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[music playing]
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>> When I was younger, I
felt that, in the beginning,
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that science would surely be a
source of benefiting mankind.
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I had no question about it.
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I began to feel that
something beyond science
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would be needed to
approach this question.
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>> It was a night and we
were walking under the stars,
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black sky, and he looked up
to the stars and he said,
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ordinarily, when we look to
the sky and look to the stars,
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we think of stars as objects
far out and vast spaces between
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them.
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He said, there's another
way we can look at it.
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We can look at the vacuum at theemptiness instead as a planum,
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as infinitely full ratherthan infinitely empty,
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and that the material
objects themselves
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are like little bubbles, littlevacancies in this vast sea.
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So David Bohm, in asense, was using that view
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to have me look at the starsand to have a sense of the night
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sky all of a sudden in
a different way as one
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whole living organism
and these little bits
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that we call matter is
just little holes in it.
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He often mentioned just
one other aspect of this.
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That this planum, in a cubic
centimeter of the planet,
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there is more energy matter than
in the entire visible universe.
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>> David Bohm was a
physicist, philosopher,
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explorer of consciousness.
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The man Einstein called his
spiritual son and the Dalai
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Lama his science guru.
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But his ideas were a threat
to his peers in the science
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community, as well
as to the government.
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As a result, he would
pay a great price
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for sharing them at a timein history that was fraught
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and with a world that wasnot ready to receive them.
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This is the story of his
life and his explorations
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in physics, philosophy, and
consciousness and a search
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for unity and wholeness at
the crossroads of science
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and spirituality.
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[music playing]
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Since the dawn of
man, humanity has
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been haunted with
fundamental questions
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about the nature of existence.
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Who are we?
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Where did we come from?
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What is our purpose?
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What is reality?
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>> Buddha himself expressedto his fellow monks,
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scholars should not accepthis teaching out of faith,
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but rather thoroughinvestigation and experiment.
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Therefore, we trained that way.
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Always why, why, why, why, why?
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Not easily say yes.
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>> Classical physics promoted
mechanism by suggesting that
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everything should be
predictable and controllable.
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To see three dimensional
space as absolute.
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Time as a singular
linear progression
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and our sensory experiences
as reality itself.
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But when one begins
to understand
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the true nature of reality
and our place within it,
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these assumptions
become obstacles.
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Quantum theory was
born around 1900.
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1905 saw Einstein's
theory of relativity.
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Then in 1925, Heisenberg
looked into the heart of nature
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and created quantum mechanics.
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This was followed by
Niels Bohr's Copenhagen
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interpretation.
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Then quantum field theory.
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This was followed decades
later by the famous theory
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of everything, when
scientists started
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to believe that the end
of physics was in sight.
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1980s and 1990s we
developed a protocol,
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a theory of everything that wasgoing to resolve everything,
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but it somehow didn't
quite work out.
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There's something missing.
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Maybe we should look wider.
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Quantum physics is the
description of the smallest
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things in the universe.
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The things that we do not see
in our everyday world of space
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and time, such as
atoms, molecules,
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and the tiny invisible
particles which
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form the entire underlying
structure of the universe.
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Quantum physics is also the
basis for multi-billion dollar
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industries.
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Every time you turn on
your mobile or tablet,
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you're invoking the fundamental
laws of the universe.
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It's a world that defies any
description that is limited
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to ordinary space and time.
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It's a mysterious place, where
relative space collapses,
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linear time ceases to be.
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Everything in the known
universe emerges from it.
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Everything we are and everything
we do is dependent on it.
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While all this is incredible,
the scientific orthodoxy
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had not been able to
successfully reconcile
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the two big breakthroughs of
the early 20th century, quantum
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mechanics and
general relativity,
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into a unified theory.
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The equations that Einstein
wrote in the early 20th century
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and the mathematics used to
describe quantum mechanics
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simply could not
talk to each other.
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They were fundamentally
incompatible.
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And so physics
remained polarized.
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Its chief protagonist,
Niels Bohr on one side
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and Albert Einstein
on the other,
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unable to agree on
what constitutes
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the true nature of reality.
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>> I mean, in a certain sense,I can respect people like Niels
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Bohr who said, well, OK, thisis what you're supposed to do,
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don't ask questions.
