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Toulon, May, 1798.
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40,000 soldiers,
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10,000 sailors,
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and more than 200 scientists join a ship
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with no idea of their destination.
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Since the Revolution England and France
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have been sworn enemies.
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The French government has
instructed Napoleon Bonaparte
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to invade England.
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Given how unlikely this
project is to succeed,
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Bonaparte prefers to attack
England's colonial interests,
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the source of the country's fortunes.
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Bonaparte takes to the sea,
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leading a fleet of 400 ships.
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But at all costs,
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he must avoid the English,
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the masters of the seas,
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and Nelson's fearsome
fleet in the Mediterranean.
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Bonaparte took part in
the French Revolution
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and enjoyed a dazzling
rise to military glory.
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At the age of 29 the young general in chief
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is launching an ambitious
exhibition that will,
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if successful,
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open the gates to the
Orient and make him a rival
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to the great conquerors of the past,
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Caesar and Alexander,
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who he so admires.
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The vast convoy advances
desperately slowly,
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00:02:04,832 --> 00:02:08,642
but by chance it manages
to avoid the English.
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Bonaparte even manages to
seize the island of Malta
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without any trouble.
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You were right, Julwe,
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these soldiers are a crafty lot.
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I just hope the voyage won't be too long.
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Viliay and Julwe
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are both students of
the Ecole Polytechnique
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where they became friends.
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Julwe and Viliay,
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who kept a very interesting journal,
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are highly representative
of this group of young men
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who joined the scientific expedition.
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An announcement from General
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in Chief Bonaparte.
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"Men,
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"you are embarking on
the conquest of Egypt,
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"a country that has had untold influence
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"on world civilization
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"and trade, Chief Bonaparte."
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The land of the Pharaohs
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is a dream destination,
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and on every ship this news
is met with enthusiasm.
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00:03:13,250 --> 00:03:14,663
The invasion of Egypt
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or the possession of Egypt would lead
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to the control of the Mediterranean,
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which would take that away
from the British navy,
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but would also lead to an overland attempt
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at perhaps British India,
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of course where there were French interests
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at the same time.
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To reach the Indies,
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English ships had to sail around Africa.
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Bonaparte also has to
examine the possibility
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of a twin port arrangement,
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or even a canal linking the Mediterranean
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to the Red Sea,
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which would allow French ships to bypass
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English trade routes.
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Bonaparte is also instructed to plan for
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an enduring French presence in Egypt.
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Because if a twin port or
a canal was to be created
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a stable position in Egypt will be required
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in order to use them.
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Signed,
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"Bonaparte."
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Fall out.
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Egypt, Julwe,
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we're going to Egypt.
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To such a country
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worthy of admiration and study.
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But appointed?
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No, are you mad?
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When they discover
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that Egypt is their destination
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these young men aren't
thinking about war or conquest,
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they are mainly thinking about
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what they would discover there
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in the Egypt they'd fantasized about.
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Egypt is fashionable,
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and they also will be
able to do their job there
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trying to improve people's lives.
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The revolution has only just happened,
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the revolution that considered the Pharaohs
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to be the source of civilization.
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So they aren't just bringing civilization
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to the Egyptians,
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they'll be taking civilization
back to it's very cradle.
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It's in this spirit that Bonaparte,
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these scholars and these artists,
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head for Egypt.
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When the Egyptian coast finally appears
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on the horizon after six weeks at sea,
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the scholars, suffering
great from the bad weather,
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are forbidden to disembark.
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It's too dangerous.
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Only the soldiers are permitted to land.
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The swell is so strong
that Vice Admiral Berez
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recommends that the general in chief delay
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disembarkation until the following day.
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But Bonaparte rejects this.
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He knows that the English are
looking for the French fleet
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and that there's no time to waste.
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The scientists look on in
a terror made even worse
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by the darkening sky
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as a ship transporting
some of their instruments
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founders on the rocks and sinks.
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The task is slow and hazardous,
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but nothing will stop
Bonaparte and 5,000 men
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setting foot on Egyptian soil.
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First objective, Alexandria,
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the second biggest city in Egypt.
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The fort of Alexandria is taken
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and thee French soldiers enter a city
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that is far less splendid than
they had been anticipating.
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Having covered the rear
by taking Alexandria,
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it's now time to march on Cairo,
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the biggest city in Egypt.
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However, you, General Dezay,
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you will take charge of opening the route
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to Cairo and middle Egypt.
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If we take Cairo, gentlemen,
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Egypt will be ours.
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The best way to do that would seem
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to be to follow the Nile
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along the Dineta tributary.
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And give the Mamelukes the chance
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to organize their defenses?
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No.
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Speed is of the essence.
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You will take this route on foot
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which follows the canal that
links Alexandria to Cairo.
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Through the desert?
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If the army does not
move at lightning speed
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they will perish.
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We will never find enough water
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for 1,000 thirsty men.
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It is the shortest route.
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You leave tomorrow, Dezay.
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The expedition is divided in two
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while the majority of
the scholars and artists
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head for Rosetta,
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most of the army heads into the desert.
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The soldiers are prepared to fight,
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but not for what they must now face.
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Each step is dragged through burning sand
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and the air is stifling in the lungs.
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Dressed in wool in the oppressive heat,
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the soldiers don't even have water bottles,
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and only sheer will drives them on.
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But these men would never
disobey an order from Bonaparte,
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however impetuous it may seem.
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Far from the army's suffering,
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in Rosetta the scholars
and artists have found
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refuge in a lush environment
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where there's plenty of food and water.
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Away from the fighting,
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they're left to their own devices,
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as Bonaparte has other more
pressing matters to attend to.
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The scholars and artists
explore their surroundings
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with no military escort,
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looking for anything novel,
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whatever the subject.
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I am so glad to leave
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the ugliness of Alexandria behind
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for the charm of Rosetta
and it's surroundings.
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Ah, what better gift
could we give ourselves?
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You're absolutely right, Deneye.
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It's simply marvelous,
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it's like heaven on earth.
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I don't know where to look,
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there are so many exotic
species to discover.
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Fish,
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lemurs,
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the birds.
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Their first discovery after
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the disappointment of Alexandria
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is in the region around Rosetta.
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Donon discovers the Fist of Isis
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and the scholars all go wild about it.
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The scholars and artists are fascinated
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by everything they see
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and everything they discover.
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They are curious men
there to decipher Egypt.
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And they get down to work right away.
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Once rested and refreshed,
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the French soldiers continue on their way,
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marching for 12 hours everyday.
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But in Embabey the Mamelukes,
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who represent Ottoman power,
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bar their route into Cairo
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just as the pyramids can be
glimpsed in the distance.
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The Mamelukes are former slaves,
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most of whom hail from the Caucuses
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and who converted to Islam
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and have been emancipated.
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They govern Egypt,
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00:11:06,540 --> 00:11:08,926
but in actual fact the
Mameluke princes are fighting
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for power among themselves.
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00:11:12,517 --> 00:11:14,355
When Bonaparte arrived in Egypt
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00:11:14,375 --> 00:11:16,813
two prices governed the country.
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00:11:16,833 --> 00:11:18,666
Moradbe and Ibrahambe.
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00:11:19,933 --> 00:11:24,100
They reign in Egypt in the
name of the Ottoman sultan.
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Moradbe's troops are in the front line
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00:11:28,468 --> 00:11:29,899
against the French.
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00:11:29,919 --> 00:11:33,290
Those of Ibrihambre are
in reserve to the east.
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00:11:33,310 --> 00:11:35,774
Facing forces twice as powerful as his own,
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Bonaparte comes up with
a tactical innovation.
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00:11:38,782 --> 00:11:41,904
He uses the infantry square technique.
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00:11:41,924 --> 00:11:45,175
Each division forms a square of 2,000 men
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00:11:45,195 --> 00:11:48,548
in between two and six tight rows.
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00:11:48,568 --> 00:11:50,193
In the center the civilians,
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00:11:50,213 --> 00:11:53,213
generals, and baggage are protected.
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00:12:02,175 --> 00:12:05,684
Bonaparte organizes his
army in five squares.
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00:12:05,704 --> 00:12:07,919
Before him are Muradbe's forces,
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00:12:07,939 --> 00:12:11,189
30,000 infantrymen and 10,000 horsemen.
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00:12:13,924 --> 00:12:17,013
Dusay's square takes on the first assault.
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00:12:17,033 --> 00:12:19,288
They greet the Mamelukes
with salvos of fire
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00:12:19,308 --> 00:12:21,249
at point blank range.
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00:12:35,695 --> 00:12:37,963
The Mamelukes are valiant fighters,
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00:12:37,983 --> 00:12:41,362
trained to use sabers
in hand to hand combat.
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00:12:41,382 --> 00:12:44,549
They launch their charge with panache.
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00:12:45,803 --> 00:12:47,947
At the same time Bonaparte
and the other squares
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00:12:47,967 --> 00:12:50,384
close in on Muradbe's flanks.
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00:12:53,293 --> 00:12:56,793
The Mamelukes are under fire on two sides.
235
00:13:05,857 --> 00:13:08,023
The infantry squares are as unwavering
236
00:13:08,043 --> 00:13:09,738
as they are destructive,
237
00:13:09,758 --> 00:13:11,943
and the pride of the
Mameluke army is destroyed
238
00:13:11,963 --> 00:13:15,213
by the bayonets of the French infantry.
239
00:13:16,147 --> 00:13:18,771
Bonaparte loses just 30 soldiers,
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00:13:18,791 --> 00:13:20,751
while Mameluke losses are in the region
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00:13:20,771 --> 00:13:22,354
of some 20,000 men.
242
00:13:26,245 --> 00:13:27,679
For reasons of prestige
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00:13:27,699 --> 00:13:30,178
this victory is later named by Bonaparte,
244
00:13:30,198 --> 00:13:32,448
the Battle of the Pyramids.
245
00:13:36,246 --> 00:13:38,273
Nonetheless, the two great Mameluke chiefs
246
00:13:38,293 --> 00:13:39,950
manage to escape.
247
00:13:39,970 --> 00:13:41,930
Ibrahambe to the north
248
00:13:41,950 --> 00:13:43,902
and Muradbe to the south
249
00:13:43,922 --> 00:13:46,505
and the deserts of upper Egypt.
250
00:13:48,291 --> 00:13:50,774
Cairo, the biggest city in Egypt,
251
00:13:50,794 --> 00:13:52,461
falls to the French.
252
00:13:57,481 --> 00:14:00,265
Bonaparte comes to conquer Egypt.
253
00:14:00,285 --> 00:14:02,238
To the Egyptians he's a colonizer,
254
00:14:02,258 --> 00:14:03,591
not a liberator.
255
00:14:04,583 --> 00:14:06,789
Nonetheless, it's thanks
to his publications
256
00:14:06,809 --> 00:14:08,437
and the work of those scholars
257
00:14:08,457 --> 00:14:12,624
that the Egyptians rediscover
their own Egyptianness.
258
00:14:14,471 --> 00:14:16,401
One should not forget
that the Ottoman Empire
259
00:14:16,421 --> 00:14:20,038
erased the word Egypt from history.
260
00:14:20,058 --> 00:14:23,155
The national identity
was literally wiped out.
261
00:14:23,175 --> 00:14:25,219
Egypt had become a vilayet,
262
00:14:25,239 --> 00:14:26,906
an Ottoman province.
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00:14:32,115 --> 00:14:33,860
Two weeks after Bonaparte's triumphant
264
00:14:33,880 --> 00:14:35,325
entry into Cairo,
265
00:14:35,345 --> 00:14:38,698
the Bay of Abukir between
Alexandria and Rosetta
266
00:14:38,718 --> 00:14:42,660
becomes the theater for a dramatic clash.
267
00:14:42,680 --> 00:14:45,640
Isn't that our fleet anchored out there?
268
00:14:45,660 --> 00:14:46,474
I thought that they
269
00:14:46,494 --> 00:14:47,962
were at the old port of Alexandria.
270
00:14:47,982 --> 00:14:48,921
It would seem that
271
00:14:48,941 --> 00:14:50,859
the waters aren't deep enough.
272
00:14:50,879 --> 00:14:52,379
They're firing at them.
273
00:14:56,722 --> 00:14:58,905
The English are attacking us.
