00:33:53,141
And so you'd say, "Oh, look at that."
773
00:33:53,141 --> 00:33:55,507
I mean, it's very obvious, isn't it.
774
00:33:55,507 --> 00:33:57,252
Sure, percent calories from fat
775
00:33:57,252 --> 00:34:00,923
correlates very nicely with
coronary disease, right?
776
00:34:00,923 --> 00:34:02,760
Except for one little problem.
777
00:34:02,760 --> 00:34:04,010
Anybody see it?
778
00:34:06,754 --> 00:34:08,489
Japan and Italy?
779
00:34:08,489 --> 00:34:10,806
So, how much sugar do they eat?
780
00:34:10,806 --> 00:34:13,488
Didn't I tell you the Japanese
diet eliminates fructose?
781
00:34:13,488 --> 00:34:14,718
They never even had it 'til
782
00:34:14,718 --> 00:34:17,766
we brought it to them after World War II.
783
00:34:17,766 --> 00:34:21,933
Italy, aside from gelato,
I mean what else they got?
784
00:34:23,125 --> 00:34:24,247
They got a lot of pasta,
785
00:34:24,247 --> 00:34:26,819
there's a lot of glucose, but no fructose.
786
00:34:26,819 --> 00:34:29,359
There's no sugar in the Italian diet
787
00:34:29,359 --> 00:34:32,841
other than the occasional
sweet, which they moderate.
788
00:34:32,841 --> 00:34:35,655
They're very careful about
moderating, and they cost a lot.
789
00:34:35,655 --> 00:34:38,237
But, here we got England,
Wales, Canada, Australia, US,
790
00:34:38,237 --> 00:34:40,603
you know, we are sugarholics, aren't we?
791
00:34:40,603 --> 00:34:42,077
We're also fataholics.
792
00:34:42,077 --> 00:34:44,759
So, in fact, the fat
migrated with the sugar.
793
00:34:44,759 --> 00:34:48,628
So, here's, this is from Keys's own work.
794
00:34:48,628 --> 00:34:52,297
Page 262, if you wanna pick
up the 500 page volume.
795
00:34:52,297 --> 00:34:53,342
And I'm just gonna read you the
796
00:34:53,342 --> 00:34:56,694
one paragraph that talks about this.
797
00:34:56,694 --> 00:34:58,270
The fact that the incidence rate
798
00:34:58,270 --> 00:35:00,392
of coronary heart disease
was significantly correlated
799
00:35:00,392 --> 00:35:02,301
with the average percentage of calories
800
00:35:02,301 --> 00:35:04,862
from sucrose in the diet, is explained by
801
00:35:04,862 --> 00:35:09,492
the intercorrelation of
sucrose with saturated fat.
802
00:35:09,492 --> 00:35:11,409
In other words, donuts.
803
00:35:13,822 --> 00:35:16,709
Where ever there was the
fat, there was sucrose too.
804
00:35:16,709 --> 00:35:19,626
Because these guys here eat donuts.
805
00:35:21,786 --> 00:35:22,729
(audience laughs)
806
00:35:22,729 --> 00:35:24,226
Partial correlation analysis show
807
00:35:24,226 --> 00:35:25,546
that with saturated fat constant,
808
00:35:25,546 --> 00:35:27,121
there was no significant correlation
809
00:35:27,121 --> 00:35:28,827
between dietary sucrose and the incidence
810
00:35:28,827 --> 00:35:31,062
of coronary heart disease.
811
00:35:31,062 --> 00:35:34,919
Okay, when you do a multivariate
linear regression analysis,
812
00:35:34,919 --> 00:35:37,102
you have to do it both ways.
813
00:35:37,102 --> 00:35:40,019
You have to do holding fat constant
814
00:35:41,105 --> 00:35:42,443
showing the sucrose doesn't work,
815
00:35:42,443 --> 00:35:44,732
and then you have to hold sucrose constant
816
00:35:44,732 --> 00:35:46,925
and who that fat still works.
817
00:35:46,925 --> 00:35:48,668
You see that anywhere?
818
00:35:48,668 --> 00:35:51,418
He didn't do it, he didn't do it.
819
00:35:52,337 --> 00:35:55,087
He didn't do the thing that you need to do
820
00:35:55,087 --> 00:35:57,994
to do a multivariate
linear regression analysis.
821
00:35:57,994 --> 00:36:00,412
Now, this was done before computers.
822
00:36:00,412 --> 00:36:02,638
We can't check the work.
823
00:36:02,638 --> 00:36:04,888
He's dead, he died in 2004.
824
00:36:05,918 --> 00:36:08,713
So, we're left with a conundrum.
825
00:36:08,713 --> 00:36:10,164
Do we believe this?
826
00:36:10,164 --> 00:36:13,508
Do we believe this study, because we based
827
00:36:13,508 --> 00:36:17,696
30 years of nutrition
education, and information,
828
00:36:17,696 --> 00:36:21,113
and policy in this country on this study.
829
00:36:22,137 --> 00:36:24,992
And, as far as I'm
concerned, it has a hole
830
00:36:24,992 --> 00:36:27,825
as big as the one in the USS Cole,
831
00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:31,019
all right, you got it?
832
00:36:31,019 --> 00:36:33,936
Everybody, am I debunking, yes, no?
833
00:36:35,231 --> 00:36:37,387
Let's keep going.
834
00:36:37,387 --> 00:36:40,304
Remember, I told you
LDL may be not so bad?
835
00:36:40,304 --> 00:36:41,987
Well, here's why.
836
00:36:41,987 --> 00:36:46,125
Because there really isn't
one LDL, there are two.
837
00:36:46,125 --> 00:36:47,616
There are two LDLs.
838
00:36:47,616 --> 00:36:49,619
Here's one over here, it's called
839
00:36:49,619 --> 00:36:52,202
pattern A or large buoyant LDL.
840
00:36:53,215 --> 00:36:55,134
So, everybody knows that LDL correlates
841
00:36:55,134 --> 00:36:57,624
with cardiovascular
disease, and that's true.
842
00:36:57,624 --> 00:36:59,470
I'm not gonna argue that, that is true.
843
00:36:59,470 --> 00:37:03,191
But, it's not this one, pattern A LDL.
844
00:37:03,191 --> 00:37:08,096
These guys are so light,
they are buoyant, they float.
845
00:37:08,096 --> 00:37:09,984
So, they get carried
through the bloodstream,
846
00:37:09,984 --> 00:37:11,379
and they don't even have a chance,
847
00:37:11,379 --> 00:37:13,025
because they're so big
and they're so buoyant,
848
00:37:13,025 --> 00:37:15,430
they don't even get underneath the edge
849
00:37:15,430 --> 00:37:18,175
of the endothelial
cells in the vasculature
850
00:37:18,175 --> 00:37:21,206
to start the plaque formation process.
851
00:37:21,206 --> 00:37:22,791
But, over here we have
this other guy, over here,
852
00:37:22,791 --> 00:37:25,493
called pattern B or small dense LDL.
853
00:37:25,493 --> 00:37:26,712
You see the difference?
854
00:37:26,712 --> 00:37:28,751
These guys are dense.
855
00:37:28,751 --> 00:37:30,216
These guys don't float.
856
00:37:30,216 --> 00:37:32,950
These guys are small, they get underneath
857
00:37:32,950 --> 00:37:34,067
the edge of the surface of the surface
858
00:37:34,067 --> 00:37:35,161
of the endothelial cells,
859
00:37:35,161 --> 00:37:36,981
and they start the plaque formation.
860
00:37:36,981 --> 00:37:39,366
And it's been shown by
numerous investigators now,
861
00:37:39,366 --> 00:37:42,577
the dense LDL is the bad guy.
862
00:37:42,577 --> 00:37:44,547
Okay, now, when we measure
LDL in the bloodstream,
863
00:37:44,547 --> 00:37:46,449
when you do a lipid profile,
864
00:37:46,449 --> 00:37:48,257
you measure both of them together,
865
00:37:48,257 --> 00:37:51,081
because it's too hard
to distinguish the two.
866
00:37:51,081 --> 00:37:55,070
So, when you get an LDL,
you're getting both LDLs.
867
00:37:55,070 --> 00:37:58,273
The neutral one and the bad one.
868
00:37:58,273 --> 00:38:01,423
Now, how can you tell whether your LDL
869
00:38:01,423 --> 00:38:04,906
is the neutral one or the bad one.
870
00:38:04,906 --> 00:38:07,031
What you do is you look at
your triglycerides level
871
00:38:07,031 --> 00:38:09,671
in association with it,
'cause your triglycerides
872
00:38:09,671 --> 00:38:11,134
tell you which one it is.
873
00:38:11,134 --> 00:38:13,186
So here, here's pattern A over here,
874
00:38:13,186 --> 00:38:16,603
big large buoyant LDLs, and you'll notice
875
00:38:17,532 --> 00:38:22,227
that the triglycerides are
low, and your HDL is high.
876
00:38:22,227 --> 00:38:23,859
That's what you want, you
want a low triglyceride,
877
00:38:23,859 --> 00:38:26,137
high HDL, 'cause that's
the good cholesterol.
878
00:38:26,137 --> 00:38:28,038
You want high good cholesterol.
879
00:38:28,038 --> 00:38:29,632
Over here, you have pattern B.
880
00:38:29,632 --> 00:38:32,670
And here you have high
triglyceride, low HDL.
881
00:38:32,670 --> 00:38:34,926
That's the bad guy, that's
the guy you don't wanna be.
882
00:38:34,926 --> 00:38:37,100
'Cause you're gonna die of a heart attack.
883
00:38:37,100 --> 00:38:38,307
No question about it.
884
00:38:38,307 --> 00:38:40,838
Triglyceride to HDL
ratio actually predicts
885
00:38:40,838 --> 00:38:45,642
cardiovascular disease way
better than LDL ever did.
886
00:38:45,642 --> 00:38:49,961
Point is, when you measure
LDL, you measure both.
887
00:38:49,961 --> 00:38:53,461
So, dietary fat raises your large buoyant.
888
00:38:54,449 --> 00:38:57,949
What do you think raises your small dense?
889
00:38:59,095 --> 00:39:00,465
Carbohydrate.
890
00:39:00,465 --> 00:39:02,163
Okay, so here's percent carbohydrate,
891
00:39:02,163 --> 00:39:04,569
and here's your pattern B going up.
892
00:39:04,569 --> 00:39:05,800
Everybody got it?
893
00:39:05,800 --> 00:39:07,860
So what did we do?
894
00:39:07,860 --> 00:39:09,831
What did we do in 1982?
895
00:39:09,831 --> 00:39:12,341
(speaking away from microphone)
896
00:39:12,341 --> 00:39:13,909
What did we do?
897
00:39:13,909 --> 00:39:16,069
We went on a high carb diet, which was
898
00:39:16,069 --> 00:39:19,514
supposed to be a low fat diet, right?
899
00:39:19,514 --> 00:39:22,622
So, here's the low fat craze.
900
00:39:22,622 --> 00:39:25,222
Took America and the world by storm.
901
00:39:25,222 --> 00:39:27,248
Because the content of low fat
902
00:39:27,248 --> 00:39:29,645
home cooked food, that
you cook by yourself,
903
00:39:29,645 --> 00:39:33,932
in your house, you can
control the content of fat.
904
00:39:33,932 --> 00:39:38,382
But when you process it,
low fat processed food,
905
00:39:38,382 --> 00:39:40,451
it tastes like cardboard.
906
00:39:40,451 --> 00:39:44,005
It tastes like (bleep).
907
00:39:44,005 --> 00:39:47,432
So the food companies knew
that, so what'd they do?
908
00:39:47,432 --> 00:39:49,022
They had to make it palatable?
909
00:39:49,022 --> 00:39:49,929
So, how do you make something
910
00:39:49,929 --> 00:39:51,392
palatable that has no fat in it?
911
00:39:51,392 --> 00:39:52,975
You add the, sugar.
912
00:39:54,341 --> 00:39:57,330
So, everybody remember Snackwells?
913
00:39:57,330 --> 00:40:01,636
Two grams of fat down, 13
grams of carbohydrate up,
914
00:40:01,636 --> 00:40:05,234
four of them being sugar,
so that it was palatable.
915
00:40:05,234 --> 00:40:06,575
Well, we've just shown you that
916
00:40:06,575 --> 00:40:09,875
that's the worst thing you could do.
917
00:40:09,875 --> 00:40:10,972
And that's what we've done.
918
00:40:10,972 --> 00:40:12,699
And we're still doing it, today.
919
00:40:12,699 --> 00:40:16,282
So when you find a
mistake, what do you do?
920
00:40:17,880 --> 00:40:21,374
You admit the mistake
and you right the ship.
921
00:40:21,374 --> 00:40:23,052
We haven't admitted the mistake,
922
00:40:23,052 --> 00:40:26,425
and we haven't righted the ship.
923
00:40:26,425 --> 00:40:29,115
So, we've our food supply adulterated,
924
00:40:29,115 --> 00:40:31,782
contaminated, poisoned, tainted.
925
00:40:32,849 --> 00:40:37,098
On purpose, and we've
allowed it, and we've let it,
926
00:40:37,098 --> 00:40:38,441
thought the addition of fructose
927
00:40:38,441 --> 00:40:40,932
for palatability, especially
because of the decreased fat,
928
00:40:40,932 --> 00:40:44,638
and also as a ostensibly browning agent,
929
00:40:44,638 --> 00:40:46,446
which actually has it's own issues.
930
00:40:46,446 --> 00:40:48,243
Because why it browns so well
931
00:40:48,243 --> 00:40:49,973
with the sugar in it, actually is
932
00:40:49,973 --> 00:40:51,627
what's going on in your arteries.
933
00:40:51,627 --> 00:40:53,556
Because that's causing what we call
934
00:40:53,556 --> 00:40:55,041
protein glycation and cross linking,
935
00:40:55,041 --> 00:40:57,815
which is actually contribution
to atherosclerosis.
936
00:40:57,815 --> 00:41:01,267
So it works on your steak on the grill,
937
00:41:01,267 --> 00:41:04,569
it works in your arteries the same way.
938
00:41:04,569 --> 00:41:06,918
And removal of fiber also.
939
00:41:06,918 --> 00:41:09,640
Now, why did we remove
fiber from our diet?
940
00:41:09,640 --> 00:41:14,276
We, as human beings walking
the earth 50,000 years ago,
941
00:41:14,276 --> 00:41:18,406
used to consume 100 to 300
grams of fiber per day.
