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[Applause]
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[Music]
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[Music]
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October 2011 : el Muammar al-gaddafi is
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drugged from a drainpipe beaten and
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killed by Libyan revolutionaries the
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body of Libya's self-proclaimed brother
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leader laid out in a refrigerator floor
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laying bare the end of his 42 we're
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cruel but at the very moment a new dawn
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bacon Libya was to suffer the revenge of
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his own history
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[Music]
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[Music]
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what's happening in Libya now we have
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two governments seems like a big mess
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the whole country is ruled by militias
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the struggle between these militias who
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will take more power we are now deeply
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embroiled in conflict in divisions in
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violence everybody wants to have his
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share of authority and his share of the
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money there's no central government per
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se which really has control so it become
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really the front for a number of
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militias Libya is trying to shape itself
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again but it's a country which is vast
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and it cannot be ruled centrally just
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from one city like Tripoli it's the
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process of this integration of state of
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Libya it became now what we can call the
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territory of Libya it's no more state of
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[Music]
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the history of Libya is the history of
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the foreign powers who ruled Libya we
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have definitions come over to Libya we
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have the Greeks came over and set up
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cities we have the Romans and then we
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have the Turks for almost 400 years it
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has been continuously a place of
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conflict between the civilization
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between countries so it was under
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occupation by every power that there is
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Libya invaded seized and occupied for
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millennia was for much of his history no
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single unified land there was Cyrenaica
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there was Tripolitania Fezzan and those
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also was not were not united for a long
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time
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almost a thousand years of Arab rule
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left a shared Islamic tradition across
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the three regions Tripolitania and the
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West Cyrenaica in the east and for Xan
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in the south but they remain distinct
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separated by geography history and
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identity
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[Music]
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by the early 20th century Italian
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colonizers would take over from ottoman
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turk occupiers and look to create a
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unified libya all of their own when the
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italians invaded Libya they actually
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viewed the country as the forth coast of
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Italy they came with the idea that
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Libya's is part of Italy
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beginning in 1911 Italian occupation was
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brutal and met by an organised
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resistance from Cernik and the East this
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resistance had its roots in the order of
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Mohammed Ben Ali Sanusi a Sufi scholar
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but established religious and political
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institutions across Eastern and parts of
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southern Libya the Italian faced civic
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society that was organized that has its
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own institution its own values that
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movement produce charismatic competent
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non corrupt leaders like Omar Mukhtar
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Omar al Mokhtar a leading Sanusi Imam
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led the fight against the Italian
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invaders but in 1931 after two decades
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of a targeted guerrilla campaign
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umbrella dar was captured by the Italian
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army and hanged to death the event was
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more than a leader being executed it
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made so many Libyans like they became
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somehow submissive to the Italians to
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the extent that they they they think the
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former after can be killed such a way
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there's no way to fight the Italians the
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Italians would win the fight against
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Libyan resistance
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[Applause]
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but after their defeat in the second
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world war in 1943 that lose Libya to
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British and French control
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Italy's loss however was the sunna see
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orders again in 1951 Libya became the
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first country granted independence by
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the United Nations creating the kingdom
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of Libya with the Emir of Seneca at
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recess Sanusi as king Libyan
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independence was created as a compromise
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the Western leaders the urban leaders of
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off of Tripolitania agreed to accept
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King Amira Therese as the king of Libya
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in exchange for keeping the country
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unified he was from the eastern part he
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was in exile in Egypt when he came back
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with the army which would help of the
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British king we three is to a certain
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extent was was there man Olivier so it
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was a country that really did not exist
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in terms of sovereignty the United
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States France and the UK were actually
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running the affairs
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bassam be behind the scenes King
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giedrius granted permission for Britain
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and the United States to build military
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bases in Libya and when oil was
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discovered under the Libyan sands in
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1959 British and American companies were
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first to be granted concessions Libya
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would now experience the transformative
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power of oil
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Libya began to really change from one of
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the poorest countries in the world to
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one of the richest in Africa before the
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oil the extended families and the tribal
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leaders had their sons in the army
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because it was the guaranteed for their
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future because there was no business
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after the oil having a small store
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anywhere will give you a salary better
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than going to the army own money was
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shifting Libya's established order as
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the Arab world wasn't ruled the
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revolutionary times embodied by one man
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above all Egypt's leader Jamel Abdul
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Nasser there was a huge wave of
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pan-arabism and Nasser's and military
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coos were taking place in Iraq in Syria
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in Sudan and Nasser was inspiring young
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Arabs to go into the army and then plan
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and plot military course to change
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regimes to change what NASA used to
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characterize as reactionary regimes
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pro-western regimes the army and the
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nationalists and the activist students
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began to agitate against the monarchy
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and the elite agitation would turn to
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revolution on September 1st 1969
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Adri sister Lucy was ousted while
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receiving medical treatment in Turkey
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the group of military men who depose the
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king were headed by a little-known 27
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year old officer called Muammar
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al-gaddafi
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[Applause]
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when the salmon
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he was riding on an anti-western
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anti-imperialist way the first thing he
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did is he terminated the agreement for
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the military bases both an American base
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in Tripoli and a British base in Tobruk
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it was a very popular movement because
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anti-colonialism nationalism call for
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more egalitarian society or more
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modernization but it's not a coincidence
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that only two of the twelve members of
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the council that led the coup in 1969
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came from an eminent elitist background
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most of them came from a lower
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middle-class background by taking these
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nationalist goals their regime was very
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popular also above all you come very
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strongly in the side of the Palestinian
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called for justice in Palestine Arab
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nationalism support for the Palestinian
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cause against Israel and an anti
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colonial mission to drive Western
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interests out of Libya these were the
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pillars of the new regime headed by
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Mohamed Gaddafi who having promoted
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himself to the rank of culinary looked
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to make even greater changes he took
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over the banks in the Italian banks Bank
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idioma
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bank from became Libya's central bank at
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the same time he was very well engaged
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with his people locally so he would
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visit villages he would visit towns he
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would meet people new almost every day
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at the same time the rate of change
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inside the lives of people in terms of
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infrastructure building roads building
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schools building hospitals clinics and
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so on and so forth
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never stopped
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they had a very ambitious plan for
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nationalizing some big businesses and
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also taking over the oil industry in
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March 1970 the Gaddafi regime created
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the state-owned National Oil Corporation
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the NOC to take direct control of
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Libya's oil production and distribution
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the NOC replaced the DRI's era Libyan
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Petroleum Corporation moving the
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administration of oil from Benghazi in
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the east where the vast majority of
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Libya's oil fields were located to a new
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permanent location in the West entry
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Polly the heart of Gaddafi's power three
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years later he nationalized 51% to full
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assets of foreign oil companies
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operating in Libya then in 1973 war
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broke out between Israel and Egypt along
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with Syria an embargo by the oil cartel
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OPEC against countries supporting the
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Israelis led to a quadrupling of the
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price of oil
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for the remainder of the decade Gaddafi
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would use this new money and new power
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to lay out his vision for a new Libya
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what was his ideology what did he set
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out to achieve exactly for the living
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people at the time objective objectively
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speaking of course when the defeat came
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he came with the same rhetoric that
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Abdul Nassir Bush's career steerer Kiowa
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which is liberty or freedom socialism
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and an Arab unity and also he went to
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the same thing that he deliberate
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Palestine
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of course this resonates with the Libyan
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people and also at the same time he
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introduced himself as a very simple
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person that he would go and he will sit
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with the students in the university and
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he will drive his own car so because a
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person he's from them he's from among
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them so he got a lot of support and at
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that time what are your personal
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recollections of what he was like he was
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as dr. Lucia Gore said very simple and
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he came with no ideology he found what
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the street wanted and he had a lot of
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love I remember he came to the
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University we discussing with him the
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law of the of the Student Union and he
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came with the military fatigue so one of
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the students told him hey you know
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that's Envy in the university
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legislation you're not supposed to come
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in with this kind of uniform so he took
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his Volkswagen went back to his place
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changed and came and spent the night
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with us to the three o'clock in the
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morning and we ate together
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macaroni that we made there so I think
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this is the original Gaddafi is the
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simple guy that he does a lot of
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thinking he has ambitions but at the
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time he was not vicious I actually
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recall as a young boy three times what I
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met with Gaddafi or interacted with him
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in early 1970 I was in high school in
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Tripoli he came once to our school in
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his own yellow Volkswagen alone no
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security no bodyguards he drove all the
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way
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inside to our schoolyard and we all came
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around and surrounded his car he came
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out we met with him we started chatting
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with him he was so modest and
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down-to-earth and wanted to be directly
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in touch with people he was like that so
277
00:14:48,999 --> 00:14:51,939
it seems a very popular person at the
278
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beginning within a few years
279
00:14:53,499 --> 00:14:55,360
yeah became very unpopular and and
280
00:14:55,360 --> 00:14:57,550
that's the question what changed him how
281
00:14:57,550 --> 00:15:00,759
did he become that brutal autocratic
282
00:15:00,759 --> 00:15:02,559
ruler in Libya
283
00:15:02,559 --> 00:15:05,050
well I think I think believe clearly I
284
00:15:05,050 --> 00:15:07,839
mean he especially have a debt abdullah
285
