Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:45,680
This stone village
in Orkney, Scotland,
2
00:00:45,680 --> 00:00:49,880
was unknown until a storm
uncovered it in 1850.
3
00:00:53,840 --> 00:00:58,040
Experts believe people lived
here 5,000 years ago,
4
00:00:58,040 --> 00:01:01,760
which makes it older than
the Pyramids and Stonehenge.
5
00:01:05,480 --> 00:01:10,120
What brought these ancient
people here to this spot?
6
00:01:10,120 --> 00:01:13,440
One thing. The ocean.
7
00:01:18,640 --> 00:01:22,320
The people here were among the first
farmers in this part of the world,
8
00:01:22,320 --> 00:01:26,600
but they sited their village
next to the ocean for a reason.
9
00:01:26,600 --> 00:01:30,680
Being near to the ocean brought
many advantages - seafood and fish
10
00:01:30,680 --> 00:01:35,440
for their plate, seaweed for
roofing or as fuel for the fire,
11
00:01:35,440 --> 00:01:38,400
a means by which
to trade with others.
12
00:01:38,400 --> 00:01:42,080
Today, seafood is a substantial
part of the daily diet
13
00:01:42,080 --> 00:01:44,120
of over three billion people.
14
00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:49,080
The ocean has absorbed almost
a third of all the greenhouse gases
15
00:01:49,080 --> 00:01:55,000
we've emitted, and the ocean remains
a place of wonder and inspiration.
16
00:01:57,000 --> 00:01:59,480
But it is not what it once was.
17
00:02:00,600 --> 00:02:02,800
Scenes of extraordinary
ocean abundance
18
00:02:02,800 --> 00:02:05,440
now only exist in far-off places...
19
00:02:09,040 --> 00:02:11,160
..or in tales from the past.
20
00:02:11,160 --> 00:02:15,280
History suggests you and I
have never seen our sea
21
00:02:15,280 --> 00:02:16,880
the way it should be.
22
00:02:18,240 --> 00:02:21,920
We urgently need to mend our
relationship with our oceans
23
00:02:21,920 --> 00:02:24,360
and allow them to thrive once again,
24
00:02:24,360 --> 00:02:27,320
which is why Revive Our Oceans
25
00:02:27,320 --> 00:02:30,480
is the fourth goal
of the Earthshot Prize.
26
00:02:31,960 --> 00:02:34,600
Every year till 2030,
27
00:02:34,600 --> 00:02:37,200
the prize will award £1 million
28
00:02:37,200 --> 00:02:40,000
to a project that can help us
achieve this goal.
29
00:02:42,080 --> 00:02:46,400
In this film, we'll discover
the main problems we face.
30
00:02:46,400 --> 00:02:48,160
We will meet people around the world
31
00:02:48,160 --> 00:02:51,360
who are showing
how we can turn the tide.
32
00:02:51,360 --> 00:02:54,440
And I'll introduce you
to the new projects
33
00:02:54,440 --> 00:02:57,800
shortlisted for this year's Earthshot Prize.
34
00:03:08,520 --> 00:03:11,320
Here to tell the story of how
we can revive our oceans
35
00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:13,200
are Sir David Attenborough
36
00:03:13,200 --> 00:03:15,720
and a member
of our Earthshot Prize council
37
00:03:15,720 --> 00:03:18,400
who has spent their entire life
by the sea -
38
00:03:18,400 --> 00:03:21,720
multi-award winning
singer-songwriter Shakira.
39
00:03:31,840 --> 00:03:33,600
You may know me as an artist,
40
00:03:33,600 --> 00:03:36,080
but I'm also still a girl
from Barranquilla
41
00:03:36,080 --> 00:03:38,080
on the Caribbean coast of Colombia,
42
00:03:38,080 --> 00:03:40,640
so I grew up not far from the beach.
43
00:03:40,640 --> 00:03:43,080
And later in life
I lived in many places.
44
00:03:43,080 --> 00:03:45,440
But wherever I've gone,
the ocean has always been nearby
45
00:03:45,440 --> 00:03:47,400
and it's a part of who I am.
46
00:03:49,480 --> 00:03:53,000
The ocean for me is an escape.
47
00:03:53,000 --> 00:03:55,280
I've recently gotten into surfing,
48
00:03:55,280 --> 00:03:59,280
and when I'm out in the water
waiting for that next wave,
49
00:03:59,280 --> 00:04:01,040
I feel so calm.
50
00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:07,560
It's like time has stopped
and my head is completely clear.
51
00:04:11,560 --> 00:04:13,120
The sea is not what it should be,
52
00:04:13,120 --> 00:04:17,120
but a few special places remind us
of what a healthy ocean looks like.
53
00:04:19,560 --> 00:04:22,680
These reefs are in
Jardines de la Reina in Cuba,
54
00:04:22,680 --> 00:04:26,360
just across the sea
from where I grew up in Colombia.
55
00:04:26,360 --> 00:04:30,240
It's a place recognised
as one of the most pristine
56
00:04:30,240 --> 00:04:32,280
in the whole Caribbean.
57
00:04:32,280 --> 00:04:34,840
A last stronghold for many species
58
00:04:34,840 --> 00:04:37,720
now mostly absent elsewhere.
59
00:04:39,160 --> 00:04:42,200
This vibrancy and abundance
should become a place
60
00:04:42,200 --> 00:04:43,920
all around the world.
61
00:04:45,480 --> 00:04:48,400
The magic of the ocean
is that it could come back.
62
00:04:49,880 --> 00:04:52,960
We are in a critical decade,
but it's not too late -
63
00:04:52,960 --> 00:04:55,320
we can revive the ocean.
64
00:05:01,640 --> 00:05:05,560
Planet Earth might be better
named Planet Water.
65
00:05:06,680 --> 00:05:09,800
Life first evolved in the ocean,
66
00:05:09,800 --> 00:05:12,520
most life still lives in the ocean,
67
00:05:12,520 --> 00:05:17,000
and the ocean continues
to sustain all life on land,
68
00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:20,320
watering our forests and fields.
69
00:05:20,320 --> 00:05:22,280
An ocean full of life
70
00:05:22,280 --> 00:05:26,280
affects our lives far more
than you might realise.
71
00:05:27,720 --> 00:05:32,400
All along our coasts,
there are unique habitats.
72
00:05:32,400 --> 00:05:36,880
Kelp forests, seagrass prairies,
73
00:05:36,880 --> 00:05:40,000
mangroves, salt marsh
74
00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:42,640
and coral reefs.
75
00:05:42,640 --> 00:05:48,480
They're all critically important
in protecting us from ocean storms.
76
00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:52,080
Coral reefs alone
are the first line of defence
77
00:05:52,080 --> 00:05:54,360
for over 60 million people.
78
00:05:57,360 --> 00:06:00,680
These coastal habitats
are also nursery grounds
79
00:06:00,680 --> 00:06:05,920
for much of the seafood we love and
that many nations still depend on.
80
00:06:09,680 --> 00:06:14,040
Offshore, microscopic plants
called phytoplankton
81
00:06:14,040 --> 00:06:18,000
exist in such abundance
they produce more oxygen
82
00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:21,520
than all the world's forests
and grasslands combined.
83
00:06:23,920 --> 00:06:28,760
The tiny plants also absorb
40% of all carbon dioxide
84
00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:30,880
released into the atmosphere,
85
00:06:30,880 --> 00:06:34,280
so they're vital
for climate regulation.
86
00:06:38,560 --> 00:06:46,360
They, in turn, rely on the ocean
giants that feed in the depths
87
00:06:46,360 --> 00:06:50,200
and recycle essential nutrients
to the surface.