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But I don't like that
point of view of myself.
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It doesn't make sense to me.
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I said, no, no, we really want
a theory which hangs, together
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and Bohm was a leading
figure in that,
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and I think I very much respect
him in that particular regard.
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>> Quantum mechanics is reallyabout explaining the properties
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of the microscopic world, thematerials our bodies are made
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of, our brains are made up atthe very microscopic level.
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General relativity, orrelativity theory in general,
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is about explaining the largestcosmic dimensions spacetime,
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gravity, the whole macroscopic
order of the cosmos.
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And so you can imagine that
this macroscopic cosmic level
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needs to be connected to this
super subatomic quantum level.
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How can this be done?
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And the two theories describing
these two realms really
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can't do that, and they have not
been compatible with each other
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since their inception and
since quantum mechanics was
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developed there was a
tension between the two.
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[lightning striking]
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>> Does this mean that the
two approaches can never be
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resolved?
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>> My interest moved more toward
understanding the fundamentals
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of physics and quantum
mechanics and relativity,
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and I became especially
interested in how it leads to--
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these fundamental
theories are not clear.
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That their basic
ideas are unclear,
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and they contradict each other.
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>> Bohm was thinking verydeeply about them and said, OK,
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we don't need a new idea.
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We don't need a new theory.
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We don't need a new bit
of mathematics, which
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everybody else was trying.
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What we need is a radicallynew order of physics.
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>> As you can imagine, thisrocked the foundations that
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have been set by thefounding fathers of physics,
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but perhaps as Bohm
was suggesting,
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it was time for a new lawto describe both the seen
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and the unseen.
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>> With that absolute
contradiction of the two basic
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theories, I said, we could
try to find out what they had
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in common, and what they have in
common is what I call undivided
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wholeness.
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>> Just as Copernicus had
upended cosmological thought
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in the 16th century by
suggesting that the Earth was
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in orbit around the
sun and not vise versa,
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so too was Bohm starting
to intuit that we needed
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a fundamentally new way to
describe the connection between
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the macro and the micro.
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>> My feeling is that that gavean insight to Bohm that this
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world we live in, this
is all hard and fast.
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The experts could order.
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This is it.
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It's really just
a surface order,
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it's not a deep profound
order, and there's
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something lies
underneath it, which
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he called the implicate order.
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So the implicate
order is not so much
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a set of objects but a process.
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It's a process of
constant movement
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constantly unfolding
and unfolding.
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So the expected order
comes out of the implicate.
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>> David Bohm was suggesting
that everything is internally
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related to everything else and
that each part of the cosmos
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contains the whole universe
and unfolds into our perception
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of reality.
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>> He would go into
biology and say, look,
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this is the way biological
systems develop.
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Nature is surely more
organic, and yet, we're
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trying to do in our
quantum mechanics just
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to make it mechanical.
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Perhaps we should
move into that area
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and say that there is amore organic way of thinking
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about life in general.
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[music playing]
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>> That's the key.
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That's the deepest
hidden level of reality.
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The gate of all wonders.
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>> Exploring the philosophicalimplications of both physics
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and consciousness, Bohm'squestioning of the scientific
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orthodoxy was the expressionof a rare and maverick
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intelligence in whichmuch of his most important
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contributions wereexpressions of inner feelings,
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which date back to his
early unhappy childhood.
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David was born in Wilkes-Barreon December the 20th, 1917.
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A coal mining town, once the
energy supplier of the world.
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It had been hit by a seriouseconomic slump caused
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in large part by the declininguse of coal as a source of fuel
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in industry.
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>> There was a great deal ofunemployment and suffering
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and people were out of jobsand banks were failing.
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People were talking aboutthings getting very bad, even
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revolution, and then
Roosevelt came in
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and he produced all
these new measures,
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which gave people
hope, you see, and I
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think they lifted
things up a little bit
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and gave people some hope thatat least it would get better.
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>> His mother was hospitalizedon several occasions from
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mental illness, and his fatherwas distant and disapproved
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of his son's
interest in science,
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hoping instead that David wouldone day take over the family
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business.
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Life for the young
David was not ideal.
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>> Bohm was unhappy.
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He was unhappy at home,unhappy with his father running
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a used furniture sales shop.