00:15:07,839 --> 00:15:10,720
sir he became he feels that he is the
286
00:15:10,720 --> 00:15:13,300
leader of the Arab world and he's
287
00:15:13,300 --> 00:15:16,420
entitled to it and he started with of
288
00:15:16,420 --> 00:15:18,670
course eliminating his group around him
289
00:15:18,670 --> 00:15:21,759
the mesoscale Torah the the council
290
00:15:21,759 --> 00:15:24,459
spring council of the revolution and and
291
00:15:24,459 --> 00:15:26,529
of course he want to introduce something
292
00:15:26,529 --> 00:15:26,949
new
293
00:15:26,949 --> 00:15:28,240
first of all he cancelled the
294
00:15:28,240 --> 00:15:30,550
constitution and this has happened in
295
00:15:30,550 --> 00:15:33,639
1973 and also he announced the the
296
00:15:33,639 --> 00:15:35,829
Cultural Revolution and of course based
297
00:15:35,829 --> 00:15:39,040
on that he would so many of the students
298
00:15:39,040 --> 00:15:42,129
who ever in any direction and interpret
299
00:15:42,129 --> 00:15:44,049
into prison but he did something before
300
00:15:44,049 --> 00:15:45,519
that he tried to bring all the
301
00:15:45,519 --> 00:15:47,589
intellectuals from Libya who ever have
302
00:15:47,589 --> 00:15:49,779
an opinion there and he made them speak
303
00:15:49,779 --> 00:15:51,009
to be able to categorize them who they
304
00:15:51,009 --> 00:15:52,809
are yes and which direction they are n
305
00:15:52,809 --> 00:15:55,869
so 1973 he imprisoned everybody the
306
00:15:55,869 --> 00:15:57,670
Communists the Socialists the Islamists
307
00:15:57,670 --> 00:16:00,220
and all of them including why they were
308
00:16:00,220 --> 00:16:02,259
including Mohammed Mohammed he was one
309
00:16:02,259 --> 00:16:05,290
of those 1973 yes with everybody else as
310
00:16:05,290 --> 00:16:08,379
a pan-arab a status well they looked for
311
00:16:08,379 --> 00:16:13,779
an accusation what was the effect the
312
00:16:13,779 --> 00:16:17,079
significance of the five political
313
00:16:17,079 --> 00:16:20,049
points he declared in zwar in 1973 at
314
00:16:20,049 --> 00:16:22,480
the time when you were arrested well he
315
00:16:22,480 --> 00:16:25,240
found a dissent growing up dissent
316
00:16:25,240 --> 00:16:27,759
inside the RCC dissent in the army and
317
00:16:27,759 --> 00:16:31,720
he was not at the time with that grip on
318
00:16:31,720 --> 00:16:35,079
it so he went to swara and he told us we
319
00:16:35,079 --> 00:16:37,689
we will all leave power we give it to
320
00:16:37,689 --> 00:16:38,290
the people
321
00:16:38,290 --> 00:16:40,540
yes civilians to the civilians so he
322
00:16:40,540 --> 00:16:43,660
went there and he deceived them so they
323
00:16:43,660 --> 00:16:45,339
are all out but he is the leader of the
324
00:16:45,339 --> 00:16:47,329
new revolution the popular revolution
325
00:16:47,329 --> 00:16:50,779
and then of course to make it sound a
326
00:16:50,779 --> 00:16:53,779
revolution it took us to jail so do you
327
00:16:53,779 --> 00:16:56,869
think he has always had that idea of
328
00:16:56,869 --> 00:16:59,569
becoming a dictator or was this a
329
00:16:59,569 --> 00:17:02,269
reaction to a threat to his position and
330
00:17:02,269 --> 00:17:05,779
power that changed him I think he said
331
00:17:05,779 --> 00:17:08,000
it was growing he said no more well look
332
00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:10,939
he didn't no more he never had the
333
00:17:10,939 --> 00:17:12,949
education or experience to make him a
334
00:17:12,949 --> 00:17:15,799
Democrat for us I'm not in power so I am
335
00:17:15,799 --> 00:17:17,809
with democracy I don't know if I'll be
336
00:17:17,809 --> 00:17:20,029
in power although I practice democracy
337
00:17:20,029 --> 00:17:22,250
now where I live but they were coup
338
00:17:22,250 --> 00:17:24,529
attempts assassination attempts is that
339
00:17:24,529 --> 00:17:26,720
what made him really brutal let me let
340
00:17:26,720 --> 00:17:29,389
me complete the idea so he had surplus
341
00:17:29,389 --> 00:17:32,179
of money that he never thought of and
342
00:17:32,179 --> 00:17:35,149
here he saw politicians from everywhere
343
00:17:35,149 --> 00:17:37,340
I saw the head of the Liberal Party in
344
00:17:37,340 --> 00:17:39,260
England came and tell him
345
00:17:39,260 --> 00:17:41,240
Quorra Gaddafi you are the one who
346
00:17:41,240 --> 00:17:43,279
teaches about freedom on Libyan TV
347
00:17:43,279 --> 00:17:46,399
because he was treated well there you
348
00:17:46,399 --> 00:17:48,230
think these sort of things changed him I
349
00:17:48,230 --> 00:17:51,169
I think I think if we go back to the few
350
00:17:51,169 --> 00:17:53,779
years before the coup Gaddafi was a very
351
00:17:53,779 --> 00:17:56,450
dominant figure with all his companions
352
00:17:56,450 --> 00:17:58,070
and colleagues which he gathered around
353
00:17:58,070 --> 00:18:01,340
himself to to actually do the to do the
354
00:18:01,340 --> 00:18:02,570
coup he was not going to accept
355
00:18:02,570 --> 00:18:04,789
criticism he was not going to accept
356
00:18:04,789 --> 00:18:07,010
anybody even from the closest of his
357
00:18:07,010 --> 00:18:08,690
colleagues who actually did the coup
358
00:18:08,690 --> 00:18:11,389
with him to force him to change his mind
359
00:18:11,389 --> 00:18:14,029
or policy and anything and and I think
360
00:18:14,029 --> 00:18:16,399
his his it was in his personality and
361
00:18:16,399 --> 00:18:18,710
his in his character always to be
362
00:18:18,710 --> 00:18:22,549
autocratic and to be dominating and he
363
00:18:22,549 --> 00:18:25,159
will not give in to other opinions so
364
00:18:25,159 --> 00:18:28,190
the precipitations for a dictator were
365
00:18:28,190 --> 00:18:31,309
were there in his character and as as
366
00:18:31,309 --> 00:18:33,289
things moved on and he started getting
367
00:18:33,289 --> 00:18:35,600
challenges not just from his own group
368
00:18:35,600 --> 00:18:36,950
Adam and Hassan Moussa
369
00:18:36,950 --> 00:18:38,899
Ahmed a military coup attempt in
370
00:18:38,899 --> 00:18:43,190
December 1970 or 1969 sorry and then the
371
00:18:43,190 --> 00:18:45,740
student movement were very expressive
372
00:18:45,740 --> 00:18:47,809
against him I remember he used to come
373
00:18:47,809 --> 00:18:49,490
to Tribune University and the students
374
00:18:49,490 --> 00:18:51,799
were very vocal very brave telling him
375
00:18:51,799 --> 00:18:54,169
look you and your colleagues the army
376
00:18:54,169 --> 00:18:55,490
officer you should go back to your
377
00:18:55,490 --> 00:18:58,340
barracks we want civilian rule so as he
378
00:18:58,340 --> 00:19:00,710
had rejections from the studio
379
00:19:00,710 --> 00:19:03,919
from intellectuals from army officers he
380
00:19:03,919 --> 00:19:06,500
started to become very brutal to protect
381
00:19:06,500 --> 00:19:11,230
his dominance as his control over power
382
00:19:11,960 --> 00:19:17,390
he basically took affirmed a grip of the
383
00:19:17,390 --> 00:19:19,730
country every aspect of the country's
384
00:19:19,730 --> 00:19:22,250
life and I think that was the first
385
00:19:22,250 --> 00:19:26,540
clear sign that Gaddafi was heading to
386
00:19:26,540 --> 00:19:30,879
be an absolute dictator of Libya
387
00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:33,429
despite growing isolation Libya
388
00:19:33,429 --> 00:19:35,830
continues to pursue policies which are a
389
00:19:35,830 --> 00:19:38,140
unique mix of strict Muslim rules and
390
00:19:38,140 --> 00:19:43,179
Marxist ideology Gaddafi established the
391
00:19:43,179 --> 00:19:46,030
Jamahiriya fate of the masses a system
392
00:19:46,030 --> 00:19:48,070
of people's committees and the general
393
00:19:48,070 --> 00:19:50,080
People's Congress this was part of
394
00:19:50,080 --> 00:19:52,990
Gaddafi's third Universal theory that he
395
00:19:52,990 --> 00:19:55,990
laid out in his green book he himself
396
00:19:55,990 --> 00:19:58,330
would claim to have no official role in
397
00:19:58,330 --> 00:20:00,700
the Jamahiriya but would remain the
398
00:20:00,700 --> 00:20:02,440
commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces
399
00:20:02,440 --> 00:20:06,340
and go by a new title brother leader I
400
00:20:06,340 --> 00:20:10,590
think it was it was to a certain point
401
00:20:10,590 --> 00:20:13,570
successful experience to a certain limit
402
00:20:13,570 --> 00:20:16,990
it was not completely independent system
403
00:20:16,990 --> 00:20:18,850
from Gaddafi he's not president
404
00:20:18,850 --> 00:20:20,559
originally a Republican there's no
405
00:20:20,559 --> 00:20:22,659
Republic and he is not a minister not a
406
00:20:22,659 --> 00:20:24,610
prime minister he is the leader of
407
00:20:24,610 --> 00:20:27,270
revolution which is kind of ongoing
408
00:20:27,270 --> 00:20:31,380
process that never ends it was diluted
409
00:20:31,380 --> 00:20:34,929
and subvert it and became a way of
410
00:20:34,929 --> 00:20:38,559
really enhancing the mobilization and
411
00:20:38,559 --> 00:20:42,340
cramping and punishing dissident voices
412
00:20:42,340 --> 00:20:45,309
in Libyan society the army was first
413
00:20:45,309 --> 00:20:48,010
there two unions were purged the Student
414
00:20:48,010 --> 00:20:50,890
Union was first the other independent
415
00:20:50,890 --> 00:20:53,470
Association were burst and everything
416
00:20:53,470 --> 00:20:55,419
became either you are a revolutionary or
417
00:20:55,419 --> 00:20:57,700
counter revolutionary and you could see
418
00:20:57,700 --> 00:21:01,000
that in formal institutions the security
419
00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:05,080
apparatus the secret police the the
420
00:21:05,080 --> 00:21:06,669
so-called Revolutionary Committees began
421
00:21:06,669 --> 00:21:09,520
to dominate the formal institutions of
422
00:21:09,520 --> 00:21:11,590
the state what Gaddafi's actually doing
423
00:21:11,590 --> 00:21:13,600
is working very hard to create a
424
00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:18,100
personalized centralized state in which
425
00:21:18,100 --> 00:21:20,620
really there are no proper institutions
426
00:21:20,620 --> 00:21:23,640
and he is the center of everything
427
00:21:23,640 --> 00:21:25,900
Gaddafi was hollowing out Libya's
428
00:21:25,900 --> 00:21:28,690
political structures who rose to real
429
00:21:28,690 --> 00:21:31,690
power would lead only to him and all
430
00:21:31,690 --> 00:21:34,820
dissent brutally repressed
431
00:21:34,820 --> 00:21:37,879
the whole power became in his hand and
432
00:21:37,879 --> 00:21:39,859
that's why he start really become a very
433
00:21:39,859 --> 00:21:42,320
vicious against anyone who will even
434
00:21:42,320 --> 00:21:44,570
voice anything different from his
435
00:21:44,570 --> 00:21:48,949
opinion the multi think of that you'll
436
00:21:48,949 --> 00:21:50,419
be in prison if you're not in prison
437
00:21:50,419 --> 00:21:53,649
you're behind in the streets
438
00:21:57,950 --> 00:22:05,200
[Music]
439
00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:11,340
that's where Libya have seen probably
440
00:22:11,340 --> 00:22:13,470
one of the most vicious hand in
441
00:22:13,470 --> 00:22:15,570
campaigns can ever happen twas it during
442
00:22:15,570 --> 00:22:17,640
the month of ramadhan that used to be
443
00:22:17,640 --> 00:22:20,760
done just around m'lip and his TV
444
00:22:20,760 --> 00:22:23,490
broadcasted and they've handed those
445
00:22:23,490 --> 00:22:25,980
young people in their own cities so to
446
00:22:25,980 --> 00:22:28,020
show them and also at the same time they
447
00:22:28,020 --> 00:22:33,450
go and they destroyed their homes while
448
00:22:33,450 --> 00:22:35,760
Muammar al-gaddafi exercised brute force
449
00:22:35,760 --> 00:22:37,380
at home his authority
450
00:22:37,380 --> 00:22:41,390
didn't extend to either Arab fs
451
00:22:42,740 --> 00:22:45,000
following the death of Egypt's German
452
00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:48,060
Abdel Nasser in 1970 Gaddafi had seen
453
00:22:48,060 --> 00:22:49,920
himself as heir apparent to advance
454
00:22:49,920 --> 00:22:50,940
pan-arabism
455
00:22:50,940 --> 00:22:53,790
but not a successor and were said that
456
00:22:53,790 --> 00:22:56,400
had sidelined Gadhafi during the war
457
00:22:56,400 --> 00:22:58,350
with Israel and ignored the Libyan
458
00:22:58,350 --> 00:23:00,510
leader as Egypt fell in line with
459
00:23:00,510 --> 00:23:03,030
Western interests signing a peace treaty
460
00:23:03,030 --> 00:23:07,050
with Israel Gadhafi took this as a
461
00:23:07,050 --> 00:23:09,630
personal insult and a betrayal of the
462
00:23:09,630 --> 00:23:12,470
Arab cause
463
00:23:14,990 --> 00:23:17,029
he's a leader with few friends in the
464
00:23:17,029 --> 00:23:19,700
area the man who dreamed of uniting the
465
00:23:19,700 --> 00:23:21,799
Arab world is perhaps discovering that
466
00:23:21,799 --> 00:23:32,330
no one shares his vision anymore Muammar
467
00:23:32,330 --> 00:23:34,640
al-gaddafi resented being sidelined in
468
00:23:34,640 --> 00:23:35,419
Arab affairs
469
00:23:35,419 --> 00:23:38,600
now at the beginning of the 1980s he'd
470
00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:40,520
looked to the wider world for new
471
00:23:40,520 --> 00:23:41,710
purpose
472
00:23:41,710 --> 00:23:44,330
he became literally against everybody
473
00:23:44,330 --> 00:23:46,850
especially in the Arab world because he
474
00:23:46,850 --> 00:23:49,399
felt that all of them had betrayed the
475
00:23:49,399 --> 00:23:52,970
the Arab cause and he is the champion of
476
00:23:52,970 --> 00:24:01,760
the Arab cause it is the responsibility
477
00:24:01,760 --> 00:24:05,570
of America must be outside of this area
478
00:24:05,570 --> 00:24:11,360
it is aggression it is that so that's
479
00:24:11,360 --> 00:24:13,399
why he starts supporting a lot of the
480
00:24:13,399 --> 00:24:15,200
movements in different parts of the
481
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:17,240
world he was accused of supporting so
482
00:24:17,240 --> 00:24:19,100
many different various organizations
483
00:24:19,100 --> 00:24:21,500
from the Irish Republican Army
484
00:24:21,500 --> 00:24:24,590
yeah IRA in the UK to the Red Brigades
485
00:24:24,590 --> 00:24:27,890
in Italy or Mandela in South Africa at
486
00:24:27,890 --> 00:24:30,470
the time when it was only Gaddafi and
487
00:24:30,470 --> 00:24:32,539
people like him and Castro and yes
488
00:24:32,539 --> 00:24:35,630
Arafat who actually talked about Mandela
489
00:24:35,630 --> 00:24:39,580
negative positively and supported him
490
00:24:39,580 --> 00:24:41,840
Gaddafi might have seen himself as a
491
00:24:41,840 --> 00:24:43,490
champion of a global anti imperialist
492
00:24:43,490 --> 00:24:46,669
struggle but for much of the West he was
493
00:24:46,669 --> 00:24:50,929
a supporter of worldwide terror and then
494
00:24:50,929 --> 00:24:54,080
in December 1985 simultaneous attacks on
495
00:24:54,080 --> 00:24:56,299
airports in Rome and Vienna claimed the
496
00:24:56,299 --> 00:24:59,029
lives of 19 civilians including five
497
00:24:59,029 --> 00:25:00,570
Americans
498
00:25:00,570 --> 00:25:03,119
the following year a West Berlin
499
00:25:03,119 --> 00:25:05,070
nightclub was born killing three people
500
00:25:05,070 --> 00:25:07,709
to wear American servicemen ladies and
501
00:25:07,709 --> 00:25:10,429
gentlemen our president of United States
502
00:25:10,429 --> 00:25:13,349
European intelligence agencies suggested
503
00:25:13,349 --> 00:25:15,779
Palestinian groups based in Syria we're
504
00:25:15,779 --> 00:25:17,729
most likely responsible for the attacks
505
00:25:17,729 --> 00:25:20,639
for the US however the blame lay
506
00:25:20,639 --> 00:25:23,579
squarely please be seated with one man
507
00:25:23,579 --> 00:25:25,979
Gaddafi's long-standing involvement in
508
00:25:25,979 --> 00:25:27,839
terrorism is well-documented and there's
509
00:25:27,839 --> 00:25:29,729
irrefutable evidence of his role in
510
00:25:29,729 --> 00:25:33,329
these attacks Gaddafi of course was
511
00:25:33,329 --> 00:25:37,379
already hugely projected as a monster as
512
00:25:37,379 --> 00:25:41,789
it turns if you say he's a terrorist
513
00:25:41,789 --> 00:25:44,699
everybody will agree so it's easy to
514
00:25:44,699 --> 00:25:48,209
throw them at him and it will stick and
515
00:25:48,209 --> 00:25:50,039
he did deny it he didn't say that we are
516
00:25:50,039 --> 00:25:52,229
behind it but he didn't deny that idea
517
00:25:52,229 --> 00:25:54,299
and began to say this is a war against
518
00:25:54,299 --> 00:25:56,639
colonialism and imperialism the leaders
519
00:25:56,639 --> 00:25:58,319
of the Western world have called you a
520
00:25:58,319 --> 00:25:59,099
terrorist
521
00:25:59,099 --> 00:26:01,799
Colonel your government is a terrorist
522
00:26:01,799 --> 00:26:04,409
government the Reagan is the biggest
523
00:26:04,409 --> 00:26:07,829
terrorist in the world this Mad Dog of
524
00:26:07,829 --> 00:26:11,659
the Middle East has a goal of a world
525
00:26:11,659 --> 00:26:14,369
revolution Muslim fundamentalist
526
00:26:14,369 --> 00:26:18,869
revolution Reagan named them the Mad Dog
527
00:26:18,869 --> 00:26:20,699
of the Middle East so good efening
528
00:26:20,699 --> 00:26:22,739
answered them on the same day naming him
529
00:26:22,739 --> 00:26:25,169
as the Mad Dog of the international
530
00:26:25,169 --> 00:26:29,549
Zionism movement and of course it was
531
00:26:29,549 --> 00:26:35,479
very it was the lowest the law of
532
00:26:35,479 --> 00:26:38,479
diplomacy
533
00:26:39,020 --> 00:26:43,160
in April 1986 diplomacy between the
534
00:26:43,160 --> 00:26:45,290
United States and Libya came to a
535
00:26:45,290 --> 00:26:50,540
violent end today we have done what we
536
00:26:50,540 --> 00:26:54,410
had to do if necessary we shall do it
537
00:26:54,410 --> 00:26:56,679
again
538
00:27:00,190 --> 00:27:02,890
[Music]
539
00:27:02,890 --> 00:27:06,080
the United States decided to punish him
540
00:27:06,080 --> 00:27:07,160
once and for all
541
00:27:07,160 --> 00:27:09,640
actually by trying to kill him
542
00:27:09,640 --> 00:27:12,180
[Music]
543
00:27:12,180 --> 00:27:14,850
they send huge airplanes and bombed
544
00:27:14,850 --> 00:27:18,540
locations in Tripoli and his own house
545
00:27:18,540 --> 00:27:21,180
his own headquarters in all Bureau
546
00:27:21,180 --> 00:27:24,300
office but um we also had lost some
547
00:27:24,300 --> 00:27:26,150
civilians that including children
548
00:27:26,150 --> 00:27:31,650
including babies it is a clear and blunt
549
00:27:31,650 --> 00:27:35,160
attempt by the Nazis leader of the free
550
00:27:35,160 --> 00:27:37,800
world to assassinate somebody because
551
00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:38,640
they don't like him
552
00:27:38,640 --> 00:27:41,700
Gaddafi was from the Arab world and was
553
00:27:41,700 --> 00:27:44,610
a suitable person to fight with because
554
00:27:44,610 --> 00:27:47,310
after all Qaddafi had alienated almost
555
00:27:47,310 --> 00:27:51,420
everyone so he was a perfect foil for
556
00:27:51,420 --> 00:27:55,710
the Reagan administration Gaddafi's
557
00:27:55,710 --> 00:27:57,510
reputation as the artists sponsor of
558
00:27:57,510 --> 00:27:59,640
Terror was to once again make him the
559
00:27:59,640 --> 00:28:03,060
prime suspect within 1988 an American
560
00:28:03,060 --> 00:28:04,560
airliner was brought down over the
561
00:28:04,560 --> 00:28:06,030
Scottish town of Lockerbie
562
00:28:06,030 --> 00:28:09,760
killing all 259 people on board
563
00:28:09,760 --> 00:28:11,990
[Music]
564
00:28:11,990 --> 00:28:14,310
the evidence for Libya's direct
565
00:28:14,310 --> 00:28:15,780
involvement in carrying out the
566
00:28:15,780 --> 00:28:17,580
Lockerbie bombing was less than
567
00:28:17,580 --> 00:28:21,300
conclusive but in 1992 pushed by the
568
00:28:21,300 --> 00:28:24,180
United States Britain and France the
569
00:28:24,180 --> 00:28:25,920
United Nations placed severe economic
570
00:28:25,920 --> 00:28:28,500
and trade sanctions on Libya for his
571
00:28:28,500 --> 00:28:32,570
alleged involvement led to so many
572
00:28:32,570 --> 00:28:37,530
disruption of life it so many kind of
573
00:28:37,530 --> 00:28:40,470
finishing sanctions economic sanctions
574
00:28:40,470 --> 00:28:42,930
political sanctions even Bolivian
575
00:28:42,930 --> 00:28:45,330
passport when your truffle was was a
576
00:28:45,330 --> 00:28:48,000
kind of accusation in itself Libyans
577
00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:50,460
completely were now enclosed inside
578
00:28:50,460 --> 00:28:53,220
their country and they suffered for
579
00:28:53,220 --> 00:28:56,720
years because because of his actions
580
00:28:56,720 --> 00:29:01,260
after the the Lockerbie bombing the
581
00:29:01,260 --> 00:29:04,080
sanctions came in and that really it
582
00:29:04,080 --> 00:29:06,450
Qaddafi hard with me I think hit the
583
00:29:06,450 --> 00:29:08,310
Libyan people hard Gaddafi was not
584
00:29:08,310 --> 00:29:10,740
really affected by the embargo so al if
585
00:29:10,740 --> 00:29:12,090
it doesn't even be who there have been
586
00:29:12,090 --> 00:29:14,160
affected first and and with that his
587
00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:17,520
grip on power really tightened as he was
588
00:29:17,520 --> 00:29:19,860
looking to be an international leader
589
00:29:19,860 --> 00:29:21,510
supporting all these different groups
590
00:29:21,510 --> 00:29:23,700
around the world well by that time the
591
00:29:23,700 --> 00:29:25,710
Libyan the situation in Libya became
592
00:29:25,710 --> 00:29:29,250
marginal for him he's now a part of a
593
00:29:29,250 --> 00:29:31,920
big international struggle he's fighting
594
00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:35,790
against superpowers and he's not also a
595
00:29:35,790 --> 00:29:38,460
puppet of the Russians he's against
596
00:29:38,460 --> 00:29:40,980
communism and communist Olivia a prism
597
00:29:40,980 --> 00:29:43,530
so now he's is a part of international
598
00:29:43,530 --> 00:29:45,390
struggle you know the Libyans were
599
00:29:45,390 --> 00:29:47,760
marginal for him and and he got engaged
600
00:29:47,760 --> 00:29:50,640
in a battle that became you know like
601
00:29:50,640 --> 00:29:54,330
the snowball against the West and the
602
00:29:54,330 --> 00:29:57,510
West was working against him and that
603
00:29:57,510 --> 00:29:59,970
affected the Libyan population in a neck
604
00:29:59,970 --> 00:30:02,160
very negative way because it was more
605
00:30:02,160 --> 00:30:04,170
dictatorship more oppression and
606
00:30:04,170 --> 00:30:06,960
everybody against me he created an enemy
607
00:30:06,960 --> 00:30:10,380
he created when he started with you know
608
00:30:10,380 --> 00:30:12,840
supporting what he calls the liberation
609
00:30:12,840 --> 00:30:14,490
movements so would you say he was
610
00:30:14,490 --> 00:30:16,110
enjoying that role because he was
611
00:30:16,110 --> 00:30:20,160
accused of a lot of terrorist attacks in
612
00:30:20,160 --> 00:30:22,429
Vienna in Rome in Berlin
613
00:30:22,429 --> 00:30:25,129
and he never used to deny any of it he
614
00:30:25,129 --> 00:30:27,139
felt that Libya was too small for him he
615
00:30:27,139 --> 00:30:29,419
wanted a bigger stage so he tried with
616
00:30:29,419 --> 00:30:32,360
the Arab unity uniting the whole Arab as
617
00:30:32,360 --> 00:30:34,460
we say from the Gulf to the ocean from
618
00:30:34,460 --> 00:30:36,919
Bahrain to Morocco and he failed with
619
00:30:36,919 --> 00:30:38,690
that so now he wanted the whole world to
620
00:30:38,690 --> 00:30:39,470
be his stage
621
00:30:39,470 --> 00:30:41,899
so he started supporting revolutionary
622
00:30:41,899 --> 00:30:43,730
movements all around the world I recall
623
00:30:43,730 --> 00:30:45,409
somebody telling me and this is exactly
624
00:30:45,409 --> 00:30:48,049
accurate information that him in the 80s
625
00:30:48,049 --> 00:30:51,470
there was a camp in Libya supervised by
626
00:30:51,470 --> 00:30:53,299
something called the International
627
00:30:53,299 --> 00:30:58,090
revolutionary Matata this camp had
628
00:30:58,090 --> 00:31:01,639
17,000 trainees military trainees from
629
00:31:01,639 --> 00:31:04,100
35 nationalities well the question is
630
00:31:04,100 --> 00:31:09,139
including including Irish was was he to
631
00:31:09,139 --> 00:31:11,090
the Latin America to Asia to all over
632
00:31:11,090 --> 00:31:13,190
the world was he was he doing that
633
00:31:13,190 --> 00:31:15,110
because he believed in it as a
634
00:31:15,110 --> 00:31:18,860
revolutionary leader and so on or as mr.