942
00:41:18,406 --> 00:41:19,906
We now consume 12.
943
00:41:21,848 --> 00:41:23,515
Why? What did we do?
944
00:41:24,935 --> 00:41:26,602
We took the fiber out.
945
00:41:26,602 --> 00:41:29,417
So, why'd we take the fiber out?
946
00:41:29,417 --> 00:41:30,555
It takes too long to cook,
947
00:41:30,555 --> 00:41:33,593
takes too long to eat, and shelf life.
948
00:41:33,593 --> 00:41:36,784
So, people ask me, "What's
the definition of fast food."
949
00:41:36,784 --> 00:41:38,276
Fiberless food.
950
00:41:38,276 --> 00:41:40,584
I dare you, other than a salad, I dare you
951
00:41:40,584 --> 00:41:42,473
to go to any fast food restaurant
952
00:41:42,473 --> 00:41:43,812
and find anything on their menu
953
00:41:43,812 --> 00:41:44,899
that they actually have to cook,
954
00:41:44,899 --> 00:41:47,337
that has more than one
gram of fiber in it.
955
00:41:47,337 --> 00:41:49,684
'Cause there isn't any,
and that's on purpose.
956
00:41:49,684 --> 00:41:50,982
Because they take the fiber out,
957
00:41:50,982 --> 00:41:52,525
'cause that way they can freeze it,
958
00:41:52,525 --> 00:41:55,432
ship it around the world,
and cook it up fast,
959
00:41:55,432 --> 00:41:56,773
and not only is is fast cooking,
960
00:41:56,773 --> 00:41:58,378
but it's fast eating, which also
961
00:41:58,378 --> 00:41:59,986
causes it's own satiety issues.
962
00:41:59,986 --> 00:42:03,763
Bottom line, we have a
typhoon on our hands.
963
00:42:03,763 --> 00:42:05,138
And then, finally, the last issue
964
00:42:05,138 --> 00:42:07,109
was the substitution of transfats,
965
00:42:07,109 --> 00:42:08,693
which are clearly a disaster,
966
00:42:08,693 --> 00:42:10,124
but those have been going down,
967
00:42:10,124 --> 00:42:11,883
because we know that those are a problem.
968
00:42:11,883 --> 00:42:14,440
So we've actually gotten
rid of most transfats,
969
00:42:14,440 --> 00:42:16,992
not completely, but most.
970
00:42:16,992 --> 00:42:18,405
So this is it, this is what we've done
971
00:42:18,405 --> 00:42:20,322
over the last 30 years.
972
00:42:21,689 --> 00:42:23,780
Now, to the biochemistry.
973
00:42:23,780 --> 00:42:27,947
Now, how many of you here
have taken biochemistry?
974
00:42:30,120 --> 00:42:31,370
About 25%.
975
00:42:32,375 --> 00:42:35,792
I am going to show you a lot of reactions
976
00:42:36,795 --> 00:42:39,396
in excruciating detail.
977
00:42:39,396 --> 00:42:41,355
(audience laughs)
978
00:42:41,355 --> 00:42:43,053
If you've studied biochemistry,
979
00:42:43,053 --> 00:42:45,845
you will have an anaphylactic reaction.
980
00:42:45,845 --> 00:42:46,760
(audience laughs)
981
00:42:46,760 --> 00:42:48,609
If you haven't studied biochemistry,
982
00:42:48,609 --> 00:42:50,782
you will fall asleep.
983
00:42:50,782 --> 00:42:53,267
So, what I'm gonna suggest that you all do
984
00:42:53,267 --> 00:42:55,583
is just let me do my
thing, to show you that,
985
00:42:55,583 --> 00:42:59,097
at least it works, and
just count the arrows.
986
00:42:59,097 --> 00:42:59,930
Okay?
987
00:42:59,930 --> 00:43:00,835
You can do that, right?
988
00:43:00,835 --> 00:43:03,345
Can you count the arrows,
it's not like counting sheep.
989
00:43:03,345 --> 00:43:05,695
Okay, you can count the
arrows, and just stick with me.
990
00:43:05,695 --> 00:43:07,358
Just let me do my thing,
991
00:43:07,358 --> 00:43:11,186
and let me show you why
fructose is not glucose.
992
00:43:11,186 --> 00:43:12,792
'Cause what the liver does to fructose
993
00:43:12,792 --> 00:43:14,906
is really unique, and you've gotta
994
00:43:14,906 --> 00:43:18,856
understand it to understand
everything I've just told you.
995
00:43:18,856 --> 00:43:21,234
So, number one, fructose is seven times
996
00:43:21,234 --> 00:43:24,671
more likely than glucose to
do that browning reaction.
997
00:43:24,671 --> 00:43:26,566
The advanced glycation end-products.
998
00:43:26,566 --> 00:43:28,254
The thing that happens on your grill,
999
00:43:28,254 --> 00:43:30,429
happens in your arteries
for the same reason.
1000
00:43:30,429 --> 00:43:32,034
You can actually see the color too,
1001
00:43:32,034 --> 00:43:33,619
the color change too.
1002
00:43:33,619 --> 00:43:35,886
Fructose does not suppress
the hunger hormone.
1003
00:43:35,886 --> 00:43:37,561
There's a hormone that
comes form your stomach
1004
00:43:37,561 --> 00:43:40,049
called ghrelin you've
heard about, already.
1005
00:43:40,049 --> 00:43:43,716
So, if you preload a
kid with a can of soda,
1006
00:43:45,050 --> 00:43:47,463
and then you let him loose
at the fast food restaurant,
1007
00:43:47,463 --> 00:43:51,350
do they eat more, or do they eat less?
1008
00:43:51,350 --> 00:43:52,956
They eat more.
1009
00:43:52,956 --> 00:43:56,696
They just took on 150
calories, yet they eat more.
1010
00:43:56,696 --> 00:43:57,529
Reason?
1011
00:43:57,529 --> 00:43:58,780
'Cause fructose doesn't suppress
1012
00:43:58,780 --> 00:44:03,066
the hunger hormone
ghrelin, so they eat more.
1013
00:44:03,066 --> 00:44:06,824
Acute fructose ingestion
does not stimulate insulin,
1014
00:44:06,824 --> 00:44:09,679
because there's no receptor for fructose,
1015
00:44:09,679 --> 00:44:12,070
no transport for fructose on the beta cell
1016
00:44:12,070 --> 00:44:14,392
that makes insulin, so
the insulin doesn't go up.
1017
00:44:14,392 --> 00:44:15,382
Well, if the insulin doesn't go up,
1018
00:44:15,382 --> 00:44:17,196
then leptin doesn't go up, and if leptin
1019
00:44:17,196 --> 00:44:18,734
doesn't go up, you're brain doesn't
1020
00:44:18,734 --> 00:44:20,420
see that you ate something.
1021
00:44:20,420 --> 00:44:23,044
Therefor, you eat more.
1022
00:44:23,044 --> 00:44:24,414
And finally, I'm gonna show you
1023
00:44:24,414 --> 00:44:26,498
liver hepatic fructose metabolism
1024
00:44:26,498 --> 00:44:28,884
is completely different between
1025
00:44:28,884 --> 00:44:32,033
fructose and glucose,
completely different.
1026
00:44:32,033 --> 00:44:35,742
And I'm going to show you,
before the evening is out,
1027
00:44:35,742 --> 00:44:38,323
that chronic fructose exposure alone,
1028
00:44:38,323 --> 00:44:40,129
nothing else, causes this thing
1029
00:44:40,129 --> 00:44:41,867
we call the metabolic syndrome.
1030
00:44:41,867 --> 00:44:44,325
Everybody knows what the
metabolic syndrome is?
1031
00:44:44,325 --> 00:44:46,093
So, this is the conglomerate
1032
00:44:46,093 --> 00:44:49,770
of the following different phenomena,
1033
00:44:49,770 --> 00:44:53,187
obesity, Type 2 diabetes, lipid problems,
1034
00:44:54,890 --> 00:44:57,978
hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.
1035
00:44:57,978 --> 00:45:02,135
Those all cluster together,
called metabolic syndrome.
1036
00:45:02,135 --> 00:45:06,286
I'm gonna show you how fructose
does every one of those.
1037
00:45:06,286 --> 00:45:07,790
I wanna show you the difference between
1038
00:45:07,790 --> 00:45:10,108
glucose and fructose in a way that
1039
00:45:10,108 --> 00:45:12,361
will be glaringly apparent.
1040
00:45:12,361 --> 00:45:15,861
So, let's consume 120 calories in glucose.
1041
00:45:17,148 --> 00:45:19,736
Two slices of white bread.
1042
00:45:19,736 --> 00:45:22,636
What happens to that 120 calories?
1043
00:45:22,636 --> 00:45:26,056
You eat the 120 calories, 96 or 80%
1044
00:45:26,056 --> 00:45:30,885
of the total will be used by
all the organs in the body.
1045
00:45:30,885 --> 00:45:32,870
80% off the table.
1046
00:45:32,870 --> 00:45:33,703
Why?
1047
00:45:33,703 --> 00:45:37,219
Because every cell in
the body can use glucose.
1048
00:45:37,219 --> 00:45:38,784
Every bacteria can use glucose,
1049
00:45:38,784 --> 00:45:41,295
every living thing on
the face of the earth
1050
00:45:41,295 --> 00:45:45,358
can use glucose, because
glucose is the energy of life.
1051
00:45:45,358 --> 00:45:48,537
That's what we were supposed to eat.
1052
00:45:48,537 --> 00:45:52,531
24 of those calories, or
20% will hit the liver.
1053
00:45:52,531 --> 00:45:55,355
So let's watch what happens
to those 24 calories.
1054
00:45:55,355 --> 00:45:56,438
Here they go.
1055
00:45:56,438 --> 00:45:58,431
So, the glucose comes in
through this transporter
1056
00:45:58,431 --> 00:46:00,524
called Glut2, out here, the glucose
1057
00:46:00,524 --> 00:46:02,636
is gonna stimulate the
pancreas to make insulin,
1058
00:46:02,636 --> 00:46:04,984
the insulin's gonna bind to it's receptor,
1059
00:46:04,984 --> 00:46:07,217
and it's gonna take
this substrate over here
1060
00:46:07,217 --> 00:46:10,004
called IRS-1, insulin
receptor substrate 1.
1061
00:46:10,004 --> 00:46:11,802
That's not important
right now, don't worry.
1062
00:46:11,802 --> 00:46:14,532
And it's gonna tyrosine phosphorylate it.
1063
00:46:14,532 --> 00:46:16,201
And it's going to be tyrosine IRS-1,
1064
00:46:16,201 --> 00:46:18,081
which is now active, that's active.
1065
00:46:18,081 --> 00:46:19,006
And it's gonna stimulate the second
1066
00:46:19,006 --> 00:46:21,334
messenger here called AKT.
1067
00:46:21,334 --> 00:46:24,808
Now what AKT does is, it
stimulates this guy down here.
1068
00:46:24,808 --> 00:46:29,186
SRABP1, sterol receptor
binding protein number 1.
1069
00:46:29,186 --> 00:46:30,315
Don't worry about it.
1070
00:46:30,315 --> 00:46:31,981
But this is the thing that, ultimately,
1071
00:46:31,981 --> 00:46:34,064
gets fat mechanics going.
1072
00:46:34,906 --> 00:46:36,459
So, you 'll see in a minute.
1073
00:46:36,459 --> 00:46:38,523
So, one of the things that SRABP1 does,
1074
00:46:38,523 --> 00:46:40,830
is it activates this enzyme
here called glucokinase,
1075
00:46:40,830 --> 00:46:43,369
which takes glucose to
glucose 6 phosphate.
1076
00:46:43,369 --> 00:46:46,060
Now, glucose 6-phosphate
can't get out of the liver.
1077
00:46:46,060 --> 00:46:47,566
The only way to get glucose 6-phosphate
1078
00:46:47,566 --> 00:46:49,566
out of the liver is with hormones.
1079
00:46:49,566 --> 00:46:52,178
Glucagon or epinephrine, that's
the way it can get it out.
1080
00:46:52,178 --> 00:46:54,157
So now, the glucose is fixed in the cell,
1081
00:46:54,157 --> 00:46:55,986
but it's only 24 calories worth,
1082
00:46:55,986 --> 00:46:58,486
so it's not a big bolus of it.
1083
00:46:59,475 --> 00:47:01,056
Now, the glucose 6-phosphate
1084
00:47:01,056 --> 00:47:02,479
almost all of it, is gonna end up
1085
00:47:02,479 --> 00:47:05,884
going over here to
something called glycagen.
1086
00:47:05,884 --> 00:47:10,109
Now, glycagen is the storage
form of glucose in the liver.
1087
00:47:10,109 --> 00:47:12,588
Because glycagen's easy
to fish the glucose out
1088
00:47:12,588 --> 00:47:14,885
with glucagon and epinephrine.
1089
00:47:14,885 --> 00:47:16,835
So, my question to you, and granted,
1090
00:47:16,835 --> 00:47:18,602
this is a physiology question,
1091
00:47:18,602 --> 00:47:20,989
is how much glycogen can your liver store
1092
00:47:20,989 --> 00:47:22,656
before it gets sick?
1093
00:47:24,431 --> 00:47:26,962
The answer's any amount.
1094
00:47:26,962 --> 00:47:28,283
It's unlimited.
1095
00:47:28,283 --> 00:47:32,116
We have carb loaders who
run marathons, right?
1096
00:47:33,400 --> 00:47:35,486
Does it hurt them at all?
1097
00:47:35,486 --> 00:47:37,709
We have kids with a
disease where they can't
1098
00:47:37,709 --> 00:47:39,904
get the glucose out of the glycagen,
1099
00:47:39,904 --> 00:47:41,959
called glycagen storage disease type 1A,
1100
00:47:41,959 --> 00:47:43,363
or von Gierke disease.
1101
00:47:43,363 --> 00:47:45,831
They got livers down to
their knees their so big.
1102
00:47:45,831 --> 00:47:47,354
They're hypoglycemic like all get out
1103
00:47:47,354 --> 00:47:49,894
'cause they can't lift the
glucose out of their liver.
1104
00:47:49,894 --> 00:47:52,773
But, they don't go into liver failure.
1105
00:47:52,773 --> 00:47:55,130
Because glycagen is a non-toxic storage
1106
00:47:55,130 --> 00:47:57,242
form of glucose in the liver.