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Ambition was that Bohm wouldown the biggest furniture sales
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shop in Wilkes-Barre,
Pennsylvania.
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Bohm didn't want to do that.
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He wanted to explore
ideas, and his father
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wasn't very happy
about that, and he
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felt he lived in a
rather brutal world.
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One day, he would hold upa science fiction story
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called "The Skylark of Space"about a boy who travels off
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to other planets in a spaceship.
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That was his dream.
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If I can go to other planets,
they'll be ideal worlds.
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So for him, this
world we live in,
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this world of space and
time is rather imperfect.
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It's an illusion, and beyond
that is a much deeper reality.
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That was his school
vision, and then
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as he grows up
and becomes older,
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that becomes his vision of what
he called the implicate order.
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That beyond the everyday
Newtonian world view,
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there's a much deeper order
he called the implicate order,
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and that was what he
was groping towards.
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How do we uncover this
deeper order of the world?
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[music playing]
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>> One day with a
group of friends,
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he was forced to cross
the stream by means
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of steppingstones.
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>> I was with some boys and
we were in the mountains near
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Wilkes-Barre crossing a
rather rapidly flowing stream,
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and there were a lot of rocks
we had to cross and they were
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really far apart and very
small, and we couldn't just step
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across them, and I
felt very apprehensive.
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It was in the new situation.
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But I suddenly realized you had
to jump from one to the other
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without stopping in between it.
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You were in a state of
movement, pivoting on one rock
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while you move to the
next, whereas I usually
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thought of going from
one step to another.
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It was mapping out the steps.
250
00:15:48,599 --> 00:15:50,601
After that, I felt that--
251
00:15:50,732 --> 00:15:52,734
know it made a deep
impression on me,
252
00:15:52,864 --> 00:15:56,129
that this theme has
recurred a lot in my work,
253
00:15:56,259 --> 00:16:01,961
that your consciousness is going
moment by moment of awareness
254
00:16:02,091 --> 00:16:07,096
and not mapped out.
255
00:16:07,227 --> 00:16:09,838
>> Despite his father'sdisapproval of his interest
256
00:16:09,969 --> 00:16:13,276
in science, the young Bohmproved to be an exceptional
257
00:16:13,407 --> 00:16:17,628
student, writing his unified
theory of the cosmos,
258
00:16:17,759 --> 00:16:21,415
one that integrated mind andmatter while still at school.
259
00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:27,160
>> I think this was combinedwith some tendency to want
260
00:16:27,290 --> 00:16:28,813
to go beyond limits.
261
00:16:28,944 --> 00:16:31,555
You see, when I was in thissmall city of Wilkes-Barre
262
00:16:31,686 --> 00:16:33,601
and see that the nearest
towns around that
263
00:16:33,731 --> 00:16:39,040
were called Ashley, SugarNotch, and Warrior Run,
264
00:16:39,172 --> 00:16:40,260
so that's all I knew.
265
00:16:40,390 --> 00:16:41,478
I mean, I didn't know them.
266
00:16:41,609 --> 00:16:42,914
I know about them.
267
00:16:43,045 --> 00:16:45,134
And when we went for a
ride beyond Warrior Run,
268
00:16:45,265 --> 00:16:47,006
it seemed like going
beyond the world, you see.
269
00:16:50,183 --> 00:16:53,360
>> Having finished high school,
the young Bohm moved to Penn
270
00:16:53,490 --> 00:16:56,580
State University, where he
graduated with a physics
271
00:16:56,711 --> 00:16:58,234
degree.
272
00:16:58,365 --> 00:17:01,237
His exceptional ability
in mathematics and physics
273
00:17:01,368 --> 00:17:06,634
secured him a scholarship to
move to Caltech in California.
274
00:17:06,763 --> 00:17:09,376
There, he met with
Robert Oppenheimer,
275
00:17:09,506 --> 00:17:12,161
who was sufficiently
impressed with Bohm
276
00:17:12,291 --> 00:17:16,209
to arrange for him to transferto the University of Berkeley,
277
00:17:16,339 --> 00:17:20,169
where Oppenheimer headedup the physics department.