274
00:14:58,925 --> 00:15:02,693
Alas, we were bound to run into them.
275
00:15:02,713 --> 00:15:03,913
But have no fear,
276
00:15:03,933 --> 00:15:06,606
our fleet is under the command
of Vice Admiral Greers.
277
00:15:06,626 --> 00:15:07,795
An experienced man,
278
00:15:07,815 --> 00:15:09,157
we are the same age.
279
00:15:09,177 --> 00:15:11,461
He will easily defeat the enemy.
280
00:15:11,481 --> 00:15:13,226
Our ships seem to be immobile,
281
00:15:13,246 --> 00:15:15,505
unlike the enemy's.
282
00:15:15,525 --> 00:15:17,426
Whatever General Manu says,
283
00:15:17,446 --> 00:15:19,336
Denal, Vilie, and Julwe
284
00:15:19,356 --> 00:15:22,108
look on helplessly as the first cannon fire
285
00:15:22,128 --> 00:15:24,424
announces the start of a tragedy.
286
00:15:24,444 --> 00:15:26,639
The English have
discovered the French fleet
287
00:15:26,659 --> 00:15:28,560
that has been evading them for months.
288
00:15:32,298 --> 00:15:33,355
Admiral Nelson,
289
00:15:33,375 --> 00:15:35,062
who had vowed to defeat Bonaparte,
290
00:15:35,082 --> 00:15:37,297
splits his fleet in two
291
00:15:37,317 --> 00:15:40,129
and one half manages to
slip into the free space
292
00:15:40,149 --> 00:15:43,399
between the coast and the French ships.
293
00:15:47,445 --> 00:15:50,393
The French vessels, firmly
chained to one another
294
00:15:50,413 --> 00:15:51,986
under the orders of their admiral,
295
00:15:52,006 --> 00:15:53,756
must fight at anchor.
296
00:15:59,872 --> 00:16:02,086
During the Battle of the Nile
297
00:16:02,106 --> 00:16:04,038
a dramatic event takes place
298
00:16:04,058 --> 00:16:06,539
amidst so many other dramatic events.
299
00:16:06,559 --> 00:16:08,406
The flagship of the French fleet,
300
00:16:08,426 --> 00:16:10,515
the Orient, explodes.
301
00:16:10,535 --> 00:16:12,228
The Orient was one of the biggest,
302
00:16:12,248 --> 00:16:13,062
finest,
303
00:16:13,082 --> 00:16:15,246
and most powerful ships in the world,
304
00:16:15,266 --> 00:16:19,135
and at it's first battle it is blown apart.
305
00:16:24,511 --> 00:16:26,703
The explosion was so loud
306
00:16:26,723 --> 00:16:30,036
and was of such a force that it is said
307
00:16:30,056 --> 00:16:32,946
that the battle stopped
for about 15 minutes
308
00:16:32,966 --> 00:16:35,413
and everybody just was like
in this state of shock.
309
00:16:35,433 --> 00:16:38,683
This huge explosion that left everybody
310
00:16:39,836 --> 00:16:41,486
a bit dazed.
311
00:16:41,506 --> 00:16:43,274
We must face facts.
312
00:16:43,294 --> 00:16:45,457
Tomorrow we will no longer have a fleet,
313
00:16:45,477 --> 00:16:49,907
and with no fleet we will
be prisoners in Egypt.
314
00:16:49,927 --> 00:16:51,199
Clabair is right.
315
00:16:51,219 --> 00:16:54,766
After the Battle of the Nile
there is no hope of return.
316
00:16:54,786 --> 00:16:55,994
They need a new fleet,
317
00:16:56,014 --> 00:16:58,362
but France doesn't have a substitute fleet
318
00:16:58,382 --> 00:17:01,012
to come and fetch the army from Egypt.
319
00:17:01,032 --> 00:17:03,319
The Battle of Abukir is obviously a huge,
320
00:17:03,339 --> 00:17:05,050
huge success,
321
00:17:05,070 --> 00:17:08,492
and one which Nelson will indeed make,
322
00:17:08,512 --> 00:17:11,090
to his credit, he becomes baron of the Nile
323
00:17:11,110 --> 00:17:12,402
because of this Battle of the Nile
324
00:17:12,422 --> 00:17:16,005
and he has a crocodile on his coat of arms.
325
00:17:17,055 --> 00:17:19,124
Bonaparte was only supposed to examine
326
00:17:19,144 --> 00:17:20,772
the possibility of establishing
327
00:17:20,792 --> 00:17:22,753
a French presence in Egypt,
328
00:17:22,773 --> 00:17:24,825
now he has no choice but to start
329
00:17:24,845 --> 00:17:27,095
establishing it right away.
330
00:17:30,464 --> 00:17:32,816
As an Egyptian historian
331
00:17:32,836 --> 00:17:35,133
I believe the defeat at Abukir Bay
332
00:17:35,153 --> 00:17:39,409
is a very positive moment
for the Egyptian people.
333
00:17:39,429 --> 00:17:41,734
Bonaparte believes he
has to create a permanent
334
00:17:41,754 --> 00:17:43,787
presence in Egypt,
335
00:17:43,807 --> 00:17:47,929
and he quickly sets to
building workshops and roads
336
00:17:47,949 --> 00:17:52,360
and creating modern hospitals
like those in France.
337
00:17:52,380 --> 00:17:54,391
The Egyptians go from barber surgeons
338
00:17:54,411 --> 00:17:55,994
to modern medicine.
339
00:17:57,500 --> 00:17:59,642
While Bonaparte is organizing
340
00:17:59,662 --> 00:18:01,381
the country's administration,
341
00:18:01,401 --> 00:18:03,148
tax system, et cetera,
342
00:18:03,168 --> 00:18:05,221
he is reorganizing his army,
343
00:18:05,241 --> 00:18:07,365
making it functional again and calling
344
00:18:07,385 --> 00:18:09,302
more upon the scholars.
345
00:18:11,515 --> 00:18:13,277
Citizens,
346
00:18:13,297 --> 00:18:16,282
I have brought you here at dawn
347
00:18:16,302 --> 00:18:18,699
with the aim of founding an institution
348
00:18:18,719 --> 00:18:20,833
for the sciences and the arts
349
00:18:20,853 --> 00:18:22,917
similar to that which we have in France.
350
00:18:22,937 --> 00:18:25,465
Our first session will be tomorrow morning
351
00:18:25,485 --> 00:18:26,902
at seven o'clock.
352
00:18:29,682 --> 00:18:30,682
Gentlemen.
353
00:18:32,834 --> 00:18:34,994
The Egyptian Institute aims to grow
354
00:18:35,014 --> 00:18:37,435
and propagate the Enlightenment in Egypt
355
00:18:37,455 --> 00:18:39,589
and to research, study, and publish
356
00:18:39,609 --> 00:18:43,526
on natural, industrial,
and historical matters.
357
00:18:50,182 --> 00:18:52,762
It has four departments,
358
00:18:52,782 --> 00:18:53,810
mathematics,
359
00:18:53,830 --> 00:18:55,162
physics,
360
00:18:55,182 --> 00:18:56,810
political economics,
361
00:18:56,830 --> 00:18:59,163
and literature and the arts.
362
00:19:00,003 --> 00:19:01,584
Bonaparte requisitions
363
00:19:01,604 --> 00:19:03,727
several contiguous palaces
364
00:19:03,747 --> 00:19:06,219
to create a kind of science center
365
00:19:06,239 --> 00:19:07,739
with laboratories.
366
00:19:09,366 --> 00:19:12,783
And so the Egyptian Institute is created.
367
00:19:13,826 --> 00:19:17,571
With the mathematician Moge
as it's first president
368
00:19:17,591 --> 00:19:19,963
and Bonaparte himself as vice president,
369
00:19:19,983 --> 00:19:24,050
since he considers himself to be a scholar.
370
00:19:24,070 --> 00:19:25,379
I would have loved to have been a member
371
00:19:25,399 --> 00:19:28,293
of the institute in order to
live in this superb palace.
372
00:19:28,313 --> 00:19:29,605
I quite understand.
373
00:19:29,625 --> 00:19:31,746
We're enjoying wonderful peace here.
374
00:19:31,766 --> 00:19:33,696
Indeed, it's even better appointed,
375
00:19:33,716 --> 00:19:36,411
and I think it's even more magnificent here
376
00:19:36,431 --> 00:19:37,702
than in the Louvre.
377
00:19:41,845 --> 00:19:43,371
Not only is Bonaparte organizing
378
00:19:43,391 --> 00:19:45,423
the work of the scholars in Cairo,
379
00:19:45,443 --> 00:19:48,600
he's also trying to play
down the defeat in Abukir Bay
380
00:19:48,620 --> 00:19:50,552
by dazzling the Egyptians.
381
00:19:50,572 --> 00:19:52,127
He assures them once again that he doesn't
382
00:19:52,147 --> 00:19:53,733
simply respect their religion,
383
00:19:53,753 --> 00:19:55,764
he's fascinated by it.
384
00:19:57,024 --> 00:19:58,986
Islam is a major issue for Bonaparte
385
00:19:59,006 --> 00:20:01,453
and the entire French
army during the occupation
386
00:20:01,473 --> 00:20:03,219
of the country for the three years
387
00:20:03,239 --> 00:20:06,898
that the Egyptian expedition lasts.
388
00:20:06,918 --> 00:20:08,954
He realizes that Islam is part
389
00:20:08,974 --> 00:20:12,448
of the daily lives of Egyptians.
390
00:20:12,468 --> 00:20:13,667
In meetings with the scholars
391
00:20:13,687 --> 00:20:15,569
and the Ulema of the Divan,
392
00:20:15,589 --> 00:20:17,365
he even discuses the possibility
393
00:20:17,385 --> 00:20:19,302
of converting to Islam.
394
00:20:21,925 --> 00:20:23,571
Bonaparte celebrates the birth
395
00:20:23,591 --> 00:20:25,409
of the prophet for four days
396
00:20:25,429 --> 00:20:28,174
with unprecedented magnificence.
397
00:20:28,194 --> 00:20:29,373
On the banks of the Nile
398
00:20:29,393 --> 00:20:31,091
in front of the French army chiefs
399
00:20:31,111 --> 00:20:32,786
and all the city's public figures,
400
00:20:32,806 --> 00:20:35,590
the French troops parade with great pomp
401
00:20:35,610 --> 00:20:38,526
to impress the Egyptians.
402
00:20:39,502 --> 00:20:42,425
The Ulema are
not convinced by what Bonaparte
403
00:20:42,445 --> 00:20:45,013
and his entourage say.
404
00:20:45,033 --> 00:20:49,717
These Orientalists make
grammatical errors in Arabic,
405
00:20:49,737 --> 00:20:51,778
the sacred language,
406
00:20:51,798 --> 00:20:54,630
the language of the prophet.
407
00:20:54,650 --> 00:20:57,817
There is both suspicion and rejection.
408
00:21:04,017 --> 00:21:04,860
A rejection,
409
00:21:04,880 --> 00:21:06,076
the scale of which the French
410
00:21:06,096 --> 00:21:08,223
take a long time to realize.
411
00:21:08,243 --> 00:21:10,325
To such an extent that Viliay and Julwe
412
00:21:10,345 --> 00:21:11,828
don't think twice about heading off
413
00:21:11,848 --> 00:21:14,623
to sleep alone in the
desert with no escort,
414
00:21:14,643 --> 00:21:16,237
so eager are they to take part
415
00:21:16,257 --> 00:21:20,340
in an extraordinary visit
organized by Bonaparte.
416
00:21:25,330 --> 00:21:27,391
Hey, citizens!
417
00:21:27,411 --> 00:21:28,907
I'm up here!
418
00:21:28,927 --> 00:21:30,344
It's magnificent!
419
00:21:38,031 --> 00:21:38,876
Hello?
420
00:21:38,896 --> 00:21:39,896
Look at me!
421
00:21:41,018 --> 00:21:42,018
Hey!
422
00:21:46,240 --> 00:21:48,474
Always so intrepid, Moge.
423
00:21:48,494 --> 00:21:49,929
Let's hope he can get down
424
00:21:49,949 --> 00:21:51,412
without breaking a leg.
425
00:21:52,742 --> 00:21:54,022
Incredible.