88
00:06:53,680 --> 00:06:56,720
So we need a healthy ocean -
89
00:06:56,720 --> 00:06:59,040
to provide us with food,
90
00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:01,360
to protect us from storms
91
00:07:01,360 --> 00:07:04,200
and to regulate our climate.
92
00:07:06,280 --> 00:07:09,240
But we don't have a healthy ocean.
93
00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:11,720
Far from it.
94
00:07:13,400 --> 00:07:17,000
Our ocean is suffering
on multiple fronts.
95
00:07:18,320 --> 00:07:20,960
It's the people
who know the ocean best
96
00:07:20,960 --> 00:07:23,560
who can see where we've gone wrong.
97
00:07:29,280 --> 00:07:32,480
For me, fishing is a way of life.
98
00:07:33,800 --> 00:07:36,440
Maybe I've got salt water
instead of blood,
99
00:07:36,440 --> 00:07:38,760
but I just couldn't
live without the sea.
100
00:07:42,280 --> 00:07:45,920
My name is Malcolm Saunders
and I'm a Cornish fisherman.
101
00:07:59,280 --> 00:08:01,520
The first time I remember fishing,
102
00:08:01,520 --> 00:08:05,000
I suppose I was about
three or four year old.
103
00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:08,000
Uncle Will took me out
on his little boat,
104
00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:10,160
we were catching mackerel.
105
00:08:10,160 --> 00:08:12,200
Watching them lying on the deck
106
00:08:12,200 --> 00:08:15,960
with a rainbow of colours
flashing in the sunlight
107
00:08:15,960 --> 00:08:18,520
used to just amaze me
108
00:08:18,520 --> 00:08:21,320
and that's all what I wanted to do
was catch fish.
109
00:08:23,440 --> 00:08:26,720
When I was a child,
the boats were small,
110
00:08:26,720 --> 00:08:31,440
they didn't have
any technology whatsoever.
111
00:08:31,440 --> 00:08:34,600
We only ever fished
within a few miles of the shore.
112
00:08:34,600 --> 00:08:37,760
I mean, there was so much pilchards
in the English Channel
113
00:08:37,760 --> 00:08:42,120
that we never touched the stocks
that were 20 miles out.
114
00:08:42,120 --> 00:08:45,840
So there was loads of fish,
loads of fish in those times.
115
00:08:48,080 --> 00:08:50,240
In the 50 years I've been fishing,
116
00:08:50,240 --> 00:08:53,120
I've done every sort of fishing
that you can think of...
117
00:08:55,080 --> 00:09:01,040
..from fishing locally to
beam trawling up as far as Denmark.
118
00:09:01,040 --> 00:09:05,200
And there we were, pumping,
pumping 50 ton at a time.
119
00:09:06,760 --> 00:09:09,680
Gear, technology has rocketed.
120
00:09:09,680 --> 00:09:12,920
Every designer in the world
making new nets
121
00:09:12,920 --> 00:09:15,360
to catch fish more efficiently.
122
00:09:17,760 --> 00:09:23,120
Sonars on boats scan the sea around
for up to two miles
123
00:09:23,120 --> 00:09:26,400
and picks up every shoal of fish.
124
00:09:26,400 --> 00:09:28,960
My little boat weighs two tonnes.
125
00:09:28,960 --> 00:09:34,920
These boats will be in the region
of 3 to 5,000-tonne ships
126
00:09:34,920 --> 00:09:39,160
and they're just immense. So they're
basically floating factories.
127
00:09:42,320 --> 00:09:44,880
They catch
ridiculous amounts of fish.
128
00:09:44,880 --> 00:09:47,960
These huge boats
can empty the ocean.
129
00:09:47,960 --> 00:09:50,840
It's industrial fishing, we call it.
130
00:09:53,760 --> 00:09:57,000
When I was younger, I thought
the fish was endless,
131
00:09:57,000 --> 00:10:01,240
I thought there's so much fish
in the sea, we'd never catch it all
132
00:10:01,240 --> 00:10:04,560
and now I realise
the mistake I made.
133
00:10:06,720 --> 00:10:08,960
We can catch fish
134
00:10:08,960 --> 00:10:13,240
but we just must change the way
we do it. Our habits must change.
135
00:10:15,520 --> 00:10:19,600
As rich nations develop
their industrial fishing fleets,
136
00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:24,280
dwindling catches push them further
from home and deeper
137
00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:27,240
in search of fresh stocks
to exploit.
138
00:10:28,280 --> 00:10:30,360
More than four-fifths of fish stocks
139
00:10:30,360 --> 00:10:34,080
are now exploited
to the limits or overfished.
140
00:10:36,560 --> 00:10:38,400
The technology we now have
141
00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:43,320
means we are effectively too good
at catching fish.
142
00:10:45,360 --> 00:10:48,240
The waters of the West African coast
143
00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:52,760
should be some of the most
productive in the ocean.
144
00:10:52,760 --> 00:10:56,760
But the arrival of trawlers
from industrialised nations
145
00:10:56,760 --> 00:10:59,880
has seen fish stocks
drop dramatically.
146
00:11:48,600 --> 00:11:52,440
John and his crew
are artisanal fishermen.
147
00:11:56,920 --> 00:12:00,440
Small-scale and low-tech
artisanal fisheries
148
00:12:00,440 --> 00:12:04,760
are nonetheless
of global importance.
149
00:12:04,760 --> 00:12:10,000
More than 100 million people depend
on them for their livelihoods.
150
00:12:34,520 --> 00:12:39,640
John has lived through the collapse
of Liberia's fish stocks.
151
00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:43,400
Although local techniques
have changed little in decades,
152
00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:46,520
last century, the Liberian fishermen
153
00:12:46,520 --> 00:12:49,800
witnessed the arrival
of foreign trawlers.
154
00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:51,440
By the turn of the millennium,
155
00:12:51,440 --> 00:12:54,400
the artisanal fisheries
were in crisis.
156
00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:01,520
In the fishing free-for-all,
157
00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:05,000
the local fishermen like John
and his crew found themselves
158
00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:08,480
competing for the last of the fish.
159
00:14:37,720 --> 00:14:40,800
A similar story has played out
in communities
160
00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:43,760
along the West African coast.
161
00:14:43,760 --> 00:14:46,960
It's not just global fish stocks
that are dwindling -
162
00:14:46,960 --> 00:14:50,800
we've been steadily depleting
ocean habitats, too.
163
00:14:52,720 --> 00:14:54,640
A few committed individuals
164
00:14:54,640 --> 00:14:57,800
are finding ways to bring them
to our attention.
165
00:15:03,280 --> 00:15:06,000
When I make these scans
of the seaweeds,
166
00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:10,080
I never tire of their fabulousness.
167
00:15:10,080 --> 00:15:14,960
My first job is to make you go,
"Wow, that's extraordinary!
168
00:15:14,960 --> 00:15:18,000
"I never knew
seaweed could be like that."
169
00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:21,360
And to then say,
"Let's pay some attention."
170
00:15:21,360 --> 00:15:25,000
These are really important organisms
for the health of our ocean.
171
00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:28,200
My name is Josie Iselin.
172
00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:30,080
I'm an author, artist,
173
00:15:30,080 --> 00:15:32,600
and I tell seaweed stories.
174
00:15:37,080 --> 00:15:40,240
Josie's world
is the underwater forests
175
00:15:40,240 --> 00:15:43,880
that once grew thick
along the Californian coast.
176
00:15:45,640 --> 00:15:48,760
Giant kelp can grow
as tall as trees
177
00:15:48,760 --> 00:15:52,840
and at speeds many times
faster than trees on land.