635
00:31:18,860 --> 00:31:21,409
Bashir said he created an enemy he
636
00:31:21,409 --> 00:31:23,450
needed that sort of enemy I think both I
637
00:31:23,450 --> 00:31:25,220
think he suffered from grandia's
638
00:31:25,220 --> 00:31:27,679
illusions that actually he could rule
639
00:31:27,679 --> 00:31:29,570
the world he could change regimes all
640
00:31:29,570 --> 00:31:31,669
over the world and these regimes become
641
00:31:31,669 --> 00:31:34,519
they emulate his own model and he will
642
00:31:34,519 --> 00:31:37,999
be like the the mouse cheating of them
643
00:31:37,999 --> 00:31:40,249
you know the that's one thing the other
644
00:31:40,249 --> 00:31:43,220
thing I think he enjoyed this idea that
645
00:31:43,220 --> 00:31:46,580
this this this this man the popular man
646
00:31:46,580 --> 00:31:48,049
of the masses all over the world he's
647
00:31:48,049 --> 00:31:50,330
taken on the imperialists he's taken on
648
00:31:50,330 --> 00:31:51,769
the biggest imperialists in the world
649
00:31:51,769 --> 00:31:53,299
which is the United States when the
650
00:31:53,299 --> 00:31:54,919
terrorists attacked in Berlin happened
651
00:31:54,919 --> 00:31:57,289
Ronald Reagan called Gaddafi the Mad Dog
652
00:31:57,289 --> 00:32:01,100
of the Middle East so did the West need
653
00:32:01,100 --> 00:32:04,700
someone like Gaddafi to be you know an
654
00:32:04,700 --> 00:32:06,679
international villain as well was what
655
00:32:06,679 --> 00:32:08,480
was in it for the West I think they want
656
00:32:08,480 --> 00:32:10,909
to make an example of Gaddafi in the
657
00:32:10,909 --> 00:32:13,730
region that if you go beyond your limits
658
00:32:13,730 --> 00:32:16,100
then a clearly you can come and attack
659
00:32:16,100 --> 00:32:19,210
you in your place so I think it does
660
00:32:19,210 --> 00:32:22,460
that that's I think personally I think
661
00:32:22,460 --> 00:32:24,950
he is the one who created this for
662
00:32:24,950 --> 00:32:27,950
himself because he hid oh that he has to
663
00:32:27,950 --> 00:32:30,649
become a real big player in the world
664
00:32:30,649 --> 00:32:33,830
stage and of course he does not have he
665
00:32:33,830 --> 00:32:36,410
doesn't have that power or the
666
00:32:36,410 --> 00:32:38,180
or what will allow him to do such a
667
00:32:38,180 --> 00:32:40,160
thing there I would like to add to this
668
00:32:40,160 --> 00:32:44,150
why did Libya came up in the agenda of
669
00:32:44,150 --> 00:32:46,880
the Americans 1979-1980
670
00:32:46,880 --> 00:32:49,730
I was part of the ribbon opposition and
671
00:32:49,730 --> 00:32:53,630
I had a meeting with a foreign agency
672
00:32:53,630 --> 00:32:56,870
American foreign agency you know it was
673
00:32:56,870 --> 00:32:59,180
imposed on me and they said we would
674
00:32:59,180 --> 00:33:00,980
like to help you at the time what Reagan
675
00:33:00,980 --> 00:33:03,650
won the election I can tell you now at
676
00:33:03,650 --> 00:33:06,920
the time the war between Iraq and Iran
677
00:33:06,920 --> 00:33:10,400
heightened and Iran threatened to stop
678
00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:14,060
all the oil supplies from the Gulf Libya
679
00:33:14,060 --> 00:33:16,570
for the United States and for Europe is
680
00:33:16,570 --> 00:33:21,320
an oil political entity it's a supplier
681
00:33:21,320 --> 00:33:24,050
when the supply from the Gulf is under
682
00:33:24,050 --> 00:33:26,720
heat Libya becomes important for the
683
00:33:26,720 --> 00:33:28,850
United States they wanted to topple him
684
00:33:28,850 --> 00:33:30,980
put another regime that will bring Libya
685
00:33:30,980 --> 00:33:34,430
back to good relation and higher oil
686
00:33:34,430 --> 00:33:37,460
production and better relation it's the
687
00:33:37,460 --> 00:33:41,540
same thing now it was convenient for the
688
00:33:41,540 --> 00:33:44,540
American foreign policy to find a
689
00:33:44,540 --> 00:33:47,540
maverick like Gaddafi and pick him as an
690
00:33:47,540 --> 00:33:50,440
enemy and put all this blame of
691
00:33:50,440 --> 00:33:53,060
international terrorism and all the
692
00:33:53,060 --> 00:33:55,280
mischief is around the world on him and
693
00:33:55,280 --> 00:34:00,140
I recall after the Lockerbie in 1988 and
694
00:34:00,140 --> 00:34:01,610
we all know now with the hand side that
695
00:34:01,610 --> 00:34:03,740
Lockerbie wasn't just the Libyan
696
00:34:03,740 --> 00:34:05,720
component that was Iran involved there
697
00:34:05,720 --> 00:34:08,270
was a group based in Syria involved and
698
00:34:08,270 --> 00:34:10,399
if you have three bad boys you pick a
699
00:34:10,399 --> 00:34:12,649
fight with the weakest one and this in
700
00:34:12,649 --> 00:34:14,810
this case it was Gaddafi because at that
701
00:34:14,810 --> 00:34:16,219
time it was not convenient to pick a
702
00:34:16,219 --> 00:34:17,960
fight with Iran and it was not
703
00:34:17,960 --> 00:34:20,060
convenient to pick a fight with Syria so
704
00:34:20,060 --> 00:34:21,199
in that sense
705
00:34:21,199 --> 00:34:23,350
Gaddafi played that role for
706
00:34:23,350 --> 00:34:25,850
conveniently played that role for the
707
00:34:25,850 --> 00:34:29,020
West and specially America
708
00:34:29,320 --> 00:34:31,639
gaddafi eventually handed over the two
709
00:34:31,639 --> 00:34:33,739
Libyan officials suspected of carrying
710
00:34:33,739 --> 00:34:35,989
out the Lockerbie bombing but the
711
00:34:35,989 --> 00:34:38,510
sanctions remained and fueled increasing
712
00:34:38,510 --> 00:34:42,889
dissent against the regime one
713
00:34:42,889 --> 00:34:44,690
organization the Libyan Islamic fighting
714
00:34:44,690 --> 00:34:47,420
group formed by Mujahideen returning
715
00:34:47,420 --> 00:34:49,639
from Afghanistan in the early 1990s
716
00:34:49,639 --> 00:34:51,770
plotted to kill Libya's leader and
717
00:34:51,770 --> 00:34:53,870
replaced the Jamahiriya with an Islamic
718
00:34:53,870 --> 00:34:59,050
state it failed
719
00:34:59,050 --> 00:35:01,700
crushed by Gaddafi's security forces
720
00:35:01,700 --> 00:35:03,980
many of his members mostly hailing from
721
00:35:03,980 --> 00:35:06,110
Libya's eastern region were locked up
722
00:35:06,110 --> 00:35:08,390
without trial and his qualit conditions
723
00:35:08,390 --> 00:35:10,760
in a Brazilian prison in Tripoli
724
00:35:10,760 --> 00:35:12,740
[Music]
725
00:35:12,740 --> 00:35:16,339
in june 1996 after being denied access
726
00:35:16,339 --> 00:35:18,619
to their families and to lawyers a
727
00:35:18,619 --> 00:35:21,200
mistreated by God's the inmates
728
00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:25,250
protested some revolted some escaped in
729
00:35:25,250 --> 00:35:28,070
the chaos an estimated one thousand two
730
00:35:28,070 --> 00:35:29,930
hundred and seventy prisoners were
731
00:35:29,930 --> 00:35:32,030
allegedly shot dead by prison guards and
732
00:35:32,030 --> 00:35:34,220
the orders from Gaddafi's intelligence
733
00:35:34,220 --> 00:35:36,770
chief though the facts of the incident
734
00:35:36,770 --> 00:35:39,500
remained contested it became one of the
735
00:35:39,500 --> 00:35:41,869
most notorious episodes of the Gaddafi
736
00:35:41,869 --> 00:35:45,940
era that was one of the ugliest
737
00:35:45,940 --> 00:35:49,580
massacres most brutal massacres under
738
00:35:49,580 --> 00:35:53,359
the regime and I think in the long term
739
00:35:53,359 --> 00:35:55,490
that haunted the regime twelve hundred
740
00:35:55,490 --> 00:35:59,210
and 70 prisoners killed they have 12
741
00:35:59,210 --> 00:36:01,609
hundred and seventy families many of
742
00:36:01,609 --> 00:36:06,470
them were from Benghazi the families of
743
00:36:06,470 --> 00:36:08,570
those killed in a Brazilian prison in
744
00:36:08,570 --> 00:36:12,940
1996 started to voice their demands
745
00:36:12,940 --> 00:36:17,150
those demands fell on deaf ears the
746
00:36:17,150 --> 00:36:19,220
fallout from the alleged massacre at Abu
747
00:36:19,220 --> 00:36:21,320
Salim prison was part of a growing
748
00:36:21,320 --> 00:36:25,390
discontent simmering in Libya
749
00:36:26,599 --> 00:36:29,269
but Qaddafi knew it was his troubles
750
00:36:29,269 --> 00:36:31,400
with the West not least the UN sanctions
751
00:36:31,400 --> 00:36:34,599
which threatened his authority at home
752
00:36:34,599 --> 00:36:38,509
but then in 2003 the u.s. invaded Iraq
753
00:36:38,509 --> 00:36:42,819
and changed the course of Libya's future
754
00:36:44,980 --> 00:36:48,440
real change in course happened just
755
00:36:48,440 --> 00:36:51,500
after the death of Saddam Hussein's son
756
00:36:51,500 --> 00:36:55,460
and Mosul are they fahsai were killed by
757
00:36:55,460 --> 00:36:59,809
the American Special Forces Gaddafi's
758
00:36:59,809 --> 00:37:03,410
wife at the time she told them you know
759
00:37:03,410 --> 00:37:06,440
if it's you you are free to do whatever
760
00:37:06,440 --> 00:37:08,630
you want but I don't want this to happen
761
00:37:08,630 --> 00:37:13,130
to my kids the logic of the so-called
762
00:37:13,130 --> 00:37:15,799
war on terror led by the United States
763
00:37:15,799 --> 00:37:17,990
meant that a man labeled a terrorist
764
00:37:17,990 --> 00:37:21,140
could now be a friend of the West Libya
765
00:37:21,140 --> 00:37:23,510
has begun the process of rejoining the
766
00:37:23,510 --> 00:37:27,710
community of nations and Colonel Qadhafi
767
00:37:27,710 --> 00:37:30,559
knows the way forward Gaddafi had been
768
00:37:30,559 --> 00:37:32,839
warning Western powers for years about
769
00:37:32,839 --> 00:37:33,980
these dangerous
770
00:37:33,980 --> 00:37:35,660
Islamist terrorists and the problems of
771
00:37:35,660 --> 00:37:37,220
Islamist terrorists and complained that
772
00:37:37,220 --> 00:37:39,200
nobody ever listened to him and suddenly
773
00:37:39,200 --> 00:37:41,510
the world woke up to the danger and the
774
00:37:41,510 --> 00:37:43,099
enormity of the problem and suddenly
775
00:37:43,099 --> 00:37:45,319
would it be useful to have an ally in
776
00:37:45,319 --> 00:37:49,849
Tripoli Gaddafi would renounce his
777
00:37:49,849 --> 00:37:51,609
support for illicit groups worldwide
778
00:37:51,609 --> 00:37:54,319
give up his nascent nuclear weapons
779
00:37:54,319 --> 00:37:56,990
program and pay compensation to the
780
00:37:56,990 --> 00:37:58,759
families of those killed in attacks for
781
00:37:58,759 --> 00:38:02,829
which Libya would take responsibility
782
00:38:03,510 --> 00:38:06,060
he would also introduce a limited
783
00:38:06,060 --> 00:38:08,910
program of reforms led by his son Saif
784
00:38:08,910 --> 00:38:11,730
al-islam including the eventual release
785
00:38:11,730 --> 00:38:13,890
of some of the political prisoners held
786
00:38:13,890 --> 00:38:18,410
at Abu cell in prison with that all
787
00:38:18,410 --> 00:38:21,750
sanctions were to be lifted please raise
788
00:38:21,750 --> 00:38:26,700
their hands Libya was now back in the
789
00:38:26,700 --> 00:38:31,320
international fold all of a sudden what
790
00:38:31,320 --> 00:38:33,150
Raley called the Mad Dog
791
00:38:33,150 --> 00:38:36,810
this despot this sponsor of terrorism
792
00:38:36,810 --> 00:38:39,500
all over the world this supposedly
793
00:38:39,500 --> 00:38:42,840
developer of lethal weapons became a
794
00:38:42,840 --> 00:38:45,750
good guy that governments like the
795
00:38:45,750 --> 00:38:47,100
British government and the American
796
00:38:47,100 --> 00:38:49,310
government could do business with
797
00:38:49,310 --> 00:38:51,720
leading the way to do business in
798
00:38:51,720 --> 00:38:53,970
Tripoli was British Prime Minister Tony
799
00:38:53,970 --> 00:38:58,200
Blair blessed visits in 2004 accompanied
800
00:38:58,200 --> 00:39:00,500
by representatives of UK industry
801
00:39:00,500 --> 00:39:03,090
culminated in the so-called deal in the
802
00:39:03,090 --> 00:39:05,130
desert that included an exploration
803
00:39:05,130 --> 00:39:07,230
agreement for anglo-dutch oil
804
00:39:07,230 --> 00:39:09,210
conglomerate royal dutch/shell
805
00:39:09,210 --> 00:39:11,490
worth more than six hundred million
806
00:39:11,490 --> 00:39:14,160
dollars Libya's rehabilitation was
807
00:39:14,160 --> 00:39:16,890
revealing his truth the West's top brass
808
00:39:16,890 --> 00:39:20,670
looking after his own bottom line in
809
00:39:20,670 --> 00:39:23,280
reaching out the hands of partnership
810
00:39:23,280 --> 00:39:27,930
today we do not forget the past but we
811
00:39:27,930 --> 00:39:30,150
do try in the light of the genuine
812
00:39:30,150 --> 00:39:33,290
changes happening to move beyond them
813
00:39:33,290 --> 00:39:36,450
one after another Western leaders went
814
00:39:36,450 --> 00:39:38,900
to Libya offering the hand of friendship
815
00:39:38,900 --> 00:39:41,070
multi-million dollar business deals and
816
00:39:41,070 --> 00:39:43,530
the kind of legitimacy Muammar Gaddafi
817
00:39:43,530 --> 00:39:46,680
had long forgotten from US Secretary of
818
00:39:46,680 --> 00:39:49,140
State Condoleezza Rice two newly elected
819
00:39:49,140 --> 00:39:52,109
French President Nicolas Sarkozy Tripoli
820
00:39:52,109 --> 00:39:56,660
welcomed the West and the West jumped in
821
00:39:56,660 --> 00:40:00,420
Gaddafi went almost 180 degrees in his
822
00:40:00,420 --> 00:40:02,730
relationship with America purely out of
823
00:40:02,730 --> 00:40:05,190
the fear of what the United States could
824
00:40:05,190 --> 00:40:06,840
do to him it was very disparate for a
825
00:40:06,840 --> 00:40:08,070
long time to have a good relationship
826
00:40:08,070 --> 00:40:10,920
with United States and I think that that
827
00:40:10,920 --> 00:40:13,350
what happened after he saw Saddam coming
828
00:40:13,350 --> 00:40:15,330
out from that hole in the ground I think
829
00:40:15,330 --> 00:40:17,010
a message very clear came to him from
830
00:40:17,010 --> 00:40:19,260
the right States this is what can happen
831
00:40:19,260 --> 00:40:21,510
to you unless you do this and this
832
00:40:21,510 --> 00:40:23,790
because they want a political victory
833
00:40:23,790 --> 00:40:26,609
for them and and the condition there
834
00:40:26,609 --> 00:40:30,000
that you give up your nuclear program we
835
00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:32,220
we started listening from Cheney people
836
00:40:32,220 --> 00:40:35,640
and we used to know them that let's
837
00:40:35,640 --> 00:40:38,100
start something called the constructive
838
00:40:38,100 --> 00:40:41,940
engagement with Libya and they said one
839
00:40:41,940 --> 00:40:44,820
condition that he gets rid of the was a
840
00:40:44,820 --> 00:40:46,290
weapon of mass destruction
841
00:40:46,290 --> 00:40:48,600
not because he's gonna use it but
842
00:40:48,600 --> 00:40:50,640
because they might go to a terrorist
843
00:40:50,640 --> 00:40:52,680
group and then we saw can delete the
844
00:40:52,680 --> 00:40:55,380
rice visit in Tripoli we saw a lot of
845
00:40:55,380 --> 00:40:57,270
world leaders like Berlusconi like
846
00:40:57,270 --> 00:41:01,680
absolutely it started looking great for
847
00:41:01,680 --> 00:41:04,770
them I think Tony Blair and George W
848
00:41:04,770 --> 00:41:06,450
Bush and I remember this very well it
849
00:41:06,450 --> 00:41:09,030
was very convenient for them because of
850
00:41:09,030 --> 00:41:11,430
their failure in Iraq because of the big
851
00:41:11,430 --> 00:41:14,970
lie that Saddam had WMDs what did Tony
852
00:41:14,970 --> 00:41:16,440
player come out to say he say look
853
00:41:16,440 --> 00:41:18,420
although we did not find them in Iraq
854
00:41:18,420 --> 00:41:20,280
but actually we found them in Libya and
855
00:41:20,280 --> 00:41:22,680
we managed to get rid of them in Libya
856
00:41:22,680 --> 00:41:25,530
without a war so Fotolia leaders wanted
857
00:41:25,530 --> 00:41:27,600