426
00:21:54,042 --> 00:21:55,923
Did you see Moge?
427
00:21:55,943 --> 00:21:57,638
What a feat for a man of his age.
428
00:21:57,658 --> 00:22:00,251
Hey, look at me!
429
00:22:00,271 --> 00:22:03,540
Just pebbles and not an animal in sight.
430
00:22:03,560 --> 00:22:04,599
What a shame.
431
00:22:04,619 --> 00:22:05,704
This is amazing.
432
00:22:05,724 --> 00:22:07,048
What a wonderful monument.
433
00:22:07,068 --> 00:22:08,756
The view is magnificent!
434
00:22:08,776 --> 00:22:09,776
Hey, wait!
435
00:22:10,857 --> 00:22:12,190
I'm coming down!
436
00:22:18,120 --> 00:22:19,514
Very well, young man.
437
00:22:19,534 --> 00:22:20,386
This pyramid,
438
00:22:20,406 --> 00:22:21,798
tell me it's secrets.
439
00:22:21,818 --> 00:22:22,794
Citizen General,
440
00:22:22,814 --> 00:22:25,301
the great Pyramid of Giza has 207 layers,
441
00:22:25,321 --> 00:22:26,787
platforms included.
442
00:22:26,807 --> 00:22:28,755
We applied a ruler to each riser
443
00:22:28,775 --> 00:22:30,502
and have estimated it measures at least
444
00:22:30,522 --> 00:22:31,846
137 meters high.
445
00:22:31,866 --> 00:22:33,254
You certainly know your business
446
00:22:33,274 --> 00:22:34,899
for such a young fellow.
447
00:22:35,732 --> 00:22:37,204
Heavens above, Moge!
448
00:22:37,224 --> 00:22:38,546
The man's an acrobat.
449
00:22:38,566 --> 00:22:40,373
Moge, try not to break your neck!
450
00:22:45,478 --> 00:22:47,043
Something amazing happens
451
00:22:47,063 --> 00:22:50,854
in the Cairo desert at the
foot of the great pyramid.
452
00:22:50,874 --> 00:22:53,779
What we believe to be the world's first
453
00:22:53,799 --> 00:22:56,549
archeological dig is established.
454
00:22:57,912 --> 00:23:01,520
There are scholars from a
wide range of disciplines.
455
00:23:01,540 --> 00:23:02,424
Architects,
456
00:23:02,444 --> 00:23:06,060
surveyors, and others
studying the great pyramid.
457
00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:08,330
First of all, measuring it.
458
00:23:17,832 --> 00:23:19,684
Since the disaster in Abukir Bay,
459
00:23:19,704 --> 00:23:22,353
the situation has change for the French.
460
00:23:22,373 --> 00:23:25,190
The Anglo-Turkish
alliance is a real danger,
461
00:23:25,210 --> 00:23:28,206
but it's not the only threat.
462
00:23:28,226 --> 00:23:30,886
In Cairo the locals who
have seemingly until now
463
00:23:30,906 --> 00:23:32,859
accepted the presence of the French
464
00:23:32,879 --> 00:23:35,755
are less and less happy with their impiety
465
00:23:35,775 --> 00:23:37,744
and this forbidden wine that's growing
466
00:23:37,764 --> 00:23:40,428
increasingly popular around the city.
467
00:23:44,411 --> 00:23:46,766
Which one should we take?
468
00:23:46,786 --> 00:23:49,054
Wait, show me that one.
469
00:23:49,074 --> 00:23:49,989
Which, this one?
470
00:23:50,009 --> 00:23:51,218
Yes, that's right.
471
00:23:53,965 --> 00:23:55,028
As in fact there are four of us,
472
00:23:55,048 --> 00:23:56,316
so I think we should take four.
473
00:23:58,322 --> 00:23:59,136
Two?
474
00:23:59,156 --> 00:24:00,738
Two.
475
00:24:06,152 --> 00:24:07,146
Leftenant Morel,
476
00:24:07,166 --> 00:24:08,884
second infantry brigade.
477
00:24:08,904 --> 00:24:10,844
General, there is an uprising in the city,
478
00:24:10,864 --> 00:24:12,886
we must hurry to organize
the defense of this villa.
479
00:24:12,906 --> 00:24:13,720
What do you mean an uprising?
480
00:24:13,740 --> 00:24:15,307
The people of Cairo are in the street,
481
00:24:15,327 --> 00:24:16,993
they want the French out of the city.
482
00:24:17,013 --> 00:24:18,038
Any victims?
483
00:24:18,058 --> 00:24:20,293
Already around 100 dead, General.
484
00:24:20,313 --> 00:24:21,300
Hurry Morel,
485
00:24:21,320 --> 00:24:23,052
give them two rifles.
486
00:24:23,072 --> 00:24:24,118
Moge, this way.
487
00:24:24,138 --> 00:24:25,174
I've never fired a gun before,
488
00:24:25,194 --> 00:24:26,340
I wouldn't know how to use it.
489
00:24:26,360 --> 00:24:27,174
Look, it's easy.
490
00:24:27,194 --> 00:24:29,509
Soldiers, cartridge.
491
00:24:29,529 --> 00:24:31,197
You take your gun,
492
00:24:31,217 --> 00:24:33,818
you push the flesh pan,
493
00:24:33,838 --> 00:24:35,358
put a little gunpowder in it,
494
00:24:35,378 --> 00:24:36,545
then close it.
495
00:24:37,450 --> 00:24:38,903
You tip the cartridge into the barrel
496
00:24:38,923 --> 00:24:40,367
and pack it twice.
497
00:24:40,387 --> 00:24:42,174
Now all you need to do is aim and fire.
498
00:24:42,194 --> 00:24:43,122
And if you miss,
499
00:24:43,142 --> 00:24:44,736
use the bayonet.
500
00:24:44,756 --> 00:24:45,570
Everyone,
501
00:24:45,590 --> 00:24:47,089
on to the terrace.
502
00:24:56,442 --> 00:24:57,641
Don't worry, Villiay,
503
00:24:57,661 --> 00:24:59,379
they will be fine.
504
00:24:59,399 --> 00:25:00,782
You haven't lost everything yet.
505
00:25:00,802 --> 00:25:02,136
Let's hope we still get to drink it.
506
00:25:02,156 --> 00:25:03,578
You must not lose hope.
507
00:25:03,598 --> 00:25:06,057
Concentrate and act at the right moment.
508
00:25:10,770 --> 00:25:11,770
Ready?
509
00:25:12,659 --> 00:25:13,473
Careful.
510
00:25:13,493 --> 00:25:15,946
Nobody shoot unless it's on my orders.
511
00:25:17,377 --> 00:25:18,377
Fire!
512
00:25:19,573 --> 00:25:21,199
Good god, they got through.
513
00:25:21,219 --> 00:25:22,147
Reload quickly.
514
00:25:22,167 --> 00:25:23,448
Viliay, hurry up.
515
00:25:23,468 --> 00:25:24,468
Hurry up.
516
00:25:25,742 --> 00:25:26,780
Quick, Leftenant,
517
00:25:26,800 --> 00:25:28,172
barricade the staircase.
518
00:25:36,158 --> 00:25:37,158
Fire!
519
00:25:39,015 --> 00:25:43,182
Well, it seems that our time has come.
520
00:25:47,771 --> 00:25:49,490
Does anyone imagine themselves
521
00:25:49,510 --> 00:25:52,223
dying in combat when they're just 20?
522
00:25:58,998 --> 00:26:01,712
Neither Viliay nor Julwe
reveals any emotions
523
00:26:01,732 --> 00:26:03,482
after his first shot.
524
00:26:11,342 --> 00:26:13,110
Five of their scientists colleagues
525
00:26:13,130 --> 00:26:15,113
lose their lives in the uprising,
526
00:26:15,133 --> 00:26:17,133
along with 300 soldiers.
527
00:26:27,277 --> 00:26:29,132
Bonaparte no longer wishes to win over
528
00:26:29,152 --> 00:26:32,147
the inhabitants of Cairo
with his religious tolerance
529
00:26:32,167 --> 00:26:34,211
and respect for tradition.
530
00:26:34,231 --> 00:26:35,580
He cuts the city off,
531
00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:37,076
and with an iron fist
532
00:26:37,096 --> 00:26:38,929
imposes military rule.
533
00:26:54,066 --> 00:26:55,915
This uprising begins in the neighborhood
534
00:26:55,935 --> 00:26:57,662
of the Alansar Mosque,
535
00:26:57,682 --> 00:27:00,344
the biggest mosque in Cairo.
536
00:27:00,364 --> 00:27:04,120
Bonaparte is forced to crack
down with great violence.
537
00:27:04,140 --> 00:27:07,119
He starts by bombarding
the Alansar neighborhood
538
00:27:07,139 --> 00:27:09,902
before entering the mosque
with weapons and horses
539
00:27:09,922 --> 00:27:12,279
and desecrating it.
540
00:27:12,299 --> 00:27:16,383
The French will never be forgiven for this.
541
00:27:16,403 --> 00:27:17,903
It's like a stain.
542
00:27:19,160 --> 00:27:23,001
Something snaps during this insurrection,
543
00:27:23,021 --> 00:27:27,188
that Bonaparte manages to
reestablish order in Egypt.
544
00:27:28,684 --> 00:27:29,966
Order is established
545
00:27:29,986 --> 00:27:31,795
but the peace remains fragile
546
00:27:31,815 --> 00:27:33,562
as the two Mameluke chiefs
547
00:27:33,582 --> 00:27:35,463
defeated at the Battle of the Pyramids
548
00:27:35,483 --> 00:27:38,410
are still on the run with
some of their troops,
549
00:27:38,430 --> 00:27:40,725
Ibrahambe in the north towards Syria
550
00:27:40,745 --> 00:27:43,515
and Muradbe in the south in upper Egypt
551
00:27:43,535 --> 00:27:46,202
with General Dusay on his heels.
552
00:27:50,452 --> 00:27:52,080
After more weeks in pursuit,
553
00:27:52,100 --> 00:27:53,908
always taking them further south,
554
00:27:53,928 --> 00:27:55,775
Dusay reaches Aswan,
555
00:27:55,795 --> 00:27:58,040
taking it after a battle that once again
556
00:27:58,060 --> 00:28:01,576
sees him victorious over the Mamelukes.
557
00:28:01,596 --> 00:28:04,429
And once again Muradbe evades him.
558
00:28:07,813 --> 00:28:09,082
With the arrival of the French
559
00:28:09,102 --> 00:28:11,188
in Aswan in upper Egypt
560
00:28:11,208 --> 00:28:16,131
we can consider that the
conquest of Egypt is complete.
561
00:28:16,151 --> 00:28:19,710
Even if there are some
recalcitrant villages,
562
00:28:19,730 --> 00:28:23,639
even if Muradbe and Ibrihambre
are still on the run,
563
00:28:23,659 --> 00:28:25,834
hiding and evading,
564
00:28:25,854 --> 00:28:29,854
the French still control
the entire Nile valley.
565
00:28:30,782 --> 00:28:31,865
Well, almost.
566
00:28:35,067 --> 00:28:36,889
Bonaparte learns from his spies
567
00:28:36,909 --> 00:28:38,575
that 50,000 men,
568
00:28:38,595 --> 00:28:40,221
Ottomans and Mamelukes,
569
00:28:40,241 --> 00:28:41,511
with the help of the English,
570
00:28:41,531 --> 00:28:43,448
are gathering in Syria.
571
00:28:45,117 --> 00:28:46,906
Taking the initiative to attack
572
00:28:46,926 --> 00:28:49,818
seems to be the best option.
573
00:28:49,838 --> 00:28:51,384
If I succeed I will find
574
00:28:51,404 --> 00:28:54,687
the Pasha's treasures
and arms for 100,000 men
575
00:28:54,707 --> 00:28:56,890
in the city of Saint John of Aka.
576
00:28:56,910 --> 00:28:59,389
I will then rise up and arm Syria.
577
00:28:59,409 --> 00:29:01,206
I will overturn the Turkish Empire
578
00:29:01,226 --> 00:29:04,091
and found great new empire in the Orient
579
00:29:04,111 --> 00:29:07,528
that will see my name go down in history.