178
00:15:56,040 --> 00:16:00,000
I go out into the magic
of the amber forest
179
00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:02,720
and there is an exhilaration
180
00:16:02,720 --> 00:16:05,120
and a majesty to these organisms
181
00:16:05,120 --> 00:16:08,560
that I feel transported by.
182
00:16:11,360 --> 00:16:13,560
They do everything trees do.
183
00:16:13,560 --> 00:16:18,680
They sequester carbon even more
efficiently than forests on land.
184
00:16:20,360 --> 00:16:24,840
And they are also eco-engineers and
that means that they build habitat.
185
00:16:24,840 --> 00:16:29,760
They are as important as
the redwood forest, the rainforest.
186
00:16:29,760 --> 00:16:32,400
But there's also
a vulnerability to them.
187
00:16:34,520 --> 00:16:37,240
When I'm snorkelling
and I encounter an urchin barren,
188
00:16:37,240 --> 00:16:40,280
it really makes
a strong impression.
189
00:16:43,440 --> 00:16:49,280
Sea urchins can reduce a forest
of kelp down to bare rock.
190
00:16:49,280 --> 00:16:54,840
These kelp graveyards
are called urchin barrens.
191
00:16:54,840 --> 00:16:56,720
It's pretty devastating.
192
00:16:56,720 --> 00:16:58,800
It's as if you're watching
193
00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:00,560
an old friend
194
00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:04,520
be eaten up by aliens
from outer space.
195
00:17:08,280 --> 00:17:10,880
It's not that urchins are alien,
196
00:17:10,880 --> 00:17:13,160
it's that urchins in those numbers,
197
00:17:13,160 --> 00:17:16,720
and with this voracious appetite,
is alien.
198
00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:21,000
In healthy kelp forest,
urchins and abalone -
199
00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:23,960
that eat the kelp - are very much
part of the system.
200
00:17:23,960 --> 00:17:28,400
But in a balanced system, there
would also be top predators around
201
00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:32,000
to keep the urchin populations
in check.
202
00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:35,320
Sea otters, predators of the urchin,
203
00:17:35,320 --> 00:17:40,040
were hunted to extinction in
Northern California for their fur.
204
00:17:42,160 --> 00:17:45,440
Sunflower sea stars,
which also eat urchins,
205
00:17:45,440 --> 00:17:51,040
boomed until they were all
but wiped out by a viral epidemic.
206
00:17:53,520 --> 00:17:58,440
Then ocean warming triggered
a mass urchin spawning event.
207
00:17:58,440 --> 00:18:00,720
It was a perfect storm.
208
00:18:02,640 --> 00:18:05,280
So there is no top predator
in the system,
209
00:18:05,280 --> 00:18:11,240
and that tipped the balance in many
places towards these urchin barrens.
210
00:18:12,680 --> 00:18:16,000
We're suddenly realising that
not only are fish populations
211
00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:20,360
in decline, but all those other
services that the kelp provide to us
212
00:18:20,360 --> 00:18:22,520
is in decline.
213
00:18:23,680 --> 00:18:26,360
The problem is a global one.
214
00:18:26,360 --> 00:18:30,240
Kelp is in decline
from Norway to Tasmania
215
00:18:30,240 --> 00:18:32,440
due to the loss of predators,
216
00:18:32,440 --> 00:18:35,520
coastal development
and ocean warming.
217
00:18:37,480 --> 00:18:40,760
And it's not just the kelp forests.
218
00:18:40,760 --> 00:18:45,080
We have lost at least 30%
of the world's seagrass prairies...
219
00:18:47,680 --> 00:18:50,480
..almost 40% of mangroves...
220
00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:55,480
..and 50% of salt marshes.
221
00:18:55,480 --> 00:18:57,880
The plight of our ocean habitats
222
00:18:57,880 --> 00:19:02,760
has been out of sight
and out of mind for too long.
223
00:19:02,760 --> 00:19:05,000
And that's not all.
224
00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:07,040
There's another invisible threat
225
00:19:07,040 --> 00:19:11,320
that is of growing concern
for ocean wildlife.
226
00:19:11,320 --> 00:19:15,000
We're only now beginning
to understand the scale
227
00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:19,000
and the tragedy of ocean pollution.
228
00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:23,000
My name is Dr Deborah Giles.
I'm a research biologist
229
00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:27,040
with the University of Washington
Center for Conservation Biology.
230
00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:37,680
I study whales, specifically
the endangered population
231
00:19:37,680 --> 00:19:40,440
of exclusively fish-eating
killer whales
232
00:19:40,440 --> 00:19:43,480
called the southern resident
killer whales.
233
00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:45,000
A few years ago,
234
00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:49,360
one of these whales made
headline news around the world.
235
00:19:49,360 --> 00:19:53,440
A killer whale captures the world's
attention in a terrible way.
236
00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:57,080
For 16 days, she's been carrying
her dead calf on her back.
237
00:19:57,080 --> 00:20:01,200
We learn more...
J35, otherwise known as Tahlequah,
238
00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:05,960
gave birth to a female calf
in 2018.
239
00:20:05,960 --> 00:20:10,440
That calf died within about
30 minutes of being born.
240
00:20:16,040 --> 00:20:20,640
As a killer whale scientist,
as a human, you want to know why,
241
00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:23,280
why did that baby die?
242
00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:26,400
That infant body
was never recovered.
243
00:20:26,400 --> 00:20:28,400
But Giles is collecting evidence
244
00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:33,240
to explain why so many killer whales
are now dying young.
245
00:20:33,240 --> 00:20:36,760
The best way to understand
what's happening inside of a whale
246
00:20:36,760 --> 00:20:39,000
is to look at what comes out.
247
00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:42,200
That means studying
killer whale poop, or scat.
248
00:20:45,280 --> 00:20:48,240
One of the really fantastic
things about our study
249
00:20:48,240 --> 00:20:52,240
is that we're able to noninvasively
collect faecal samples
250
00:20:52,240 --> 00:20:56,520
by using our scat-detection dog Eba
on the front of the boat
251
00:20:56,520 --> 00:20:59,080
to help us find those samples.
252
00:20:59,080 --> 00:21:05,360
A dog's nose has 50 times more
scent receptors than ours do so,
253
00:21:05,360 --> 00:21:09,320
kitted out with protection
from the salt spray and sunshine,
254
00:21:09,320 --> 00:21:12,080
Eba takes command.
255
00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:14,040
Working with a dog is amazing.
256
00:21:14,040 --> 00:21:17,800
It feels like you're borrowing
a superpower from an animal.
257
00:21:17,800 --> 00:21:20,680
She will whip around
to the side of the boat
258
00:21:20,680 --> 00:21:23,480
in which that scent is coming from.
259
00:21:23,480 --> 00:21:28,280
That can be up to a mile away
that she can smell that.
260
00:21:28,280 --> 00:21:31,960
One scat sample
is like a gold mine.
261
00:21:31,960 --> 00:21:36,360
We can look at hormones like stress
hormones, nutrition hormones,
262
00:21:36,360 --> 00:21:38,760
pretty much anything
you can imagine,
263
00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:43,040
you can study by looking at
just one faecal sample.
264
00:21:43,040 --> 00:21:48,000
Analysis of the scats
has revealed two key things.
265
00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:52,600
Firstly, hormones reveal
the whales are starving.
266
00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:56,520
It's clear there simply aren't
enough salmon left in these waters
267
00:21:56,520 --> 00:21:58,000
for them to eat.
268
00:21:59,280 --> 00:22:02,960
And this is exacerbated
by a second factor.
269
00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:06,320
One of the main identified threats
270
00:22:06,320 --> 00:22:09,320
to the southern resident
killer whales are toxicants,
271
00:22:09,320 --> 00:22:12,960
chemicals called POPS,
or persistent organic pollutants.