to promote that as a success story yeah
858
00:41:27,600 --> 00:41:30,090
and it was very convenient for both for
859
00:41:30,090 --> 00:41:32,600
Gaddafi to remain in power and to be
860
00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:35,520
rehabilitated and for Tony Blair Andrew
861
00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:38,790
and and W George W Bush to actually show
862
00:41:38,790 --> 00:41:40,920
some sort of a success against the
863
00:41:40,920 --> 00:41:44,570
background of their failure in Iraq
864
00:41:46,900 --> 00:41:50,330
we saw a stream of Western companies
865
00:41:50,330 --> 00:41:51,980
coming back to the view including
866
00:41:51,980 --> 00:41:54,500
British as well as American oil
867
00:41:54,500 --> 00:41:57,530
companies marathon came back
868
00:41:57,530 --> 00:41:59,750
ConocoPhillips came back
869
00:41:59,750 --> 00:42:01,910
British Petroleum came back shelf came
870
00:42:01,910 --> 00:42:04,850
back and then they take him to the next
871
00:42:04,850 --> 00:42:07,880
level of allowing them to visit him and
872
00:42:07,880 --> 00:42:10,370
he was there in France in Paris with
873
00:42:10,370 --> 00:42:12,500
Sarkozy and signing agreements with
874
00:42:12,500 --> 00:42:15,140
their with the military companies with
875
00:42:15,140 --> 00:42:17,810
the oil companies and all of that so now
876
00:42:17,810 --> 00:42:21,430
clearly Gaddafi willing to buy himself
877
00:42:21,430 --> 00:42:24,590
with the wealth of Libya would be
878
00:42:24,590 --> 00:42:32,960
accepted in the West but as Gaddafi was
879
00:42:32,960 --> 00:42:34,340
getting closer to the West
880
00:42:34,340 --> 00:42:37,160
he was alienating himself from the Arab
881
00:42:37,160 --> 00:42:41,170
world the destiny well our Arab subsidy
882
00:42:41,170 --> 00:42:44,480
fee any man I know
883
00:42:44,480 --> 00:42:51,980
manon understand Avila he has a clash
884
00:42:51,980 --> 00:42:55,490
with King Abdullah of Saudi where he's
885
00:42:55,490 --> 00:42:58,250
trying to imply that Abdullah is just a
886
00:42:58,250 --> 00:43:00,950
Babbitt of the Americans there was also
887
00:43:00,950 --> 00:43:05,270
a bad chemistry between him and prince
888
00:43:05,270 --> 00:43:08,570
hamad of other there was a real bad
889
00:43:08,570 --> 00:43:10,440
chemistry
890
00:43:10,440 --> 00:43:14,599
they never felt comfortable with him
891
00:43:16,700 --> 00:43:19,619
while Qaddafi burned bridges already
892
00:43:19,619 --> 00:43:21,930
charred across the region he continued
893
00:43:21,930 --> 00:43:24,510
to build bridges reaching out to
894
00:43:24,510 --> 00:43:28,680
sub-saharan Africa in 2009 Muammar
895
00:43:28,680 --> 00:43:30,869
Gaddafi was elected chairman of the
896
00:43:30,869 --> 00:43:33,420
African Union he immediately vowed to
897
00:43:33,420 --> 00:43:36,059
pursue his vision of pan-african unity
898
00:43:36,059 --> 00:43:39,119
including a unified African army and a
899
00:43:39,119 --> 00:43:41,520
single African currency all part
900
00:43:41,520 --> 00:43:44,400
hoopha United States of Africa later
901
00:43:44,400 --> 00:43:45,359
that same year
902
00:43:45,359 --> 00:43:48,150
Gaddafi made his first ever visit to the
903
00:43:48,150 --> 00:43:50,670
United States of America and took the
904
00:43:50,670 --> 00:43:52,980
stage at his maiden United Nations
905
00:43:52,980 --> 00:43:54,260
General Assembly
906
00:43:54,260 --> 00:43:59,339
millena lemonade butter and I am near by
907
00:43:59,339 --> 00:44:01,559
ucs a year just haven't invited David
908
00:44:01,559 --> 00:44:07,410
yet Mia we stuck the [ __ ] over 37
909
00:44:07,410 --> 00:44:14,460
million seven loser robbed far from
910
00:44:14,460 --> 00:44:16,950
having been rehabilitated the man called
911
00:44:16,950 --> 00:44:19,500
the Mad Dog of the Middle East by a US
912
00:44:19,500 --> 00:44:21,480
president was showing his true colors
913
00:44:21,480 --> 00:44:24,390
and baring his teeth at those who
914
00:44:24,390 --> 00:44:28,230
believed they'd brought him to heel they
915
00:44:28,230 --> 00:44:30,539
were trying to rehabilitate him and the
916
00:44:30,539 --> 00:44:32,369
international community but if you see
917
00:44:32,369 --> 00:44:35,819
his speech in front of the Arabic summit
918
00:44:35,819 --> 00:44:40,529
and also in the in the UN it seemed like
919
00:44:40,529 --> 00:44:42,720
he didn't change when he called the
920
00:44:42,720 --> 00:44:45,270
Security Council the Council of course
921
00:44:45,270 --> 00:44:47,069
when he came to the United Nation I
922
00:44:47,069 --> 00:44:50,160
think that's what he destroyed all of
923
00:44:50,160 --> 00:44:53,099
the hope that those countries they had
924
00:44:53,099 --> 00:44:55,380
in him they showed they saw the real
925
00:44:55,380 --> 00:44:57,359
Gaddafi that he's a person he thinks
926
00:44:57,359 --> 00:44:59,549
that he is above the United Nations is
927
00:44:59,549 --> 00:45:01,230
above the world and he is a person who
928
00:45:01,230 --> 00:45:03,150
can't really dictate how this world
929
00:45:03,150 --> 00:45:06,029
would work and and I think that was the
930
00:45:06,029 --> 00:45:07,339
point when I said clearly this guy
931
00:45:07,339 --> 00:45:10,260
there's no hope in him and of course
932
00:45:10,260 --> 00:45:11,940
there's no hope I mean at least for the
933
00:45:11,940 --> 00:45:14,190
Libyan people we knew that for 40 years
934
00:45:14,190 --> 00:45:16,710
this just what this person has done it
935
00:45:16,710 --> 00:45:19,559
has no interest in but to be the
936
00:45:19,559 --> 00:45:21,779
dictator to be the authoritarian regime
937
00:45:21,779 --> 00:45:24,040
that he has created yeah
938
00:45:24,040 --> 00:45:25,840
I remember when he came to New York
939
00:45:25,840 --> 00:45:28,870
before coming they declined the visas
940
00:45:28,870 --> 00:45:31,600
for some of his delegation and when he
941
00:45:31,600 --> 00:45:33,550
came there they treated him bad the
942
00:45:33,550 --> 00:45:36,880
White House treated him bad even for the
943
00:45:36,880 --> 00:45:39,460
dinners that President Obama called for
944
00:45:39,460 --> 00:45:41,890
he was not invited and he tried to
945
00:45:41,890 --> 00:45:44,080
challenge Obama by doing a dinner for
946
00:45:44,080 --> 00:45:46,090
African leaders and of course nobody
947
00:45:46,090 --> 00:45:49,030
showed up to his dinner you know so the
948
00:45:49,030 --> 00:45:52,030
I asked one of his asila life I won't
949
00:45:52,030 --> 00:45:53,740
say his name and he told me well it was
950
00:45:53,740 --> 00:45:57,520
fear told me Gadhafi took a talk talked
951
00:45:57,520 --> 00:46:00,220
out of fear it was almost impossible for
952
00:46:00,220 --> 00:46:02,650
Gadhafi to change he is still branding
953
00:46:02,650 --> 00:46:04,900
America as imperialist and the biggest
954
00:46:04,900 --> 00:46:07,390
enemy of the world and at the same time
955
00:46:07,390 --> 00:46:10,150
is working with the CIA helping them in
956
00:46:10,150 --> 00:46:13,000
their anti-terrorist wars
957
00:46:13,000 --> 00:46:14,500
I think Gaddafi was never going to
958
00:46:14,500 --> 00:46:17,230
change because if he if he changed that
959
00:46:17,230 --> 00:46:19,860
means he would finish
960
00:46:19,860 --> 00:46:22,920
he struck deals financial and economic
961
00:46:22,920 --> 00:46:25,470
is would do a switch to the West's
962
00:46:25,470 --> 00:46:28,710
lightning but even his heart he never
963
00:46:28,710 --> 00:46:30,990
actually trusted the money never
964
00:46:30,990 --> 00:46:38,580
believed in anything by 2011 the people
965
00:46:38,580 --> 00:46:40,530
that he'd ruled with an iron fist
966
00:46:40,530 --> 00:46:43,590
for 42 years were showing their distrust
967
00:46:43,590 --> 00:46:46,740
of their brother leader standing up for
968
00:46:46,740 --> 00:46:49,140
what they did believe in and against the
969
00:46:49,140 --> 00:46:53,430
injustice of the Gaddafi regime we
970
00:46:53,430 --> 00:46:56,430
started to see small-scale protests and
971
00:46:56,430 --> 00:47:00,090
eruptions of public discontent so there
972
00:47:00,090 --> 00:47:01,890
was a slight sort of shift and an
973
00:47:01,890 --> 00:47:06,020
opening up but really by 2011
974
00:47:06,020 --> 00:47:08,160
expectations for real change had been
975
00:47:08,160 --> 00:47:10,110
dashed and people had realized that
976
00:47:10,110 --> 00:47:12,540
there was no real change coming change
977
00:47:12,540 --> 00:47:15,680
was to come
978
00:47:17,450 --> 00:47:20,240
[Applause]
979
00:47:20,240 --> 00:47:23,740
a Centurion from colonization by Italy
980
00:47:23,740 --> 00:47:26,450
Libya had become an important player on
981
00:47:26,450 --> 00:47:29,810
the world stage : L Muammar Gaddafi had
982
00:47:29,810 --> 00:47:31,670
gone from being and accused the sponsor
983
00:47:31,670 --> 00:47:34,220
of terror to an ally in the West war
984
00:47:34,220 --> 00:47:40,780
against it in the early days of 2011
985
00:47:40,780 --> 00:47:42,770
transformations were sweeping through
986
00:47:42,770 --> 00:47:45,550
North Africa the so-called Arab Spring
987
00:47:45,550 --> 00:47:48,170
uprisings had seen the end of two
988
00:47:48,170 --> 00:47:52,580
dictators Ben Ali in Tunisia and Egypt
989
00:47:52,580 --> 00:47:56,599
asana Mubarak pressure was building on
990
00:47:56,599 --> 00:48:00,710
Muammar Gaddafi the battle for Libya was
991
00:48:00,710 --> 00:48:07,430
about to begin by 2011 we have to look
992
00:48:07,430 --> 00:48:11,960
at the international scene around Libya
993
00:48:11,960 --> 00:48:16,580
especially the Arab Spring they were
994
00:48:16,580 --> 00:48:19,790
seen as revolutions and they made the
995
00:48:19,790 --> 00:48:21,890
right atmosphere for something to happen
996
00:48:21,890 --> 00:48:24,430
in Libya
997
00:48:24,680 --> 00:48:27,560
something would happen in Libya and it
998
00:48:27,560 --> 00:48:31,370
would happen in the East the East has
999
00:48:31,370 --> 00:48:33,560
sort of a particular sense of itself and
1000
00:48:33,560 --> 00:48:35,210
a particular narrative that it had been
1001
00:48:35,210 --> 00:48:36,920
deliberately punished and deliberately
1002
00:48:36,920 --> 00:48:40,870
marginalized by the Gaddafi regime
1003
00:48:44,560 --> 00:48:47,650
fat high turbo a lawyer representing the
1004
00:48:47,650 --> 00:48:50,170
families of prisoners allegedly killed
1005
00:48:50,170 --> 00:48:53,440
in a Brazilian prison in 1996 had been
1006
00:48:53,440 --> 00:48:54,610
planning a so-called
1007
00:48:54,610 --> 00:48:57,460
Day of Rage for the 17th of February
1008
00:48:57,460 --> 00:49:04,240
2011 in the eastern city of Benghazi but
1009
00:49:04,240 --> 00:49:06,370
turbo was arrested two days before the
1010
00:49:06,370 --> 00:49:10,390
planned protests and as his supporters
1011
00:49:10,390 --> 00:49:12,910
gathered to demand his release they
1012
00:49:12,910 --> 00:49:23,500
clashed with security forces protests
1013
00:49:23,500 --> 00:49:25,620
demanding the release of a terrible
1014
00:49:25,620 --> 00:49:28,570
quickly moved into protests against
1015
00:49:28,570 --> 00:49:31,690
Gaddafi in the following days the
1016
00:49:31,690 --> 00:49:34,330
anti-gaddafi protesters made up of
1017
00:49:34,330 --> 00:49:36,670
ordinary civilians as well as growing
1018
00:49:36,670 --> 00:49:38,860
numbers of militias moved on to other
1019
00:49:38,860 --> 00:49:42,040
cities ransacking police stations and
1020
00:49:42,040 --> 00:49:45,170
military installations
1021
00:49:45,170 --> 00:49:49,130
protests tend to armed rebellion Gadhafi
1022
00:49:49,130 --> 00:49:51,230
at first held back from responding with
1023
00:49:51,230 --> 00:49:54,230
force but his restraint would be
1024
00:49:54,230 --> 00:49:56,650
short-lived
1025
00:49:56,690 --> 00:50:02,359
this is a militant uprising had Qadhafi
1026
00:50:02,359 --> 00:50:04,250
used more force he might have been able
1027
00:50:04,250 --> 00:50:06,049
to suppress this uprising it was his
1028
00:50:06,049 --> 00:50:08,869
decision not to use heavy force at the
1029
00:50:08,869 --> 00:50:11,420
beginning that allowed this rebellion to
1030
00:50:11,420 --> 00:50:16,609
get going oh let's work off we so
1031
00:50:16,609 --> 00:50:19,220
Libyans forming and their own armed
1032
00:50:19,220 --> 00:50:21,020
groups what we're known at the time as
1033
00:50:21,020 --> 00:50:23,660
revolutionary brigades essentially the
1034
00:50:23,660 --> 00:50:25,789
city just felt that they were making it
1035
00:50:25,789 --> 00:50:28,819
up as they went along Gadhafi now moved
1036
00:50:28,819 --> 00:50:33,079
to beat back the rebels and take back
1037
00:50:33,079 --> 00:50:36,109
control the regime tried to snuff out
1038
00:50:36,109 --> 00:50:38,660
the protests in in a brutal fashion
1039
00:50:38,660 --> 00:50:41,690
in a way that sparked even more protests
1040
00:50:41,690 --> 00:50:43,549
so the funerals of those who had been
1041
00:50:43,549 --> 00:50:45,380
killed by the regime triggered even more
1042
00:50:45,380 --> 00:50:47,480
crowds to come out people lost their
1043
00:50:47,480 --> 00:50:49,930
fear
1044
00:50:51,470 --> 00:50:53,990
the rebellion had spread from Benghazi
1045
00:50:53,990 --> 00:50:57,140
as far west as Tripoli clashes between
1046
00:50:57,140 --> 00:50:59,840
protesters and regime security forces
1047
00:50:59,840 --> 00:51:02,410
peppered the capital city along with
1048
00:51:02,410 --> 00:51:04,940
demonstrations of support by Gaddafi
1049
00:51:04,940 --> 00:51:08,360
loyalists Libya was in the midst of a
1050
00:51:08,360 --> 00:51:10,370
double-edged war for territorial
1051
00:51:10,370 --> 00:51:13,130
supremacy on the ground and for
1052
00:51:13,130 --> 00:51:15,260
legitimacy and the eyes of the wider
1053
00:51:15,260 --> 00:51:19,070
world rebel militias played down their
1054
00:51:19,070 --> 00:51:21,680
links to our Lord groups including the
1055
00:51:21,680 --> 00:51:23,870
Al qaeda-linked Libyan Islamic fighting
1056
00:51:23,870 --> 00:51:26,210
group whose members had been freed from
1057
00:51:26,210 --> 00:51:30,860
prison two years earlier meanwhile
1058
00:51:30,860 --> 00:51:33,260
kölner Gadhafi rallied his supporters
1059
00:51:33,260 --> 00:51:35,600
against an armed insurrection by those
1060
00:51:35,600 --> 00:51:38,450
he claimed to be drug-filled foreign
1061
00:51:38,450 --> 00:51:45,669
terrorists in Libya shiver shiver
1062
00:51:47,170 --> 00:51:53,870
sanghas anger just deaf even when he's
1063
00:51:53,870 --> 00:51:55,520
talking clearly he want to say that
1064
00:51:55,520 --> 00:51:57,710
these are not the liberal people that I
1065
00:51:57,710 --> 00:51:59,690
know these are just terrorists who they
1066
00:51:59,690 --> 00:52:01,610
trained by al-qaeda he want to get the
1067
00:52:01,610 --> 00:52:03,080
sympathy of the world and Maya come on
1068
00:52:03,080 --> 00:52:05,840
you are fighting and Qaeda in in Iraq
1069
00:52:05,840 --> 00:52:07,400
and other places I am fighting them in
1070
00:52:07,400 --> 00:52:08,780
Libya why don't you come support me
1071
00:52:08,780 --> 00:52:11,860
instead of supporting them
1072
00:52:15,490 --> 00:52:19,810
[Music]
1073
00:52:20,400 --> 00:52:23,820
territory which in the first 72 hours
1074
00:52:23,820 --> 00:52:27,190
fell to the rebellion was grabbed back
1075
00:52:27,190 --> 00:52:30,630
by Qaddafi
1076
00:52:32,359 --> 00:52:34,890
it was at that point that people began
1077
00:52:34,890 --> 00:52:36,569
to warn of a bloodbath
1078
00:52:36,569 --> 00:52:40,829
there started to be a push for a
1079
00:52:40,829 --> 00:52:43,410
humanitarian intervention and and the
1080
00:52:43,410 --> 00:52:45,299
push for this was coming from the rebels
1081
00:52:45,299 --> 00:52:48,180
they realized they were losing this war
1082
00:52:48,180 --> 00:52:50,759
and so the rebels said to the Sultan
1083