580
00:29:11,292 --> 00:29:13,608
Despite being undertaken in a rush,
581
00:29:13,628 --> 00:29:16,613
the Syria campaign begins successfully.
582
00:29:16,633 --> 00:29:18,931
Bonaparte takes the fort of El Arish
583
00:29:18,951 --> 00:29:20,638
where the second Mameluke chief,
584
00:29:20,658 --> 00:29:21,703
Ibrihambre,
585
00:29:21,723 --> 00:29:23,023
has taken refuge,
586
00:29:23,043 --> 00:29:26,072
yet manages once again to escape.
587
00:29:26,092 --> 00:29:27,900
Bonaparte then marches on Gaza,
588
00:29:27,920 --> 00:29:29,784
where a second victory awaits him.
589
00:29:29,804 --> 00:29:32,201
The next step will be Jaffa.
590
00:29:40,059 --> 00:29:42,944
13,000 French soldiers reach Jaffa
591
00:29:42,964 --> 00:29:45,506
after another desperate
march through the desert,
592
00:29:45,526 --> 00:29:47,102
spurred on by Bonaparte,
593
00:29:47,122 --> 00:29:48,890
who is convinced this new expedition
594
00:29:48,910 --> 00:29:50,493
will be victorious.
595
00:29:54,726 --> 00:29:55,657
And indeed,
596
00:29:55,677 --> 00:29:57,354
victory smiles upon him.
597
00:29:57,374 --> 00:29:59,426
A single assault launched at dawn
598
00:29:59,446 --> 00:30:03,196
is enough for Jaffa to
fall by the afternoon.
599
00:30:10,914 --> 00:30:14,035
Eight months after first
setting foot on Egyptian soil
600
00:30:14,055 --> 00:30:17,555
Bonaparte marches victoriously into Syria.
601
00:30:18,476 --> 00:30:20,301
This new military expedition promises
602
00:30:20,321 --> 00:30:22,422
to enjoy better fortunes.
603
00:30:36,046 --> 00:30:37,551
And as for the scientists,
604
00:30:37,571 --> 00:30:38,932
now they are fulfilled,
605
00:30:38,952 --> 00:30:41,382
finally allowed to travel to upper Egypt
606
00:30:41,402 --> 00:30:44,652
of which they have dreamed for so long.
607
00:30:49,161 --> 00:30:51,154
They head for the peaceful south
608
00:30:51,174 --> 00:30:53,926
in search of ancient marvels and mysteries
609
00:30:53,946 --> 00:30:55,674
that will show to the whole world
610
00:30:55,694 --> 00:30:58,277
the greatness of ancient Egypt.
611
00:31:09,042 --> 00:31:11,228
Alas, after weeks of traveling
612
00:31:11,248 --> 00:31:13,564
we arrive in Luxor at night.
613
00:31:13,584 --> 00:31:15,727
We will have to be patient a little longer.
614
00:31:15,747 --> 00:31:18,328
My god, this night will be so long
615
00:31:18,348 --> 00:31:20,644
giving that we are itching
to apply our rulers,
616
00:31:20,664 --> 00:31:23,433
our compasses and plumb lines
to the walls and columns
617
00:31:23,453 --> 00:31:26,344
which have stood here for centuries.
618
00:31:35,812 --> 00:31:39,034
Even the soldiers who until
now only saw us as a burden
619
00:31:39,054 --> 00:31:41,725
and source of problems when
they had to accompany us,
620
00:31:41,745 --> 00:31:44,944
and who understand nothing of
the reasons for our presence
621
00:31:44,964 --> 00:31:48,685
and our interest in what
they call old stones.
622
00:31:48,705 --> 00:31:50,825
Even these soldiers were lost in admiration
623
00:31:50,845 --> 00:31:54,512
before the vestiges of
the temple of Karnak.
624
00:31:57,089 --> 00:31:59,555
They paid tribute to
the beauty of this site
625
00:31:59,575 --> 00:32:01,646
before these ruins fell
back into the silence
626
00:32:01,666 --> 00:32:04,666
in which they had stood for so long.
627
00:32:15,969 --> 00:32:16,959
What does it say down there?
628
00:32:16,979 --> 00:32:18,326
Sh.
629
00:32:18,346 --> 00:32:19,835
That it's not vertical.
630
00:32:22,956 --> 00:32:24,518
What brings you here?
631
00:32:24,538 --> 00:32:25,681
I could ask the same of you.
632
00:32:25,701 --> 00:32:26,836
No, you first.
633
00:32:26,856 --> 00:32:27,959
Well, I'm going back to Cairo
634
00:32:27,979 --> 00:32:29,739
with General Desay, I can't take any more.
635
00:32:29,759 --> 00:32:32,240
From Cairo to Aswan to the Red Sea,
636
00:32:32,260 --> 00:32:33,741
I've been racing from one to the other.
637
00:32:33,761 --> 00:32:35,155
We just received authorization
638
00:32:35,175 --> 00:32:36,310
to go to Aswan.
639
00:32:36,330 --> 00:32:37,144
What's it like?
640
00:32:37,164 --> 00:32:38,812
It's nowhere near as good as Feelie.
641
00:32:38,832 --> 00:32:40,196
From the point of view of the harmony
642
00:32:40,216 --> 00:32:42,351
of the proportions it's
one of the most beautiful
643
00:32:42,371 --> 00:32:44,038
things you can see in Egypt.
644
00:32:44,058 --> 00:32:45,715
Ooh, where can we sit down?
645
00:32:45,735 --> 00:32:47,268
I want to show you something splendid.
646
00:32:47,288 --> 00:32:49,455
Right here.
647
00:32:51,796 --> 00:32:53,820
Only one single time General Desay
648
00:32:53,840 --> 00:32:55,090
had a unique objective,
649
00:32:55,110 --> 00:32:56,208
capturing Murad Bay.
650
00:32:56,228 --> 00:32:58,107
Only once did he allow us to make a halt.
651
00:32:58,127 --> 00:33:00,405
It was at Dender at 80
kilometers from here.
652
00:33:00,425 --> 00:33:03,236
There's a temple three
quarters buried in the sand,
653
00:33:03,256 --> 00:33:05,179
and at the back there was
a room which we reached
654
00:33:05,199 --> 00:33:07,596
by climbing on the roof.
655
00:33:07,616 --> 00:33:10,033
We found this on the ceiling.
656
00:33:18,893 --> 00:33:21,474
I only had time to draw
this rather poor drawing.
657
00:33:21,494 --> 00:33:22,308
But if you go there,
658
00:33:22,328 --> 00:33:23,628
and I strongly urge you to,
659
00:33:23,648 --> 00:33:26,318
you must produce some better ones.
660
00:33:26,338 --> 00:33:29,702
From what I was told this
zodiac is now standing testimony
661
00:33:29,722 --> 00:33:32,395
to the astrological knowledge
of the ancient Egyptians.
662
00:33:32,415 --> 00:33:33,998
It's magnificent.
663
00:33:36,522 --> 00:33:38,189
Before the Egypt expedition
664
00:33:38,209 --> 00:33:41,622
there were explorers who
traveled individually to Egypt
665
00:33:41,642 --> 00:33:45,097
and who pretty much sketched what they saw.
666
00:33:45,117 --> 00:33:48,138
Here for the first time we've
got engineering graduates,
667
00:33:48,158 --> 00:33:49,961
we've got architects,
668
00:33:49,981 --> 00:33:52,491
we've got people who are trained in drawing
669
00:33:52,511 --> 00:33:54,178
and who are precise.
670
00:33:55,967 --> 00:33:58,123
Many of them are Moge's students,
671
00:33:58,143 --> 00:34:00,814
young people who apply geometric principles
672
00:34:00,834 --> 00:34:03,293
and scientific methods to their work
673
00:34:03,313 --> 00:34:05,629
and their way of
illustrating the monuments.
674
00:34:05,649 --> 00:34:08,537
Unlike the older scholars such as Dono,
675
00:34:08,557 --> 00:34:10,154
who always adds a little tree
676
00:34:10,174 --> 00:34:12,428
or an animal to his sketches.
677
00:34:12,448 --> 00:34:15,660
In this case they reproduce what they see
678
00:34:15,680 --> 00:34:17,671
so that from a scientific point of view
679
00:34:17,691 --> 00:34:19,274
it is indisputable.
680
00:34:20,696 --> 00:34:22,058
After long months of being
681
00:34:22,078 --> 00:34:23,371
confined in the north,
682
00:34:23,391 --> 00:34:25,585
Viliay and Julwe are finally in the heart
683
00:34:25,605 --> 00:34:28,003
of Egypt's archeological riches,
684
00:34:28,023 --> 00:34:30,390
and Karnak is only one stop on a journey
685
00:34:30,410 --> 00:34:33,074
that will take them farther
south to places who's
686
00:34:33,094 --> 00:34:36,677
inaccessibility has rendered them mythical.
687
00:34:43,463 --> 00:34:45,507
That's enough of our travels,
688
00:34:45,527 --> 00:34:47,101
what about General Desay?
689
00:34:47,121 --> 00:34:49,326
Tell us how things are going in Syria.
690
00:34:49,346 --> 00:34:50,616
Tell them what you told me,
691
00:34:50,636 --> 00:34:51,734
will you?
692
00:34:51,754 --> 00:34:54,488
He was with the expedition.
693
00:34:54,508 --> 00:34:57,605
It was he who brought the
news of the Syria campaign.
694
00:34:57,625 --> 00:34:59,872
Syria.
695
00:34:59,892 --> 00:35:01,689
We're not there yet,
696
00:35:01,709 --> 00:35:03,792
perhaps we never will be.
697
00:35:05,175 --> 00:35:08,189
Everything went fine until
the taking of Gaza and Jaffa.
698
00:35:08,209 --> 00:35:10,314
Jaffa fell in a day,
699
00:35:10,334 --> 00:35:12,438
2,000 Ottoman fighters killed
700
00:35:12,458 --> 00:35:14,541
and 3,000 taken prisoner.
701
00:35:17,944 --> 00:35:20,361
The following day, Bonaparte,
702
00:35:21,346 --> 00:35:23,865
he didn't want to be
burdened with prisoners.
703
00:35:23,885 --> 00:35:24,885
He ordered,
704
00:35:26,283 --> 00:35:28,091
he didn't know how he would feed them
705
00:35:28,111 --> 00:35:30,060
and he didn't want to let them go
706
00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:33,446
so they could fight against us again.
707
00:35:33,466 --> 00:35:34,466
So.
708
00:35:36,107 --> 00:35:37,600
Want some water?
709
00:35:37,620 --> 00:35:39,620
No, wine.
710
00:35:41,498 --> 00:35:43,165
Here.
711
00:35:45,688 --> 00:35:46,688
Carry on.
712
00:35:50,625 --> 00:35:54,458
He ordered them to be executed.
713
00:35:55,798 --> 00:35:58,965
They were taken to the beach and shot.
714
00:36:02,369 --> 00:36:06,119
When the number of bodies
grew just too many.
715
00:36:08,394 --> 00:36:11,116
The prisoners were marched to the dunes
716
00:36:11,136 --> 00:36:13,386
and the massacre continued.
717
00:36:17,099 --> 00:36:18,099
And then
718
00:36:18,887 --> 00:36:21,137
when the ammunition ran out
719
00:36:23,072 --> 00:36:26,155
the rest had to be killed by bayonet.
720
00:36:31,423 --> 00:36:33,362
I am a soldier.
721
00:36:33,382 --> 00:36:36,299
God knows I've seen dead men,
722
00:36:36,319 --> 00:36:37,305
but never so many corpses,
723
00:36:37,325 --> 00:36:38,931
people who's lives he
promised would be safe
724
00:36:38,951 --> 00:36:40,618
if they surrendered.
725
00:36:42,931 --> 00:36:45,026
In addition to the massacre of prisoners
726
00:36:45,046 --> 00:36:48,265
there were grave health problems.
727
00:36:48,285 --> 00:36:51,507
A plague epidemic sweeps
through the army's ranks.
728
00:36:51,527 --> 00:36:54,514
The soldiers who are not
effected are terrified.
729
00:36:54,534 --> 00:36:56,614
To restore their courage, Bonaparte,
730
00:36:56,634 --> 00:36:59,167
who carefully avoids
uttering the word plague,
731
00:36:59,187 --> 00:37:03,523
tries to demonstrate that the
disease is not to be feared.