272
00:22:12,960 --> 00:22:16,480
And they're called that because
they persist in the environment
273
00:22:16,480 --> 00:22:19,840
and in animals that eat them.
274
00:22:19,840 --> 00:22:24,640
These industrial chemicals
leach from the land into the ocean
275
00:22:24,640 --> 00:22:27,480
where they're absorbed by plankton.
276
00:22:27,480 --> 00:22:30,400
Then, as they pass up
the food chain,
277
00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:34,400
they become increasingly
concentrated into fewer,
278
00:22:34,400 --> 00:22:36,880
larger animals,
279
00:22:36,880 --> 00:22:41,040
ultimately reaching lethal levels
in whales.
280
00:22:43,160 --> 00:22:46,760
In the past, females were easily
living into their 80s
281
00:22:46,760 --> 00:22:48,720
and males into their 60s.
282
00:22:48,720 --> 00:22:51,480
These days we're losing males
just as
283
00:22:51,480 --> 00:22:54,680
they're reaching their prime
breeding age, so in their early 20s.
284
00:22:54,680 --> 00:22:58,640
And that is because they don't have
any way to off-load the toxicants
285
00:22:58,640 --> 00:23:01,920
that are building up
in their system.
286
00:23:01,920 --> 00:23:05,160
Toxins are now infecting
more than half the world's
287
00:23:05,160 --> 00:23:07,320
killer whale populations.
288
00:23:09,600 --> 00:23:13,520
When a female gets pregnant,
she is transferring those chemicals
289
00:23:13,520 --> 00:23:15,920
into the gestating foetus
290
00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:20,280
and then she off-loads almost 100%
of whatever is left of the toxicants
291
00:23:20,280 --> 00:23:23,560
in her system
through her milk to her calf.
292
00:23:26,360 --> 00:23:30,160
It's possible that the death
of J35's calf
293
00:23:30,160 --> 00:23:33,600
was caused by an overload of toxins.
294
00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:37,720
She carried that baby, actually,
until it came apart.
295
00:23:37,720 --> 00:23:40,360
There was nothing more to carry.
296
00:23:40,360 --> 00:23:43,040
It was heartbreaking to watch.
297
00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:46,800
This mom couldn't let it go.
298
00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:53,280
To forgo foraging with and hunting
with her family and eating,
299
00:23:53,280 --> 00:23:59,720
and instead carry her baby
around...was...
300
00:23:59,720 --> 00:24:02,000
It was the most...
301
00:24:03,720 --> 00:24:06,880
It was the most telling... I was
going to say the most human thing
302
00:24:06,880 --> 00:24:09,920
she could have done, but that's...
It was more than that.
303
00:24:09,920 --> 00:24:13,520
I think of these whales
as better versions of ourselves.
304
00:24:13,520 --> 00:24:18,080
I look to them...
for how to be.
305
00:24:22,040 --> 00:24:24,960
Bringing the plight of this
population to the public,
306
00:24:24,960 --> 00:24:28,640
she did more by carrying around her
dead baby than any of us combined
307
00:24:28,640 --> 00:24:30,960
have ever been able to do.
308
00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:44,880
The world's ocean is so vast,
it was easy to think
309
00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:49,600
that it could take anything
we throw at it or into it.
310
00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:53,200
But it's now clear
that is not the case.
311
00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:59,880
If the many challenges
facing the ocean seem too difficult,
312
00:24:59,880 --> 00:25:03,320
too hopeless, don't lose hope.
313
00:25:07,240 --> 00:25:12,040
For there is a critical secret about
the ocean that changes everything.
314
00:25:14,160 --> 00:25:18,720
Our ocean still has
remarkable resilience,
315
00:25:18,720 --> 00:25:24,160
and much of what's been lost could
recover with surprising speed.
316
00:25:26,120 --> 00:25:30,360
Last year, a scientific review
of ocean studies
317
00:25:30,360 --> 00:25:33,760
came to a remarkable conclusion.
318
00:25:33,760 --> 00:25:39,320
Our ocean could be restored
within a generation, by 2050.
319
00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:43,320
In the words of those scientists,
320
00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:48,000
we are at a point at which we can
choose between a legacy
321
00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:51,520
of a resilient and vibrant ocean
322
00:25:51,520 --> 00:25:54,040
or an irreversibly disrupted one.
323
00:25:56,560 --> 00:26:00,880
Decisive action over the next ten
years could deliver a healthy ocean
324
00:26:00,880 --> 00:26:03,560
to our children and grandchildren.
325
00:26:06,040 --> 00:26:07,720
All around the world,
326
00:26:07,720 --> 00:26:13,600
we are seeing evidence that this
rapid revival is possible.
327
00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:16,720
It has, in fact, already begun.
328
00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:24,960
There are more great whales
in the ocean now
329
00:26:24,960 --> 00:26:28,160
than there were when I was a child.
A lot more.
330
00:26:28,160 --> 00:26:31,160
This is because the generations
before us had hunted most whales
331
00:26:31,160 --> 00:26:32,640
to the edge of extinction.
332
00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:37,880
But then in 1986,
333
00:26:37,880 --> 00:26:41,760
the whole world came together and
agreed to ban commercial whaling.
334
00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:46,360
We allowed the whales to recover.
335
00:26:46,360 --> 00:26:50,240
It's surely now time
to make an even bigger commitment
336
00:26:50,240 --> 00:26:54,920
to reverse the fortunes of all
marine life that is in decline.
337
00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:04,080
I feel that we've never been better
positioned to turn the tide.
338
00:27:05,680 --> 00:27:09,720
What gives me the most hope
is all the people around the world
339
00:27:09,720 --> 00:27:13,080
who are already taking
giant steps forward.
340
00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:17,080
They are proving that together
we can revive the ocean.
341
00:27:26,160 --> 00:27:28,960
The community of Cabo Pulmo
in Baja, California,
342
00:27:28,960 --> 00:27:33,280
has found a way to catch more fish
by limiting where they fish.
343
00:28:22,280 --> 00:28:26,400
That fight started in the 1980s
when the people of Cabo Pulmo -
344
00:28:26,400 --> 00:28:30,960
all reliant on fishing -
faced a hard truth.
345
00:28:30,960 --> 00:28:33,960
Their waters had been
largely emptied of fish.
346
00:28:35,720 --> 00:28:39,400
It triggered a remarkably
brave decision.
347
00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:49,840
Putting their faith in the ocean's
ability to recover,
348
00:28:49,840 --> 00:28:52,440
they created a marine reserve.
349
00:28:52,440 --> 00:28:56,720
25 square kilometres
were now off limits
350
00:28:56,720 --> 00:28:59,440
and the fishermen
could do nothing but wait.
351
00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:05,160
Months turned into years.
352
00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:11,040
Mario's sister Judy remembers
the impact it had.
353
00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:37,120
That hardship was endured
for more than a decade.
354
00:29:37,120 --> 00:29:39,640
But then
something incredible happened.
355
00:29:49,360 --> 00:29:52,840
14 years after the marine reserve
had been declared,
356
00:29:52,840 --> 00:29:57,520
fish numbers had increased
by more than 450%.
357
00:30:04,360 --> 00:30:06,960
The recovery was beyond anything
358
00:30:06,960 --> 00:30:09,960
the community had ever dared
to imagine.
359
00:30:31,720 --> 00:30:35,080
The revival brought new
opportunities to the community,
360
00:30:35,080 --> 00:30:37,680
like Mario's dive centre.
361
00:30:37,680 --> 00:30:40,440
But it was also good for fisherman.