00:52:50,759 --> 00:52:53,009
well what are we going to do well the
1084
00:52:53,009 --> 00:52:55,559
only hope is Western military
1085
00:52:55,559 --> 00:52:56,430
intervention
1086
00:52:56,430 --> 00:52:58,950
I don't think Gaddafi would necessarily
1087
00:52:58,950 --> 00:53:00,960
have gone and massacred ordinary
1088
00:53:00,960 --> 00:53:03,539
civilians in Benghazi when he was poised
1089
00:53:03,539 --> 00:53:05,369
to come back and take Benghazi he'd
1090
00:53:05,369 --> 00:53:06,719
retaken a number of other towns
1091
00:53:06,719 --> 00:53:08,609
including a stab here in the east where
1092
00:53:08,609 --> 00:53:09,839
he hadn't gone ahead and done a
1093
00:53:09,839 --> 00:53:11,640
wholesale massacre the international
1094
00:53:11,640 --> 00:53:14,069
community could not just stand by and
1095
00:53:14,069 --> 00:53:17,069
see Gaddafi willing to kill thousands
1096
00:53:17,069 --> 00:53:18,359
and thousands and thousands of
1097
00:53:18,359 --> 00:53:22,079
demonstrators at the end of February
1098
00:53:22,079 --> 00:53:25,200
2011 a group of military officers and
1099
00:53:25,200 --> 00:53:27,390
government ministers had defected from
1100
00:53:27,390 --> 00:53:29,579
the regime and set up a National
1101
00:53:29,579 --> 00:53:33,150
Transitional Council the NTC headed by
1102
00:53:33,150 --> 00:53:35,249
the former justice minister Mustafa the
1103
00:53:35,249 --> 00:53:38,519
jury years of neutering the military and
1104
00:53:38,519 --> 00:53:40,859
hollowing out political structures had
1105
00:53:40,859 --> 00:53:43,440
left little loyalty among elements of
1106
00:53:43,440 --> 00:53:46,499
the Gaddafi regime by early March
1107
00:53:46,499 --> 00:53:49,349
however Gaddafi's forces had showed up
1108
00:53:49,349 --> 00:53:51,930
their control of Tripoli and looked to
1109
00:53:51,930 --> 00:53:56,549
head east to reclaim Benghazi the NTC
1110
00:53:56,549 --> 00:53:58,489
working with the Arab League an
1111
00:53:58,489 --> 00:54:01,349
organization long at odds with Libya and
1112
00:54:01,349 --> 00:54:04,109
its leader urged the UN Security Council
1113
00:54:04,109 --> 00:54:06,450
to stop Gaddafi from killing his own
1114
00:54:06,450 --> 00:54:08,470
people on mass
1115
00:54:08,470 --> 00:54:09,950
[Music]
1116
00:54:09,950 --> 00:54:12,619
but claims of impending genocide of
1117
00:54:12,619 --> 00:54:15,470
regime soldiers ordered to rape civilian
1118
00:54:15,470 --> 00:54:20,540
woman at will were far from proven don't
1119
00:54:20,540 --> 00:54:23,089
tell me about the stories about Gaddafi
1120
00:54:23,089 --> 00:54:24,410
killing his own people
1121
00:54:24,410 --> 00:54:26,540
the bombardment of fish loom the
1122
00:54:26,540 --> 00:54:30,230
district in Tripoli the use of rape mass
1123
00:54:30,230 --> 00:54:33,260
rape as a weapon the use of fragrant
1124
00:54:33,260 --> 00:54:36,260
tablets as a man as a weapon that's
1125
00:54:36,260 --> 00:54:37,250
completely false
1126
00:54:37,250 --> 00:54:39,049
Western NGOs went in and found out that
1127
00:54:39,049 --> 00:54:42,349
none of this was was true but it was
1128
00:54:42,349 --> 00:54:44,839
reported at the time and it was reported
1129
00:54:44,839 --> 00:54:51,140
by Al Jazeera Al Arabiya BBC near Times
1130
00:54:51,140 --> 00:54:55,400
Washington Post CNN all the TV networks
1131
00:54:55,400 --> 00:54:57,440
in the West we've seen many dead bodies
1132
00:54:57,440 --> 00:54:59,059
of Libyans shot in the streets
1133
00:54:59,059 --> 00:55:01,220
anti-government protesters have told Al
1134
00:55:01,220 --> 00:55:03,230
Jazeera of what they call a massacre on
1135
00:55:03,230 --> 00:55:05,030
Saturday in the town the body of
1136
00:55:05,030 --> 00:55:07,160
evidence at the time seemed overwhelming
1137
00:55:07,160 --> 00:55:09,920
because you had not just what until the
1138
00:55:09,920 --> 00:55:11,630
intelligence community was saying you
1139
00:55:11,630 --> 00:55:13,549
had what all of our allies were saying
1140
00:55:13,549 --> 00:55:15,109
you had what the regional partners were
1141
00:55:15,109 --> 00:55:17,599
saying you had what we were reading in
1142
00:55:17,599 --> 00:55:19,430
the newspaper every day from press from
1143
00:55:19,430 --> 00:55:22,180
journalists on the ground
1144
00:55:23,350 --> 00:55:25,530
[Music]
1145
00:55:25,530 --> 00:55:28,200
truth was not the first casualty of the
1146
00:55:28,200 --> 00:55:30,960
war in Libya but it was now a fiercely
1147
00:55:30,960 --> 00:55:35,160
contested asset British Prime Minister
1148
00:55:35,160 --> 00:55:37,350
David Cameron and French President
1149
00:55:37,350 --> 00:55:39,600
Nicolas Sarkozy led the charge for
1150
00:55:39,600 --> 00:55:42,030
direct action against the Gaddafi regime
1151
00:55:42,030 --> 00:55:44,370
they pushed for a UN Security Council
1152
00:55:44,370 --> 00:55:46,950
resolution authorizing a no-fly zone
1153
00:55:46,950 --> 00:55:50,370
over Libya to be overseen by NATO but
1154
00:55:50,370 --> 00:55:51,900
military intervention would be
1155
00:55:51,900 --> 00:55:55,410
impossible without us backing you cannot
1156
00:55:55,410 --> 00:55:57,450
do a NATO intervention without the
1157
00:55:57,450 --> 00:56:00,090
support of United States and at the time
1158
00:56:00,090 --> 00:56:01,560
the Secretary of State was Hillary
1159
00:56:01,560 --> 00:56:03,720
Clinton clearly she is building a
1160
00:56:03,720 --> 00:56:05,700
political career for herself and she
1161
00:56:05,700 --> 00:56:07,080
want to take position in the world of
1162
00:56:07,080 --> 00:56:11,310
stage EDI Clinton was in Paris and there
1163
00:56:11,310 --> 00:56:15,300
she actually met several ministers Arab
1164
00:56:15,300 --> 00:56:18,060
ministers there was a videoconference
1165
00:56:18,060 --> 00:56:20,970
between Paris New York and Washington DC
1166
00:56:20,970 --> 00:56:24,180
and that basically ilari
1167
00:56:24,180 --> 00:56:26,300
you know convinced I guess the president
1168
00:56:26,300 --> 00:56:29,820
to take this decision
1169
00:56:29,820 --> 00:56:31,710
she went to Barack Obama and told them
1170
00:56:31,710 --> 00:56:35,160
okay now Gaddafi has tanks going towards
1171
00:56:35,160 --> 00:56:37,920
Benghazi if he kills the the
1172
00:56:37,920 --> 00:56:40,440
revolutionaries their blood will be on
1173
00:56:40,440 --> 00:56:42,950
your white shirt
1174
00:56:44,950 --> 00:56:47,900
unlike Barack Obama the leaders of
1175
00:56:47,900 --> 00:56:49,880
Britain and France had needed no
1176
00:56:49,880 --> 00:56:51,500
convincing to call for a NATO
1177
00:56:51,500 --> 00:56:54,650
intervention against Gaddafi while David
1178
00:56:54,650 --> 00:56:56,450
Cameron may have looked to bolster his
1179
00:56:56,450 --> 00:56:58,310
fledgling credentials as an
1180
00:56:58,310 --> 00:57:00,410
international statesman for President
1181
00:57:00,410 --> 00:57:02,960
Sarkozy the drive to get rid of Gaddafi
1182
00:57:02,960 --> 00:57:07,520
seemed both political and personal the
1183
00:57:07,520 --> 00:57:09,740
Gaddafi regime reportedly bankrolled
1184
00:57:09,740 --> 00:57:12,830
Sarkozy successful 2007 presidential
1185
00:57:12,830 --> 00:57:15,460
campaign
1186
00:57:17,190 --> 00:57:19,650
that same year Libya signed the
1187
00:57:19,650 --> 00:57:22,079
multi-billion euro arms agreement that
1188
00:57:22,079 --> 00:57:24,690
the deaf he would later fail to honor he
1189
00:57:24,690 --> 00:57:26,609
also proposed the idea of a pan-african
1190
00:57:26,609 --> 00:57:29,160
currency no longer backed by the French
1191
00:57:29,160 --> 00:57:31,680
Treasury another challenge to Frances
1192
00:57:31,680 --> 00:57:34,700
influence in Africa
1193
00:57:39,450 --> 00:57:45,010
on March 17th 2011 the UN Security
1194
00:57:45,010 --> 00:57:47,650
Council led by France the UK and the
1195
00:57:47,650 --> 00:57:51,750
u.s. pushed through resolution one 973
1196
00:57:51,750 --> 00:57:54,309
giving legal authority to enforce a
1197
00:57:54,309 --> 00:57:57,549
no-fly zone over Gaddafi's Libya this
1198
00:57:57,549 --> 00:57:59,380
resolution demands an immediate
1199
00:57:59,380 --> 00:58:03,280
ceasefire and a complete end to violence
1200
00:58:03,280 --> 00:58:07,410
and attacks against civilians
1201
00:58:10,520 --> 00:58:15,290
they adopted a resolution that said that
1202
00:58:15,290 --> 00:58:17,670
amongst other things there would be an
1203
00:58:17,670 --> 00:58:20,160
arms embargo there would be a no-fly
1204
00:58:20,160 --> 00:58:24,089
zone and all necessary measures could be
1205
00:58:24,089 --> 00:58:27,740
used to protect civilians in Libya
1206
00:58:27,740 --> 00:58:32,819
except no occupying Ground Force it
1207
00:58:32,819 --> 00:58:34,470
wasn't a no-fly zone it was more
1208
00:58:34,470 --> 00:58:36,300
appropriately and called a no-drive zone
1209
00:58:36,300 --> 00:58:38,460
because it was able to hit targets on
1210
00:58:38,460 --> 00:58:42,300
the ground NATO intervention was
1211
00:58:42,300 --> 00:58:44,099
decisive and tipping the balance of
1212
00:58:44,099 --> 00:58:47,520
power back in favor of the rebels and
1213
00:58:47,520 --> 00:58:50,069
also of course the training of rebel
1214
00:58:50,069 --> 00:58:52,740
forces by foreign security intelligence
1215
00:58:52,740 --> 00:58:54,900
agencies enabled those rebels to move
1216
00:58:54,900 --> 00:58:56,760
into the West and eventually to topple
1217
00:58:56,760 --> 00:58:58,859
Gaddafi and to take control of Tripoli
1218
00:58:58,859 --> 00:59:03,720
it led to not only the factor Civil War
1219
00:59:03,720 --> 00:59:07,140
the militarization of surprising and the
1220
00:59:07,140 --> 00:59:11,250
rise of the armed militias a lot that
1221
00:59:11,250 --> 00:59:12,720
was done through supply of weapons
1222
00:59:12,720 --> 00:59:15,329
through Qatar in collaboration with
1223
00:59:15,329 --> 00:59:18,089
intelligence services of the West were
1224
00:59:18,089 --> 00:59:19,470
willing to turn the other way to the
1225
00:59:19,470 --> 00:59:21,319
fact that there was a weapons embargo
1226
00:59:21,319 --> 00:59:25,589
there's a lot of a lot of help from
1227
00:59:25,589 --> 00:59:28,500
Emirates from Qatar and who came to the
1228
00:59:28,500 --> 00:59:31,700
help of the Libyan people and that
1229
00:59:31,700 --> 00:59:34,230
limited the suffering of the people who
1230
00:59:34,230 --> 00:59:35,460
limited the number of casualties that
1231
00:59:35,460 --> 00:59:37,140
took place in there Carter
1232
00:59:37,140 --> 00:59:39,420
at the beginning was very popular and
1233
00:59:39,420 --> 00:59:41,490
supporting the uprising but then the
1234
00:59:41,490 --> 00:59:43,020
United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia
1235
00:59:43,020 --> 00:59:45,599
and Egypt supported the National
1236
00:59:45,599 --> 00:59:48,480
Coalition turkey became involved with
1237
00:59:48,480 --> 00:59:50,640
support of Misrata and so we find that
1238
00:59:50,640 --> 00:59:53,550
the region of Arab countries and the
1239
00:59:53,550 --> 00:59:57,540
European countries are involved in the
1240
00:59:57,540 --> 00:59:59,790
Libyan Civil War it was an opportunity
1241
00:59:59,790 --> 01:00:02,369
for the world to get rid of a menace
1242
01:00:02,369 --> 01:00:05,329
it's called Gaddafi
1243
01:00:06,509 --> 01:00:11,650
it's a coincident in the rare moment of
1244
01:00:11,650 --> 01:00:16,119
history whereby the aspiration of some
1245
01:00:16,119 --> 01:00:18,999
of the Libyans met with would be
1246
01:00:18,999 --> 01:00:21,519
interests of Western powerful countries
1247
01:00:21,519 --> 01:00:24,640
and the country was literally tied up
1248
01:00:24,640 --> 01:00:27,220
hands and legs and throwing from the
1249
01:00:27,220 --> 01:00:30,569
ninth floor four bunch of Tears and
1250
01:00:30,569 --> 01:00:35,319
gangsters waiting outside rebel forces
1251
01:00:35,319 --> 01:00:37,809
made up of militias divided along
1252
01:00:37,809 --> 01:00:40,839
regional territorial and ideological
1253
01:00:40,839 --> 01:00:43,809
lines also contained criminal elements
1254
01:00:43,809 --> 01:00:47,619
and those seeking their own gain but
1255
01:00:47,619 --> 01:00:49,930
despite their differences the rebels
1256
01:00:49,930 --> 01:00:53,220
were gaining the upper hand in the east
1257
01:00:53,220 --> 01:00:55,779
posters of anti imperialist national
1258
01:00:55,779 --> 01:00:58,630
hero Omar al Mokhtar took pride of place
1259
01:00:58,630 --> 01:01:01,480
as flags of independent Libya not seen
1260
01:01:01,480 --> 01:01:03,880
since the time of King Idris where waste
1261
01:01:03,880 --> 01:01:07,809
by jubilant crowds by the end of August
1262
01:01:07,809 --> 01:01:10,900
2011 rebel forces would take Tripoli
1263
01:01:10,900 --> 01:01:13,269
Libya's capital city and regime
1264
01:01:13,269 --> 01:01:15,849
stronghold without the feast resistance
1265
01:01:15,849 --> 01:01:18,999
many had anticipated less than three
1266
01:01:18,999 --> 01:01:21,640
weeks later the NTC was recognized by
1267
01:01:21,640 --> 01:01:24,099
the UN as Libya's legitimate governing
1268
01:01:24,099 --> 01:01:27,609
authority with Tripoli lost Gaddafi
1269
01:01:27,609 --> 01:01:30,099
retreated to his hometown of Sirte but
1270
01:01:30,099 --> 01:01:34,839
it too was now closed to fallen the
1271
01:01:34,839 --> 01:01:37,420
rebellion was closing in
1272
01:01:37,420 --> 01:01:40,059
and forget their fee time was running
1273
01:01:40,059 --> 01:01:44,650
out when the phases recorded messages to
1274
01:01:44,650 --> 01:01:46,930
his family he said they will go down in
1275
01:01:46,930 --> 01:01:49,690
history as a hero they will never leave
1276
01:01:49,690 --> 01:01:52,329
my country and I never I never lived my
1277
01:01:52,329 --> 01:01:55,799
country I never gave up
1278
01:01:55,859 --> 01:02:01,059
October 20th 2011 NATO aircraft attack a
1279
01:02:01,059 --> 01:02:05,220
convoy of armed vehicles Leaving Cert
1280
01:02:05,220 --> 01:02:07,900
rebel fighters on the ground receive
1281
01:02:07,900 --> 01:02:10,000
intelligence that a person of interest
1282
01:02:10,000 --> 01:02:13,690
may be among those fleeing moments later
1283
01:02:13,690 --> 01:02:15,670
: Muammar al-gaddafi
1284
01:02:15,670 --> 01:02:22,510
is found hiding in a drainpipe Qaddafi
1285
01:02:22,510 --> 01:02:24,250
fled and then the rebels chased him down
1286
01:02:24,250 --> 01:02:31,980
and tortured him and then murdered him
1287
01:02:31,980 --> 01:02:34,930
for some the final words of Libya's
1288
01:02:34,930 --> 01:02:36,970
brother leader moments before being
1289
01:02:36,970 --> 01:02:40,059
killed showed a broken man frail and
1290
01:02:40,059 --> 01:02:43,390
confused for others those words were of
1291
01:02:43,390 --> 01:02:47,520
a desperate man clinging to delusion
1292
01:02:47,520 --> 01:02:50,579
[Music]
1293
01:02:50,960 --> 01:02:54,480
until the last moment here he looks like
1294
01:02:54,480 --> 01:02:56,970
he doesn't believe that what he was
1295
01:02:56,970 --> 01:02:57,930
doing was wrong
1296
01:02:57,930 --> 01:03:01,319
I mean and that's why I say what did I
1297
01:03:01,319 --> 01:03:02,579
do to you oh come on
1298
01:03:02,579 --> 01:03:03,780
he destroyed their lives he destroyed
1299
01:03:03,780 --> 01:03:05,970
their future those people they had no
1300
01:03:05,970 --> 01:03:10,500
future whatsoever he symbolizes
1301
01:03:10,500 --> 01:03:13,190
something do those who like him and
1302
01:03:13,190 --> 01:03:15,299
dislike him or hate him
1303
01:03:15,299 --> 01:03:17,760
those who picked up arms against him and
1304
01:03:17,760 --> 01:03:20,039
those who whipped up bombers to defend
1305
01:03:20,039 --> 01:03:23,010
him and he still represents some kind of
1306
01:03:23,010 --> 01:03:29,869
fear for them the world was happy and I
1307
01:03:29,869 --> 01:03:32,579
had a discussion at night with friends
1308
01:03:32,579 --> 01:03:34,289