732
00:37:03,543 --> 00:37:06,785
He pays a long visit to the sick.
733
00:37:09,731 --> 00:37:12,657
The French army takes
Gaza and Jaffa so easily
734
00:37:12,677 --> 00:37:14,312
that everyone thinks all they have to do
735
00:37:14,332 --> 00:37:16,596
is show up in front of Saint John of Aka
736
00:37:16,616 --> 00:37:20,265
and the pasha in charge will surrender.
737
00:37:20,285 --> 00:37:22,944
The reality is quite different.
738
00:37:22,964 --> 00:37:25,748
Bonaparte has besieged the
town for two months now,
739
00:37:25,768 --> 00:37:26,935
day and night.
740
00:37:28,644 --> 00:37:29,823
Attack follows attack,
741
00:37:29,843 --> 00:37:31,558
but to no avail,
742
00:37:31,578 --> 00:37:33,123
and resulting in heavy losses
743
00:37:33,143 --> 00:37:36,226
among the French troops and officers.
744
00:37:40,588 --> 00:37:43,652
General Catherelie is killed.
745
00:37:43,672 --> 00:37:46,979
Clabert is outraged at the
scale of French losses.
746
00:37:46,999 --> 00:37:48,982
He writes, "Bonaparte is a general
747
00:37:49,002 --> 00:37:52,002
"at the cost of 10,000 men per day."
748
00:37:53,763 --> 00:37:55,594
Two English warships await the French
749
00:37:55,614 --> 00:37:57,048
off the coast of Afa,
750
00:37:57,068 --> 00:37:58,877
to the south of Saint John of Aka,
751
00:37:58,897 --> 00:38:01,112
and it is their commander, Sydney Smith,
752
00:38:01,132 --> 00:38:04,632
who is organizing the defense of the town.
753
00:38:06,130 --> 00:38:07,694
An officer in the English navy,
754
00:38:07,714 --> 00:38:09,583
Sydney Smith is notorious for having
755
00:38:09,603 --> 00:38:11,900
torched the French fleet in Toulon
756
00:38:11,920 --> 00:38:15,171
as part of England's action
against the French Revolution.
757
00:38:15,191 --> 00:38:16,980
He is working towards
a reprechmonde between
758
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:18,990
England and the Ottoman Empire
759
00:38:19,010 --> 00:38:21,033
and has orders to thwart Bonaparte's
760
00:38:21,053 --> 00:38:22,886
ambitions in the East.
761
00:38:24,837 --> 00:38:25,926
To be able to overpower
762
00:38:25,946 --> 00:38:27,560
a place by brute force,
763
00:38:27,580 --> 00:38:29,660
such as when one is laying siege,
764
00:38:29,680 --> 00:38:32,033
it obviously requires siege artillery,
765
00:38:32,053 --> 00:38:34,073
which means heavy artillery.
766
00:38:34,093 --> 00:38:36,595
But the French no longer control the seas,
767
00:38:36,615 --> 00:38:40,279
so they can no longer
bring in supplies by ship.
768
00:38:40,299 --> 00:38:41,864
And when they try to do so they come up
769
00:38:41,884 --> 00:38:43,341
against the English,
770
00:38:43,361 --> 00:38:45,767
so this artillery never reaches Bonaparte
771
00:38:45,787 --> 00:38:49,897
and he doesn't have the
resources to take the town.
772
00:38:50,730 --> 00:38:52,483
So he has to stage an old style
773
00:38:52,503 --> 00:38:54,737
blockade like an ancient siege,
774
00:38:54,757 --> 00:38:56,160
but this blockade can not work
775
00:38:56,180 --> 00:38:58,446
because the English are
sending in supplies.
776
00:38:58,466 --> 00:39:00,223
So instead of a few days,
777
00:39:00,243 --> 00:39:03,326
the siege goes on for several months.
778
00:39:09,611 --> 00:39:11,643
The Syria campaign grinds to a halt
779
00:39:11,663 --> 00:39:12,940
in Saint John of Aka
780
00:39:12,960 --> 00:39:15,787
and Bonaparte has no choice but to retreat.
781
00:39:15,807 --> 00:39:17,604
He doesn't want to spread
the plague epidemic
782
00:39:17,624 --> 00:39:19,709
by taking the sick back to Cairo,
783
00:39:19,729 --> 00:39:22,684
and reluctant to leave them
to the Turkish scimitars,
784
00:39:22,704 --> 00:39:24,726
he gives orders for those
infected to be given
785
00:39:24,746 --> 00:39:26,137
a fatal dose of opium.
786
00:39:27,143 --> 00:39:29,461
Deganete the chief physician refuses,
787
00:39:29,481 --> 00:39:31,522
but a compliant pharmacist carries out
788
00:39:31,542 --> 00:39:33,668
the grim instruction.
789
00:39:33,688 --> 00:39:35,861
One of the key features about the Egyptian
790
00:39:35,881 --> 00:39:37,810
campaign that never goes away,
791
00:39:37,830 --> 00:39:39,641
this was British propaganda at the time,
792
00:39:39,661 --> 00:39:42,639
was Napoleon kills prisoners
793
00:39:42,659 --> 00:39:46,317
and Napoleon commits
euthanasia on his soldiers
794
00:39:46,337 --> 00:39:48,662
who have bubonic plague.
795
00:39:48,682 --> 00:39:52,682
Now these are things that
Napoleon never denies.
796
00:39:55,183 --> 00:39:56,840
On the return to Cairo the toll
797
00:39:56,860 --> 00:39:59,815
of the Syria campaign is catastrophic.
798
00:39:59,835 --> 00:40:02,143
Thousands of prisoners executed,
799
00:40:02,163 --> 00:40:04,175
hundreds of plague victims.
800
00:40:04,195 --> 00:40:06,113
With euthanasia for the sick,
801
00:40:06,133 --> 00:40:09,728
Bonaparte's army has
lost some 4,500 soldiers,
802
00:40:09,748 --> 00:40:12,581
and all of them have died in vain.
803
00:40:13,965 --> 00:40:15,805
The failure of the Syria campaign
804
00:40:15,825 --> 00:40:17,596
sounds the death knell for his hopes
805
00:40:17,616 --> 00:40:19,302
of an eastern empire.
806
00:40:19,322 --> 00:40:20,489
It's all over.
807
00:40:23,069 --> 00:40:24,665
Bonaparte has only just returned
808
00:40:24,685 --> 00:40:26,268
to Cairo from Syria
809
00:40:27,163 --> 00:40:29,126
when he learns that an Ottoman landing
810
00:40:29,146 --> 00:40:31,313
has taken place at Abukir.
811
00:40:33,758 --> 00:40:35,058
The French presence in Egypt
812
00:40:35,078 --> 00:40:37,527
is under greater threat than ever before,
813
00:40:37,547 --> 00:40:40,056
but this threat coincides with a discovery
814
00:40:40,076 --> 00:40:41,499
that will change our understanding
815
00:40:41,519 --> 00:40:43,856
of ancient Egypt forever.
816
00:40:43,876 --> 00:40:47,664
To the east of Abukir
stands the fort of Rosetta.
817
00:40:47,684 --> 00:40:50,262
It's in a poor state
and is in need of repair
818
00:40:50,282 --> 00:40:53,202
ahead of a possible Anglo-Turkish attack.
819
00:40:53,222 --> 00:40:55,355
In the course of the work a heavy stell
820
00:40:55,375 --> 00:40:58,432
of black granite engraved
in mysterious languages
821
00:40:58,452 --> 00:40:59,819
is unearthed.
822
00:40:59,839 --> 00:41:02,150
By chance, the officer who finds the stone,
823
00:41:02,170 --> 00:41:03,297
Captain Busha,
824
00:41:03,317 --> 00:41:05,848
is a member of the sciences
and arts commission,
825
00:41:05,868 --> 00:41:07,574
a member of the Institute of Egypt
826
00:41:07,594 --> 00:41:09,844
also happens to be on site.
827
00:41:11,711 --> 00:41:14,665
No one at this time knows
how to read hieroglyphics,
828
00:41:14,685 --> 00:41:18,852
nor the writing that takes up
the middle part of the stone.
829
00:41:21,624 --> 00:41:24,023
But both men can read Greek.
830
00:41:24,043 --> 00:41:25,534
The text says that this decree
831
00:41:25,554 --> 00:41:27,010
is written in three languages,
832
00:41:27,030 --> 00:41:27,924
hieroglyphic,
833
00:41:27,944 --> 00:41:28,870
Demotic,
834
00:41:28,890 --> 00:41:29,890
and Greek.
835
00:41:31,307 --> 00:41:33,336
The text in hieroglyphs should therefore
836
00:41:33,356 --> 00:41:36,723
be identical to the Greek text.
837
00:41:36,743 --> 00:41:40,177
They realize the importance
of this discovery.
838
00:41:40,197 --> 00:41:42,055
In the midst of the military preparations
839
00:41:42,075 --> 00:41:45,742
they wrap up the stell
and ship it to Cairo.
840
00:41:55,171 --> 00:41:58,727
Viliay and Julwe have reached
Aswan in southern Egypt
841
00:41:58,747 --> 00:42:01,185
and are wholly unaware of
the recent discoveries,
842
00:42:01,205 --> 00:42:03,359
the disastrous expedition to Syria,
843
00:42:03,379 --> 00:42:06,462
and the new battles that are looming.
844
00:42:10,775 --> 00:42:13,344
Their leader has reproached
them for drawing hieroglyphs
845
00:42:13,364 --> 00:42:16,525
instead of taking measurements
of irrigation systems,
846
00:42:16,545 --> 00:42:19,223
so the two young scientists
set about this task
847
00:42:19,243 --> 00:42:20,768
as quickly as they can,
848
00:42:20,788 --> 00:42:25,218
whilst obstinately
continuing to visit temples.
849
00:42:25,238 --> 00:42:26,988
Julwe,
850
00:42:27,989 --> 00:42:30,072
if I had made the whole trip from Paris
851
00:42:30,092 --> 00:42:31,509
just to see this,
852
00:42:36,485 --> 00:42:39,652
that would be enough to make me happy.
853
00:42:43,402 --> 00:42:46,246
You know what they should do?
854
00:42:46,266 --> 00:42:47,518
Toss away all the traveler's accounts
855
00:42:47,538 --> 00:42:48,955
published so far.
856
00:42:50,482 --> 00:42:52,815
They missed the best places.
857
00:43:26,687 --> 00:43:28,678
As Viliay and Julwe struggle to find
858
00:43:28,698 --> 00:43:30,885
the words to describe their emotions
859
00:43:30,905 --> 00:43:33,123
in the face of the beauty
they've discovered,
860
00:43:33,143 --> 00:43:36,118
1,000 kilometers to the north at Abukir,
861
00:43:36,138 --> 00:43:37,597
canon firings.
862
00:43:44,517 --> 00:43:46,326
Surprisingly, the Turkish forces have not
863
00:43:46,346 --> 00:43:49,486
taken the initiative to
attack as soon as they landed,
864
00:43:49,506 --> 00:43:52,977
they have not moved from the Bay of Abukir,
865
00:43:52,997 --> 00:43:56,024
which leaves Bonaparte
time to assemble his troops
866
00:43:56,044 --> 00:43:58,157
and march them swiftly to Abukir
867
00:43:58,177 --> 00:44:00,432
where the Turks are crushed.
868
00:44:07,037 --> 00:44:08,092
Abukir one
869
00:44:08,112 --> 00:44:10,426
was the distraction of the French fleet.
870
00:44:10,446 --> 00:44:11,596
Abukir two
871
00:44:11,616 --> 00:44:14,856
sees the Ottomans driven back into the sea.
872
00:44:14,876 --> 00:44:17,630
Abukir two would erase the humiliation
873
00:44:17,650 --> 00:44:19,012
of Abukir one.
874
00:44:19,032 --> 00:44:23,199
Th ruler of the pyramids
was the winner of Abukir.
875
00:44:24,063 --> 00:44:25,737
Bonaparte has just shown that he is still
876
00:44:25,757 --> 00:44:28,187
capable of military success,
877
00:44:28,207 --> 00:44:30,514
and life in Cairo returns to normal
878
00:44:30,534 --> 00:44:33,722
as if nothing happened
on the road to Syria.