362
00:31:01,560 --> 00:31:04,000
Fishermen fishing
outside the reserve
363
00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:07,960
were now catching more
than they had done in decades.
364
00:31:27,800 --> 00:31:31,600
The revival of the ocean
is starting to gather momentum.
365
00:31:34,360 --> 00:31:38,920
Protected areas have increased
from less than 1% to over 7%
366
00:31:38,920 --> 00:31:40,680
in the past 20 years.
367
00:31:42,920 --> 00:31:45,520
More than 80 countries
have recently committed
368
00:31:45,520 --> 00:31:49,160
to protect 30% of their waters
by 2030.
369
00:31:50,960 --> 00:31:55,160
If the rest of the world follows and
these waters are fully protected,
370
00:31:55,160 --> 00:31:57,800
we could witness
an incredible recovery,
371
00:31:57,800 --> 00:31:59,920
especially if fishing communities
372
00:31:59,920 --> 00:32:03,280
are supported
through the lean times.
373
00:32:05,040 --> 00:32:09,280
Where we do fish, the challenge
is to end the fishing free-for-all.
374
00:32:10,680 --> 00:32:13,800
Success may well depend
on handing control
375
00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:16,880
to those who will gain the most
from the recovery.
376
00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:53,640
Theresa helped organise a rally to
protest against the foreign trawlers
377
00:32:53,640 --> 00:32:56,400
that were taking
several thousand tonnes of fish
378
00:32:56,400 --> 00:32:59,160
from Liberian waters every year.
379
00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:23,680
The Liberian government
banned the industrial trawlers
380
00:33:23,680 --> 00:33:27,400
from coming within
six nautical miles of the coast.
381
00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:30,920
Now, it's no longer a free-for-all
in these coastal waters,
382
00:33:30,920 --> 00:33:33,040
and the local fishing communities
383
00:33:33,040 --> 00:33:36,120
hold regular meetings to sustainably
manage their fish stocks.
384
00:33:53,040 --> 00:33:56,600
For John and his crew,
the future is looking brighter.
385
00:35:14,040 --> 00:35:18,000
While some believe local communities
are best placed to manage
386
00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:20,240
the recovery of their fish stocks,
387
00:35:20,240 --> 00:35:23,960
success depends on enforcement
of the rules.
388
00:35:23,960 --> 00:35:26,680
And that has long been
a problem on the ocean,
389
00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:30,440
where laws can be broken
out of view, over the horizon.
390
00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:33,000
Centeno and his crew face a problem
shared by coastguards
391
00:36:33,000 --> 00:36:34,520
all around the world.
392
00:36:43,960 --> 00:36:45,920
Among thousands of fishing vessels,
393
00:36:45,920 --> 00:36:49,080
they must find the ones
that are fishing illegally.
394
00:37:05,600 --> 00:37:09,840
A solution can be found
in an unlikely location -
395
00:37:09,840 --> 00:37:13,120
in the heart
of the British countryside.
396
00:37:16,440 --> 00:37:20,000
I like to describe ourselves
as ocean detectives.
397
00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:23,560
We're seeking out pieces
of information to understand
398
00:37:23,560 --> 00:37:25,640
what people are doing at sea.
399
00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:31,920
Emma and her team at OceanMind
have two key assets -
400
00:37:31,920 --> 00:37:35,760
satellites that track all fishing
vessels above a certain size,
401
00:37:35,760 --> 00:37:37,920
wherever they are in the world,
402
00:37:37,920 --> 00:37:41,080
and artificial intelligence
that has learned to recognise
403
00:37:41,080 --> 00:37:44,720
patterns of illegal activity
in the data.
404
00:37:44,720 --> 00:37:48,680
If we identify likely unauthorised
activity, we'll look at the licences
405
00:37:48,680 --> 00:37:51,360
and the regulations
for that particular area.
406
00:37:51,360 --> 00:37:55,320
And we will also bring in
other data sources in order to
407
00:37:55,320 --> 00:37:59,280
build as good a picture as we can
of what's actually happening.
408
00:38:00,600 --> 00:38:04,160
We are able to pinpoint vessels
409
00:38:04,160 --> 00:38:07,800
even in areas that they think
they can't be seen.
410
00:38:07,800 --> 00:38:12,200
Step two is helping our partners
to action that intelligence.
411
00:38:15,600 --> 00:38:17,200
We contact the coastguard
412
00:38:17,200 --> 00:38:20,520
and we provide them with the
last known location of the vessel
413
00:38:20,520 --> 00:38:24,360
and what the potential unauthorised
activity is.
414
00:38:24,360 --> 00:38:27,000
This ground-breaking tech solution
415
00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:30,040
has transformed how Centeno
and his colleagues work.
416
00:38:51,760 --> 00:38:54,720
The satellite intelligence
has also led to the recovery
417
00:38:54,720 --> 00:38:59,120
of tens of thousands of dollars
of lost fishing licence fees,
418
00:38:59,120 --> 00:39:03,400
money that is being reinvested
into marine protection.
419
00:39:05,480 --> 00:39:07,640
I have that streak of optimism now
420
00:39:07,640 --> 00:39:12,080
because I've seen how technology
can make a huge difference.
421
00:39:14,160 --> 00:39:18,360
All of a sudden, it is possible
to police the entire ocean
422
00:39:18,360 --> 00:39:22,040
and that could revolutionise
our mission to revive it.
423
00:39:24,960 --> 00:39:30,520
Reviving our ocean requires not only
that we stop damaging habitats,
424
00:39:30,520 --> 00:39:35,200
but also that we begin to restore
what we have already lost.
425
00:39:42,040 --> 00:39:45,000
If you close your eyes
and think about where you are,
426
00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:47,520
you wouldn't believe
you're only 100 miles or so
427
00:39:47,520 --> 00:39:52,840
from these centres of, you know,
like, Washington, DC and Richmond.
428
00:39:52,840 --> 00:39:55,040
You're out in the middle of nowhere.
429
00:39:57,000 --> 00:40:00,960
Professor Bob Orth is living proof
that the commitment of one person
430
00:40:00,960 --> 00:40:03,240
can make a huge difference.
431
00:40:04,680 --> 00:40:09,000
He's dedicated most of his life
to restoring an ocean habitat
432
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:13,840
that's too often
been ignored - seagrass.
433
00:40:17,720 --> 00:40:20,840
People thought seagrasses
were something that got stuck
434
00:40:20,840 --> 00:40:23,880
on the prop of your boat, you
wouldn't want to walk through
435
00:40:23,880 --> 00:40:26,840
because it was yucky,
it's slimy or whatever,
436
00:40:26,840 --> 00:40:31,520
but it's just an incredibly
neat habitat.
437
00:40:31,520 --> 00:40:35,280
There are a myriad of animals
that live within the grass beds.
438
00:40:35,280 --> 00:40:38,680
They're like
the prairies of the sea.
439
00:40:38,680 --> 00:40:42,960
They're found in shallow water seas
and bays.
440
00:40:42,960 --> 00:40:46,320
They're present in just about
every area that you can think of,
441
00:40:46,320 --> 00:40:49,560
where there's enough light.
442
00:40:49,560 --> 00:40:52,920
People didn't realise how important
these underwater grasses were
443
00:40:52,920 --> 00:40:55,440
until they lost them.
444
00:40:55,440 --> 00:40:58,720
People started asking,
"Why can't I get crabs any more?"
445
00:40:58,720 --> 00:41:00,680
"Why can't I catch speckled trout?"
446
00:41:00,680 --> 00:41:03,440
Well, because there's no grass.
447
00:41:03,440 --> 00:41:08,240
Globally, we've lost at least
30% of all seagrass.