and I thought him we'll look you know
1309
01:03:34,289 --> 01:03:35,730
the violence that happened with him
1310
01:03:35,730 --> 01:03:38,010
might be the first chapter of a book
1311
01:03:38,010 --> 01:03:42,869
that we're gonna go through if you live
1312
01:03:42,869 --> 01:03:46,069
by the sword you die by the sword
1313
01:03:46,069 --> 01:03:49,230
retribution was meted out to those who
1314
01:03:49,230 --> 01:03:54,109
fought for Gaddafi some were killed
1315
01:03:54,270 --> 01:03:58,250
some paraded through the streets
1316
01:04:01,349 --> 01:04:05,230
others taking away their faiths unknown
1317
01:04:05,230 --> 01:04:09,250
a gruesome end for an often brutal
1318
01:04:09,250 --> 01:04:11,800
leader and his supporters but an end
1319
01:04:11,800 --> 01:04:15,250
that may not have been inevitable there
1320
01:04:15,250 --> 01:04:17,890
were a series of negotiations right at
1321
01:04:17,890 --> 01:04:20,080
the beginning right in that period when
1322
01:04:20,080 --> 01:04:22,750
the UN Security Council authorized
1323
01:04:22,750 --> 01:04:26,440
intervention and NATO countries started
1324
01:04:26,440 --> 01:04:30,670
the bombing and when the US State
1325
01:04:30,670 --> 01:04:33,580
Department heard about this they said
1326
01:04:33,580 --> 01:04:37,690
you need to stop those negotiations and
1327
01:04:37,690 --> 01:04:39,430
one of the ex USX
1328
01:04:39,430 --> 01:04:42,400
military officers who was engaged in
1329
01:04:42,400 --> 01:04:45,520
those negotiations he said and he's
1330
01:04:45,520 --> 01:04:47,230
quoted in the newspaper saying this if
1331
01:04:47,230 --> 01:04:50,170
you're really serious about trying to
1332
01:04:50,170 --> 01:04:51,460
protect civilians and end of the
1333
01:04:51,460 --> 01:04:55,450
violence wouldn't you give 48 hours to
1334
01:04:55,450 --> 01:04:57,490
see if they're serious about potentially
1335
01:04:57,490 --> 01:05:00,010
agreeing to a ceasefire why would we
1336
01:05:00,010 --> 01:05:00,970
pull the plug
1337
01:05:00,970 --> 01:05:03,400
rather than give them a chance to see if
1338
01:05:03,400 --> 01:05:07,300
they're interested in peace the very
1339
01:05:07,300 --> 01:05:10,990
idea was to make as many people as
1340
01:05:10,990 --> 01:05:13,839
possible believe that be that means very
1341
01:05:13,839 --> 01:05:17,080
even and once you believe isn't even you
1342
01:05:17,080 --> 01:05:18,849
don't accept the idea of talking to even
1343
01:05:18,849 --> 01:05:20,800
there is a way to knocking and that's
1344
01:05:20,800 --> 01:05:23,140
what happened exactly at least four
1345
01:05:23,140 --> 01:05:26,950
major peaceful settlement negotiations
1346
01:05:26,950 --> 01:05:30,580
the Americans certainly got that we Came
1347
01:05:30,580 --> 01:05:34,560
we saw he died
1348
01:05:37,230 --> 01:05:40,390
when Gaddafi sent his tanks to Benghazi
1349
01:05:40,390 --> 01:05:44,710
to Benghazi and still the you know there
1350
01:05:44,710 --> 01:05:47,680
is no United Nation resolution I asked a
1351
01:05:47,680 --> 01:05:49,619
cousin of mine who was a dissident
1352
01:05:49,619 --> 01:05:52,599
military man a Coronel and he was a
1353
01:05:52,599 --> 01:05:55,329
Benghazi I told him good luck is sending
1354
01:05:55,329 --> 01:05:56,920
his tanks what you're gonna do he said
1355
01:05:56,920 --> 01:05:58,930
don't worry don't worry because we had
1356
01:05:58,930 --> 01:06:02,230
French officers and Benghazi including
1357
01:06:02,230 --> 01:06:04,030
Charles so do you think the French will
1358
01:06:04,030 --> 01:06:06,849
let their people die they took the Arab
1359
01:06:06,849 --> 01:06:08,770
League all the way to New York and the
1360
01:06:08,770 --> 01:06:13,450
decision to bomb Libya was taken within
1361
01:06:13,450 --> 01:06:15,609
a month it took them more than a year in
1362
01:06:15,609 --> 01:06:18,609
in Bosnia and Kosovo and Rwanda so you
1363
01:06:18,609 --> 01:06:21,099
said I think the year I think I need to
1364
01:06:21,099 --> 01:06:23,650
respond here why did Gaddafi send a
1365
01:06:23,650 --> 01:06:27,040
column of 60 kilometers of armed tanks
1366
01:06:27,040 --> 01:06:29,470
and heavy equipment to Benghazi on the
1367
01:06:29,470 --> 01:06:35,230
19th of March he was you know a column
1368
01:06:35,230 --> 01:06:37,059
to Manchester to bring it back he was
1369
01:06:37,059 --> 01:06:39,010
not going to celebrate with the Benghazi
1370
01:06:39,010 --> 01:06:43,630
people going to give us you know I just
1371
01:06:43,630 --> 01:06:45,190
finished this point he was not going
1372
01:06:45,190 --> 01:06:48,339
there to give out gifts or sweets no he
1373
01:06:48,339 --> 01:06:50,260
was going there destroy you take a city
1374
01:06:50,260 --> 01:06:56,710
back or kill was this exaggerated by the
1375
01:06:56,710 --> 01:07:01,450
media including you know did Debbie
1376
01:07:01,450 --> 01:07:04,809
really commit massacres oh I think I
1377
01:07:04,809 --> 01:07:07,210
think I want to go back the West did not
1378
01:07:07,210 --> 01:07:08,770
do anything during the Tunisian
1379
01:07:08,770 --> 01:07:10,690
Revolution they did not go do anything
1380
01:07:10,690 --> 01:07:12,880
via Gyptian Revolution clearly they are
1381
01:07:12,880 --> 01:07:14,890
fed up with Gaddafi and here's an
1382
01:07:14,890 --> 01:07:16,569
opportunity for the definitely be
1383
01:07:16,569 --> 01:07:18,760
removed and the Libyan people are coming
1384
01:07:18,760 --> 01:07:22,359
out and realized that that that the 70
1385
01:07:22,359 --> 01:07:24,309
kilometers of tanks and military
1386
01:07:24,309 --> 01:07:26,170
vehicles of going to attack Benghazi
1387
01:07:26,170 --> 01:07:28,990
they know that Gaddafi and of course he
1388
01:07:28,990 --> 01:07:30,520
does know that but they are you going to
1389
01:07:30,520 --> 01:07:32,559
slaughter the Libyans because he doesn't
1390
01:07:32,559 --> 01:07:34,660
care what was in it for the West that's
1391
01:07:34,660 --> 01:07:35,829
the question well I'll tell you what's
1392
01:07:35,829 --> 01:07:39,700
in it the price what what was in it is
1393
01:07:39,700 --> 01:07:41,799
the price Libya has a lot of resources
1394
01:07:41,799 --> 01:07:44,500
Gaddafi had a lot of cash a lot of
1395
01:07:44,500 --> 01:07:47,530
investments Libya has 40 banks up
1396
01:07:47,530 --> 01:07:51,099
that runs sub banks of about 200 banks
1397
01:07:51,099 --> 01:07:53,050
including in New York in in Wall Street
1398
01:07:53,050 --> 01:07:55,150
but at that stage he had very good
1399
01:07:55,150 --> 01:07:56,830
relationships with the West and he me he
1400
01:07:56,830 --> 01:07:59,619
made big deals like the deal in the
1401
01:07:59,619 --> 01:08:01,510
desert with Tony Blair and BP and she'll
1402
01:08:01,510 --> 01:08:04,060
know but he was false billing incoming
1403
01:08:04,060 --> 01:08:06,010
billions why that's why would they want
1404
01:08:06,010 --> 01:08:07,150
to get to know he was reluctant
1405
01:08:07,150 --> 01:08:10,270
especially the French the French Dip he
1406
01:08:10,270 --> 01:08:13,390
promised them a 10 billion euro or more
1407
01:08:13,390 --> 01:08:16,569
or more and he didn't do a thing
1408
01:08:16,569 --> 01:08:19,420
Sarkozy was frustrated the British were
1409
01:08:19,420 --> 01:08:21,779
frustrated American didn't care but
1410
01:08:21,779 --> 01:08:26,020
there was a kind of a Lobby around the
1411
01:08:26,020 --> 01:08:29,529
Clintons that made miss Clinton mrs.
1412
01:08:29,529 --> 01:08:31,719
Clinton lead the way that the United
1413
01:08:31,719 --> 01:08:34,210
States enter in this war but it was not
1414
01:08:34,210 --> 01:08:35,350
the interest of the United States
1415
01:08:35,350 --> 01:08:36,100
government
1416
01:08:36,100 --> 01:08:38,589
it was the interest of some lobbies in
1417
01:08:38,589 --> 01:08:40,930
the United States they think that if the
1418
01:08:40,930 --> 01:08:42,819
United States have some action there
1419
01:08:42,819 --> 01:08:45,069
there will be more interest for those
1420
01:08:45,069 --> 01:08:46,270
lobbies we're talking about
1421
01:08:46,270 --> 01:08:48,160
international intervention because even
1422
01:08:48,160 --> 01:08:50,380
the UN resolution what they didn't talk
1423
01:08:50,380 --> 01:08:52,359
what care about about change in the
1424
01:08:52,359 --> 01:08:56,529
regime did about protecting civilians I
1425
01:08:56,529 --> 01:08:58,089
was one of those throughout the
1426
01:08:58,089 --> 01:08:59,830
Revolution who come out on mid
1427
01:08:59,830 --> 01:09:01,689
international media almost every day
1428
01:09:01,689 --> 01:09:04,600
what we were telling Western politicians
1429
01:09:04,600 --> 01:09:06,488
and others and other politicians and the
1430
01:09:06,488 --> 01:09:09,040
media that look Gaddafi is very brutal
1431
01:09:09,040 --> 01:09:11,290
he's not Ben Ali he hasn't left he's not
1432
01:09:11,290 --> 01:09:13,509
mobarak he's not given a power he's
1433
01:09:13,509 --> 01:09:16,000
going to stick it out and kill as many
1434
01:09:16,000 --> 01:09:18,069
people as possible to prevent his
1435
01:09:18,069 --> 01:09:20,950
downside we wish to say do you want
1436
01:09:20,950 --> 01:09:21,460
another
1437
01:09:21,460 --> 01:09:23,649
Rwanda Massacre and North Africa is that
1438
01:09:23,649 --> 01:09:25,540
what you want because will the
1439
01:09:25,540 --> 01:09:27,549
international community conscious carry
1440
01:09:27,549 --> 01:09:29,589
that remember what happened Wanda the
1441
01:09:29,589 --> 01:09:31,330
world turned a blind eye a million
1442
01:09:31,330 --> 01:09:32,259
people would be killed
1443
01:09:32,259 --> 01:09:32,950
and the international community
1444
01:09:32,950 --> 01:09:37,930
responded yes but it was it was their
1445
01:09:37,930 --> 01:09:40,149
moral duty Libya was a member of the
1446
01:09:40,149 --> 01:09:42,189
United Nation I don't think now all we
1447
01:09:42,189 --> 01:09:44,879
had to do anything
1448
01:09:45,439 --> 01:09:48,139
arguments for and against the legitimacy
1449
01:09:48,139 --> 01:09:50,658
of NATO intervention we're being drowned
1450
01:09:50,658 --> 01:09:53,420
out as the mission to protect civilians
1451
01:09:53,420 --> 01:09:57,500
crept into regime change Libya was now
1452
01:09:57,500 --> 01:10:01,760
up for grabs it's the leadership of
1453
01:10:01,760 --> 01:10:05,570
France and Qatar that took the United
1454
01:10:05,570 --> 01:10:07,670
the the Arab League to New York and
1455
01:10:07,670 --> 01:10:10,670
convinced everybody to do and everybody
1456
01:10:10,670 --> 01:10:12,679
came and for the price and that's what
1457
01:10:12,679 --> 01:10:14,659
we see up till now the Libyan people
1458
01:10:14,659 --> 01:10:17,750
there'll be people whatever their pains
1459
01:10:17,750 --> 01:10:20,120
wear whatever the operation was used
1460
01:10:20,120 --> 01:10:22,370
against them they were a marginal factor
1461
01:10:22,370 --> 01:10:23,780
in what happened in Libya
1462
01:10:23,780 --> 01:10:25,760
what happened are what still happens in
1463
01:10:25,760 --> 01:10:27,860
Libya and this because the nature of of
1464
01:10:27,860 --> 01:10:29,600
Libya this is not today
1465
01:10:29,600 --> 01:10:31,760
this is 17th century this is tense
1466
01:10:31,760 --> 01:10:33,199
essentially this is at the time of the
1467
01:10:33,199 --> 01:10:35,090
Greeks when they came and the Romans the
1468
01:10:35,090 --> 01:10:38,540
Turks Libya is a low potential country
1469
01:10:38,540 --> 01:10:40,880
but with the Arab interest in these Arab
1470
01:10:40,880 --> 01:10:42,739
countries what was their interest the
1471
01:10:42,739 --> 01:10:44,600
Egyptian was confused and they were not
1472
01:10:44,600 --> 01:10:46,400
in a position they could do anything in
1473
01:10:46,400 --> 01:10:51,080
Libya the who led it was copper and then
1474
01:10:51,080 --> 01:10:53,900
the Gulf countries you know and they
1475
01:10:53,900 --> 01:10:56,000
wanted to get rid of Gaddafi of Libya is
1476
01:10:56,000 --> 01:11:00,050
developed on the Mediterranean Shore 250
1477
01:11:00,050 --> 01:11:02,630
kilometers from Europe you know both
1478
01:11:02,630 --> 01:11:03,230
sides
1479
01:11:03,230 --> 01:11:05,510
well the Gulf would be second-hand in
1480
01:11:05,510 --> 01:11:08,870
the area you're saying they deliberately
1481
01:11:08,870 --> 01:11:12,199
wanted instability they felt that the
1482
01:11:12,199 --> 01:11:15,920
only country that has the same potential
1483
01:11:15,920 --> 01:11:19,190
was not in the Gulf Council is Libya
1484
01:11:19,190 --> 01:11:20,719
it's out of control
1485
01:11:20,719 --> 01:11:23,960
you know I'm not ruling out country's
1486
01:11:23,960 --> 01:11:26,420
interest in Libya but we need to put it
1487
01:11:26,420 --> 01:11:28,940
into perspective Gaddafi was already
1488
01:11:28,940 --> 01:11:31,969
doing business with French British
1489
01:11:31,969 --> 01:11:34,400
Italian and American companies their
1490
01:11:34,400 --> 01:11:37,040
rights were always preserved by Gaddafi
1491
01:11:37,040 --> 01:11:40,850
and you know this very well so partly I
1492
01:11:40,850 --> 01:11:43,489
think partly yes economic interest is
1493
01:11:43,489 --> 01:11:46,040
always there but I think for an
1494
01:11:46,040 --> 01:11:48,380
international alliance of 45 countries
1495
01:11:48,380 --> 01:11:52,429
to support the UN resolution 193 to go
1496
01:11:52,429 --> 01:11:54,679
into Libya and protect civilians and
1497
01:11:54,679 --> 01:11:57,949
many many know Norway took part Norway
1498
01:11:57,949 --> 01:11:58,790
sent aeroplanes
1499
01:11:58,790 --> 01:12:00,650
and fighters and took part so many
1500
01:12:00,650 --> 01:12:02,540
countries took part in this alliance
1501
01:12:02,540 --> 01:12:04,810
that cannot be explained purely by
1502
01:12:04,810 --> 01:12:08,090
economic interest massacres massacres
1503
01:12:08,090 --> 01:12:10,100
are happening all over the world yes and
1504
01:12:10,100 --> 01:12:12,020
we don't see the NATO intervening to
1505
01:12:12,020 --> 01:12:14,390
protect civilians in other countries and
1506
01:12:14,390 --> 01:12:17,000
then let's let's let's not forget that
1507
01:12:17,000 --> 01:12:19,220
what happened in this those eight months
1508
01:12:19,220 --> 01:12:21,080
twenty seven thousand five hundred
1509
01:12:21,080 --> 01:12:24,770
sorties with sixty thousand bombs and
1510
01:12:24,770 --> 01:12:27,470
missiles on Libya the destruction of
1511
01:12:27,470 --> 01:12:29,270
Libya and turning it from a state
1512
01:12:29,270 --> 01:12:32,030
sovereign state into a territory that we
1513
01:12:32,030 --> 01:12:35,210
see today it is the action of the
1514
01:12:35,210 --> 01:12:37,010
international community that has to come
1515
01:12:37,010 --> 01:12:40,490
back and try to help us reinstate this
1516
01:12:40,490 --> 01:12:42,760
state
1517
01:12:44,530 --> 01:12:49,419
[Music]
1518
01:12:50,810 --> 01:12:52,800
immediately after the fall of the
1519
01:12:52,800 --> 01:12:55,050
Gaddafi regime Libya was under the
1520
01:12:55,050 --> 01:12:56,460
stewardship of the National Transitional
1521
01:12:56,460 --> 01:13:00,540
Council but in reality it was a tonne
1522
01:13:00,540 --> 01:13:02,550
patchwork of competing militias and
1523
01:13:02,550 --> 01:13:04,320
awash with weapons
1524
01:13:04,320 --> 01:13:08,590
[Music]
1525
01:13:08,590 --> 01:13:11,630
under pressure from Western powers the
1526
01:13:11,630 --> 01:13:13,670
NTC horde through parliamentary
1527
01:13:13,670 --> 01:13:16,850
elections in July 2012 won by an
1528
01:13:16,850 --> 01:13:19,550
outwardly liberal coalition the National
1529
01:13:19,550 --> 01:13:23,180
forces Alliance the second biggest party
1530
01:13:23,180 --> 01:13:25,400
represented in the new Parliament was
1531
01:13:25,400 --> 01:13:27,800
the justice and construction party the
1532
01:13:27,800 --> 01:13:30,170