1107
00:47:57,242 --> 00:47:59,527
So, the whole goal of glucose
1108
00:47:59,527 --> 00:48:01,945
is to replete your glycagen.
1109
00:48:01,945 --> 00:48:04,666
So, this is good, this
is not bad, this is good.
1110
00:48:04,666 --> 00:48:08,444
Now, a little of that glucose
is gonna fall down here,
1111
00:48:08,444 --> 00:48:09,613
it's gonna get metabolized down
1112
00:48:09,613 --> 00:48:11,372
to this stuff here, called pyruvate.
1113
00:48:11,372 --> 00:48:12,205
And the pyruvate is gonna
1114
00:48:12,205 --> 00:48:14,436
enter your mitochondria, over here.
1115
00:48:14,436 --> 00:48:15,800
Remember, your mitochondria are
1116
00:48:15,800 --> 00:48:18,563
the parts of your cell that
actually burn the energy.
1117
00:48:18,563 --> 00:48:19,761
They're your little factories.
1118
00:48:19,761 --> 00:48:23,022
They make the stuff that lets you live.
1119
00:48:23,022 --> 00:48:25,593
Called ATP, ATP, adenosine triphosphate,
1120
00:48:25,593 --> 00:48:27,889
that's the energy of life, right there.
1121
00:48:27,889 --> 00:48:29,494
So, the pyruvate comes in, gets converted
1122
00:48:29,494 --> 00:48:31,080
to something called acetyl-CoA,
1123
00:48:31,080 --> 00:48:33,013
gets metabolized by this thing called
1124
00:48:33,013 --> 00:48:35,623
the Krebs cycle, TCA
cycle, and you throw off
1125
00:48:35,623 --> 00:48:37,907
ATP and carbon dioxide
which you breath off.
1126
00:48:37,907 --> 00:48:39,339
So far, so good?
1127
00:48:39,339 --> 00:48:41,889
Have I snowed anybody yet?
1128
00:48:41,889 --> 00:48:43,048
You're with me?
1129
00:48:43,048 --> 00:48:44,705
I snowed one guy back there.
1130
00:48:44,705 --> 00:48:45,538
(audience laughs)
1131
00:48:45,538 --> 00:48:46,664
I'm doin' my best, I swear to God,
1132
00:48:46,664 --> 00:48:47,497
I'm doing my best.
1133
00:48:47,497 --> 00:48:48,960
Anyway, so this stuff over here,
1134
00:48:48,960 --> 00:48:53,238
this acetyl-CoA, gets
burned off in the TCA cycle.
1135
00:48:53,238 --> 00:48:55,252
Maybe you won't burn all of it off,
1136
00:48:55,252 --> 00:48:58,328
and so, some of it may exit as citrate.
1137
00:48:58,328 --> 00:49:00,361
And the citrate then
leaves the mitochondria
1138
00:49:00,361 --> 00:49:02,869
through a process known
as the citrate shuttle.
1139
00:49:02,869 --> 00:49:05,155
And then that citrate
can then be broken down
1140
00:49:05,155 --> 00:49:06,711
by these three enzymes, which are all
1141
00:49:06,711 --> 00:49:09,090
subservient into this SRABP1.
1142
00:49:09,090 --> 00:49:11,294
This is ATP citrate lyase acetyl-CoA
1143
00:49:11,294 --> 00:49:13,133
carboxylase fatty acid synthase.
1144
00:49:13,133 --> 00:49:14,129
They're not important.
1145
00:49:14,129 --> 00:49:15,613
The only thing to know is these three
1146
00:49:15,613 --> 00:49:18,696
enzymes together turn sugar into fat.
1147
00:49:19,554 --> 00:49:22,616
This is called denovo, meaning new,
1148
00:49:22,616 --> 00:49:25,428
lipogenesis, fat making.
1149
00:49:25,428 --> 00:49:27,532
This is denovo lipogenesis.
1150
00:49:27,532 --> 00:49:30,002
So you take the citrate
which came form the glucose,
1151
00:49:30,002 --> 00:49:32,735
and you end up with
something called acetyl-CoA,
1152
00:49:32,735 --> 00:49:34,869
which then gets packaged
with this protein here,
1153
00:49:34,869 --> 00:49:38,720
and you end up with something called VLDL,
1154
00:49:38,720 --> 00:49:41,449
very low density lipoprotein.
1155
00:49:41,449 --> 00:49:44,273
Now, anybody heard of that before?
1156
00:49:44,273 --> 00:49:46,244
Is it good or bad?
1157
00:49:46,244 --> 00:49:47,994
It's bad, that's bad.
1158
00:49:48,998 --> 00:49:50,694
VLDL is bad because that's one of
1159
00:49:50,694 --> 00:49:52,428
the things that causes heart disease.
1160
00:49:52,428 --> 00:49:54,746
It's also a substrate for obesity.
1161
00:49:54,746 --> 00:49:58,157
So, you don't wanna make much of this.
1162
00:49:58,157 --> 00:50:01,422
But the point is, you
started with 24 calories,
1163
00:50:01,422 --> 00:50:05,730
maybe a half a calorie
will end up as VLDL.
1164
00:50:05,730 --> 00:50:08,128
So, that little Japanese
guy with the little hat,
1165
00:50:08,128 --> 00:50:09,864
you know, working out in the field,
1166
00:50:09,864 --> 00:50:12,505
eating rice for the next 90 years,
1167
00:50:12,505 --> 00:50:15,288
can he die of a heart attack at age 90?
1168
00:50:15,288 --> 00:50:16,620
Sure.
1169
00:50:16,620 --> 00:50:18,408
But that's not so bad.
1170
00:50:18,408 --> 00:50:20,553
If you make it to 90,
you're doing alright.
1171
00:50:20,553 --> 00:50:23,528
Because that VLDL coming from glucose.
1172
00:50:23,528 --> 00:50:26,161
Glucose made a little bitty VLDL.
1173
00:50:26,161 --> 00:50:29,119
And that serves as a substrate
for adipose deposition
1174
00:50:29,119 --> 00:50:31,603
into your fat cell, here triglyceride.
1175
00:50:31,603 --> 00:50:33,370
In addition, because of the insulin
1176
00:50:33,370 --> 00:50:34,800
went up in response to the glucose,
1177
00:50:34,800 --> 00:50:37,133
your brain sees that signal.
1178
00:50:38,093 --> 00:50:39,851
And it knows that that is supposed
1179
00:50:39,851 --> 00:50:42,101
to shut off further eating.
1180
00:50:43,375 --> 00:50:47,448
In other words, hey, I'm busy
metabolizing my breakfast.
1181
00:50:47,448 --> 00:50:49,031
I don't need lunch.
1182
00:50:50,397 --> 00:50:53,258
And so, you have a nice
negative feedback loop
1183
00:50:53,258 --> 00:50:55,614
between glucose consumption, the liver,
1184
00:50:55,614 --> 00:50:57,788
the pancreas, and the brain, to keep you
1185
00:50:57,788 --> 00:51:01,455
in normal negative, yin
yang energy balance.
1186
00:51:02,331 --> 00:51:05,155
This is good, this is not dangerous.
1187
00:51:05,155 --> 00:51:07,245
This is what's supposed to happen.
1188
00:51:07,245 --> 00:51:11,027
So now, let's talk about
a different carbohydrate.
1189
00:51:11,027 --> 00:51:15,194
Let's talk about my favorite
carbohydrate, maybe yours too.
1190
00:51:16,966 --> 00:51:18,902
(crowd murmuring)
1191
00:51:18,902 --> 00:51:19,735
Ethanol.
1192
00:51:19,735 --> 00:51:21,890
Ethanol is a carbohydrate, isn't it?
1193
00:51:21,890 --> 00:51:24,753
Here's the structure,
carbon hydrogen oxygen,
1194
00:51:24,753 --> 00:51:26,022
it' a carbohydrate.
1195
00:51:26,022 --> 00:51:29,912
But, we all know that
ethanol is a toxin, right?
1196
00:51:29,912 --> 00:51:31,904
A poison, right.
1197
00:51:31,904 --> 00:51:34,696
You can wrap your
Lamborghini around a tree,
1198
00:51:34,696 --> 00:51:37,879
or you can fry your liver, your choice.
1199
00:51:37,879 --> 00:51:40,511
Depends on how much you
drink and how often.
1200
00:51:40,511 --> 00:51:41,511
Right? Okay.
1201
00:51:42,868 --> 00:51:45,895
So, we know that ethanol
is not good for you,
1202
00:51:45,895 --> 00:51:48,299
except, of course, a
little bit is good for you.
1203
00:51:48,299 --> 00:51:50,570
So, we can talk about that
too, later, if you want.
1204
00:51:50,570 --> 00:51:53,452
But, let's talk about
how it's bad for you.
1205
00:51:53,452 --> 00:51:56,285
So, here's acute ethanol exposure.
1206
00:51:57,182 --> 00:51:59,622
CNS depression,
vasodilatation, hypothermia,
1207
00:51:59,622 --> 00:52:01,782
tachycardia, myocardial depression,
1208
00:52:01,782 --> 00:52:03,752
pupillary responses,
respiratory depression,
1209
00:52:03,752 --> 00:52:06,285
diuresis, hypoglycemia,
loss of fine motor control,
1210
00:52:06,285 --> 00:52:08,128
you all went to college.
1211
00:52:08,128 --> 00:52:10,799
(audience laughs)
1212
00:52:10,799 --> 00:52:13,106
Here's fructose, nothing.
1213
00:52:13,106 --> 00:52:13,968
It doesn't do any of those.
1214
00:52:13,968 --> 00:52:17,653
Because the brain doesn't
metabolize fructose.
1215
00:52:17,653 --> 00:52:19,565
Alcohol gets metabolized in the brain,
1216
00:52:19,565 --> 00:52:22,294
to cause all of those
things, but fructose doesn't.
1217
00:52:22,294 --> 00:52:26,867
So, fructose is not an
acute toxin, ethanol is.
1218
00:52:26,867 --> 00:52:29,275
We control ethanol, don't we?
1219
00:52:29,275 --> 00:52:30,373
We have something called
1220
00:52:30,373 --> 00:52:33,166
the Bureau of Alcohol
Tobacco and Firearms.
1221
00:52:33,166 --> 00:52:35,603
We have all sorts of
things, we tax ethanol.
1222
00:52:35,603 --> 00:52:39,171
We do all sorts of things to
limit consumption of ethanol.
1223
00:52:39,171 --> 00:52:43,791
The Nordic countries, all the
liquor stores are state run
1224
00:52:43,791 --> 00:52:47,857
in attempt to try to set the
price of ethanol high enough
1225
00:52:47,857 --> 00:52:51,117
so as to discourage consumption
for public health reasons.
1226
00:52:51,117 --> 00:52:55,863
We have 1500 years of alcohol
control policy in this world
1227
00:52:55,863 --> 00:53:00,443
to draw on, in terms of
how to limit consumption.
1228
00:53:00,443 --> 00:53:01,683
Got it?
1229
00:53:01,683 --> 00:53:05,839
Because ethanol is a
toxin, and we know it.
1230
00:53:05,839 --> 00:53:09,339
So, let's consume 120 calories in ethanol.
1231
00:53:10,309 --> 00:53:11,976
Shot of Makers Mark.
1232
00:53:13,162 --> 00:53:14,625
Anybody taste it?
1233
00:53:14,625 --> 00:53:15,843
Yeah, good, okay.
1234
00:53:15,843 --> 00:53:18,676
So, 24 calories right off the top.
1235
00:53:19,800 --> 00:53:21,727
The stomach and the
intestine have something
1236
00:53:21,727 --> 00:53:24,714
called the first pass
effect, so 10% off the top,
1237
00:53:24,714 --> 00:53:28,098
and kidney, muscle, brain
will consume the other 10%.
1238
00:53:28,098 --> 00:53:31,357
So there goes 20% or 24
calories right off the top.
1239
00:53:31,357 --> 00:53:35,006
96 calories of the 120
are gonna hit the liver.
1240
00:53:35,006 --> 00:53:37,952
Now, how many was it for glucose?
1241
00:53:37,952 --> 00:53:39,252
It was 24.
1242
00:53:39,252 --> 00:53:43,153
So, four times the substrate
is gonna hit the liver,
1243
00:53:43,153 --> 00:53:44,872
and there's the rub.
1244
00:53:44,872 --> 00:53:46,862
This is a volume issue.
1245
00:53:46,862 --> 00:53:48,579
We're gonna show you how.
1246
00:53:48,579 --> 00:53:51,933
So, the ethanol comes
in, passive diffusion,
1247
00:53:51,933 --> 00:53:54,351
there's not receptor
for it, not transporter.
1248
00:53:54,351 --> 00:53:55,640
First thing that happens is ethanol
1249
00:53:55,640 --> 00:54:00,000
gets converted to this guy,
over here, called acetaldehyde.
1250
00:54:00,000 --> 00:54:02,390
Anybody know anything about aldehydes?
1251
00:54:02,390 --> 00:54:04,473
Like formaldehyde? Right?
1252
00:54:05,600 --> 00:54:07,963
Are aldehydes good for you or bad for you?
1253
00:54:07,963 --> 00:54:09,150
They're bad, right?
1254
00:54:09,150 --> 00:54:11,161
'Cause what do they do?
1255
00:54:11,161 --> 00:54:13,062
They can cause cancer, they cross link
1256
00:54:13,062 --> 00:54:14,762
proteins is what they do.
1257
00:54:14,762 --> 00:54:17,607
So, if you cross link enough
proteins in your liver,
1258
00:54:17,607 --> 00:54:19,556
what do you think happens to it?
1259
00:54:19,556 --> 00:54:21,425
You get something called...
1260
00:54:21,425 --> 00:54:23,642
Cirrhosis, right exactly.
1261
00:54:23,642 --> 00:54:25,599
So this guy, over here, is bad.
1262
00:54:25,599 --> 00:54:28,810
And it generates something
called reactive oxygen species.
1263
00:54:28,810 --> 00:54:32,500
Reactive oxygen species
damage proteins in the liver.
1264
00:54:32,500 --> 00:54:33,809
And the more alcohol you drink,
1265
00:54:33,809 --> 00:54:36,096
the more of this stuff you get.
1266
00:54:36,096 --> 00:54:37,652
So far, so good?
1267
00:54:37,652 --> 00:54:40,908
So, this is one of the
reasons why alcohol's bad.