448
00:41:08,240 --> 00:41:12,480
The loss is driven by coastal
development, a warming ocean
449
00:41:12,480 --> 00:41:15,680
and a disease pandemic
back in the 1930s
450
00:41:15,680 --> 00:41:18,960
that wiped out seagrass beds
all along this coast.
451
00:41:20,520 --> 00:41:23,760
Bob began his work
half a century ago,
452
00:41:23,760 --> 00:41:27,120
determined to bring back
Virginia's lost seagrass -
453
00:41:27,120 --> 00:41:29,680
or eelgrass,
as it is commonly known.
454
00:41:32,720 --> 00:41:36,000
Sometime around the mid-'90s
we had heard that there was
455
00:41:36,000 --> 00:41:39,240
the discovery of a small patch
of eelgrass out here
456
00:41:39,240 --> 00:41:41,320
at the coastal bays.
We didn't believe it.
457
00:41:41,320 --> 00:41:43,680
We thought someone
was misidentifying it.
458
00:41:43,680 --> 00:41:47,440
But we came out here and, sure
enough, there was a small patch
459
00:41:47,440 --> 00:41:50,240
of eelgrass in one of these
coastal bays.
460
00:41:50,240 --> 00:41:53,440
It set in motion
a project that now involves
461
00:41:53,440 --> 00:41:58,560
Bob taking teams of volunteers
out to the seagrass beds every year
462
00:41:58,560 --> 00:42:00,680
to collect seagrass seeds.
463
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:04,000
We try to go out at low tide.
464
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:06,320
We give people a collecting bag
465
00:42:06,320 --> 00:42:11,480
and we say, "Put your face in the
water and look for the flowers.
466
00:42:11,480 --> 00:42:13,480
"And when you see a flowering shoot,
467
00:42:13,480 --> 00:42:16,080
"just pull it out
and put it in the bag
468
00:42:16,080 --> 00:42:18,560
"and just do that
for hours and hours
469
00:42:18,560 --> 00:42:23,040
"until the tide gets too high
and you can't collect any more."
470
00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:31,040
We've been planting seeds of
eelgrass into these coastal bays.
471
00:42:31,040 --> 00:42:35,160
From zero eelgrass in 1997
through today,
472
00:42:35,160 --> 00:42:40,120
we have basically around 9,000
acres of eelgrass,
473
00:42:40,120 --> 00:42:42,640
about 2,600 hectares.
474
00:42:49,320 --> 00:42:53,360
We were probably the very first
group that ever attempted
475
00:42:53,360 --> 00:42:56,400
to use seeds in any kind
of restoration effort.
476
00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:58,200
And today everyone's been thinking,
477
00:42:58,200 --> 00:43:01,320
"OK, well, if they can do it,
why can't we do it?"
478
00:43:03,320 --> 00:43:05,760
Restoring the world's
seagrass prairies
479
00:43:05,760 --> 00:43:09,480
is more important
and urgent than ever.
480
00:43:09,480 --> 00:43:14,400
Seagrasses may only cover 0.2%
of the ocean floor worldwide,
481
00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:19,680
but they are responsible for 10%
of global carbon sequestration.
482
00:43:19,680 --> 00:43:22,120
You know, forests are important,
prairies are important,
483
00:43:22,120 --> 00:43:24,760
plants are important cos
they're all doing the same thing.
484
00:43:24,760 --> 00:43:28,080
But seagrasses are doing it
just a little bit better.
485
00:43:28,080 --> 00:43:32,320
My wife, she said, "Don't you ever
get sick of studying seagrass?"
486
00:43:32,320 --> 00:43:35,720
I said, you don't. It's a love
affair that you just, you know,
487
00:43:35,720 --> 00:43:38,080
can't get enough of.
488
00:43:42,040 --> 00:43:45,280
But what of that other threat
to ocean life?
489
00:43:47,760 --> 00:43:51,640
The toxins that accumulate
at the top of the food chain.
490
00:43:55,240 --> 00:43:58,320
When people think about ocean
pollution, rarely do they consider
491
00:43:58,320 --> 00:44:00,480
addressing the problems on land.
492
00:44:06,040 --> 00:44:07,920
My name is Julianne Ubigau.
493
00:44:07,920 --> 00:44:10,680
Jasper and I live here in Seattle.
494
00:44:10,680 --> 00:44:12,600
Seattle is known for its rain.
495
00:44:14,040 --> 00:44:18,040
The pollutants that wash down
storm drains quickly find themselves
496
00:44:18,040 --> 00:44:19,560
in the ocean.
497
00:44:20,960 --> 00:44:24,920
Cities like Seattle
are full of hidden pollutants.
498
00:44:24,920 --> 00:44:28,440
Some of the worst offenders
are known as PCBs,
499
00:44:28,440 --> 00:44:32,640
first manufactured
almost a century ago.
500
00:44:32,640 --> 00:44:35,400
It was a problem-solving chemical.
501
00:44:35,400 --> 00:44:39,680
We started to mix it in to things
like paint and caulk.
502
00:44:39,680 --> 00:44:42,640
It basically
made material indestructible
503
00:44:42,640 --> 00:44:45,280
and this was great
if you're building things
504
00:44:45,280 --> 00:44:47,280
and you want them to last forever.
505
00:44:47,280 --> 00:44:49,600
But what we didn't realise
at the time
506
00:44:49,600 --> 00:44:53,280
was how dangerous this chemical was.
507
00:44:53,280 --> 00:44:57,800
Though no longer produced,
PCBs remain as toxic as ever.
508
00:44:59,920 --> 00:45:02,920
Julie is on a mission
to find these chemicals
509
00:45:02,920 --> 00:45:06,040
and stop them reaching the ocean.
510
00:45:06,040 --> 00:45:07,720
But where to begin?
511
00:45:14,160 --> 00:45:17,480
It takes a lot of work to identify
the source of pollutants, and PCBs
512
00:45:17,480 --> 00:45:19,480
come with their own special problem.
513
00:45:19,480 --> 00:45:22,760
There's no way for people
to detect them visually.
514
00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:27,000
Are you ready? I'm ready.
515
00:45:27,000 --> 00:45:30,760
There's a maze of interconnected
pipes under Seattle,
516
00:45:30,760 --> 00:45:33,400
all serving
different drainage basins.
517
00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:40,880
It's like an underground
transportation system for rainwater.
518
00:45:40,880 --> 00:45:44,640
At critical junctions,
maintenance crews set sediment traps
519
00:45:44,640 --> 00:45:46,080
in strategic locations.
520
00:45:47,800 --> 00:45:49,640
Every spring they're retrieved...
521
00:45:49,640 --> 00:45:51,400
I'm going to bring it up.
522
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:54,400
..and tested for PCBs
and other pollutants.
523
00:45:55,760 --> 00:45:59,440
So you know that there's a certain
catchment with the PCB problem,
524
00:45:59,440 --> 00:46:02,240
but with so many drains flowing
to that point, you don't know
525
00:46:02,240 --> 00:46:05,080
what building, what street,
even what neighbourhood
526
00:46:05,080 --> 00:46:07,880
the problem PCBs
might be coming from.
527
00:46:09,720 --> 00:46:14,400
Once again, it's time to borrow a
superpower from a master detective.
528
00:46:16,640 --> 00:46:18,360
Jasper was a shelter dog.
529
00:46:18,360 --> 00:46:21,120
He was a year old when we met.
530
00:46:21,120 --> 00:46:23,840
He loves life, he loves his job,
531
00:46:23,840 --> 00:46:25,480
and he loves to play ball,
532
00:46:25,480 --> 00:46:27,400
so he's a blast to work with.
533
00:46:29,720 --> 00:46:32,120
He has been trained to detect PCBs
534
00:46:32,120 --> 00:46:37,000
down to a level of
0.1 parts per million.