political arm of the Muslim Brotherhood
1533
01:13:30,170 --> 01:13:34,070
in Libya the NTC was to give way to the
1534
01:13:34,070 --> 01:13:37,040
GNC the general National Congress which
1535
01:13:37,040 --> 01:13:39,320
would be based in Tripoli and given a
1536
01:13:39,320 --> 01:13:42,200
mandate to govern for 18 months before
1537
01:13:42,200 --> 01:13:45,830
the election of a new government but as
1538
01:13:45,830 --> 01:13:48,500
Libya moved to democratic rule moves
1539
01:13:48,500 --> 01:13:50,420
were being made that would give the
1540
01:13:50,420 --> 01:13:53,960
militias even greater power number one
1541
01:13:53,960 --> 01:13:55,640
was the fateful decision by the
1542
01:13:55,640 --> 01:13:58,640
transitional authorities to grant a
1543
01:13:58,640 --> 01:14:01,520
state salary to anyone who had fought
1544
01:14:01,520 --> 01:14:03,920
during the revolution so what we saw
1545
01:14:03,920 --> 01:14:06,290
happened was a mushrooming of armed
1546
01:14:06,290 --> 01:14:08,330
groups so the revolutionary brigades
1547
01:14:08,330 --> 01:14:11,150
became even bigger and more powerful you
1548
01:14:11,150 --> 01:14:15,110
find a young person who become part of
1549
01:14:15,110 --> 01:14:17,600
these military formations and he is
1550
01:14:17,600 --> 01:14:20,420
making 50% more than a teacher who has
1551
01:14:20,420 --> 01:14:23,150
been teaching for 35 years the only job
1552
01:14:23,150 --> 01:14:24,620
opportunity is to become a militia
1553
01:14:24,620 --> 01:14:27,320
member Libya became consumed by
1554
01:14:27,320 --> 01:14:29,930
political and economic turf battles this
1555
01:14:29,930 --> 01:14:32,180
is my money this is my territory this is
1556
01:14:32,180 --> 01:14:34,969
my activity not yours and all those
1557
01:14:34,969 --> 01:14:37,640
different groups whose contesting
1558
01:14:37,640 --> 01:14:39,350
interests were suppressed under Qadhafi
1559
01:14:39,350 --> 01:14:43,070
got a chance to say it's my turn now the
1560
01:14:43,070 --> 01:14:45,980
other crucial event was a decision by
1561
01:14:45,980 --> 01:14:48,650
Mustafa Abdul Jalil then leader of the
1562
01:14:48,650 --> 01:14:51,710
National Transitional Council to concede
1563
01:14:51,710 --> 01:14:54,469
two armed Federalists and Federalists
1564
01:14:54,469 --> 01:14:56,030
being those who were seeking some form
1565
01:14:56,030 --> 01:14:59,000
of autonomy for eastern Libya they had
1566
01:14:59,000 --> 01:15:01,849
begun blockading a key road
1567
01:15:01,849 --> 01:15:04,909
in central Libya he capitulated to their
1568
01:15:04,909 --> 01:15:06,710
demands and what was important about
1569
01:15:06,710 --> 01:15:08,900
that was it was the first time in
1570
01:15:08,900 --> 01:15:11,420
post-qaddafi Libya where the lesson was
1571
01:15:11,420 --> 01:15:13,940
learned that force or the threat of
1572
01:15:13,940 --> 01:15:17,389
force will give you political leverage
1573
01:15:17,389 --> 01:15:19,780
what happens is that the militias become
1574
01:15:19,780 --> 01:15:22,760
much more powerful than the government
1575
01:15:22,760 --> 01:15:25,670
so really done there are many ways under
1576
01:15:25,670 --> 01:15:29,090
the mercy of these of these bushes there
1577
01:15:29,090 --> 01:15:31,099
was no real institution built in Libya
1578
01:15:31,099 --> 01:15:33,320
so that mean when the defi goes you'll
1579
01:15:33,320 --> 01:15:35,389
find these institutions in place for
1580
01:15:35,389 --> 01:15:37,159
example there was no army army is
1581
01:15:37,159 --> 01:15:40,340
marginalized since 1986 and only thing
1582
01:15:40,340 --> 01:15:42,230
was there was the militias of Gaddafi
1583
01:15:42,230 --> 01:15:44,300
and his children these are to protect
1584
01:15:44,300 --> 01:15:46,159
him and these are the one who default
1585
01:15:46,159 --> 01:15:51,829
again excuse me yes excuse me
1586
01:15:51,829 --> 01:15:56,360
the Israel and 5th of June well I was an
1587
01:15:56,360 --> 01:15:58,130
opponent to Gaddafi I went to his jail I
1588
01:15:58,130 --> 01:16:00,380
was beaten on my legs on my hands by his
1589
01:16:00,380 --> 01:16:02,960
people but let me let me be objective
1590
01:16:02,960 --> 01:16:06,500
here the the Libyan army in 2011
1591
01:16:06,500 --> 01:16:08,480
resisted for 8 months
1592
01:16:08,480 --> 01:16:12,679
three against 23,000 sorties Israel in
1593
01:16:12,679 --> 01:16:17,270
June 5th 1967 used only 3,000 sorties so
1594
01:16:17,270 --> 01:16:20,770
come on we're talking here when they say
1595
01:16:20,770 --> 01:16:24,079
resistance what's the point because when
1596
01:16:24,079 --> 01:16:25,400
you're talking about weekend why
1597
01:16:25,400 --> 01:16:26,630
everybody was we didn't like the
1598
01:16:26,630 --> 01:16:28,489
institutions of Gaddafi will you like
1599
01:16:28,489 --> 01:16:31,190
him being the dictator we resisted them
1600
01:16:31,190 --> 01:16:34,280
but we cannot say that Libya has no
1601
01:16:34,280 --> 01:16:36,530
institutions I would say oh I didn't
1602
01:16:36,530 --> 01:16:38,480
like the institution especially I can
1603
01:16:38,480 --> 01:16:40,369
ask you well you were I don't tell me
1604
01:16:40,369 --> 01:16:42,050
about the health institutions only that
1605
01:16:42,050 --> 01:16:45,590
there was none it is a revolution it is
1606
01:16:45,590 --> 01:16:47,480
not does not have a leadership it does
1607
01:16:47,480 --> 01:16:49,280
not have a plan for what would you
1608
01:16:49,280 --> 01:16:51,230
afterwards you have this vacuum that is
1609
01:16:51,230 --> 01:16:54,829
in place and and and then here what
1610
01:16:54,829 --> 01:16:57,230
happens that Gaddafi literally opened up
1611
01:16:57,230 --> 01:17:01,369
all his weapon Arsenal's and so now he
1612
01:17:01,369 --> 01:17:03,679
spread out all the weapons in the hands
1613
01:17:03,679 --> 01:17:06,079
of the people you get out 17,000
1614
01:17:06,079 --> 01:17:08,900
criminals they are out from jail and
1615
01:17:08,900 --> 01:17:11,449
they are militarized this is the problem
1616
01:17:11,449 --> 01:17:13,309
now these militias they got used to
1617
01:17:13,309 --> 01:17:15,000
money and salaries and
1618
01:17:15,000 --> 01:17:17,490
and influence when they grew and grew
1619
01:17:17,490 --> 01:17:19,440
they mushroom their numbers at the
1620
01:17:19,440 --> 01:17:21,810
beginning in 2011 they were about 20,000
1621
01:17:21,810 --> 01:17:25,350
25,000 of them now at most now we have
1622
01:17:25,350 --> 01:17:27,840
about quarter of a million because every
1623
01:17:27,840 --> 01:17:29,910
young man who was unemployed the best
1624
01:17:29,910 --> 01:17:31,860
way a quickest way to get money is to go
1625
01:17:31,860 --> 01:17:34,470
and join a militia militia life became
1626
01:17:34,470 --> 01:17:39,660
very attractive Libya was driven by
1627
01:17:39,660 --> 01:17:42,870
militias with conflicting interests
1628
01:17:42,870 --> 01:17:45,660
violence as political currency was
1629
01:17:45,660 --> 01:17:49,170
carried out with impunity in September
1630
01:17:49,170 --> 01:17:52,500
2012 the US ambassador to Libya Chris
1631
01:17:52,500 --> 01:17:54,750
Stevens was killed during an alleged
1632
01:17:54,750 --> 01:17:57,420
attack by the al Qaeda affiliated Ansar
1633
01:17:57,420 --> 01:17:59,790
al-sharia group on an American Consul
1634
01:17:59,790 --> 01:18:03,240
facility in Benghazi kidnappings and
1635
01:18:03,240 --> 01:18:06,210
assassinations were now commonplace in
1636
01:18:06,210 --> 01:18:10,890
spring 2013 violence real and implied
1637
01:18:10,890 --> 01:18:13,110
was used to force through new
1638
01:18:13,110 --> 01:18:15,300
legislation that would favor some
1639
01:18:15,300 --> 01:18:19,170
factions and we can others there was
1640
01:18:19,170 --> 01:18:21,900
very much a sense in Libya of Victor's
1641
01:18:21,900 --> 01:18:25,140
justice and one of the manifestations of
1642
01:18:25,140 --> 01:18:28,080
this attitude this mindset was the
1643
01:18:28,080 --> 01:18:31,590
drafting and passage in 2013 of what is
1644
01:18:31,590 --> 01:18:33,180
known in Libya as the political
1645
01:18:33,180 --> 01:18:35,880
isolation law and this was basically a
1646
01:18:35,880 --> 01:18:39,930
hollowing out of expertise within key
1647
01:18:39,930 --> 01:18:46,770
institutions of the state what I found
1648
01:18:46,770 --> 01:18:52,260
so on I said if you had any job of the
1649
01:18:52,260 --> 01:18:54,750
Qaddafi you could hold no role in the
1650
01:18:54,750 --> 01:18:56,540
Libyan political or governmental life
1651
01:18:56,540 --> 01:18:59,610
wiping out the technocrats wiping out
1652
01:18:59,610 --> 01:19:01,320
the non-political people wiping out the
1653
01:19:01,320 --> 01:19:03,810
competent people as well as wiping
1654
01:19:03,810 --> 01:19:05,310
anybody who did any relationship to
1655
01:19:05,310 --> 01:19:09,890
Qaddafi it was a power grab
1656
01:19:11,170 --> 01:19:15,170
in February 2014 without public
1657
01:19:15,170 --> 01:19:17,840
consultation or parliamentary vote the
1658
01:19:17,840 --> 01:19:21,050
GNC extended its electoral mandate for
1659
01:19:21,050 --> 01:19:24,350
one more year it was a fateful move that
1660
01:19:24,350 --> 01:19:26,930
led to an exiled military man to launch
1661
01:19:26,930 --> 01:19:30,980
his own challenge for power Haritha
1662
01:19:30,980 --> 01:19:34,220
after a former Libyan army officer once
1663
01:19:34,220 --> 01:19:36,200
part of the coup that ousted King Idris
1664
01:19:36,200 --> 01:19:39,980
in 1969 had been abandoned in Chad after
1665
01:19:39,980 --> 01:19:42,320
Gaddafi's failed war to seize territory
1666
01:19:42,320 --> 01:19:47,120
in 1986 after was rescued by the CIA and
1667
01:19:47,120 --> 01:19:49,700
given you a citizenship and returned to
1668
01:19:49,700 --> 01:19:54,550
Libya at the start of the 2011 uprising
1669
01:19:54,580 --> 01:19:56,870
general have to now look to steer a
1670
01:19:56,870 --> 01:19:59,870
revolt against the GNC but his appeal to
1671
01:19:59,870 --> 01:20:01,850
overthrow the Tripoli government failed
1672
01:20:01,850 --> 01:20:05,390
so he regrouped in the east having to
1673
01:20:05,390 --> 01:20:08,470
restore order to a lawless Benghazi
1674
01:20:08,470 --> 01:20:13,010
it was completely unsafe in Benghazi to
1675
01:20:13,010 --> 01:20:16,010
go out every day hundreds of people were
1676
01:20:16,010 --> 01:20:20,000
killed assassinating Dana Benghazi was a
1677
01:20:20,000 --> 01:20:22,460
jungle at the time it was a complete
1678
01:20:22,460 --> 01:20:25,610
jungle between different two groups who
1679
01:20:25,610 --> 01:20:29,060
are fighting for control after decided
1680
01:20:29,060 --> 01:20:30,380
he was going to try and put an end to
1681
01:20:30,380 --> 01:20:32,210
all of this with his operation dignity
1682
01:20:32,210 --> 01:20:36,710
campaign he pulled with him roots of
1683
01:20:36,710 --> 01:20:40,820
retired military personnel and then
1684
01:20:40,820 --> 01:20:42,830
others who would come on board and join
1685
01:20:42,830 --> 01:20:44,570
what he called his Libyan National Army
1686
01:20:44,570 --> 01:20:46,310
but which actually in reality was a
1687
01:20:46,310 --> 01:20:48,920
loose collection of revolutionary groups
1688
01:20:48,920 --> 01:20:50,840
and militias as well on on the ground in
1689
01:20:50,840 --> 01:20:53,470
in the east
1690
01:20:54,600 --> 01:20:57,240
you start in the so called the dignity
1691
01:20:57,240 --> 01:20:59,980
or I can ask in gauzy and get it
1692
01:20:59,980 --> 01:21:02,860
terrorists in Benghazi in Benghazi there
1693
01:21:02,860 --> 01:21:05,260
was sorry I was labeled by the United
1694
01:21:05,260 --> 01:21:07,540
Nation as a terrorist group but there
1695
01:21:07,540 --> 01:21:09,370
are also other groups from their parted
1696
01:21:09,370 --> 01:21:11,770
revolution clearly there nobody has
1697
01:21:11,770 --> 01:21:13,810
labeled them as terrorists but they put
1698
01:21:13,810 --> 01:21:17,710
all of them together and he started he
1699
01:21:17,710 --> 01:21:19,660
had us explicitly empty Islamist in
1700
01:21:19,660 --> 01:21:23,190
gender until the Muslim Brotherhood
1701
01:21:28,380 --> 01:21:32,020
Nathan his rise or the start of this war
1702
01:21:32,020 --> 01:21:34,060
in the east of Libya triggered fears
1703
01:21:34,060 --> 01:21:36,070
among some of those forces in the west
1704
01:21:36,070 --> 01:21:38,830
of Libya that he might be strong enough
1705
01:21:38,830 --> 01:21:40,510
to take mine Ghazi and eventually to
1706
01:21:40,510 --> 01:21:44,320
move and take over Tripoli powerful
1707
01:21:44,320 --> 01:21:46,300
malicious such as the synteny brigades
1708
01:21:46,300 --> 01:21:48,580
had common cause with after and the
1709
01:21:48,580 --> 01:21:50,890
Libyan National Army the overthrow of
1710
01:21:50,890 --> 01:21:54,730
the GNC in Tripoli this isn't any
1711
01:21:54,730 --> 01:21:57,220
brigades moved to see strip the airport
1712
01:21:57,220 --> 01:22:00,040
a strategically important site but we
1713
01:22:00,040 --> 01:22:02,140
accounted by a collective of militias
1714
01:22:02,140 --> 01:22:05,100
targeted by half this operation dignity
1715
01:22:05,100 --> 01:22:08,200
this collective called itself Libya dawn
1716
01:22:08,200 --> 01:22:11,830
and student support of the GNC
1717
01:22:11,830 --> 01:22:14,500
operation dignity labeled Libya dawn as
1718
01:22:14,500 --> 01:22:17,890
terrorists Libya dawn saw the leaders of
1719
01:22:17,890 --> 01:22:20,470
operation dignity as anti revolutionary
1720
01:22:20,470 --> 01:22:25,060
Gaddafi loyalists a new civil war was
1721
01:22:25,060 --> 01:22:26,980
now been waged for control of Libya
1722
01:22:26,980 --> 01:22:29,830
running street battles shadowed by
1723
01:22:29,830 --> 01:22:33,580
political infighting the GNC had come to
1724
01:22:33,580 --> 01:22:35,530
the end of his term and following
1725
01:22:35,530 --> 01:22:38,590
elections in June 2014 which were marred
1726
01:22:38,590 --> 01:22:41,440
by widespread violence it was obliged to
1727
01:22:41,440 --> 01:22:43,390
hand over power to the newly elected
1728
01:22:43,390 --> 01:22:46,060
House of Representatives to be based in
1729
01:22:46,060 --> 01:22:48,460
Benghazi shift in Libya's government
1730
01:22:48,460 --> 01:22:50,740
from west to east and shifting the
1731
01:22:50,740 --> 01:22:53,110
balance of power from one block to
1732
01:22:53,110 --> 01:22:57,700
another the government was to move to
1733
01:22:57,700 --> 01:23:00,250
Benghazi once it had been elected but it
1734
01:23:00,250 --> 01:23:01,840
didn't move to Benghazi instead a
1735
01:23:01,840 --> 01:23:03,910
decision was taken to move to the
1736
01:23:03,910 --> 01:23:06,520
eastern town of Tobruk which in the view
1737
01:23:06,520 --> 01:23:09,220
of after his opponents was basically
1738
01:23:09,220 --> 01:23:12,370
putting the Parliament in even more
1739
01:23:12,370 --> 01:23:14,710
deeply and after his territory the
1740
01:23:14,710 --> 01:23:16,750
elections were a real blow for many of
1741
01:23:16,750 --> 01:23:19,060
the Islamist forces and parties and the
1742
01:23:19,060 --> 01:23:21,130
Islamists could see that actually things
1743
01:23:21,130 --> 01:23:23,020
were about to slip out of their hands
1744
01:23:23,020 --> 01:23:25,090
the old government refused to give up
1745
01:23:25,090 --> 01:23:27,100
the power the old Parliament the new
1746
01:23:27,100 --> 01:23:28,570
Parliament which was in the East in the
1747
01:23:28,570 --> 01:23:30,550
wrong place said we're in charge now and
1748
01:23:30,550 --> 01:23:33,870
libya began a period of two governments
1749
01:23:33,870 --> 01:23:37,840
countries like the Emiratis the UAE like
1750
01:23:37,840 --> 01:23:40,750
Egypt maybe even countries like Qatar
1751
01:23:40,750 --> 01:23:43,750
and Turkey countries like France they
1752
01:23:43,750 --> 01:23:46,420