1268
00:54:40,908 --> 00:54:42,615
Now the acetaldehyde will come down here
1269
00:54:42,615 --> 00:54:44,470
to something called acetate.
1270
00:54:44,470 --> 00:54:46,251
The acetate will enter the mitochondria,
1271
00:54:46,251 --> 00:54:48,353
just like the pyruvate did before.
1272
00:54:48,353 --> 00:54:49,618
Will get converted to acetyl-CoA
1273
00:54:49,618 --> 00:54:50,908
and participate in the TCA cycle,
1274
00:54:50,908 --> 00:54:54,224
just like before, to generate energy.
1275
00:54:54,224 --> 00:54:58,063
So that alcoholics don't
die form lack of energy,
1276
00:54:58,063 --> 00:55:00,525
they got energy, it's
everything else they don't have.
1277
00:55:00,525 --> 00:55:03,779
They're gonna have a whole lot of citrate.
1278
00:55:03,779 --> 00:55:06,087
Because they have 96 calories that
1279
00:55:06,087 --> 00:55:07,885
have to get metabolized.
1280
00:55:07,885 --> 00:55:12,052
How many calories made it to
the mitochondria with glucose?
1281
00:55:13,402 --> 00:55:15,453
About half, right?
1282
00:55:15,453 --> 00:55:17,698
Because most of it went to glycogen.
1283
00:55:17,698 --> 00:55:20,332
So, we've got a big
citrate, so it's in big font
1284
00:55:20,332 --> 00:55:23,145
to show you that we're
talking about big citrate now.
1285
00:55:23,145 --> 00:55:25,411
And so, the big citrate
is gonna get metabolized
1286
00:55:25,411 --> 00:55:28,049
all the way to VLDL by the CRABP1.
1287
00:55:28,049 --> 00:55:29,835
And so you're gonna get a lot of the LDL.
1288
00:55:29,835 --> 00:55:34,061
And this is the dyslipodemia
of alcoholism, right here.
1289
00:55:34,061 --> 00:55:35,686
Everybody see that?
1290
00:55:35,686 --> 00:55:37,394
So, the liver's gonna try to export
1291
00:55:37,394 --> 00:55:40,454
this VLDL out so that it doesn't get sick,
1292
00:55:40,454 --> 00:55:42,677
because when fat builds up in the liver,
1293
00:55:42,677 --> 00:55:45,116
that's not good for it.
1294
00:55:45,116 --> 00:55:47,258
Some of it's gonna exit
as free fatty acids,
1295
00:55:47,258 --> 00:55:49,068
and those free fatty acids,
will take up residence
1296
00:55:49,068 --> 00:55:50,592
in the muscle, and you get something
1297
00:55:50,592 --> 00:55:52,612
called muscle insulin resistance.
1298
00:55:52,612 --> 00:55:54,696
So insulin resistance, that's a bad thing.
1299
00:55:54,696 --> 00:55:58,171
That makes your muscles and
your liver now work so well.
1300
00:55:58,171 --> 00:56:01,633
And can cause all sorts of
other problems like diabetes.
1301
00:56:01,633 --> 00:56:03,400
Some of the acetyl-CoA
won't even make it out,
1302
00:56:03,400 --> 00:56:05,790
and will precipitate as a lipid droplet,
1303
00:56:05,790 --> 00:56:09,290
so there's your alcoholic steatohepatitis.
1304
00:56:11,751 --> 00:56:13,475
This acetyl-CoA, and this ethanol,
1305
00:56:13,475 --> 00:56:14,845
and these reactive oxygen species
1306
00:56:14,845 --> 00:56:18,303
can start this enzyme activated.
1307
00:56:18,303 --> 00:56:21,087
It's called c-jun n-terminal kinase 1,
1308
00:56:21,087 --> 00:56:23,801
or JNK1, and it really is JNK1
1309
00:56:23,801 --> 00:56:26,523
because it is the bridge between
1310
00:56:26,523 --> 00:56:28,912
metabolism and inflammation.
1311
00:56:28,912 --> 00:56:32,793
So, when you generate JNK1, you
do bad things to your liver,
1312
00:56:32,793 --> 00:56:35,109
which I will show you when
we talk about fructose.
1313
00:56:35,109 --> 00:56:37,364
So let's talk about fructose.
1314
00:56:37,364 --> 00:56:39,933
Fructose is sweet, we like it a lot.
1315
00:56:39,933 --> 00:56:41,578
We like it in everything,
we like it in our bread,
1316
00:56:41,578 --> 00:56:45,304
we like it in our pretzels,
we like it everywhere we look.
1317
00:56:45,304 --> 00:56:48,804
So, let's consume 120 calories in sucrose.
1318
00:56:50,257 --> 00:56:52,431
A glass of orange juice.
1319
00:56:52,431 --> 00:56:53,953
Everybody got it?
1320
00:56:53,953 --> 00:56:56,677
So, two slices of white
bread, a shot of makers mark,
1321
00:56:56,677 --> 00:57:01,533
a glass of orange juice,
all the same 120 calories.
1322
00:57:01,533 --> 00:57:04,200
But, three different substrates.
1323
00:57:05,271 --> 00:57:07,190
Let's see what happens to the fructose.
1324
00:57:07,190 --> 00:57:10,418
So, number one, the glucose, remember,
1325
00:57:10,418 --> 00:57:12,807
'cause sucrose is half
glucose half fructose,
1326
00:57:12,807 --> 00:57:16,089
so 60 of the calories
of the 120 are glucose.
1327
00:57:16,089 --> 00:57:18,376
12 are gonna make it into the liver,
1328
00:57:18,376 --> 00:57:20,806
48 out here for the rest of the body.
1329
00:57:20,806 --> 00:57:24,068
The same 20/80 split we
had before with glucose.
1330
00:57:24,068 --> 00:57:25,328
So far, so good.
1331
00:57:25,328 --> 00:57:27,358
But all 60 calories of fructose are
1332
00:57:27,358 --> 00:57:28,668
gonna be metabolized by the liver.
1333
00:57:28,668 --> 00:57:29,501
Why?
1334
00:57:29,501 --> 00:57:33,077
Because only the liver
can metabolize fructose.
1335
00:57:33,077 --> 00:57:35,373
So, what do we call it, where when you
1336
00:57:35,373 --> 00:57:38,411
take in a compound that's
foreign to your body,
1337
00:57:38,411 --> 00:57:40,594
and only the liver can metabolize it,
1338
00:57:40,594 --> 00:57:44,511
and in the process,
generates various problems?
1339
00:57:45,592 --> 00:57:46,425
What do we call that?
1340
00:57:46,425 --> 00:57:47,842
We call that a...
1341
00:57:49,248 --> 00:57:50,895
Poison.
1342
00:57:50,895 --> 00:57:53,344
So, let me show you how it's a poison.
1343
00:57:53,344 --> 00:57:55,161
So, let's watch the fructose.
1344
00:57:55,161 --> 00:57:57,571
So, the fructose comes in
through this transporter, now.
1345
00:57:57,571 --> 00:58:00,715
Before it was Glut2, now it's Glut5
1346
00:58:00,715 --> 00:58:02,697
No insulin, remember, 'cause fructose
1347
00:58:02,697 --> 00:58:04,621
does not stimulate insulin.
1348
00:58:04,621 --> 00:58:07,221
Fructose, then, gets metabolized
by this guy, over here,
1349
00:58:07,221 --> 00:58:09,668
called fructokinase, to form something
1350
00:58:09,668 --> 00:58:11,212
called fructose 1-phosphate.
1351
00:58:11,212 --> 00:58:14,129
In the process, ATP has to give up
1352
00:58:14,129 --> 00:58:16,081
one phosphate to ADP 'cause the phosphate
1353
00:58:16,081 --> 00:58:18,601
had to come from somewhere,
so it comes from here.
1354
00:58:18,601 --> 00:58:21,844
Now, before we had 24 calories
1355
00:58:21,844 --> 00:58:23,717
that had to be phosphorylated.
1356
00:58:23,717 --> 00:58:27,631
Now we have 72 calories that
have to be phosphorylated.
1357
00:58:27,631 --> 00:58:29,542
So, we have three times the substrate,
1358
00:58:29,542 --> 00:58:31,093
and there's the rub.
1359
00:58:31,093 --> 00:58:33,124
It's a volume issue, for right now.
1360
00:58:33,124 --> 00:58:35,791
So, we're gonna lose a lot
of phosphate, aren't we?
1361
00:58:35,791 --> 00:58:37,965
So there's a scavenger
enzyme in your liver
1362
00:58:37,965 --> 00:58:40,646
called AMP deaminase 1 to rescue
1363
00:58:40,646 --> 00:58:44,080
the phosphates off the
rest of the ATP molecule,
1364
00:58:44,080 --> 00:58:47,694
and it takes ADP down to
AMP, adenosine monophosphate,
1365
00:58:47,694 --> 00:58:50,367
down to IMP, Inositol monophosphatase,
1366
00:58:50,367 --> 00:58:53,780
and finally, to the
waste product uric acid.
1367
00:58:53,780 --> 00:58:56,137
Anybody every heard of uric acid?
1368
00:58:56,137 --> 00:58:57,054
What is it?
1369
00:58:59,043 --> 00:59:00,555
It's a waste product.
1370
00:59:00,555 --> 00:59:01,835
Goes out in your urine.
1371
00:59:01,835 --> 00:59:03,784
'Causes what disease?
1372
00:59:03,784 --> 00:59:04,784
Gout, right.
1373
00:59:06,017 --> 00:59:10,017
Also causes another disease
called hypertension.
1374
00:59:11,892 --> 00:59:13,031
Let me show you how.
1375
00:59:13,031 --> 00:59:15,734
Because uric acid, turns out, blocks
1376
00:59:15,734 --> 00:59:17,208
the enzyme in your blood vessels
1377
00:59:17,208 --> 00:59:20,043
called endothelial nitric oxide synthase.
1378
00:59:20,043 --> 00:59:21,465
And that's the enzyme that makes
1379
00:59:21,465 --> 00:59:23,843
the stuff called nitric oxide, NO.
1380
00:59:23,843 --> 00:59:27,663
And that is your endogenous
blood pressure lowerer.
1381
00:59:27,663 --> 00:59:30,580
That keeps your blood pressure low.
1382
00:59:31,485 --> 00:59:35,683
So, when you can't make it,
your blood pressure goes up.
1383
00:59:35,683 --> 00:59:37,612
So, this just shows that
fructose consumption
1384
00:59:37,612 --> 00:59:39,266
increases gout in adults.
1385
00:59:39,266 --> 00:59:41,420
So, this is a study
that came out last year
1386
00:59:41,420 --> 00:59:43,723
showing that fructose consumption
1387
00:59:43,723 --> 00:59:46,023
increases the risk for gout,
1388
00:59:46,023 --> 00:59:48,258
showing that uric acid's going up.
1389
00:59:48,258 --> 00:59:50,949
And this is a study done
by pediatric renal fellow,
1390
00:59:50,949 --> 00:59:52,545
Stephanie Winn, just published in
1391
00:59:52,545 --> 00:59:53,744
Journal of Pediatrics,
1392
00:59:53,744 --> 00:59:56,522
it's not submitted any
more, it's long in press,
1393
00:59:56,522 --> 00:59:59,424
showing that this is
in the NHANES database
1394
00:59:59,424 --> 01:00:02,783
in the adolescents, showing
that sugar sweetened beverages,
1395
01:00:02,783 --> 01:00:06,565
as it goes up, your uric acid goes up.
1396
01:00:06,565 --> 01:00:09,075
And, not only does your uric acid go up,
1397
01:00:09,075 --> 01:00:10,219
but here's your sugar sweetened beverages,
1398
01:00:10,219 --> 01:00:14,387
and here's your systolic
blood pressure going up.
1399
01:00:14,387 --> 01:00:16,295
And here's a study done by Dan Fige,
1400
01:00:16,295 --> 01:00:18,165
at the University of Texas San Antonio,
1401
01:00:18,165 --> 01:00:21,529
where he took obese
adolescents with hypertension,
1402
01:00:21,529 --> 01:00:24,339
and he gave them the drug Allopurinol.
1403
01:00:24,339 --> 01:00:27,441
And Allopurinol is the drug
that you treat gout with,
1404
01:00:27,441 --> 01:00:28,974
to lower the uric acid.
1405
01:00:28,974 --> 01:00:30,529
And look what happened
to the blood pressure.
1406
01:00:30,529 --> 01:00:33,729
Systolic, diastolic, went down.
1407
01:00:33,729 --> 01:00:36,411
Showing that, in fact, uric acid
1408
01:00:36,411 --> 01:00:40,050
is an important part of hypertension.
1409
01:00:40,050 --> 01:00:44,593
We have a hypertension
epidemic in this country.
1410
01:00:44,593 --> 01:00:45,510
Here it is.
1411
01:00:47,092 --> 01:00:48,342
It's the sugar.
1412
01:00:50,119 --> 01:00:53,213
Okay, so, so far we have
high blood pressure.
1413
01:00:53,213 --> 01:00:55,024
Let's keep going.
1414
01:00:55,024 --> 01:00:56,316
The fructose will get metabolized
1415
01:00:56,316 --> 01:00:58,476
down to pyruvate, the pyruvate
1416
01:00:58,476 --> 01:01:01,233
will enter the mitochondria
just like before,
1417
01:01:01,233 --> 01:01:03,041
throwing off a lot of citrate.
1418
01:01:03,041 --> 01:01:04,817
And here's a little trick that fructose
1419
01:01:04,817 --> 01:01:06,564
does that glucose doesn't.
1420
01:01:06,564 --> 01:01:08,637
'Cause these to can reform this stuff
1421
01:01:08,637 --> 01:01:11,777
over here called fructose
1 6 bisphosphatase,
1422
01:01:11,777 --> 01:01:14,035
which can then reform with glyceraldehyde
1423
01:01:14,035 --> 01:01:17,071
to form this guy, over here,
called xylulose-5-phosphate.
1424
01:01:17,071 --> 01:01:19,773
And I get to
xylulose-5-phosphate in a moment.
1425
01:01:19,773 --> 01:01:21,692
But I wanna point out this asterisk.
1426
01:01:21,692 --> 01:01:24,699
That's there to remind
me to tell you something.
1427
01:01:24,699 --> 01:01:26,730
That's there to remind me to tell you
1428
01:01:26,730 --> 01:01:29,851
that this is why the
sports drink companies
1429
01:01:29,851 --> 01:01:33,961
put high fructose corn
syrup in the sports drinks.