535
00:46:37,000 --> 00:46:41,560
Which is incredibly
low level of PCB.
536
00:46:41,560 --> 00:46:43,040
Show me.
537
00:46:46,520 --> 00:46:48,560
Good.
538
00:46:48,560 --> 00:46:50,440
Jasper. Can you show me?
539
00:46:51,560 --> 00:46:53,760
Check here.
540
00:46:53,760 --> 00:46:55,240
When we train the dog,
541
00:46:55,240 --> 00:46:58,800
we train them to sit
when they've found the target.
542
00:46:58,800 --> 00:47:02,000
He's able to actually indicate
whether or not there are PCBs
543
00:47:02,000 --> 00:47:05,040
flowing through the water
that's coming down that drain.
544
00:47:05,040 --> 00:47:06,840
Check here.
545
00:47:06,840 --> 00:47:10,560
If he can work his way upstream,
sniffing each maintenance hole,
546
00:47:10,560 --> 00:47:15,040
it's like following a trail
of breadcrumbs to the source.
547
00:47:15,040 --> 00:47:17,400
Nice job.
548
00:47:17,400 --> 00:47:20,800
When Jasper locates
a source of PCBs,
549
00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:25,440
a decontamination team moves in
to clean up the chemicals.
550
00:47:25,440 --> 00:47:29,960
With 14 million tons of PCBs
still in circulation,
551
00:47:29,960 --> 00:47:32,840
every coastal city needs a Jasper.
552
00:47:32,840 --> 00:47:37,800
Jasper is a secret weapon
in the fight against ocean toxins.
553
00:47:39,200 --> 00:47:42,160
I guess not all superheroes
wear capes.
554
00:47:44,960 --> 00:47:49,040
We may not all have a superhero
sidekick, but we can all do our bit
555
00:47:49,040 --> 00:47:53,040
to help clean up the pollution
entering the ocean.
556
00:47:53,040 --> 00:47:55,200
And we can do more.
557
00:47:55,200 --> 00:47:58,760
With so many chemicals and plastics
still in production,
558
00:47:58,760 --> 00:48:02,880
we need a revolution
in the things we make and buy.
559
00:48:02,880 --> 00:48:05,120
We need to build a waste-free world,
560
00:48:05,120 --> 00:48:08,120
which is another
of our Earthshots.
561
00:48:09,400 --> 00:48:13,040
What excites me the most is knowing
that my kids will be able to see
562
00:48:13,040 --> 00:48:15,760
this transformation happen.
563
00:48:15,760 --> 00:48:18,640
What I want them to learn the most
is that they can actually
564
00:48:18,640 --> 00:48:21,640
make a difference, that there are
tangible solutions.
565
00:48:23,160 --> 00:48:27,000
If we all work together, just
imagine the future we could create.
566
00:48:28,440 --> 00:48:33,040
Imagine if we ensured that we used
every part of the ocean sustainably.
567
00:48:34,680 --> 00:48:37,040
Imagine how rich our seas would be.
568
00:48:38,920 --> 00:48:41,920
We'd finally get to see the sea
the way it should be.
569
00:48:43,520 --> 00:48:45,240
Bursting with life.
570
00:48:50,960 --> 00:48:54,360
An enormous wilderness
that would provide humankind
571
00:48:54,360 --> 00:48:58,160
with plenty of food, if we
take care of how we source it.
572
00:49:06,120 --> 00:49:09,480
A habitat that will grow and thrive,
573
00:49:09,480 --> 00:49:13,320
and in doing so, help us
defend ourselves from storms
574
00:49:13,320 --> 00:49:16,520
and control the climate.
575
00:49:16,520 --> 00:49:20,280
A wonderful blue world that will
continue to enrich our lives.
576
00:49:45,560 --> 00:49:51,560
The ocean has already given us
so much. Now it's time to give back.
577
00:49:51,560 --> 00:49:56,000
We still have so much to do, but now
is our chance to get it done.
578
00:49:56,000 --> 00:49:57,800
What are we waiting for?
579
00:50:03,880 --> 00:50:07,800
Our oceans have an incredible power
to recover at speed.
580
00:50:07,800 --> 00:50:09,960
There is every reason to believe
581
00:50:09,960 --> 00:50:12,960
we can bring them back
to full strength soon.
582
00:50:12,960 --> 00:50:17,040
And the Earthshot Prize is here
to recognise, reward and support
583
00:50:17,040 --> 00:50:19,720
those with the best ideas
for how to do so.
584
00:50:19,720 --> 00:50:21,760
Here are the finalists
585
00:50:21,760 --> 00:50:25,400
of the first-ever Earthshot Prize
to revive our oceans.
586
00:50:28,000 --> 00:50:31,960
Our first finalist is a team
that restores coral reefs.
587
00:50:33,440 --> 00:50:37,440
Coral Vita uses ground-breaking
scientific techniques
588
00:50:37,440 --> 00:50:39,880
to grow climate-resilient corals
589
00:50:39,880 --> 00:50:43,880
many times faster than they would
develop in the wild.
590
00:50:47,440 --> 00:50:50,800
We're at the point where half of the
world's coral reefs are already dead
591
00:50:50,800 --> 00:50:55,120
and we're on track to lose
over 90% of them by 2050.
592
00:50:55,120 --> 00:51:00,320
This isn't just an ecological
tragedy. Up to a billion people
593
00:51:00,320 --> 00:51:03,960
around the world depend upon
coral reefs for their livelihoods.
594
00:51:03,960 --> 00:51:06,800
In the wild,
broken-off bits of coral
595
00:51:06,800 --> 00:51:11,080
have the ability to grow back
into new, large corals.
596
00:51:12,480 --> 00:51:16,240
The team mimic this process
by creating lots of tiny corals
597
00:51:16,240 --> 00:51:18,360
at their land-based farm.
598
00:51:22,960 --> 00:51:26,640
They grow them in tanks with
increased temperatures and acidity
599
00:51:26,640 --> 00:51:29,440
to make them resilient
to climate change.
600
00:51:31,600 --> 00:51:35,880
When ready, they are placed
on the reef close together.
601
00:51:35,880 --> 00:51:38,480
As the fragments grow, they link up
602
00:51:38,480 --> 00:51:41,240
and, amazingly, grow much faster
603
00:51:41,240 --> 00:51:43,960
than fragments growing alone.
604
00:51:43,960 --> 00:51:48,360
We can grow a dinner plate-sized
coral in about a year,
605
00:51:48,360 --> 00:51:52,200
whereas in nature
that can take many decades.
606
00:51:52,200 --> 00:51:54,760
All the corals we're growing here
when we outplant them
607
00:51:54,760 --> 00:51:58,720
have a better chance of surviving
climate changed oceans.
608
00:51:58,720 --> 00:52:00,320
The team's super strong corals
609
00:52:00,320 --> 00:52:03,040
give the reefs a fighting chance
of survival.
610
00:52:03,040 --> 00:52:07,120
But Sam and Gator
needed a way to fund their work.
611
00:52:07,120 --> 00:52:11,040
So the team sells reef restoration
as a service to hotels,
612
00:52:11,040 --> 00:52:13,920
developers and even governments.
613
00:52:13,920 --> 00:52:17,240
They hope this game-changing
funding model will allow them
614
00:52:17,240 --> 00:52:21,600
to roll out their operation
in time to make a difference.
615
00:52:21,600 --> 00:52:23,080
As we deal with climate change,
616
00:52:23,080 --> 00:52:26,760
even as we get carbon emissions
under control,
617
00:52:26,760 --> 00:52:29,800
active restoration can play
an important role
618
00:52:29,800 --> 00:52:32,000
in keeping our reefs alive.