879
00:44:33,742 --> 00:44:37,097
No, no, don't be fooled.
880
00:44:39,015 --> 00:44:40,348
General, I have a report
881
00:44:40,368 --> 00:44:42,960
that I'd like to get to these to France.
882
00:44:42,980 --> 00:44:45,085
Would you be so good as to pass it on?
883
00:44:45,105 --> 00:44:46,678
Never fear, Santilair,
884
00:44:46,698 --> 00:44:48,863
your report will reach the Institute.
885
00:44:48,883 --> 00:44:51,716
Thank you, General.
886
00:44:52,755 --> 00:44:53,851
He's leaving.
887
00:44:53,871 --> 00:44:54,837
What, who's leaving?
888
00:44:54,857 --> 00:44:55,723
The General in Chief,
889
00:44:55,743 --> 00:44:57,153
he's leaving to France.
890
00:44:57,173 --> 00:44:59,603
And leaving behind his army?
891
00:44:59,623 --> 00:45:01,410
I bet my life on it.
892
00:45:20,505 --> 00:45:23,088
Under cover of night Moge and Beftule,
893
00:45:23,108 --> 00:45:24,288
the scientific leaders,
894
00:45:24,308 --> 00:45:26,076
and the artist Vive Dene,
895
00:45:26,096 --> 00:45:27,704
have their personal effects taken
896
00:45:27,724 --> 00:45:29,481
discreetly to Abukir.
897
00:45:33,870 --> 00:45:36,035
They are just waiting
for one last passenger,
898
00:45:36,055 --> 00:45:37,550
and an important one,
899
00:45:37,570 --> 00:45:40,820
the organizer of this clandestine trip.
900
00:45:42,325 --> 00:45:44,600
One year after his arrival in Egypt
901
00:45:44,620 --> 00:45:47,870
Bonaparte set sail to return to France.
902
00:45:51,038 --> 00:45:52,301
Bonaparte leaves the army
903
00:45:52,321 --> 00:45:53,836
without telling anyone,
904
00:45:53,856 --> 00:45:55,238
not even his successor,
905
00:45:55,258 --> 00:45:56,578
General Clabert,
906
00:45:56,598 --> 00:46:00,395
who he has appointed General
in Chief in his place.
907
00:46:00,415 --> 00:46:03,413
Clabert learns the news from a letter.
908
00:46:03,433 --> 00:46:04,632
He's furious,
909
00:46:04,652 --> 00:46:07,337
but since he is now in charge of this army,
910
00:46:07,357 --> 00:46:09,377
which is still in some difficulty,
911
00:46:09,397 --> 00:46:11,694
he makes an address to the soldiers
912
00:46:11,714 --> 00:46:14,714
in which he hides his true feelings.
913
00:46:17,382 --> 00:46:18,561
My soldiers,
914
00:46:18,581 --> 00:46:22,169
imperial duties dictate that
the general in Chief Bonaparte
915
00:46:22,189 --> 00:46:23,712
has gone to France.
916
00:46:23,732 --> 00:46:26,224
Powerful reinforcements will arrive
917
00:46:26,244 --> 00:46:28,487
or else a glorious peace will carry you
918
00:46:28,507 --> 00:46:30,340
back to your homeland.
919
00:46:31,810 --> 00:46:32,948
The truth is that after
920
00:46:32,968 --> 00:46:35,166
the disastrous Syria campaign
921
00:46:35,186 --> 00:46:38,466
Clabert is inheriting a
catastrophic situation.
922
00:46:38,486 --> 00:46:40,204
He writes to the director,
923
00:46:40,224 --> 00:46:42,507
pointing out the lack
of weapons and munitions
924
00:46:42,527 --> 00:46:45,524
and the loss of a great many men.
925
00:46:45,544 --> 00:46:47,258
He overstates matters somewhat to push
926
00:46:47,278 --> 00:46:48,552
his appeal for help,
927
00:46:48,572 --> 00:46:50,897
describing soldiers going about naked
928
00:46:50,917 --> 00:46:53,751
and with nothing to eat since
the supplies were exhausted,
929
00:46:53,771 --> 00:46:57,399
but this tactic will soon work against him.
930
00:46:57,419 --> 00:46:58,852
At the moment Bonaparte
931
00:46:58,872 --> 00:47:00,365
sets foot in France,
932
00:47:00,385 --> 00:47:02,512
contrary to what one might imagine,
933
00:47:02,532 --> 00:47:04,747
he has after all left his army,
934
00:47:04,767 --> 00:47:06,811
almost deserted as some would say,
935
00:47:06,831 --> 00:47:09,127
Bonaparte is welcomed in triumph.
936
00:47:09,147 --> 00:47:11,168
For months in the Republic there have been
937
00:47:11,188 --> 00:47:13,301
rumors of a coup d'etat.
938
00:47:13,321 --> 00:47:14,520
The director,
939
00:47:14,540 --> 00:47:16,572
the ruling regime at the time,
940
00:47:16,592 --> 00:47:19,456
has undergone several
in the previous years,
941
00:47:19,476 --> 00:47:22,087
and you have to bear in
mind that the director,
942
00:47:22,107 --> 00:47:23,904
Emmanuel Suays,
943
00:47:23,924 --> 00:47:25,483
was just come to power,
944
00:47:25,503 --> 00:47:27,384
is himself preparing a coup.
945
00:47:27,404 --> 00:47:30,005
And to carry this out he needs a general,
946
00:47:30,025 --> 00:47:32,048
or a saber, as he calls it.
947
00:47:32,068 --> 00:47:34,617
After pondering who
could act as this saber,
948
00:47:34,637 --> 00:47:37,360
he learns of Bonaparte's return from Egypt
949
00:47:37,380 --> 00:47:39,127
and the general who was present with him,
950
00:47:39,147 --> 00:47:40,561
General Morow says,
951
00:47:40,581 --> 00:47:41,552
"There's your man,
952
00:47:41,572 --> 00:47:45,199
"he can lead a coup much better than me."
953
00:47:45,219 --> 00:47:46,946
Making the most of his prestige
954
00:47:46,966 --> 00:47:48,276
and the confusion that reigns
955
00:47:48,296 --> 00:47:49,750
at the highest level of state,
956
00:47:49,770 --> 00:47:53,263
Bonaparte overthrows the
regime and seizes power.
957
00:47:53,283 --> 00:47:55,024
He now has more pressing concerns
958
00:47:55,044 --> 00:47:57,627
than what's happening in Egypt.
959
00:47:59,209 --> 00:48:01,058
Unaware of their leader's departure,
960
00:48:01,078 --> 00:48:04,440
Villiay and Julwe let
their crew return to Cairo
961
00:48:04,460 --> 00:48:06,706
and stop at Thebes opposite Luxor,
962
00:48:06,726 --> 00:48:11,074
where they had not enough
time on the outward journey.
963
00:48:11,094 --> 00:48:15,748
This time they have several
weeks to explore the region.
964
00:48:15,768 --> 00:48:16,825
This one looks quite good,
965
00:48:16,845 --> 00:48:18,454
don't you think?
966
00:48:18,474 --> 00:48:19,356
Yes.
967
00:48:19,376 --> 00:48:21,394
In any case, much better than Dunad's.
968
00:48:21,414 --> 00:48:23,243
Yes.
969
00:48:23,263 --> 00:48:24,769
We should make some
copies for the astronomers
970
00:48:24,789 --> 00:48:25,745
at the commission,
971
00:48:25,765 --> 00:48:27,504
they'll make a better
use of it than we will.
972
00:48:27,524 --> 00:48:28,958
I'm sure they will.
973
00:48:28,978 --> 00:48:32,145
I don't know anything about astronomy.
974
00:48:37,357 --> 00:48:38,516
How much?
975
00:48:38,536 --> 00:48:40,306
Ask him how much he wants for this.
976
00:48:44,037 --> 00:48:46,557
Four, this is four?
977
00:48:46,577 --> 00:48:47,577
Just a head.
978
00:48:50,346 --> 00:48:52,706
After searching
as far as we could for mummies
979
00:48:52,726 --> 00:48:54,088
we turned to one of those men
980
00:48:54,108 --> 00:48:55,742
who make a profession of grave robbing
981
00:48:55,762 --> 00:48:57,774
to find amulets and other objects
982
00:48:57,794 --> 00:49:00,461
which they sell for high prices.
983
00:49:01,565 --> 00:49:03,840
I wouldn't mind that.
984
00:49:11,908 --> 00:49:14,074
Ask him where he found them.
985
00:49:14,094 --> 00:49:15,153
Where'd you find it?
986
00:49:15,173 --> 00:49:16,555
Under our questioning
987
00:49:16,575 --> 00:49:19,065
he told us that one day
in the nearby mountain
988
00:49:19,085 --> 00:49:21,808
mummies of dogs had been found.
989
00:49:21,828 --> 00:49:23,738
I promised him a rich reward if he took us
990
00:49:23,758 --> 00:49:26,693
to the place where these mummies were.
991
00:49:26,713 --> 00:49:28,866
Villiay and Julwe hoped to find embalmed
992
00:49:28,886 --> 00:49:29,962
human bodies,
993
00:49:29,982 --> 00:49:34,231
but have to make do with mummified animals.
994
00:49:34,251 --> 00:49:35,926
But in the course of their excavation
995
00:49:35,946 --> 00:49:39,937
they make a far more important discovery.
996
00:49:39,957 --> 00:49:41,540
Since the days of ancient Rome
997
00:49:41,560 --> 00:49:43,220
11 tombs had been discovered
998
00:49:43,240 --> 00:49:45,434
in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes
999
00:49:45,454 --> 00:49:47,495
where the Pharaohs were buried.
1000
00:49:47,515 --> 00:49:49,924
The two young scholars find a 12th.
1001
00:49:52,261 --> 00:49:53,753
When we return to France
1002
00:49:53,773 --> 00:49:55,743
we'll be missing one thing,
1003
00:49:55,763 --> 00:49:59,217
the name of the Pharaoh for
whom this tomb was done.
1004
00:49:59,237 --> 00:50:01,688
It's no doubt
written somewhere on the walls.
1005
00:50:01,708 --> 00:50:02,916
Yes, but we can't read it.
1006
00:50:02,936 --> 00:50:05,212
Don't let that stop you copying it all.
1007
00:50:05,232 --> 00:50:08,538
Perhaps someone will manage to decipher it.
1008
00:50:10,485 --> 00:50:11,475
The young scholars are a real
1009
00:50:11,495 --> 00:50:16,301
gift from France given to the
ancient Egyptian civilization.
1010
00:50:16,321 --> 00:50:18,537
Despite all the political
and military difficulties
1011
00:50:18,557 --> 00:50:19,888
they encounter,
1012
00:50:19,908 --> 00:50:21,434
the young scholars find the time to make
1013
00:50:21,454 --> 00:50:24,287
sketches of the ancient monuments.
1014
00:50:26,274 --> 00:50:27,857
They analyze them,
1015
00:50:27,877 --> 00:50:28,922
visit them,
1016
00:50:28,942 --> 00:50:30,025
compare them.
1017
00:50:31,313 --> 00:50:33,346
And then write reports
1018
00:50:33,366 --> 00:50:34,590
which afterwards they present
1019
00:50:34,610 --> 00:50:37,261
to the Institute of Cairo.
1020
00:50:37,281 --> 00:50:38,095
We were in the middle
1021
00:50:38,115 --> 00:50:40,547
copying the hieroglyphs and suddenly.
1022
00:50:40,567 --> 00:50:42,499
Moge, Deno, and Detolay have left.
1023
00:50:42,519 --> 00:50:44,050
Why don't we return?
1024
00:50:44,070 --> 00:50:45,066
The English.
1025
00:50:45,086 --> 00:50:46,942
The English don't care a fig about us.
1026
00:50:46,962 --> 00:50:48,770
There's no point arguing.
1027
00:50:48,790 --> 00:50:50,804
If you want my opinion,
1028
00:50:50,824 --> 00:50:54,092
Bonaparte brought us here
so we would boost his glory
1029
00:50:54,112 --> 00:50:55,639
by teaching the French about the country
1030
00:50:55,659 --> 00:50:57,737
he was set to conquer.