1430
01:01:33,961 --> 01:01:37,632
Because if you are glycogen depleted,
1431
01:01:37,632 --> 01:01:39,960
in other words, if you just ran a marthon,
1432
01:01:39,960 --> 01:01:41,838
and you have no glycogen
left in your liver
1433
01:01:41,838 --> 01:01:43,991
because you burned it all, and you take in
1434
01:01:43,991 --> 01:01:45,669
a sports drink with high
fructose corn syrup,
1435
01:01:45,669 --> 01:01:49,030
you can replete your glycogen faster
1436
01:01:49,030 --> 01:01:50,647
than with glucose alone.
1437
01:01:50,647 --> 01:01:52,157
That's true.
1438
01:01:52,157 --> 01:01:56,121
So, for elite athletes, a
high fructose corn syrup
1439
01:01:56,121 --> 01:02:00,263
containing sports drink
actually makes sense.
1440
01:02:00,263 --> 01:02:01,907
And so, indeed, sports drinks
1441
01:02:01,907 --> 01:02:04,049
have high fructose corn syrup.
1442
01:02:04,049 --> 01:02:08,571
The question is who
drinking the sports drinks?
1443
01:02:08,571 --> 01:02:11,140
Any elite athletes you know?
1444
01:02:11,140 --> 01:02:13,820
Who's drinking the sports drinks?
1445
01:02:13,820 --> 01:02:15,154
The kids, right?
1446
01:02:15,154 --> 01:02:17,237
Why are they drinking it?
1447
01:02:18,088 --> 01:02:20,171
Because it's cool, right?
1448
01:02:21,613 --> 01:02:24,501
'Cause it's cool and it tastes good.
1449
01:02:24,501 --> 01:02:26,632
So, before we go on, I just wanna,
1450
01:02:26,632 --> 01:02:28,799
now, digress for a moment.
1451
01:02:29,913 --> 01:02:33,663
1967, University of
Florida patents Gatorade.
1452
01:02:36,497 --> 01:02:38,730
Everybody remember Gatorade?
1453
01:02:38,730 --> 01:02:41,861
Okay, 1970, the Florida Gators win
1454
01:02:41,861 --> 01:02:44,697
the NCAA Championship in football.
1455
01:02:44,697 --> 01:02:47,216
Gatorade makes a big splash.
1456
01:02:47,216 --> 01:02:48,545
Okay, big deal.
1457
01:02:48,545 --> 01:02:52,519
Anybody ever taste the original Gatorade?
1458
01:02:52,519 --> 01:02:53,352
Yeah?
1459
01:02:53,352 --> 01:02:55,453
What'd it taste like?
1460
01:02:55,453 --> 01:02:56,786
Tasted horrible.
1461
01:02:57,902 --> 01:03:01,569
It tasted like something
that you might find
1462
01:03:02,612 --> 01:03:04,819
coming out of you instead
of going into you.
1463
01:03:04,819 --> 01:03:07,723
(audience laughs)
1464
01:03:07,723 --> 01:03:09,056
It tasted awful.
1465
01:03:10,914 --> 01:03:14,247
1992, Pepsi buys Gatorade, and they say,
1466
01:03:15,831 --> 01:03:19,529
"How are we gonna market this swill?"
1467
01:03:19,529 --> 01:03:21,813
So, what did they do?
1468
01:03:21,813 --> 01:03:24,655
They added the high fructose corn syrup.
1469
01:03:24,655 --> 01:03:26,488
So, now who drinks it?
1470
01:03:27,877 --> 01:03:29,444
Fat kids, right?
1471
01:03:29,444 --> 01:03:32,349
Not even skinny kids, fat kids drink it.
1472
01:03:32,349 --> 01:03:34,044
Okay, so there's a problem here.
1473
01:03:34,044 --> 01:03:35,283
Okay, and we're gonna
show you how that works.
1474
01:03:35,283 --> 01:03:38,539
Okay, so xylulose-5-phosphate,
just to show you,
1475
01:03:38,539 --> 01:03:40,545
if you take a rat, and
you glycogen deplete him
1476
01:03:40,545 --> 01:03:43,228
by making him run on an exercise wheel,
1477
01:03:43,228 --> 01:03:45,755
and then you re-feed them with starch
1478
01:03:45,755 --> 01:03:47,574
or with sucrose, the xylulose-5-phosphate
1479
01:03:47,574 --> 01:03:49,302
goes way up with the sucrose.
1480
01:03:49,302 --> 01:03:51,169
So you get more xylulose-5-phosphate
1481
01:03:51,169 --> 01:03:53,984
through this pathway
here, going over here.
1482
01:03:53,984 --> 01:03:55,926
So why do we care about
xylulose-5-phosphate?
1483
01:03:55,926 --> 01:03:56,808
Well, here's why.
1484
01:03:56,808 --> 01:03:58,666
Because it stimulates this guy, over here,
1485
01:03:58,666 --> 01:04:00,334
called PP2A, which then activates
1486
01:04:00,334 --> 01:04:01,959
this transcription factor here,
1487
01:04:01,959 --> 01:04:04,822
carbohydrate response
element binding protein,
1488
01:04:04,822 --> 01:04:08,155
which then activates what three enzymes?
1489
01:04:09,343 --> 01:04:12,748
New fat making right,
the novo lipogenesis.
1490
01:04:12,748 --> 01:04:15,592
So here's the citrate,
we got lot's of that.
1491
01:04:15,592 --> 01:04:19,759
And here we've got acetyl-CoA,
which is the way into fat,
1492
01:04:20,671 --> 01:04:23,754
which then gets packaged to the VLDL,
1493
01:04:25,315 --> 01:04:27,927
and now you've got the dyslipidemia
1494
01:04:27,927 --> 01:04:30,386
of obesity of fructose consumption,
1495
01:04:30,386 --> 01:04:32,810
which has, been known for many years.
1496
01:04:32,810 --> 01:04:36,492
So, here's normal medical students,
1497
01:04:36,492 --> 01:04:38,825
if you can call them normal,
1498
01:04:39,897 --> 01:04:41,764
taking in a glucose load.
1499
01:04:41,764 --> 01:04:45,351
Notice, almost none of it ends up as fat.
1500
01:04:45,351 --> 01:04:48,054
Taking in a fructose load,
same number of calories,
1501
01:04:48,054 --> 01:04:50,554
30% of it ends up as fat.
1502
01:04:51,415 --> 01:04:53,487
So when you consume fructose,
1503
01:04:53,487 --> 01:04:57,654
you're not consuming a
carbohydrate, you're consuming fat.
1504
01:04:59,145 --> 01:05:02,743
So everybody talks about a high fat diet.
1505
01:05:02,743 --> 01:05:05,506
Well, high sugar diet is a high fat diet.
1506
01:05:05,506 --> 01:05:07,599
That's the point.
1507
01:05:07,599 --> 01:05:09,682
That's exactly the point.
1508
01:05:11,746 --> 01:05:13,398
This is a study where they gave
1509
01:05:13,398 --> 01:05:14,861
acute administration of fructose,
1510
01:05:14,861 --> 01:05:16,469
and you can see the triglycerides
1511
01:05:16,469 --> 01:05:18,936
going up compared to the control.
1512
01:05:18,936 --> 01:05:20,552
Serum triglyceride, right there.
1513
01:05:20,552 --> 01:05:22,259
Here's normal medical students, again,
1514
01:05:22,259 --> 01:05:25,144
six days of high fructose feeding.
1515
01:05:25,144 --> 01:05:28,743
Triglycerides doubled, de novo lipogenesis
1516
01:05:28,743 --> 01:05:32,348
went up five times higher,
and here's free fatty acids,
1517
01:05:32,348 --> 01:05:35,619
which then cause insulin
resistance, doubled.
1518
01:05:35,619 --> 01:05:36,452
Six days.
1519
01:05:38,077 --> 01:05:42,355
So, here's the dyslipidemia
of fructose consumption.
1520
01:05:42,355 --> 01:05:44,242
We're not done.
1521
01:05:44,242 --> 01:05:45,990
Some of the fat won't
make it out of the liver,
1522
01:05:45,990 --> 01:05:47,281
just like with ethanol.
1523
01:05:47,281 --> 01:05:48,563
And now you've got a lipid droplet,
1524
01:05:48,563 --> 01:05:52,371
so now you've got this
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
1525
01:05:52,371 --> 01:05:54,902
So, this is work that we did in our clinic
1526
01:05:54,902 --> 01:05:57,958
looking at sugar sweetened
beverage consumption
1527
01:05:57,958 --> 01:06:01,323
against the liver enzyme marker ALT,
1528
01:06:01,323 --> 01:06:05,174
alanine aminotransferase, which
tells you about fatty liver.
1529
01:06:05,174 --> 01:06:07,122
And sure enough, here's
sugar sweetened beverages
1530
01:06:07,122 --> 01:06:10,190
against ALT, and you can see a nice
1531
01:06:10,190 --> 01:06:12,511
linear relationship in Caucasians.
1532
01:06:12,511 --> 01:06:15,132
African Americans, it's
a different relationship,
1533
01:06:15,132 --> 01:06:18,229
and that' a' whole 'nother
story all by itself.
1534
01:06:18,229 --> 01:06:19,976
So, there's the lipid droplet
1535
01:06:19,976 --> 01:06:22,580
of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
1536
01:06:22,580 --> 01:06:24,368
Some of it will come
out as free fatty acids
1537
01:06:24,368 --> 01:06:26,844
and populate the muscle, will also tell
1538
01:06:26,844 --> 01:06:29,346
the insulin to go up higher.
1539
01:06:29,346 --> 01:06:30,725
Remember that JNK1?
1540
01:06:30,725 --> 01:06:31,914
So, here's what JNK1 does.
1541
01:06:31,914 --> 01:06:35,287
So, the acetyl-CoA and the
fructose can all activate JNK1.
1542
01:06:35,287 --> 01:06:38,182
And what JNK1 does is, remember when we
1543
01:06:38,182 --> 01:06:41,727
used glucose, this IRS
became tyrosine IRS-1
1544
01:06:41,727 --> 01:06:42,998
and that was good?
1545
01:06:42,998 --> 01:06:43,861
Remember that?
1546
01:06:43,861 --> 01:06:45,353
Well, JNK1, what it does, is it's
1547
01:06:45,353 --> 01:06:47,710
serine phosphorylated IRS-1.
1548
01:06:47,710 --> 01:06:50,335
And serine IRS-1 is inactive.
1549
01:06:50,335 --> 01:06:54,155
So now, the insulin can't
even do it's job in the liver.
1550
01:06:54,155 --> 01:06:57,760
So, now you have liver
insulin resistance as well.
1551
01:06:57,760 --> 01:07:00,198
That's gonna make the
pancreas work that much harder
1552
01:07:00,198 --> 01:07:01,934
generating higher insulin levels,
1553
01:07:01,934 --> 01:07:04,680
which raise your blood
pressure even further,
1554
01:07:04,680 --> 01:07:08,955
cause further fat
making, cause more energy
1555
01:07:08,955 --> 01:07:11,169
to go into your fat cell.
1556
01:07:11,169 --> 01:07:13,725
There's your obesity.
1557
01:07:13,725 --> 01:07:16,760
And finally, our research has shown
1558
01:07:16,760 --> 01:07:18,008
that the higher the insulin goes,
1559
01:07:18,008 --> 01:07:21,250
the less well your brain
can see it's leptin.
1560
01:07:21,250 --> 01:07:23,331
And so there you've got
continued consumption
1561
01:07:23,331 --> 01:07:25,923
because your brain thinks it's starving.
1562
01:07:25,923 --> 01:07:28,582
And it's been shown in many different ways
1563
01:07:28,582 --> 01:07:30,575
that fructose consumption changes
1564
01:07:30,575 --> 01:07:33,318
the way your brain recognizes energy.
1565
01:07:33,318 --> 01:07:35,512
All in a negative fashion, so that you,
1566
01:07:35,512 --> 01:07:37,733
basically, think you're starving.
1567
01:07:37,733 --> 01:07:40,418
Your brain gets the signal
that you're starving
1568
01:07:40,418 --> 01:07:43,465
even though your fat cells are generating
1569
01:07:43,465 --> 01:07:47,632
a signal that says, "Hey,
I'm full like all get out."
1570
01:07:48,548 --> 01:07:50,333
So, this just shows you how it goes.
1571
01:07:50,333 --> 01:07:52,538
So, the high insulin generates the obesity
1572
01:07:52,538 --> 01:07:54,681
because this is that, remember the first
1573
01:07:54,681 --> 01:07:57,667
law of thermodynamics,
the biochemical force
1574
01:07:57,667 --> 01:08:00,084
generating the energy storage
1575
01:08:01,081 --> 01:08:03,072
as the primary phenomenon, remember,
1576
01:08:03,072 --> 01:08:06,285
if you're gonna store it,
and you expect to burn it
1577
01:08:06,285 --> 01:08:07,604
then you're gonna have to eat it.
1578
01:08:07,604 --> 01:08:09,335
So, here's the store it.
1579
01:08:09,335 --> 01:08:10,827
Normally, that would make leptin,
1580
01:08:10,827 --> 01:08:12,117
and the leptin should feed back
1581
01:08:12,117 --> 01:08:14,130
and turn everything off, but it doesn't,
1582
01:08:14,130 --> 01:08:16,405
because the insulin gets in the way,
1583
01:08:16,405 --> 01:08:18,331
and the high fat diet gets in the way.
1584
01:08:18,331 --> 01:08:20,965
Also, the hyperinsulinemia
stops the leptin
1585
01:08:20,965 --> 01:08:23,702
from acting on that nucleus accumbens,
1586
01:08:23,702 --> 01:08:25,571
and so you get an increased reward signal.
1587
01:08:25,571 --> 01:08:27,337
So that continues your appetite,
1588
01:08:27,337 --> 01:08:30,375
continues more fructose,
more carbohydrate,
1589
01:08:30,375 --> 01:08:32,894
generating more insulin
resistance than you can see.
1590
01:08:32,894 --> 01:08:35,994
You generate a vicious
cycle of consumption
1591
01:08:35,994 --> 01:08:38,411
and disease, and no stopping.