are siding with one side against the
1753
01:23:46,420 --> 01:23:48,640
other the general National Congress and
1754
01:23:48,640 --> 01:23:49,660
the people who were part of that group
1755
01:23:49,660 --> 01:23:53,830
in Tripoli and some of the MS runs were
1756
01:23:53,830 --> 01:23:55,480
supported at least politically and
1757
01:23:55,480 --> 01:23:58,120
perhaps more by Qatar and Turkey and
1758
01:23:58,120 --> 01:24:00,010
this government in the East under the
1759
01:24:00,010 --> 01:24:02,350
House of Representatives was supported
1760
01:24:02,350 --> 01:24:04,840
at least politically and perhaps more by
1761
01:24:04,840 --> 01:24:07,960
Egypt and the amorous general Hoffner
1762
01:24:07,960 --> 01:24:10,540
went east received his commission from
1763
01:24:10,540 --> 01:24:12,790
the House of Representatives in the East
1764
01:24:12,790 --> 01:24:15,460
and you had two competing governments
1765
01:24:15,460 --> 01:24:18,250
neither of which had meaningful
1766
01:24:18,250 --> 01:24:20,740
legitimacy neither which could deliver
1767
01:24:20,740 --> 01:24:22,870
services neither which had national
1768
01:24:22,870 --> 01:24:25,580
institutions operating national
1769
01:24:25,580 --> 01:24:28,370
the technocratic institutions on which
1770
01:24:28,370 --> 01:24:30,440
Libya depended most National Oil
1771
01:24:30,440 --> 01:24:33,320
Corporation and the central bank of
1772
01:24:33,320 --> 01:24:36,020
Libya continued to functions they always
1773
01:24:36,020 --> 01:24:37,700
had there was a pressure from the
1774
01:24:37,700 --> 01:24:41,270
international community that you don't
1775
01:24:41,270 --> 01:24:42,800
play with the central bank you don't
1776
01:24:42,800 --> 01:24:44,810
play with the National Oil Company you
1777
01:24:44,810 --> 01:24:46,610
should keep them one the world
1778
01:24:46,610 --> 01:24:49,550
corporation continued to pump oil under
1779
01:24:49,550 --> 01:24:51,230
the old contracts the money went to the
1780
01:24:51,230 --> 01:24:53,960
Central Bank of Libya the central bank
1781
01:24:53,960 --> 01:24:56,240
would be adult it out to the few are you
1782
01:24:56,240 --> 01:24:57,620
could have two groups fighting one
1783
01:24:57,620 --> 01:24:59,690
another in the streets both paid for
1784
01:24:59,690 --> 01:25:02,200
with salaries from the central bank and
1785
01:25:02,200 --> 01:25:06,890
directed by neither government oil flow
1786
01:25:06,890 --> 01:25:09,830
boosted cash flow but Libya was being
1787
01:25:09,830 --> 01:25:12,490
blown apart
1788
01:25:19,800 --> 01:25:22,869
the UN whose decision to intervene in
1789
01:25:22,869 --> 01:25:26,229
2011 inadvertently led to the arming of
1790
01:25:26,229 --> 01:25:28,809
militias looked to broker a deal in
1791
01:25:28,809 --> 01:25:31,929
December 2015 to end the violence by
1792
01:25:31,929 --> 01:25:33,880
creating a new government of national
1793
01:25:33,880 --> 01:25:37,539
Accord the G and a but the Tripoli based
1794
01:25:37,539 --> 01:25:39,939
GNA headed by Prime Minister FISA sir
1795
01:25:39,939 --> 01:25:42,639
Raja was rejected by the after backed
1796
01:25:42,639 --> 01:25:44,679
House of Representatives and tobruk
1797
01:25:44,679 --> 01:25:47,260
after would instead seek even greater
1798
01:25:47,260 --> 01:25:49,479
power by taking control of Libya's
1799
01:25:49,479 --> 01:25:53,920
lifeline oil it was clear that at some
1800
01:25:53,920 --> 01:25:57,400
point he would try to control Eastern
1801
01:25:57,400 --> 01:26:00,429
oil infrastructure which he did the
1802
01:26:00,429 --> 01:26:02,050
moment that hafter gained control of
1803
01:26:02,050 --> 01:26:05,619
those Eastern oil ports it changed in
1804
01:26:05,619 --> 01:26:07,599
terms of the way international actors
1805
01:26:07,599 --> 01:26:10,889
viewed him when General half DARS
1806
01:26:10,889 --> 01:26:15,519
military adviser and family members came
1807
01:26:15,519 --> 01:26:19,090
to me in November 2016 shortly after the
1808
01:26:19,090 --> 01:26:21,459
u.s. elections they told me Hefner
1809
01:26:21,459 --> 01:26:23,619
intended to conquer the entire country
1810
01:26:23,619 --> 01:26:28,769
of Libya fire all of the politicians and
1811
01:26:28,769 --> 01:26:31,619
every element of Libyan political life
1812
01:26:31,619 --> 01:26:34,780
run the country by military decree I
1813
01:26:34,780 --> 01:26:36,610
said to myself where have I heard that
1814
01:26:36,610 --> 01:26:39,729
before that sounds like more our Qaddafi
1815
01:26:39,729 --> 01:26:43,630
I got a call from him from after and he
1816
01:26:43,630 --> 01:26:45,159
said you know can you talk to the
1817
01:26:45,159 --> 01:26:47,619
Americans and I did talk to the
1818
01:26:47,619 --> 01:26:49,749
Americans and I went back to mrs. Jones
1819
01:26:49,749 --> 01:26:54,159
the British ambassador and I think the
1820
01:26:54,159 --> 01:26:56,349
fire was in her desk and she told me do
1821
01:26:56,349 --> 01:26:59,229
you think a retired general with one MIG
1822
01:26:59,229 --> 01:27:04,320
21 and 30 trucks can change things so
1823
01:27:04,320 --> 01:27:07,239
III started communicating with General
1824
01:27:07,239 --> 01:27:09,670
Hefner and good faith the only dispute
1825
01:27:09,670 --> 01:27:11,530
that we had from the beginning that if
1826
01:27:11,530 --> 01:27:13,449
it's war against terrorism that's fine
1827
01:27:13,449 --> 01:27:15,010
but for the army to take over the
1828
01:27:15,010 --> 01:27:16,599
country we don't want to repeat the 50
1829
01:27:16,599 --> 01:27:18,219
years we had before there's two
1830
01:27:18,219 --> 01:27:19,840
different things you know Khalifa Haftar
1831
01:27:19,840 --> 01:27:23,289
initiated a full open war in Benghazi
1832
01:27:23,289 --> 01:27:26,229
with militia groups like the 17th of
1833
01:27:26,229 --> 01:27:28,809
February the brigade like Rafales Hattie
1834
01:27:28,809 --> 01:27:31,540
Brigade and others this group
1835
01:27:31,540 --> 01:27:34,369
essentially we're the revolutionaries
1836
01:27:34,369 --> 01:27:38,389
who fought against Gaddafi in 2011 later
1837
01:27:38,389 --> 01:27:39,860
on what they did they went into an
1838
01:27:39,860 --> 01:27:43,280
alliance with internationally classified
1839
01:27:43,280 --> 01:27:45,159
terrorist groups like Ansar Shariah
1840
01:27:45,159 --> 01:27:46,280
al-qaeda
1841
01:27:46,280 --> 01:27:50,420
and later on in 2015 - came in into
1842
01:27:50,420 --> 01:27:52,310
Benghazi as well to fight with them so
1843
01:27:52,310 --> 01:27:54,619
now what we had we had Khalifa Haftar on
1844
01:27:54,619 --> 01:27:57,920
one side leading a fight against a group
1845
01:27:57,920 --> 01:28:01,699
of revolutionaries in an alliance with
1846
01:28:01,699 --> 01:28:03,739
terrorist groups for me he is a militia
1847
01:28:03,739 --> 01:28:07,489
because he didn't have any legitimacy as
1848
01:28:07,489 --> 01:28:09,650
an institution he is a retired general
1849
01:28:09,650 --> 01:28:12,320
so he's like there were people who they
1850
01:28:12,320 --> 01:28:14,270
are and the other militias there and and
1851
01:28:14,270 --> 01:28:16,580
of course in this he was supported by
1852
01:28:16,580 --> 01:28:20,420
the Egyptians or by the Emiratis they
1853
01:28:20,420 --> 01:28:22,300
were supporting him with with weapons
1854
01:28:22,300 --> 01:28:26,179
going against the embargo of the United
1855
01:28:26,179 --> 01:28:30,020
Nation of I mean death that kind of
1856
01:28:30,020 --> 01:28:33,489
support is very public now isn't it by
1857
01:28:33,489 --> 01:28:37,369
Egypt and the UAE and Saudi Arabia well
1858
01:28:37,369 --> 01:28:38,780
there's another point I would like to
1859
01:28:38,780 --> 01:28:40,489
add why is he supported from these
1860
01:28:40,489 --> 01:28:42,320
countries I want to add you know the
1861
01:28:42,320 --> 01:28:44,330
general hiftar movement and Benghazi did
1862
01:28:44,330 --> 01:28:47,330
not happen before general Sisi came to
1863
01:28:47,330 --> 01:28:49,790
power in Egypt the Egyptians wanted to
1864
01:28:49,790 --> 01:28:52,099
guarantee their western borders and they
1865
01:28:52,099 --> 01:28:53,869
thought general Hector can do the work
1866
01:28:53,869 --> 01:28:56,570
that the Egyptian Western Front the
1867
01:28:56,570 --> 01:28:59,780
command could do so they they were very
1868
01:28:59,780 --> 01:29:02,360
generous with him with ammunition with
1869
01:29:02,360 --> 01:29:05,750
guns and then Saudi Arabia came hesitant
1870
01:29:05,750 --> 01:29:08,960
but the Emirates came with full power
1871
01:29:08,960 --> 01:29:12,290
and now I think the Emirates have even
1872
01:29:12,290 --> 01:29:17,449
more more say than the Egyptians in the
1873
01:29:17,449 --> 01:29:20,000
East our problem with after is he still
1874
01:29:20,000 --> 01:29:23,389
believes that the army should be in
1875
01:29:23,389 --> 01:29:26,000
charge and he belongs to that old
1876
01:29:26,000 --> 01:29:29,000
mentality the whole idea of the Libyan
1877
01:29:29,000 --> 01:29:31,639
revolution of 2011 is to get rid of that
1878
01:29:31,639 --> 01:29:34,540
idea that the whole country is totally
1879
01:29:34,540 --> 01:29:38,170
absorbed in one cult personality now
1880
01:29:38,170 --> 01:29:40,520
fortunately and it's a great thing that
1881
01:29:40,520 --> 01:29:42,440
in the whole west of Libya you will
1882
01:29:42,440 --> 01:29:44,929
never now in Tripoli see a picture of
1883
01:29:44,929 --> 01:29:47,630
any leader whatsoever you will not see
1884
01:29:47,630 --> 01:29:50,059
people talking about individuals they
1885
01:29:50,059 --> 01:29:52,699
talk about build exactly so let's talk
1886
01:29:52,699 --> 01:29:55,729
about Tripoli instead of a cult one cult
1887
01:29:55,729 --> 01:29:58,489
personality now we have two governments
1888
01:29:58,489 --> 01:30:01,309
would you talk about the government in
1889
01:30:01,309 --> 01:30:05,449
Tripoli the government of sir ROG yes
1890
01:30:05,449 --> 01:30:06,229
who
1891
01:30:06,229 --> 01:30:08,360
which militias supports this government
1892
01:30:08,360 --> 01:30:11,510
and who supports it this government came
1893
01:30:11,510 --> 01:30:14,659
as a result of the Libyan dialogue which
1894
01:30:14,659 --> 01:30:17,599
took about a year and became from that
1895
01:30:17,599 --> 01:30:19,550
the Libyan political agreement which has
1896
01:30:19,550 --> 01:30:22,909
been ratified by the Security Council
1897
01:30:22,909 --> 01:30:24,679
and supported by the international
1898
01:30:24,679 --> 01:30:25,189
community
1899
01:30:25,189 --> 01:30:27,229
so Sahaj government really wanted when
1900
01:30:27,229 --> 01:30:29,809
it came and entered Tripoli allowed the
1901
01:30:29,809 --> 01:30:32,389
militias to take over if there is a
1902
01:30:32,389 --> 01:30:34,159
government they are all running it but
1903
01:30:34,159 --> 01:30:35,780
really there is our not quality
1904
01:30:35,780 --> 01:30:38,139
government to be honest with you because
1905
01:30:38,139 --> 01:30:42,559
again I mean they have no power except
1906
01:30:42,559 --> 01:30:45,550
they can write decisions I mean there is
1907
01:30:45,550 --> 01:30:47,739
huge number of collimation
1908
01:30:47,739 --> 01:30:50,179
proclamations yes they make them but
1909
01:30:50,179 --> 01:30:52,309
they have statements and and the
1910
01:30:52,309 --> 01:30:54,889
proclamations there that's all what they
1911
01:30:54,889 --> 01:30:56,630
do the divisions in Libya are not based
1912
01:30:56,630 --> 01:31:00,469
on ethnic or religious or or or
1913
01:31:00,469 --> 01:31:03,199
sectarian factors the divisions are
1914
01:31:03,199 --> 01:31:05,739
purely political purely based on
1915
01:31:05,739 --> 01:31:08,479
disagreement and how to share power and
1916
01:31:08,479 --> 01:31:10,989
wealth
1917
01:31:14,900 --> 01:31:17,370
libya's politicians were failing the
1918
01:31:17,370 --> 01:31:19,440
Libyan people and failing to deliver
1919
01:31:19,440 --> 01:31:22,290
basic services such as food fuel and
1920
01:31:22,290 --> 01:31:24,770
security
1921
01:31:24,770 --> 01:31:26,750
face-to-face talks between Prime
1922
01:31:26,750 --> 01:31:29,120
Minister Suraj and general after in Abu
1923
01:31:29,120 --> 01:31:32,900
Dhabi in May 2017 then again in Paris a
1924
01:31:32,900 --> 01:31:35,870
year later fell short of any roadmap to
1925
01:31:35,870 --> 01:31:39,530
stability most telling however was not
1926
01:31:39,530 --> 01:31:43,590
what was discussed but where
1927
01:31:43,590 --> 01:31:46,610
as fighting continued in September 2018
1928
01:31:46,610 --> 01:31:49,290
between rival militias seeking a share
1929
01:31:49,290 --> 01:31:52,440
of Libya's loot Libya's fate is directly
1930
01:31:52,440 --> 01:31:55,440
influenced by overseas powers once again
1931
01:31:55,440 --> 01:31:58,530
looks to be resting in foreign as well
1932
01:31:58,530 --> 01:32:01,860
as Libyan hands France in particular
1933
01:32:01,860 --> 01:32:03,780
seems to be leaning more heavily towards
1934
01:32:03,780 --> 01:32:06,270
towards the hafta camp and to be giving
1935
01:32:06,270 --> 01:32:09,030
their their backing to have to mainly I
1936
01:32:09,030 --> 01:32:10,770
think because they see in him a strong
1937
01:32:10,770 --> 01:32:12,500
figure who can fight against terrorism
1938
01:32:12,500 --> 01:32:15,330
he seems to be a more of a force for
1939
01:32:15,330 --> 01:32:18,030
stability the Italians who are the other
1940
01:32:18,030 --> 01:32:19,890
really big player in Libya on the other
1941
01:32:19,890 --> 01:32:22,020
hand that their most of their interests
1942
01:32:22,020 --> 01:32:23,820
in Libya are really in in the west of
1943
01:32:23,820 --> 01:32:25,710
Libya partly because that's where a lot
1944
01:32:25,710 --> 01:32:28,140
of the main migration flows going into
1945
01:32:28,140 --> 01:32:31,500
to Italy what's the point of departure
1946
01:32:31,500 --> 01:32:34,350
is Western Libya but also because of
1947
01:32:34,350 --> 01:32:38,480
Italy has strong reliance on Libyan gas
1948
01:32:38,480 --> 01:32:41,730
Libya's becoming a proxy a kind of war
1949
01:32:41,730 --> 01:32:43,800
without a military getting involved
1950
01:32:43,800 --> 01:32:47,220
Demers Egypt and to a certain extent
1951
01:32:47,220 --> 01:32:50,580
Saudi Arabia on one side and then Turkey
1952
01:32:50,580 --> 01:32:54,450
Sudan and and cut in the other side and
1953
01:32:54,450 --> 01:32:56,880
both of these sites have their own
1954
01:32:56,880 --> 01:32:59,260
international
1955
01:32:59,260 --> 01:33:02,150
controllers if you like I mean if the
1956
01:33:02,150 --> 01:33:04,010
United States he wants to solve the
1957
01:33:04,010 --> 01:33:05,450
problem Olivia they can do it very
1958
01:33:05,450 --> 01:33:07,580
quickly unless the outside countries
1959
01:33:07,580 --> 01:33:11,690
will leave us alone for some time and we
1960
01:33:11,690 --> 01:33:13,370
Olivia's come to our senses to be able
1961
01:33:13,370 --> 01:33:15,670
to agree to save our country
1962
01:33:15,670 --> 01:33:18,050
maybe we're not able to maybe
1963
01:33:18,050 --> 01:33:19,850
unfortunate will continue until we have
1964
01:33:19,850 --> 01:33:23,410
no more weapons to fight each other
1965
01:33:25,350 --> 01:33:31,080
Libya that we knew before is gone it's
1966
01:33:31,080 --> 01:33:36,750
gone all what we see in front of us the
1967
01:33:36,750 --> 01:33:41,190
scene now it's at the end it's taking us
1968
01:33:41,190 --> 01:33:46,080
to this integration nothing is is
1969
01:33:46,080 --> 01:33:49,020
bringing the country back to unity and
1970
01:33:49,020 --> 01:33:52,410
every day we are closer to this final
1971
01:33:52,410 --> 01:33:53,750
scene
1972
01:33:53,750 --> 01:33:55,950
[Music]
1973
01:33:55,950 --> 01:33:57,070
you
1974
01:33:57,070 --> 01:34:00,130
[Music]
149924
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