619
00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:35,920
With extra support, Coral Vita would
like to speed up their own growth
620
00:52:35,920 --> 00:52:38,960
and set up farms that would
work with local communities
621
00:52:38,960 --> 00:52:40,840
all around the world.
622
00:52:45,360 --> 00:52:48,440
Our next finalists
are the Living Seawalls team.
623
00:52:53,680 --> 00:52:58,400
This group of scientists and
designers are making special panels
624
00:52:58,400 --> 00:53:02,000
that provide new habitats for
wildlife on man-made structures.
625
00:53:04,200 --> 00:53:07,840
There are thousands of kilometres
of harbour walls, docks
626
00:53:07,840 --> 00:53:10,640
and causeways worldwide.
627
00:53:10,640 --> 00:53:15,720
This team sees an opportunity
to make them work for ocean life.
628
00:53:15,720 --> 00:53:18,760
Our mission is to rethink
construction so that
629
00:53:18,760 --> 00:53:20,520
we're not just building for humans,
630
00:53:20,520 --> 00:53:23,840
but we're also building
for nature as well.
631
00:53:23,840 --> 00:53:27,000
Traditional seawalls tend to be
a bit of an ecological desert.
632
00:53:27,000 --> 00:53:28,920
They're really flat and featureless
633
00:53:28,920 --> 00:53:31,120
and we don't get a lot of life
growing on them.
634
00:53:31,120 --> 00:53:35,440
But our living seawalls have so many
nooks and crannies that marine life
635
00:53:35,440 --> 00:53:37,400
love to explore and live in.
636
00:53:37,400 --> 00:53:40,160
Oyster? Yeah. Oyster. Yeah.
637
00:53:40,160 --> 00:53:43,200
Primary oyster,
secondary black mussel.
638
00:53:43,200 --> 00:53:45,760
We found that they support
639
00:53:45,760 --> 00:53:48,560
30% more fish,
seaweed and invertebrates
640
00:53:48,560 --> 00:53:51,000
than we find
on traditional seawalls.
641
00:53:51,000 --> 00:53:52,400
Inside the rock pool,
642
00:53:52,400 --> 00:53:55,320
it's just chockas full of stuff.
643
00:53:56,400 --> 00:53:58,840
What makes this idea so exciting
644
00:53:58,840 --> 00:54:01,960
is that the panels can be fitted
on to any existing seawall
645
00:54:01,960 --> 00:54:06,840
or structure to bring back life
to areas already developed.
646
00:54:06,840 --> 00:54:10,800
And they could be incorporated
into all new coastal construction.
647
00:54:10,800 --> 00:54:14,880
The future of the living seawalls
is hopefully...
648
00:54:14,880 --> 00:54:21,200
..big. We want to have living
seawalls all over the world.
649
00:54:21,200 --> 00:54:24,960
There are currently 14
living seawalls in Australia,
650
00:54:24,960 --> 00:54:29,400
with sites also in Singapore,
Gibraltar and the UK.
651
00:54:29,400 --> 00:54:31,160
Because the panels are modular,
652
00:54:31,160 --> 00:54:33,760
the idea is built to be scalable.
653
00:54:33,760 --> 00:54:36,800
With more support
and a greater profile,
654
00:54:36,800 --> 00:54:39,920
the team would hope to work
with scientific communities
655
00:54:39,920 --> 00:54:43,200
on every continent
to revive our coastlines.
656
00:54:44,880 --> 00:54:47,360
On to our third finalist.
657
00:54:52,040 --> 00:54:55,520
Pristine Seas is a group
of scientists and film-makers
658
00:54:55,520 --> 00:55:00,000
who engage governments
and communities around the world
659
00:55:00,000 --> 00:55:03,920
to bring about the creation
of new marine protected reserves,
660
00:55:03,920 --> 00:55:07,560
like the one we saw
in Cabo Pulmo, Mexico.
661
00:55:08,960 --> 00:55:12,640
Their ultimate aim is to help
protect 30% of the ocean.
662
00:55:15,960 --> 00:55:17,880
I used to be a university professor
663
00:55:17,880 --> 00:55:20,360
who studied human impacts
in the ocean
664
00:55:20,360 --> 00:55:24,200
until one day I realised
that all I was doing
665
00:55:24,200 --> 00:55:27,280
was writing the obituary
of ocean life.
666
00:55:27,280 --> 00:55:32,040
The team begin by connecting
those in power with the ocean world
667
00:55:32,040 --> 00:55:34,560
through experiences and films.
668
00:55:34,560 --> 00:55:37,920
We bring leaders with us
on our Pristine Seas expeditions.
669
00:55:37,920 --> 00:55:40,240
But if they cannot
join the expeditions,
670
00:55:40,240 --> 00:55:44,800
then we bring the waters to them
via our storytelling and films.
671
00:55:44,800 --> 00:55:48,040
Once they fall in love with these
places and understand their value,
672
00:55:48,040 --> 00:55:51,480
then we provide the scientific
research and the economic analysis
673
00:55:51,480 --> 00:55:53,720
that justify their production.
674
00:55:53,720 --> 00:55:57,360
And most important,
we bring together country leaders
675
00:55:57,360 --> 00:56:02,080
and community leaders so they can
protect their ocean together
676
00:56:02,080 --> 00:56:03,880
for the benefit of everyone.
677
00:56:05,080 --> 00:56:07,640
The approach is working.
678
00:56:07,640 --> 00:56:12,000
Pristine Seas has helped
to establish 24 marine reserves
679
00:56:12,000 --> 00:56:15,080
covering a total area
roughly twice the size of India.
680
00:56:17,080 --> 00:56:21,120
Even so, less than 8% of the ocean
is currently protected.
681
00:56:22,400 --> 00:56:25,120
The objective moving forward
is clear -
682
00:56:25,120 --> 00:56:29,240
we need at least 30% of the ocean
protected by 2030.
683
00:56:30,960 --> 00:56:35,200
Seeing the diversity and abundance
of marine life in a pristine place
684
00:56:35,200 --> 00:56:37,960
is the best blueprint we have
685
00:56:37,960 --> 00:56:41,000
for what the ocean of the future
could be.
686
00:56:42,080 --> 00:56:45,160
Pristine Seas is already making
a difference.
687
00:56:45,160 --> 00:56:49,040
With more funding
and a greater public profile,
688
00:56:49,040 --> 00:56:53,320
they feel they will be in a better
position to achieve their goal.
689
00:56:53,320 --> 00:56:57,800
These incredible solutions
will all help to revive our oceans
690
00:56:57,800 --> 00:57:00,400
and one will win the Earthshot Prize
691
00:57:00,400 --> 00:57:02,520
and get the platform and resources
692
00:57:02,520 --> 00:57:05,040
it needs to create global impact.
693
00:57:08,440 --> 00:57:11,640
A revival of the world's oceans
is within reach,
694
00:57:11,640 --> 00:57:14,520
but our work doesn't end there.
695
00:57:14,520 --> 00:57:16,760
Next time - we discover the story
696
00:57:16,760 --> 00:57:19,800
of how we may achieve
our last Earthshot
697
00:57:19,800 --> 00:57:22,600
and build a waste-free world.
698
00:57:23,920 --> 00:57:27,760
We'll learn how nature may be able
to help us break down plastics.
699
00:57:29,280 --> 00:57:33,040
Meet a man farming insects
to make good use of food waste.
700
00:57:33,040 --> 00:57:36,400
And discover remarkable ideas
from across the globe
701
00:57:36,400 --> 00:57:40,800
that aim to help humanity
become finally free of waste.
56970
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.