1592
01:08:39,549 --> 01:08:42,849
So, here we are,
hypertension, inflammation,
1593
01:08:42,849 --> 01:08:44,780
hepatic insulin resistance,
hyperinsulinemia,
1594
01:08:44,780 --> 01:08:46,672
dyslipidemia, muscle insulin resistance,
1595
01:08:46,672 --> 01:08:50,239
obesity, and continued consumption.
1596
01:08:50,239 --> 01:08:53,239
Looks like metabolic syndrome to me.
1597
01:08:54,370 --> 01:08:58,090
So, here are the phenomena associated
1598
01:08:58,090 --> 01:09:00,610
with chronic ethanol exposure.
1599
01:09:00,610 --> 01:09:02,615
Hematologic disorders,
electrolyte abnormalities,
1600
01:09:02,615 --> 01:09:04,353
hypertension, cardiac
dilation, cardiomyopathy,
1601
01:09:04,353 --> 01:09:06,829
dyslipidemia, pancreatitis, malnutrition,
1602
01:09:06,829 --> 01:09:08,444
obesity, hepatic dysfunction,
1603
01:09:08,444 --> 01:09:10,214
that's alcoholic steatohepatitis,
1604
01:09:10,214 --> 01:09:13,381
fetal alcohol syndrome, and addiction.
1605
01:09:14,919 --> 01:09:16,878
Here's fructose.
1606
01:09:16,878 --> 01:09:18,545
Eight out of twelve.
1607
01:09:19,856 --> 01:09:20,689
Why?
1608
01:09:22,039 --> 01:09:23,534
'Cause they do the same thing.
1609
01:09:23,534 --> 01:09:25,249
'Cause they metabolize the same way.
1610
01:09:25,249 --> 01:09:26,399
Because they are the same.
1611
01:09:26,399 --> 01:09:28,622
They come from the same place, right.
1612
01:09:28,622 --> 01:09:30,767
How do you make ethanol?
1613
01:09:30,767 --> 01:09:31,600
Naturally.
1614
01:09:32,645 --> 01:09:35,205
Right, you ferment sugar.
1615
01:09:35,205 --> 01:09:38,244
Hasn't changed, 'cause it
has all the same properties.
1616
01:09:38,244 --> 01:09:40,763
Because it's basically
taken care of by the liver
1617
01:09:40,763 --> 01:09:43,810
in exactly the same way,
and for the same reason.
1618
01:09:43,810 --> 01:09:46,402
Because sugar and ethanol are the same,
1619
01:09:46,402 --> 01:09:48,485
every which way you turn.
1620
01:09:49,946 --> 01:09:52,108
So, here's our clinic intervention.
1621
01:09:52,108 --> 01:09:53,928
This is what we do in our clinic.
1622
01:09:53,928 --> 01:09:55,816
It's as simple as you can imagine.
1623
01:09:55,816 --> 01:09:58,119
We write this on the back of a matchbook.
1624
01:09:58,119 --> 01:10:00,817
It's just as simple as you can make it.
1625
01:10:00,817 --> 01:10:01,964
We have four things we teach
1626
01:10:01,964 --> 01:10:03,569
the kids to do, and the parents.
1627
01:10:03,569 --> 01:10:06,953
Get rid of every sugared
liquid in the house, bar none.
1628
01:10:06,953 --> 01:10:09,216
Only water and milk, there is no
1629
01:10:09,216 --> 01:10:12,296
such thing as a good
sugar beverage, period.
1630
01:10:12,296 --> 01:10:14,116
Eat your carbohydrate with fiber.
1631
01:10:14,116 --> 01:10:14,949
Why?
1632
01:10:14,949 --> 01:10:16,299
Because fiber is good.
1633
01:10:16,299 --> 01:10:18,778
Fiber is supposed to be
an essential nutrient.
1634
01:10:18,778 --> 01:10:20,200
And we can talk later, if you want,
1635
01:10:20,200 --> 01:10:22,101
after the cameras turn off,
1636
01:10:22,101 --> 01:10:25,453
as to why fiber is not
an essential nutrient.
1637
01:10:25,453 --> 01:10:28,205
Because the government
doesn't want it to be.
1638
01:10:28,205 --> 01:10:31,689
'Cause then they couldn't
sell food abroad.
1639
01:10:31,689 --> 01:10:34,279
Wait 20 minutes for second portions,
1640
01:10:34,279 --> 01:10:35,978
to get that satiety signal.
1641
01:10:35,978 --> 01:10:37,857
And finally, buy your screen time
1642
01:10:37,857 --> 01:10:39,758
minute-for-minute with physical activity.
1643
01:10:39,758 --> 01:10:41,393
That's the hardest one to do.
1644
01:10:41,393 --> 01:10:43,356
So, if you play for half an hour,
1645
01:10:43,356 --> 01:10:45,001
you can watch TV for half an hour.
1646
01:10:45,001 --> 01:10:47,265
You wanna watch TV for an
hour, play for an hour.
1647
01:10:47,265 --> 01:10:48,473
That one's a hard one, but anyway.
1648
01:10:48,473 --> 01:10:50,620
We follow our patients every three months.
1649
01:10:50,620 --> 01:10:51,900
So, here's my question.
1650
01:10:51,900 --> 01:10:53,404
Does it work?
1651
01:10:53,404 --> 01:10:55,395
What do you think?
1652
01:10:55,395 --> 01:10:56,645
Yeah, it works.
1653
01:10:57,916 --> 01:11:01,448
So, this is BMI z-score
time from initial visit.
1654
01:11:01,448 --> 01:11:02,404
It works.
1655
01:11:02,404 --> 01:11:04,047
But, we were interested
in what made it work,
1656
01:11:04,047 --> 01:11:05,331
and made it didn't work, so we did
1657
01:11:05,331 --> 01:11:08,832
a multivariate linear regression analysis.
1658
01:11:08,832 --> 01:11:11,042
The thing that made it not work,
1659
01:11:11,042 --> 01:11:13,045
sugared beverage consumption.
1660
01:11:13,045 --> 01:11:16,448
The more sugar beverages the
patient drank at baseline,
1661
01:11:16,448 --> 01:11:20,115
the less well lifestyle
intervention worked
1662
01:11:20,115 --> 01:11:23,282
for all the reasons I just showed you.
1663
01:11:24,192 --> 01:11:27,609
So, why is exercise important in obesity.
1664
01:11:28,913 --> 01:11:31,043
Because it burns calories?
1665
01:11:31,043 --> 01:11:31,876
Come on.
1666
01:11:32,885 --> 01:11:35,150
20 minutes of jogging's
one chocolate chip cookie.
1667
01:11:35,150 --> 01:11:36,573
You can't do it.
(audience laughs)
1668
01:11:36,573 --> 01:11:38,374
Are you joking me?
1669
01:11:38,374 --> 01:11:40,874
So, why is exercise important?
1670
01:11:42,352 --> 01:11:43,896
I'll tell you why, here's why.
1671
01:11:43,896 --> 01:11:46,377
Number one, it improves
that skeletal muscle
1672
01:11:46,377 --> 01:11:48,894
insulin sensitivity because you're insulin
1673
01:11:48,894 --> 01:11:50,765
actually works better at your muscle,
1674
01:11:50,765 --> 01:11:52,472
which then brings your
insulin levels down.
1675
01:11:52,472 --> 01:11:53,772
Which is good for you.
1676
01:11:53,772 --> 01:11:57,043
Number two, it's your
indigenous stress reducer.
1677
01:11:57,043 --> 01:12:01,067
It's the single thing that
actually stress reduces.
1678
01:12:01,067 --> 01:12:02,399
And if you stress reduce,
1679
01:12:02,399 --> 01:12:04,844
what do you think your appetite does?
1680
01:12:04,844 --> 01:12:08,900
Goes down, because stress
and obesity go hand in hand,
1681
01:12:08,900 --> 01:12:10,485
for all sorts of reasons which are beyond
1682
01:12:10,485 --> 01:12:12,678
the scope of this lecture today.
1683
01:12:12,678 --> 01:12:13,778
But, we can talk about it in
1684
01:12:13,778 --> 01:12:15,274
the question period, if you want.
1685
01:12:15,274 --> 01:12:18,727
And then finally, remember
that de novo lipogenesis?
1686
01:12:18,727 --> 01:12:21,552
Remember those three nasty enzymes?
1687
01:12:21,552 --> 01:12:25,719
What if you burned the stuff
off before you made the fat?
1688
01:12:27,789 --> 01:12:29,525
That's what exercise does, 'cause it makes
1689
01:12:29,525 --> 01:12:31,547
that TCA cycle run
faster, so you don't get
1690
01:12:31,547 --> 01:12:33,458
the citrate leaving the mitochondria,
1691
01:12:33,458 --> 01:12:35,164
so it doesn't get turned into fat,
1692
01:12:35,164 --> 01:12:36,790
so it doesn't precipitate and cause
1693
01:12:36,790 --> 01:12:39,980
all the problems you just saw.
1694
01:12:39,980 --> 01:12:41,442
(speaking away from microphone)
1695
01:12:41,442 --> 01:12:45,037
That's what they mean by
a higher metabolism, yes.
1696
01:12:45,037 --> 01:12:47,883
But it has nothing to do
with burning of calories.
1697
01:12:47,883 --> 01:12:49,994
That is the stupidest reason
1698
01:12:49,994 --> 01:12:52,229
that I've every heard of for exercise.
1699
01:12:52,229 --> 01:12:54,271
You gotta be joking me.
1700
01:12:54,271 --> 01:12:55,879
You can't do it.
1701
01:12:55,879 --> 01:12:58,138
I mean one Big Mac and you gotta
1702
01:12:58,138 --> 01:12:59,992
mountain bike for ten hours.
1703
01:12:59,992 --> 01:13:01,485
(audience laughs)
1704
01:13:01,485 --> 01:13:03,139
Are you joking?
1705
01:13:03,139 --> 01:13:06,412
So, why is fiber important in obesity?
1706
01:13:06,412 --> 01:13:08,137
So, this is my motto in clinic.
1707
01:13:08,137 --> 01:13:12,746
When God made the poison, he
packaged it with the antidote.
1708
01:13:12,746 --> 01:13:14,710
'Cause fructose is a poison.
1709
01:13:14,710 --> 01:13:16,673
I think I've, hopefully, shown you that.
1710
01:13:16,673 --> 01:13:19,587
But, wherever there's fructose in nature,
1711
01:13:19,587 --> 01:13:21,723
there's way more fiber.
1712
01:13:21,723 --> 01:13:23,957
You ever see a piece of sugar cane?
1713
01:13:23,957 --> 01:13:25,002
It's a stick, right?
1714
01:13:25,002 --> 01:13:27,079
(audience laughs)
1715
01:13:27,079 --> 01:13:29,499
You can't even chew the damn thing, right?
1716
01:13:29,499 --> 01:13:30,590
You gotta suck the stuff out.
1717
01:13:30,590 --> 01:13:31,423
(sucking)
1718
01:13:31,423 --> 01:13:32,256
Like that, right?
1719
01:13:32,256 --> 01:13:33,321
I mean, how many calories you think you're
1720
01:13:33,321 --> 01:13:36,104
gonna get out of a piece of sugar cane?
1721
01:13:36,104 --> 01:13:38,696
They actually did studies
on the sugar plantations
1722
01:13:38,696 --> 01:13:40,696
back in the early 1900s.
1723
01:13:42,049 --> 01:13:44,539
All of the workers were healthy
1724
01:13:44,539 --> 01:13:47,363
and lived longer than the sugar executives
1725
01:13:47,363 --> 01:13:49,963
who got the processed product.
1726
01:13:49,963 --> 01:13:52,480
How 'bout that, wonder why.
1727
01:13:52,480 --> 01:13:55,754
So, eat your carbohydrate with fiber,
1728
01:13:55,754 --> 01:13:57,025
that's why we say that.
1729
01:13:57,025 --> 01:14:00,235
That includes sugar,
that's why fruit's okay.
1730
01:14:00,235 --> 01:14:01,483
Because number one, it limits
1731
01:14:01,483 --> 01:14:03,048
how much fructose you're gonna take in,
1732
01:14:03,048 --> 01:14:05,141
and number two, it gives
you an essential nutrient
1733
01:14:05,141 --> 01:14:06,859
which you needed in the first place.
1734
01:14:06,859 --> 01:14:08,990
And you get some
micronutrients along with it
1735
01:14:08,990 --> 01:14:12,534
so that you actually, your
liver works healthier.
1736
01:14:12,534 --> 01:14:14,214
So, here's what fiber does.
1737
01:14:14,214 --> 01:14:15,360
Number one, it reduces the rate
1738
01:14:15,360 --> 01:14:18,371
of intestinal carbohydrate absorption.
1739
01:14:18,371 --> 01:14:21,049
Now, sometimes that's bad.
1740
01:14:21,049 --> 01:14:23,690
I'll tell you when that's bad.
1741
01:14:23,690 --> 01:14:25,185
Now when that's bad?
1742
01:14:25,185 --> 01:14:28,852
That's bad when you're
at a formal function.
1743
01:14:32,802 --> 01:14:34,398
'Cause what happens if you reduce
1744
01:14:34,398 --> 01:14:38,624
the rate of carbohydrate
absorption in your gut?
1745
01:14:38,624 --> 01:14:40,430
The bacteria get to it.
1746
01:14:40,430 --> 01:14:42,230
So, as far as I'm concerned,
1747
01:14:42,230 --> 01:14:45,064
in life you've got two choices.
1748
01:14:45,064 --> 01:14:47,270
It's either fat or fart.
1749
01:14:47,270 --> 01:14:50,614
(audience laughs)
1750
01:14:50,614 --> 01:14:52,850
It increases the speed of transit
1751
01:14:52,850 --> 01:14:55,211
of the intestinal contents to the ilium,
1752
01:14:55,211 --> 01:14:57,205
and that raises this hormone over here
1753
01:14:57,205 --> 01:14:58,587
called PYY, which goes to your brain
1754
01:14:58,587 --> 01:15:00,191
and tells you the meal's over.
1755
01:15:00,191 --> 01:15:01,777
That's your satiety signal.
1756
01:15:01,777 --> 01:15:03,951
So when you add fiber to your diet,
1757
01:15:03,951 --> 01:15:05,953
you actually get your
satiety signal sooner,
1758
01:15:05,953 --> 01:15:07,912
because the food moves through faster.