1031
00:50:57,757 --> 00:50:58,780
Liberate.
1032
00:50:58,800 --> 00:50:59,758
Oh, if you prefer,
1033
00:50:59,778 --> 00:51:02,045
liberate then conquer.
1034
00:51:02,065 --> 00:51:03,336
And now he's gone,
1035
00:51:03,356 --> 00:51:05,519
Clabert is keeping us here because
1036
00:51:05,539 --> 00:51:07,764
he doesn't want to take responsibility
1037
00:51:07,784 --> 00:51:10,709
for bringing Bonaparte's mission to an end.
1038
00:51:10,729 --> 00:51:13,034
If that's the case
1039
00:51:13,054 --> 00:51:15,637
we may be here for a while yet.
1040
00:51:19,546 --> 00:51:20,827
Powerful reinforcements
1041
00:51:20,847 --> 00:51:22,350
or a glorious peace,
1042
00:51:22,370 --> 00:51:24,667
Clabert had promised his soldiers.
1043
00:51:24,687 --> 00:51:27,796
But now he's given upon
those reinforcements,
1044
00:51:27,816 --> 00:51:29,584
so he instructs General Dezay
1045
00:51:29,604 --> 00:51:32,640
to negotiate with the English
representative Sydney Smith,
1046
00:51:32,660 --> 00:51:35,083
an agreement to evacuate Egypt.
1047
00:51:35,103 --> 00:51:36,831
Don't hold out any false hopes,
1048
00:51:36,851 --> 00:51:37,968
Desay.
1049
00:51:37,988 --> 00:51:41,980
We have no fleet left and will
never receive reinforcements.
1050
00:51:42,000 --> 00:51:44,577
How can French send aid
to Egypt when it needs
1051
00:51:44,597 --> 00:51:46,389
all of it's forces to fight against the
1052
00:51:46,409 --> 00:51:49,312
anti republican coalition?
1053
00:51:49,332 --> 00:51:51,234
No, it's up to the army in Egypt
1054
00:51:51,254 --> 00:51:53,995
to find a way to return to
France as soon as possible
1055
00:51:54,015 --> 00:51:56,760
to fight for the Republic.
1056
00:51:56,780 --> 00:51:59,097
We can not hope for
better than an agreement
1057
00:51:59,117 --> 00:52:02,130
to evacuate Egypt and
negotiate it with Sydney Smith.
1058
00:52:02,150 --> 00:52:04,240
General Menu was fiery opposed to this
1059
00:52:04,260 --> 00:52:05,874
unless it's in the frame of a peace accord
1060
00:52:05,894 --> 00:52:06,942
for the whole Mediterranean.
1061
00:52:06,962 --> 00:52:08,514
Neither Sydney Smith nor myself
1062
00:52:08,534 --> 00:52:10,526
have a mandate to negotiate an overall
1063
00:52:10,546 --> 00:52:12,773
peace deal in the Mediterranean.
1064
00:52:12,793 --> 00:52:14,264
Let's consider ourselves lucky that
1065
00:52:14,284 --> 00:52:16,032
that Ottomans have signed the treaty
1066
00:52:16,052 --> 00:52:19,802
and that the English do
not hold us prisoner.
1067
00:52:22,405 --> 00:52:24,118
Very well.
1068
00:52:24,138 --> 00:52:25,471
Good bye, Desay.
1069
00:52:28,597 --> 00:52:30,098
Desay and Clabert are both seeking
1070
00:52:30,118 --> 00:52:31,653
an honorable way to bring an end
1071
00:52:31,673 --> 00:52:33,875
to the French presence in Egypt.
1072
00:52:33,895 --> 00:52:35,981
Desay by continuing the war,
1073
00:52:36,001 --> 00:52:39,293
Clabert through an immediate
cessation of combat.
1074
00:52:39,313 --> 00:52:40,592
It's the English who will force
1075
00:52:40,612 --> 00:52:43,195
the two men to reach agreement.
1076
00:52:45,425 --> 00:52:47,959
Clabert is facing
a very difficult situation
1077
00:52:47,979 --> 00:52:51,564
since the Egyptians also
realize how weak the French are
1078
00:52:51,584 --> 00:52:55,334
and the English and
Ottomans are at the gate.
1079
00:53:01,139 --> 00:53:03,659
Clabert now finds
himself with three enemies,
1080
00:53:03,679 --> 00:53:04,493
the Mamelukes,
1081
00:53:04,513 --> 00:53:05,638
the Ottoman Empire,
1082
00:53:05,658 --> 00:53:07,722
and the English.
1083
00:53:07,742 --> 00:53:10,770
He must at all cost prevent
the Ottomans reaching Cairo
1084
00:53:10,790 --> 00:53:13,602
and rallying the inhabitants
to drive out the French,
1085
00:53:13,622 --> 00:53:17,689
whom the English could then just pick off.
1086
00:53:17,709 --> 00:53:20,188
The soldiers just want to return to France,
1087
00:53:20,208 --> 00:53:24,496
instead of which Clabert
asks them to fight again.
1088
00:53:24,516 --> 00:53:26,191
Some 40,000 Ottomans,
1089
00:53:26,211 --> 00:53:29,401
joined by 20,000 Mamelukes under Ibrihambre
1090
00:53:29,421 --> 00:53:32,421
amassed a few kilometers from Cairo.
1091
00:53:35,231 --> 00:53:37,494
Clabert can only muster 11,000,
1092
00:53:37,514 --> 00:53:39,852
including 1,500 calvary.
1093
00:53:39,872 --> 00:53:42,372
The Ottomans and the
Mamelukes are five or six
1094
00:53:42,392 --> 00:53:46,181
times more numerous than the French.
1095
00:53:46,201 --> 00:53:49,437
After several hours march and
an initial victorious clash
1096
00:53:49,457 --> 00:53:52,583
with an advance guard
of some 6,000 Ottomans,
1097
00:53:52,603 --> 00:53:54,754
the French army faces
the bulk of the Ottoman
1098
00:53:54,774 --> 00:53:56,288
and Mameluke forces,
1099
00:53:56,308 --> 00:53:58,058
more than 50,000 men.
1100
00:54:06,879 --> 00:54:09,046
At noon thousands of horsemen charge
1101
00:54:09,066 --> 00:54:11,149
towards Clabert's forces.
1102
00:54:28,622 --> 00:54:30,828
The engineer Maluse recalls,
1103
00:54:30,848 --> 00:54:33,600
"The calvary charged wave after wave.
1104
00:54:33,620 --> 00:54:35,409
"The Ottomans let out war cries,
1105
00:54:35,429 --> 00:54:37,916
"circling rapidly around us.
1106
00:54:37,936 --> 00:54:38,948
"They surrounded us,
1107
00:54:38,968 --> 00:54:41,218
"blocking out the horizon."
1108
00:54:45,544 --> 00:54:47,901
It goes on for hours.
1109
00:54:47,921 --> 00:54:50,481
Throughout the day
successive waves sweep down
1110
00:54:50,501 --> 00:54:52,826
and attack Clabert's square formations
1111
00:54:52,846 --> 00:54:54,513
over and over again.
1112
00:55:01,928 --> 00:55:04,326
By the evening Clabert's
army is still facing
1113
00:55:04,346 --> 00:55:07,679
charges by Ottoman and Mameluke calvary.
1114
00:55:08,584 --> 00:55:11,731
But the strategy of infantry
squares proves effective.
1115
00:55:11,751 --> 00:55:12,564
Depleted,
1116
00:55:12,584 --> 00:55:13,398
exhausted,
1117
00:55:13,418 --> 00:55:17,207
the enemy leaves the
battlefield at midnight.
1118
00:55:17,227 --> 00:55:19,442
The French have lost 600 soldiers,
1119
00:55:19,462 --> 00:55:22,443
the enemy more than 8,000 men.
1120
00:55:22,463 --> 00:55:26,213
This was one of Clabert's
greatest victories.
1121
00:55:31,825 --> 00:55:34,333
In his memoirs Bonaparte
writes of the awakening
1122
00:55:34,353 --> 00:55:35,970
of the lion Clabert,
1123
00:55:35,990 --> 00:55:38,202
ready to hang onto the Egyptian lands
1124
00:55:38,222 --> 00:55:40,062
until the general peace agreement settles
1125
00:55:40,082 --> 00:55:42,763
the fate of the expeditionary army.
1126
00:55:45,438 --> 00:55:46,327
While Clabert is fighting
1127
00:55:46,347 --> 00:55:47,867
the Turks and the English
1128
00:55:47,887 --> 00:55:49,914
the Egyptians profit from the situation
1129
00:55:49,934 --> 00:55:52,616
and revolt against the French in Cairo.
1130
00:55:52,636 --> 00:55:55,162
And so Clabert has to
rush back from Heliopolis
1131
00:55:55,182 --> 00:55:58,990
to put down this second uprising in Cairo.
1132
00:55:59,010 --> 00:56:00,508
It's a very serious event,
1133
00:56:00,528 --> 00:56:04,275
takes Clabert 30 days
I think to put it down.
1134
00:56:04,295 --> 00:56:08,128
He loses 500 men fighting
from house to house.
1135
00:56:08,981 --> 00:56:10,490
Subsequently he restores
1136
00:56:10,510 --> 00:56:12,080
order to the administration,
1137
00:56:12,100 --> 00:56:15,005
refills the coffers by collecting taxes,
1138
00:56:15,025 --> 00:56:16,764
and totally brings to heel a country
1139
00:56:16,784 --> 00:56:20,929
which was running away
from him a month before.
1140
00:56:20,949 --> 00:56:23,520
Clabert no longer talks
about returning to France,
1141
00:56:23,540 --> 00:56:25,123
knowing it to be impossible.
1142
00:56:25,143 --> 00:56:26,467
This suits the English,
1143
00:56:26,487 --> 00:56:28,783
but it's not to the liking
of the Grand Vizier,
1144
00:56:28,803 --> 00:56:30,427
head of the Ottoman armies,
1145
00:56:30,447 --> 00:56:33,346
who has Clabert assassinated
by a fanatical student
1146
00:56:33,366 --> 00:56:37,685
who himself is captured and
impaled in a public square.
1147
00:56:37,705 --> 00:56:39,412
Obviously Clabert could not
1148
00:56:39,432 --> 00:56:40,774
appoint a successor,
1149
00:56:40,794 --> 00:56:42,706
and so the usual rulers applied.
1150
00:56:42,726 --> 00:56:45,043
The oldest of the division's generals
1151
00:56:45,063 --> 00:56:46,697
takes command of the army,
1152
00:56:46,717 --> 00:56:48,467
meaning General Manu.
1153
00:56:51,036 --> 00:56:53,626
Gentlemen, I have a message for you.
1154
00:56:53,646 --> 00:56:56,206
All soldiers accompanying
artists or scientists
1155
00:56:56,226 --> 00:56:58,661
have orders to rejoin
their units immediately.
1156
00:56:58,681 --> 00:57:00,278
Gentlemen.
1157
00:57:00,298 --> 00:57:01,533
Don't stay here,
1158
00:57:01,553 --> 00:57:03,111
you'll get yourself killed for nothing.
1159
00:57:03,131 --> 00:57:06,201
All troops fall in.
1160
00:57:14,584 --> 00:57:16,535
It's over.
1161
00:57:16,555 --> 00:57:20,222
Six months ago I was
dying to see my family.
1162
00:57:22,435 --> 00:57:25,602
Then I found a renewed taste for work.
1163
00:57:26,960 --> 00:57:29,460
But now I only want one thing,
1164
00:57:30,405 --> 00:57:32,478
to go home to France.
1165
00:57:32,498 --> 00:57:33,575
Egypt will soon be in the hands
1166
00:57:33,595 --> 00:57:36,926
of the English and the Ottomans.
1167
00:57:36,946 --> 00:57:38,826
We have no more business here.
1168
00:57:48,034 --> 00:57:48,906
They will have to wait
1169
00:57:48,926 --> 00:57:52,700
for more than a year before returning home.
1170
00:57:52,720 --> 00:57:54,246
And before that Manu,
1171
00:57:54,266 --> 00:57:56,837
who dreams of turning
Egypt into a French colony,
1172
00:57:56,857 --> 00:57:59,357
will suffer a crushing defeat.