1759
01:15:07,912 --> 01:15:09,863
And then, finally, it also inhibits
1760
01:15:09,863 --> 01:15:11,480
the absorption of some free fatty acids
1761
01:15:11,480 --> 01:15:13,572
all the way to the colon, and then those
1762
01:15:13,572 --> 01:15:16,069
get chopped up into little
itty bitty fragments
1763
01:15:16,069 --> 01:15:17,717
called short chain fatty acids,
1764
01:15:17,717 --> 01:15:19,432
and those actually suppress insulin,
1765
01:15:19,432 --> 01:15:20,854
as apposed to long chain fatty acids
1766
01:15:20,854 --> 01:15:22,245
which stimulate insulin.
1767
01:15:22,245 --> 01:15:25,060
So there are a whole bunch
of reasons why fiber is good.
1768
01:15:25,060 --> 01:15:29,051
Anybody ever heard of
the Paleolithic Diet?
1769
01:15:29,051 --> 01:15:32,090
Go home and read up on it on the internet.
1770
01:15:32,090 --> 01:15:33,530
The Paleolithic Diet.
1771
01:15:33,530 --> 01:15:35,353
Basically, if you east everything as it
1772
01:15:35,353 --> 01:15:39,020
came out of the ground
raw, with no cooking,
1773
01:15:40,651 --> 01:15:44,214
you would cure diabetes on a dime.
1774
01:15:44,214 --> 01:15:45,828
Takes about a week.
1775
01:15:45,828 --> 01:15:47,465
Because you're getting that 100
1776
01:15:47,465 --> 01:15:50,301
to 300 grams of fiber I mentioned before.
1777
01:15:50,301 --> 01:15:53,053
That's why, 'cause fiber is good for you.
1778
01:15:53,053 --> 01:15:54,761
And the more, the better.
1779
01:15:54,761 --> 01:15:56,055
- [Audience Member] Type 2.
1780
01:15:56,055 --> 01:15:58,193
Type 2, right, Type 2, not Type 1.
1781
01:15:58,193 --> 01:16:00,360
I stand corrected, Type 2.
1782
01:16:01,645 --> 01:16:03,580
Now, for some fun.
1783
01:16:03,580 --> 01:16:05,231
That's the end of the biochemistry.
1784
01:16:05,231 --> 01:16:06,478
Phew, how'd I do?
1785
01:16:06,478 --> 01:16:09,478
(audience applauds)
1786
01:16:11,008 --> 01:16:13,469
I told you I'd get you through it.
1787
01:16:13,469 --> 01:16:15,121
So, now comes the fun part.
1788
01:16:15,121 --> 01:16:18,898
The racial innuendos, and
all the political stuff.
1789
01:16:18,898 --> 01:16:21,236
The fructosification of America,
1790
01:16:21,236 --> 01:16:22,395
and, of course, the world.
1791
01:16:22,395 --> 01:16:23,228
Ready?
1792
01:16:24,325 --> 01:16:26,185
Another quiz.
1793
01:16:26,185 --> 01:16:28,002
Can you name the seven foodstuffs
1794
01:16:28,002 --> 01:16:29,349
at McDonald's that don't have
1795
01:16:29,349 --> 01:16:31,704
high fructose corn syrup or sucrose?
1796
01:16:31,704 --> 01:16:33,135
- [Audience Member] Mustard?
1797
01:16:33,135 --> 01:16:34,859
- (laughs) No, mustard has it.
1798
01:16:34,859 --> 01:16:37,015
(audience chatter)
1799
01:16:37,015 --> 01:16:39,526
Oh, come on, come one, the big one.
1800
01:16:39,526 --> 01:16:42,643
French fries, but they
have salt, starch, and fat.
1801
01:16:42,643 --> 01:16:44,106
So, they're not so good either.
1802
01:16:44,106 --> 01:16:45,439
Okay, what else?
1803
01:16:46,304 --> 01:16:47,229
We'll get to coffee.
1804
01:16:47,229 --> 01:16:49,078
Hash browns, for the same reason,
1805
01:16:49,078 --> 01:16:51,303
salt starch and fat.
1806
01:16:51,303 --> 01:16:55,449
What else, chicken
McNuggets, I was shocked.
1807
01:16:55,449 --> 01:16:56,282
I was shocked.
1808
01:16:56,282 --> 01:16:59,358
No sucrose or high fructose
corn syrup in chicken McNuggets.
1809
01:16:59,358 --> 01:17:02,404
But, as the Circuit
Court Judge in New York
1810
01:17:02,404 --> 01:17:05,648
called them, they are still
a McFrankenstein creation.
1811
01:17:05,648 --> 01:17:07,404
(audience laughs)
1812
01:17:07,404 --> 01:17:10,655
But, nonetheless, no sucrose,
I was really shocked.
1813
01:17:10,655 --> 01:17:12,230
Sausage.
1814
01:17:12,230 --> 01:17:13,935
Oh, they're terrible,
they're just disastrous.
1815
01:17:13,935 --> 01:17:15,592
But, I mean, there's
nothing good in them at all,
1816
01:17:15,592 --> 01:17:18,172
but there's not fructose.
1817
01:17:18,172 --> 01:17:22,339
Sausage, Diet Coke, Coffee,
if you don't add the sugar,
1818
01:17:25,669 --> 01:17:28,221
and ice tea, if you don't add the sugar.
1819
01:17:28,221 --> 01:17:29,846
By the way, the chicken McNuggets,
1820
01:17:29,846 --> 01:17:31,889
we have a disclaimer, because no one
1821
01:17:31,889 --> 01:17:35,777
eats the chicken McNuggets
without a dipping sauce.
1822
01:17:35,777 --> 01:17:38,073
And there's a whole bunch
of high fructose corn syrup
1823
01:17:38,073 --> 01:17:40,036
in the dipping sauce, right?
1824
01:17:40,036 --> 01:17:41,630
Okay, good, all right.
1825
01:17:41,630 --> 01:17:43,477
So, who's really drinking this?
1826
01:17:43,477 --> 01:17:45,156
We talked about this before.
1827
01:17:45,156 --> 01:17:46,156
Gatorade AM.
1828
01:17:48,111 --> 01:17:50,520
So, this is an attempt by Pepsi
1829
01:17:50,520 --> 01:17:54,033
to capture market share
on the juice market.
1830
01:17:54,033 --> 01:17:56,047
Do you think there are any elite athletes
1831
01:17:56,047 --> 01:17:59,216
who actually drink this stuff?
1832
01:17:59,216 --> 01:18:00,313
You gotta be kidding me.
1833
01:18:00,313 --> 01:18:02,813
Okay, this is for kids, right?
1834
01:18:04,560 --> 01:18:07,772
So, this really blew my socks off.
1835
01:18:07,772 --> 01:18:09,732
This was my daughter, when she
1836
01:18:09,732 --> 01:18:11,418
was in second grade, two years ago,
1837
01:18:11,418 --> 01:18:13,855
Miriam Lustig, brought these two
1838
01:18:13,855 --> 01:18:15,258
cartons of milk home for me, and said,
1839
01:18:15,258 --> 01:18:17,350
"Dad, you're not gonna believe this."
1840
01:18:17,350 --> 01:18:18,244
Second grade.
1841
01:18:18,244 --> 01:18:20,256
So, here's the calories in Berkeley Farms
1842
01:18:20,256 --> 01:18:23,927
1% low fat milk, 130 calories,
15 of them are sugars,
1843
01:18:23,927 --> 01:18:26,699
'cause it's lactose, which is okay.
1844
01:18:26,699 --> 01:18:29,665
And here's Berkeley
Farms 1% chocolate milk,
1845
01:18:29,665 --> 01:18:33,067
190 calories, 29 grams of sugar,
1846
01:18:33,067 --> 01:18:36,251
all high fructose corn syrup.
1847
01:18:36,251 --> 01:18:38,554
It's like a glass of milk plus
1848
01:18:38,554 --> 01:18:41,622
a half a glass of orange juice.
1849
01:18:41,622 --> 01:18:43,408
And that's what we're giving to our kids.
1850
01:18:43,408 --> 01:18:45,408
And do you know what the
1851
01:18:46,324 --> 01:18:48,682
nutrition department at the SFUSD says?
1852
01:18:48,682 --> 01:18:52,838
"Well, we have to get our
kids to drink milk some how."
1853
01:18:52,838 --> 01:18:54,800
Is that brilliant, or what?
1854
01:18:54,800 --> 01:18:55,944
I don't know.
1855
01:18:55,944 --> 01:18:57,611
Now, what about WIC.
1856
01:18:58,585 --> 01:19:00,692
So, we talked about the 112 pounds
1857
01:19:00,692 --> 01:19:03,662
of orange juice that the kid
down in Salinas was drinking.
1858
01:19:03,662 --> 01:19:05,560
What bout WIC?
1859
01:19:05,560 --> 01:19:07,521
Remember what we started with?
1860
01:19:07,521 --> 01:19:11,717
We have an epidemic of
obese six month olds.
1861
01:19:11,717 --> 01:19:12,550
Remember?
1862
01:19:14,268 --> 01:19:16,451
So, could this be the reason?
1863
01:19:16,451 --> 01:19:18,784
So, here's a can of formula.
1864
01:19:21,347 --> 01:19:25,264
43.2% corn syrup solids, 10.3% sugar.
1865
01:19:29,068 --> 01:19:30,901
It's a baby milkshake.
1866
01:19:33,732 --> 01:19:36,982
Soda, Coca Cola, is 10.5% sucrose.
1867
01:19:38,869 --> 01:19:41,369
Formula is 10.3% sucrose.
1868
01:19:42,256 --> 01:19:44,311
Any difference?
1869
01:19:44,311 --> 01:19:45,861
And there's a huge literature that's
1870
01:19:45,861 --> 01:19:47,832
now coming of age that shows that
1871
01:19:47,832 --> 01:19:50,641
the earlier you expose kids to sweet,
1872
01:19:50,641 --> 01:19:53,877
the more they're gonna crave it later.
1873
01:19:53,877 --> 01:19:56,066
Plus, there's a new literature that shows
1874
01:19:56,066 --> 01:19:59,853
the more sugar the pregnant
woman drinks or eats
1875
01:19:59,853 --> 01:20:01,817
during the pregnancy, the more that gets
1876
01:20:01,817 --> 01:20:05,748
across the placenta, and actually causes
1877
01:20:05,748 --> 01:20:07,841
what we call developmental programming,
1878
01:20:07,841 --> 01:20:12,759
changing the kids adiposity
even before the kid is born,
1879
01:20:12,759 --> 01:20:15,408
and driving this whole
epidemic even further.
1880
01:20:15,408 --> 01:20:18,747
So, we'll close in a few minutes.
1881
01:20:18,747 --> 01:20:22,329
But, I just wanna point
out what's the difference.
1882
01:20:22,329 --> 01:20:24,350
Here, we got a can of Coke.
1883
01:20:24,350 --> 01:20:25,853
Here we got a can of beer.
1884
01:20:25,853 --> 01:20:27,560
And I'm not picking on
Schlitz, or anything.
1885
01:20:27,560 --> 01:20:29,862
It's any beer you want, okay.
1886
01:20:29,862 --> 01:20:32,201
So, 150 calories each, no difference
1887
01:20:32,201 --> 01:20:33,926
in terms of total calories.
1888
01:20:33,926 --> 01:20:37,199
Percent carbohydrate, so
10.5% from sucrose here,
1889
01:20:37,199 --> 01:20:39,669
except it's high fructose
corn syrup, but who cares.
1890
01:20:39,669 --> 01:20:42,534
3.6% alcohol, here's the breakdown.
1891
01:20:42,534 --> 01:20:45,927
75 fructose, 75 glucose for the Coke.
1892
01:20:45,927 --> 01:20:49,648
90 alcohol 60 maltose for the beer.
1893
01:20:49,648 --> 01:20:51,771
Remember, the first pass GI metabolism
1894
01:20:51,771 --> 01:20:54,669
takes 10% of the alcohol off the table.
1895
01:20:54,669 --> 01:20:56,603
So, when you actually compute
1896
01:20:56,603 --> 01:20:58,472
the number of calories hitting the liver,
1897
01:20:58,472 --> 01:21:01,020
which remember was the big difference
1898
01:21:01,020 --> 01:21:03,418
between glucose and fructose, remember?
1899
01:21:03,418 --> 01:21:07,034
72 versus 24 and started
the whole thing into motion
1900
01:21:07,034 --> 01:21:09,992
as term of what happens that's bad.
1901
01:21:09,992 --> 01:21:12,242
Bottom line, no difference.
1902
01:21:13,245 --> 01:21:17,276
So, we have something called beer belly.
1903
01:21:17,276 --> 01:21:19,609
Well, welcome to soda belly.
1904
01:21:20,925 --> 01:21:23,514
'Cause that's what
America's suffering from.
1905
01:21:23,514 --> 01:21:24,957
No ifs ands or buts.
1906
01:21:24,957 --> 01:21:26,064
That's what it is.
1907
01:21:26,064 --> 01:21:29,560
Now, you wouldn't think twice about
1908
01:21:29,560 --> 01:21:32,227
not giving your kid a Budweiser.
1909
01:21:33,632 --> 01:21:35,563
But, you don't think twice about
1910
01:21:35,563 --> 01:21:38,063
giving your kid a can of Coke.
1911
01:21:39,231 --> 01:21:41,272
But, they're the same,
1912
01:21:41,272 --> 01:21:44,238
in the same dosing, for the same reason,
1913
01:21:44,238 --> 01:21:45,550
through the same mechanism.
1914
01:21:45,550 --> 01:21:48,633
Fructose is ethanol without the buzz.
1915
01:21:51,951 --> 01:21:53,613
Fructose is a carbohydrate.
1916
01:21:53,613 --> 01:21:55,006
Yes, it is.
1917
01:21:55,006 --> 01:21:57,230
But fructose is metabolized like a fat.
1918
01:21:57,230 --> 01:21:58,609
And I've just shown you that 30%
1919
01:21:58,609 --> 01:22:02,800
of any ingested fructose
load ends up as fat.
1920
01:22:02,800 --> 01:22:05,844
So when people talk about high
fat diets doing bad things,
1921
01:22:05,844 --> 01:22:06,907
no, what they're really talking
1922
01:22:06,907 --> 01:22:08,892
about is high fructose diets,
1923
01:22:08,892 --> 01:22:12,392
and that's what Ancel Keys was looking at.
1924
01:22:14,833 --> 01:22:18,228
So, the corollary to that
is, in America at least,
1925
01:22:18,228 --> 01:22:20,391
and around the world too, a low fat diet
1926
01:22:20,391 --> 01:22:22,475
isn't really a low fat diet.
1927
01:22:22,475 --> 01:22:24,690
Because the fructose or
sucrose doubles as fat,
1928
01:22:24,690 --> 01:22:26,832
it's really a high fat diet.
1929
01:22:26,832 --> 01:22:29,499
That's why our diets don't work.
1930
01:22:30,895 --> 01:22:33,922
And fructose, just like ethanol,
1931
01:22:33,922 --> 01:22:35,649
for the same reason,
through the same mechanism,
1932
01:22:35,649 --> 01:22:39,066
and in the same dosing, is also as toxin.
1933
01:22:40,526 --> 01:22:43,443
Now, last, what can we do about it?
1934
01:22:44,702 --> 01:22:46,966
Can we do anything about it?
1935
01:22:46,966 --> 01:22:48,466
How 'bout the FDA?
1936
01:22:49,709 --> 01:22:51,427
You think they can do something about it.
1937
01:22:51,427 --> 01:22:54,138
After all, aren't they
supposed to regulate our food?
1938
01:22:54,138 --> 01:22:55,904
Aren't they supposed to regulate
1939
01:22:55,904 --> 01:22:58,731
what they can put in food?
1940
01:22:58,731 --> 01:23:02,244
Weren't they supposed to regulate tobacco?
1941
01:23:02,244 --> 01:23:03,374
Now they are, actually.
1942
01:23:03,374 --> 01:23:05,995
So, you know, weird things.
1943
01:23:05,995 --> 01:23:07,783
So, I wanna just show you what
1944
01:23:07,783 --> 01:23:11,041
the tobacco company thinks of all this.
1945
01:23:11,041 --> 01:23:14,212
This is actually from the UCSF Legacy
1946
01:23:14,212 --> 01:23:15,897
Tobacco Documents Library that
1947
01:23:15,897 --> 01:23:17,869
Stan Glantz runs right across the street.
1948
01:23:17,869 --> 01:23:21,012
Stan's a good guy, like Stan a lot.
1949
01:23:21,012 --> 01:23:23,166
And he showed me this.
1950
01:23:23,166 --> 01:23:25,166
"Under the regulations
governing food additives,"
1951
01:23:25,166 --> 01:23:29,139
so this came from an Altria
or Phillip Morris executive,
1952
01:23:29,139 --> 01:23:31,650
"it is required that additives be safe,
1953
01:23:31,650 --> 01:23:33,295
"defined as a reasonable certainty
1954
01:23:33,295 --> 01:23:35,356
"by competent scientists that no harm
1955
01:23:35,356 --> 01:23:38,666
"will result form the
intended use of the additive."
1956
01:23:38,666 --> 01:23:41,833
Now, does fructose meet that standard?
1957
01:23:43,149 --> 01:23:45,324
Well, the FDA says that fructose,
1958
01:23:45,324 --> 01:23:48,554
high fructose corn syrup,
has what's knows as GRAS,
1959
01:23:48,554 --> 01:23:52,137
G R A S status, generally
regarded as safe.
1960
01:23:53,613 --> 01:23:56,405
Now, where'd that come from?
1961
01:23:56,405 --> 01:23:57,238
No where.
1962
01:23:58,416 --> 01:24:00,602
It came from no where.
1963
01:24:00,602 --> 01:24:02,876
It came from the notion
that, "Well, fructose
1964
01:24:02,876 --> 01:24:07,356
"is natural, it's in
fruit, it must be okay."
1965
01:24:07,356 --> 01:24:09,923
Well, tobacco's natural too.
1966
01:24:09,923 --> 01:24:10,756
But it's not.
1967
01:24:10,756 --> 01:24:12,880
Ethanol's natural, but it's not.
1968
01:24:12,880 --> 01:24:14,051
A whole bunch of, you know,
1969
01:24:14,051 --> 01:24:16,438
Jamaican ackee fruit's
natural, but it's not either.
1970
01:24:16,438 --> 01:24:17,521
It kills you.
1971
01:24:20,418 --> 01:24:21,485
Keeping on going.
1972
01:24:21,485 --> 01:24:23,568
"A food shall be deemed to be adulterated
1973
01:24:23,568 --> 01:24:25,519
"if it bears or contains any poisonous
1974
01:24:25,519 --> 01:24:26,881
"or deleterious substance which may
1975
01:24:26,881 --> 01:24:30,212
"render it injurious to health."
1976
01:24:30,212 --> 01:24:33,632
Fructose fits that description, right?
1977
01:24:33,632 --> 01:24:35,870
Uh-uh, but now with the prevention
1978
01:24:35,870 --> 01:24:37,647
of chronic diseases, even though
1979
01:24:37,647 --> 01:24:39,017
it's own regulations explicitly
1980
01:24:39,017 --> 01:24:40,575
postulate the connection between
1981
01:24:40,575 --> 01:24:42,920
such products and such diseases.
1982
01:24:42,920 --> 01:24:45,175
In other words, the FDA will only regulate
1983
01:24:45,175 --> 01:24:48,792
acute toxins, not a chronic toxin.
1984
01:24:48,792 --> 01:24:50,652
Fructose is a chronic toxin.
1985
01:24:50,652 --> 01:24:53,232
Acute fructose exposure
did nothing, remember.
1986
01:24:53,232 --> 01:24:55,273
'Cause the brain doesn't
metabolize fructose.
1987
01:24:55,273 --> 01:24:56,199
The liver does.
1988
01:24:56,199 --> 01:24:59,407
And the liver doesn't get
sick after one fructose meal.
1989
01:24:59,407 --> 01:25:02,748
It get's sick after 1000 fructose meals.
1990
01:25:02,748 --> 01:25:05,157
But, that's how many we eat.
1991
01:25:05,157 --> 01:25:07,747
So, the FDA isn't touching this.
1992
01:25:07,747 --> 01:25:09,426
The USDA isn't touching this.
1993
01:25:09,426 --> 01:25:12,424
Because if the USDA touched
this, what would that mean?
1994
01:25:12,424 --> 01:25:14,427
That would mean an admission to the world
1995
01:25:14,427 --> 01:25:16,677
that our food is a problem.
1996
01:25:18,063 --> 01:25:20,001
So, what to you think that would do?
1997
01:25:20,001 --> 01:25:22,786
There are three things in this country
1998
01:25:22,786 --> 01:25:25,418
that we can still sell overseas.
1999
01:25:25,418 --> 01:25:28,168
Weapons, entertainment, and food.
2000
01:25:30,376 --> 01:25:33,301
Cars? (laughs) Computers?
2001
01:25:33,301 --> 01:25:35,384
I don't thinks so.
2002
01:25:35,384 --> 01:25:36,906
Can anybody think of anything else
2003
01:25:36,906 --> 01:25:39,800
that another country wants of ours?
2004
01:25:39,800 --> 01:25:41,008
What?
2005
01:25:41,008 --> 01:25:43,001
Tobacco, right, tobacco. (laughs)
2006
01:25:43,001 --> 01:25:44,484
All right, you get the picture.
2007
01:25:44,484 --> 01:25:47,686
So, the USDA doesn't
wanna know about this.
2008
01:25:47,686 --> 01:25:49,747
'Cause this is bad news.
2009
01:25:49,747 --> 01:25:53,395
And so, who runs the food pyramid?
2010
01:25:53,395 --> 01:25:54,939
The USDA.
2011
01:25:54,939 --> 01:25:58,439
It's the fox in charge of the hen house.
2012
01:25:58,439 --> 01:26:00,349
Because their job is to sell food.
2013
01:26:00,349 --> 01:26:01,916
And who's eating it?
2014
01:26:01,916 --> 01:26:02,749
We are.
2015
01:26:04,305 --> 01:26:07,884
So, in summary, fructose, and I don't care
2016
01:26:07,884 --> 01:26:10,058
what the vehicle is, it's irrelevant,
2017
01:26:10,058 --> 01:26:11,338
sucrose or high fructose corn syrup,
2018
01:26:11,338 --> 01:26:13,929
I don't care, fructose
consumption's increased
2019
01:26:13,929 --> 01:26:17,148
in the past 30 years, coinciding
with the obesity epidemic.
2020
01:26:17,148 --> 01:26:20,025
A calorie is not a calorie.
2021
01:26:20,025 --> 01:26:21,415
And the dietitians in the country
2022
01:26:21,415 --> 01:26:24,982
are actually perpetrating this on us.
2023
01:26:24,982 --> 01:26:26,921
Because the more you think
a calorie's a calorie,
2024
01:26:26,921 --> 01:26:28,497
the more you think, well than if you
2025
01:26:28,497 --> 01:26:30,630
ate less and exercise more, it would work.
2026
01:26:30,630 --> 01:26:32,224
It doesn't.
2027
01:26:32,224 --> 01:26:35,058
All of the studies show it doesn't work.
2028
01:26:35,058 --> 01:26:36,996
Here's why it doesn't work,
2029
01:26:36,996 --> 01:26:39,426
because a calorie is not a calorie.
2030
01:26:39,426 --> 01:26:41,791
Fructose is not glucose.
2031
01:26:41,791 --> 01:26:43,268
We know a calorie is not a calorie.
2032
01:26:43,268 --> 01:26:45,036
'Cause there are good fats and bad fats.
2033
01:26:45,036 --> 01:26:47,413
There's good protein and bad protein.
2034
01:26:47,413 --> 01:26:50,237
Okay, there's good carbohydrate
and bad carbohydrate.
2035
01:26:50,237 --> 01:26:52,560
And glucose is good carbohydrate.
2036
01:26:52,560 --> 01:26:54,469
Glucose is the energy of life.
2037
01:26:54,469 --> 01:26:56,052
Fructose is poison.
2038
01:26:58,140 --> 01:26:59,246
You are not what you eat.
2039
01:26:59,246 --> 01:27:01,188
You are what you do with what you eat.
2040
01:27:01,188 --> 01:27:02,295
And what you do with fructose
2041
01:27:02,295 --> 01:27:05,820
is particularly egregious and dangerous.
2042
01:27:05,820 --> 01:27:07,537
Hepatic fructose metabolism leads to all
2043
01:27:07,537 --> 01:27:09,834
the manifestations of
the metabolic syndrome.
2044
01:27:09,834 --> 01:27:12,265
Hypertension through
that uric acid pathway,
2045
01:27:12,265 --> 01:27:13,893
de novo lipogenesis, dyslipidemia,
2046
01:27:13,893 --> 01:27:17,375
hepatic steatosis
through that DNL pathway,
2047
01:27:17,375 --> 01:27:19,724
those three enzymes, the
new fat making pathway,
2048
01:27:19,724 --> 01:27:22,780
inflammation through JNK1,
hepatic insulin resistance
2049
01:27:22,780 --> 01:27:24,385
because of the serine phosphorylation
2050
01:27:24,385 --> 01:27:27,566
of IRS-1, obesity because
of the VLDL transport
2051
01:27:27,566 --> 01:27:29,639
to the adiposite, and leptin resistance
2052
01:27:29,639 --> 01:27:31,833
promoting continuous consumption,
2053
01:27:31,833 --> 01:27:34,818
basically starving your brain,
2054
01:27:34,818 --> 01:27:37,063
making you think you need more.
2055
01:27:37,063 --> 01:27:39,899
Fructose ingestion interferes
with obesity intervention,
2056
01:27:39,899 --> 01:27:41,493
as we showed in our clinic.
2057
01:27:41,493 --> 01:27:43,046
The more soft drinks, the less well
2058
01:27:43,046 --> 01:27:45,402
diet and exercise actually worked.
2059
01:27:45,402 --> 01:27:48,340
Fructose is a chronic hepatotoxin
2060
01:27:48,340 --> 01:27:50,441
for the same reason that alcohol is.
2061
01:27:50,441 --> 01:27:51,399
The only difference is alcohol is
2062
01:27:51,399 --> 01:27:55,198
metabolized by the brain,
so you get alcohol effects.
2063
01:27:55,198 --> 01:27:57,352
Fructose is not metabolized by the brain
2064
01:27:57,352 --> 01:27:58,591
so you don't get those effects.
2065
01:27:58,591 --> 01:28:01,485
But everything else it does is the same.
2066
01:28:01,485 --> 01:28:04,247
But the FDA can't and won't regulate it.
2067
01:28:04,247 --> 01:28:05,955
It's up to us.
2068
01:28:05,955 --> 01:28:09,359
I'm standing here today to recruit you.
2069
01:28:09,359 --> 01:28:13,350
That's a famous saying here
in San Francisco, right?
2070
01:28:13,350 --> 01:28:16,154
"I'm Harvey Milk, and
I'm here to recruit you."
2071
01:28:16,154 --> 01:28:18,514
I'm Robert Lustig, and
I'm here to recruit you
2072
01:28:18,514 --> 01:28:20,847
in the war against bad food.
2073
01:28:22,589 --> 01:28:24,620
And this is what's bad.
2074
01:28:24,620 --> 01:28:27,047
With that, I wanna thank my colleagues
2075
01:28:27,047 --> 01:28:28,774
at the UCSF Department of Pediatrics
2076
01:28:28,774 --> 01:28:31,732
in our Weight Assessment for
Teen and Child Health Clinic,
2077
01:28:31,732 --> 01:28:34,413
UCSF Department of
Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
2078
01:28:34,413 --> 01:28:36,779
and also Department of
Nutritional Sciences
2079
01:28:36,779 --> 01:28:40,182
at UC Berkeley, in particular
Doctor Jean-Marc Schwarz,
2080
01:28:40,182 --> 01:28:42,732
who is a card carrying
fructose biochemist,
2081
01:28:42,732 --> 01:28:45,039
PhD biochemist, who vetted all of these
2082
01:28:45,039 --> 01:28:47,202
pathways that I've shown you today,
2083
01:28:47,202 --> 01:28:50,616
and looked at this and said,
"Oh my God, it is a toxin."
2084
01:28:50,616 --> 01:28:52,754
He worked in the stuff for 15 years,
2085
01:28:52,754 --> 01:28:56,501
and he didn't even realize it
was a toxin until he saw this.
2086
01:28:56,501 --> 01:28:57,627
So, with that, I'll close.
2087
01:28:57,627 --> 01:28:58,460
Thanks you.
2088
01:28:58,460 --> 01:29:01,775
(audience applauds)
2089
01:29:01,775 --> 01:29:04,942
(upbeat techno music)
152660
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