1173
00:58:01,753 --> 00:58:03,814
When the English land
in Abukir is supported
1174
00:58:03,834 --> 00:58:05,927
by the arrival of an Ottoman army,
1175
00:58:05,947 --> 00:58:08,984
General Manu takes 13 days before deciding
1176
00:58:09,004 --> 00:58:10,590
to attack Canopus,
1177
00:58:10,610 --> 00:58:12,572
where the English have set up camp.
1178
00:58:12,592 --> 00:58:16,592
This leaves them time to
organize their defense.
1179
00:58:17,568 --> 00:58:19,901
Manu launches a dawn attack.
1180
00:58:21,298 --> 00:58:24,298
By midday the French army is beaten.
1181
00:58:25,584 --> 00:58:26,988
After the battle of Canopus
1182
00:58:27,008 --> 00:58:29,000
Manu divides his forces.
1183
00:58:29,020 --> 00:58:30,911
Belia going to Cairo,
1184
00:58:30,931 --> 00:58:32,893
Manu to Alexandria.
1185
00:58:32,913 --> 00:58:34,886
And so this division is breaking up
1186
00:58:34,906 --> 00:58:36,410
of the army in Egypt
1187
00:58:36,430 --> 00:58:38,223
is the beginning of the end.
1188
00:58:39,869 --> 00:58:41,384
Belia has no information about
1189
00:58:41,404 --> 00:58:43,904
what's going on in Alexandria.
1190
00:58:45,172 --> 00:58:46,736
There's no longer any communication
1191
00:58:46,756 --> 00:58:49,793
between Alexandria and Cairo.
1192
00:58:49,813 --> 00:58:52,758
Belia and his army find
themselves cut off from Cairo
1193
00:58:52,778 --> 00:58:55,267
and threatened with destruction.
1194
00:58:55,287 --> 00:58:56,971
He's forced to sign a capitulation
1195
00:58:56,991 --> 00:59:00,265
with the English and the Ottomans.
1196
00:59:00,285 --> 00:59:01,484
And from that moment
1197
00:59:01,504 --> 00:59:04,349
some 14,000 French are evacuated,
1198
00:59:04,369 --> 00:59:05,296
and what's more,
1199
00:59:05,316 --> 00:59:07,376
on English ships.
1200
00:59:11,970 --> 00:59:12,783
It's essential.
1201
00:59:12,803 --> 00:59:13,617
Yes of course.
1202
00:59:13,637 --> 00:59:16,557
The examples we have?
1203
00:59:16,577 --> 00:59:17,724
Gentlemen,
1204
00:59:17,744 --> 00:59:19,775
I have good news.
1205
00:59:19,795 --> 00:59:22,376
The members of the science
and arts commission
1206
00:59:22,396 --> 00:59:24,785
are authorized to embark for France.
1207
00:59:27,914 --> 00:59:29,691
There is, however,
1208
00:59:29,711 --> 00:59:33,827
one condition upon which
the English insist,
1209
00:59:33,847 --> 00:59:37,322
you must all leave the entire
collections you have gathered
1210
00:59:37,342 --> 00:59:38,479
and all your studies,
1211
00:59:38,499 --> 00:59:40,355
drawings, sketches, and
copies of hieroglyphs.
1212
00:59:41,188 --> 00:59:43,127
We didn't do all that work for nothing.
1213
00:59:43,147 --> 00:59:44,263
These works are considered
1214
00:59:44,283 --> 00:59:45,389
as belonging to France,
1215
00:59:45,409 --> 00:59:47,931
but constitutes spoils
of war for the English.
1216
00:59:47,951 --> 00:59:49,507
Three years work for just to nothing?
1217
00:59:49,527 --> 00:59:50,593
I'm as just as disappointed as you are,
1218
00:59:50,613 --> 00:59:52,644
but I could obtain nothing more.
1219
00:59:52,664 --> 00:59:53,478
There you have it,
1220
00:59:53,498 --> 00:59:55,805
you must be satisfied with
returning home safe and sound,
1221
00:59:55,825 --> 00:59:57,408
which is something.
1222
00:59:58,871 --> 01:00:00,621
Thank you, Gentlemen.
1223
01:00:02,336 --> 01:00:03,790
Thank you, General Manu.
1224
01:00:06,532 --> 01:00:07,346
Gentlemen.
1225
01:00:07,366 --> 01:00:08,891
Gentlemen, please.
1226
01:00:08,911 --> 01:00:09,725
Like all of you,
1227
01:00:09,745 --> 01:00:12,055
I want to go home and see my family,
1228
01:00:12,075 --> 01:00:14,307
but I've collected hundreds of animals here
1229
01:00:14,327 --> 01:00:15,609
of all kinds
1230
01:00:15,629 --> 01:00:17,478
and which are unknown in Europe,
1231
01:00:17,498 --> 01:00:19,651
and now I'm supposed to abandon them?
1232
01:00:19,671 --> 01:00:20,494
I'd rather die.
1233
01:00:20,514 --> 01:00:21,708
Of course.
1234
01:00:21,728 --> 01:00:23,760
Admiral Manu is a terrible tactician
1235
01:00:23,780 --> 01:00:25,426
and a poor negotiator.
1236
01:00:25,446 --> 01:00:27,112
Even if he tries to salvage any of this
1237
01:00:27,132 --> 01:00:29,407
I doubt he can find the words
to convince the English.
1238
01:00:29,427 --> 01:00:31,459
We must write to them.
1239
01:00:31,479 --> 01:00:33,146
Santiay, your quill.
1240
01:00:34,736 --> 01:00:37,220
General Manu tries to pass off the studies
1241
01:00:37,240 --> 01:00:39,294
and collections as personal belongings,
1242
01:00:39,314 --> 01:00:41,001
not those of the Republic.
1243
01:00:41,021 --> 01:00:42,516
But the English general who controls
1244
01:00:42,536 --> 01:00:46,369
the port of Alexandria
will have none of that.
1245
01:00:47,258 --> 01:00:49,218
The scholars issue a threat.
1246
01:00:49,238 --> 01:00:51,200
Rather than see our work stolen,
1247
01:00:51,220 --> 01:00:52,909
we will destroy it,
1248
01:00:52,929 --> 01:00:54,686
scatter it in the sands,
1249
01:00:54,706 --> 01:00:56,567
or toss it into the sea.
1250
01:01:02,337 --> 01:01:04,470
"From the science and arts commission
1251
01:01:04,490 --> 01:01:06,612
"of the French republic
to the general commander
1252
01:01:06,632 --> 01:01:08,116
"of Alexandria.
1253
01:01:08,136 --> 01:01:09,864
"No, we will not give in.
1254
01:01:09,884 --> 01:01:13,428
"No, we will not allow such a
sacrifice to be carried out.
1255
01:01:13,448 --> 01:01:16,923
"We ourselves will burn our treasures,
1256
01:01:16,943 --> 01:01:20,252
"count on the judgment of history,
1257
01:01:20,272 --> 01:01:23,424
"you too will have burned
a library in Alexandria."
1258
01:01:28,189 --> 01:01:31,298
Julwe Santila finds the right words.
1259
01:01:31,318 --> 01:01:33,421
The loss of the library of Alexandria,
1260
01:01:33,441 --> 01:01:36,386
which housed tens of
thousands of papyrus scrolls,
1261
01:01:36,406 --> 01:01:38,601
was a symbol of cultural destruction.
1262
01:01:38,621 --> 01:01:41,060
The English general in
command at Alexandria
1263
01:01:41,080 --> 01:01:43,131
does not want to be held
responsible for the loss
1264
01:01:43,151 --> 01:01:46,818
of studies carried out
by French scientists.
1265
01:01:50,905 --> 01:01:52,275
He gives in.
1266
01:01:52,295 --> 01:01:54,164
The scholars can keep their collections,
1267
01:01:54,184 --> 01:01:54,998
papers,
1268
01:01:55,018 --> 01:01:58,695
and certain antiques
that they have gathered.
1269
01:01:58,715 --> 01:02:01,490
All these objects will be
considered personal effects
1270
01:02:01,510 --> 01:02:03,571
that can not be seized on condition
1271
01:02:03,591 --> 01:02:06,961
that they may be carried
by the scholars themselves.
1272
01:02:06,981 --> 01:02:09,646
Alas, the stone discovered
at Rosetta is too heavy
1273
01:02:09,666 --> 01:02:11,394
to be carried by a single man
1274
01:02:11,414 --> 01:02:14,083
and must be left to the English.
1275
01:02:14,103 --> 01:02:17,517
The French scholars keep only copies.
1276
01:02:22,556 --> 01:02:26,193
Of the 167 scholars who
initially landed in Egypt
1277
01:02:26,213 --> 01:02:30,552
25 have either died from
sickness or been slain.
1278
01:02:30,572 --> 01:02:33,235
The others trickle back to
France with the soldiers
1279
01:02:33,255 --> 01:02:35,328
on ships which by quirk of fate
1280
01:02:35,348 --> 01:02:36,930
fly the English flag.
1281
01:02:53,574 --> 01:02:56,114
When after six weeks of a harsh voyage
1282
01:02:56,134 --> 01:02:58,256
the member of the sciences
and arts commission
1283
01:02:58,276 --> 01:03:01,690
arrive in Toulon on the
sixth of Novemeber, 1801,
1284
01:03:01,710 --> 01:03:05,053
the health services send
them on to Marseilles.
1285
01:03:05,073 --> 01:03:06,719
Since the hospitals are full of sick
1286
01:03:06,739 --> 01:03:08,992
and injured soldiers returning from Egypt,
1287
01:03:09,012 --> 01:03:11,404
the scientists are placed in quarantine
1288
01:03:11,424 --> 01:03:13,201
in a freezing cold warehouse
1289
01:03:13,221 --> 01:03:15,170
where they must remain for another month,
1290
01:03:15,190 --> 01:03:16,857
itching to get home.
1291
01:03:20,310 --> 01:03:21,834
Oh, I see.
1292
01:03:21,854 --> 01:03:24,202
Good god.
1293
01:03:24,222 --> 01:03:27,110
They're keeping us like animals.
1294
01:03:27,130 --> 01:03:28,522
We're not staying here for 40 days.
1295
01:03:28,542 --> 01:03:29,598
We're just cattle.
1296
01:03:29,618 --> 01:03:30,626
Fetch your desk and quill,
1297
01:03:30,646 --> 01:03:32,979
we must write them a letter.
1298
01:03:45,783 --> 01:03:47,490
Clabert wanted all the scholars
1299
01:03:47,510 --> 01:03:49,592
on the expedition to
bring together their work
1300
01:03:49,612 --> 01:03:52,822
in a single groundbreaking publication.
1301
01:03:52,842 --> 01:03:55,394
10 years later the description of Egypt,
1302
01:03:55,414 --> 01:03:58,430
the sum of all the work by the
science and arts commission
1303
01:03:58,450 --> 01:04:01,182
marked the birth of a new science,
1304
01:04:01,202 --> 01:04:02,202
Egyptology.
1305
01:04:06,771 --> 01:04:08,206
At Napoleon's request,
1306
01:04:08,226 --> 01:04:10,296
the description of Egypt is published
1307
01:04:10,316 --> 01:04:11,683
in a sumptuous edition,
1308
01:04:11,703 --> 01:04:13,938
illustrated by hundreds of drawings
1309
01:04:13,958 --> 01:04:15,979
which would make modern and ancient Egypt
1310
01:04:15,999 --> 01:04:17,912
known to the French public.
1311
01:04:17,932 --> 01:04:20,349
It's above all reproductions
of the temples,
1312
01:04:20,369 --> 01:04:21,658
pyramids, palaces,
1313
01:04:21,678 --> 01:04:23,640
and other marvels of antiquity
1314
01:04:23,660 --> 01:04:26,933
which will leave the greatest impression.
1315
01:04:26,953 --> 01:04:29,605
Bonaparte thus ensures that the disastrous
1316
01:04:29,625 --> 01:04:32,743
military campaign in Egypt is forgotten.
1317
01:04:32,763 --> 01:04:34,387
All that remains is the memory
1318
01:04:34,407 --> 01:04:36,310
of the scientific campaign
1319
01:04:36,330 --> 01:04:39,792
and all the beauty it reveals to the world.
1320
01:04:40,305 --> 01:05:40,838
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