278
00:17:23,259 --> 00:17:26,306
With a sense of rejection
from his own father,
279
00:17:26,435 --> 00:17:29,439
Bohm had sought fatherfigures, and it was clear
280
00:17:29,570 --> 00:17:32,486
that Robert Oppenheimerwas to fulfill that role.
281
00:17:35,967 --> 00:17:39,580
>> He became a student of
Oppenheimer to do a PhD,
282
00:17:39,710 --> 00:17:42,887
and this was just before
Oppenheimer went off to set up
283
00:17:43,018 --> 00:17:45,499
Los Alamos, the
nuclear facility.
284
00:17:45,629 --> 00:17:49,111
So one day, when Oppenheimer
was going off to Los Alamos,
285
00:17:49,242 --> 00:17:51,548
Bohm would have liked
to have joined him,
286
00:17:51,679 --> 00:17:55,465
but he couldn't get
clearance, partly
287
00:17:55,596 --> 00:17:59,426
because he joined the
Communist Party of America
288
00:17:59,556 --> 00:18:03,604
for nine months, and then
what he was joining it
289
00:18:03,734 --> 00:18:05,519
for was to try and see
if he could find people
290
00:18:05,649 --> 00:18:07,782
so they could discuss
Hegel with them.
291
00:18:07,912 --> 00:18:11,002
He finally wanted-- didn't
even know who Hegel was,
292
00:18:11,133 --> 00:18:15,268
so he got totally disinterested
and didn't go again.
293
00:18:15,398 --> 00:18:17,922
But because of
actually paying a fee,
294
00:18:18,053 --> 00:18:22,623
he got smeared with communism.
295
00:18:22,753 --> 00:18:26,757
Bohm's mathematical calculationsproved useful to the Manhattan
296
00:18:26,888 --> 00:18:31,501
Project in their quest to buildthe world's first atomic bomb,
297
00:18:31,632 --> 00:18:33,764
but the brigadier
general in charge
298
00:18:33,895 --> 00:18:37,116
told Oppenheimer that
Bohm was to be kept out.
299
00:18:37,246 --> 00:18:41,729
He suspected Bohm might
be a communist spy.
300
00:18:41,859 --> 00:18:46,386
Denied security clearance, Bohm
lost access to his own work,
301
00:18:46,516 --> 00:18:51,782
making it impossible for
him to complete his thesis.
302
00:18:51,913 --> 00:18:53,306
>> He said, I can't
write the thesis,
303
00:18:53,436 --> 00:18:56,526
because the papers
have been classified.
304
00:18:56,657 --> 00:18:59,616
And Oppenheimer said, OK,
just let's get the papers,
305
00:18:59,747 --> 00:19:02,228
I'll give you a PhD.
306
00:19:02,358 --> 00:19:06,014
>> Oppenheimer needed Bohm's
work and had a very important
307
00:19:06,145 --> 00:19:06,884
job to do.
308
00:19:10,061 --> 00:19:13,239
But little did Bohm know
that his early philosophical
309
00:19:13,369 --> 00:19:17,068
idealism, coupled with
unfolding global unease,
310
00:19:17,199 --> 00:19:20,028
would have a dramatic
impact on the trajectory
311
00:19:20,159 --> 00:19:24,467
that his life would
take from now on.
312
00:19:24,598 --> 00:19:26,774
>> The Americans were
building an atom bomb.
313
00:19:26,904 --> 00:19:28,863
The Germans and the
Russians are at war,
314
00:19:28,993 --> 00:19:30,473
and it's our duty to
help the Russians.
315
00:19:30,604 --> 00:19:32,736
Many scientists,
including Oppenheimer,
316
00:19:32,867 --> 00:19:34,608
felt we should talk
to the president
317
00:19:34,738 --> 00:19:38,655
and suggest maybe we should tell
the Russians what we're doing.
318
00:19:38,786 --> 00:19:41,223
In fact, the President of
United States at that time
319
00:19:41,354 --> 00:19:42,964
was in agreement
with that, but it
320
00:19:43,094 --> 00:19:44,748
was Churchill who overruled
him, and said, are you crazy?
321
00:19:44,879 --> 00:19:46,272
No, know don't tell
the Russians anything.
322
00:19:46,402 --> 00:19:47,142
But that was it.
323
00:19:47,273 --> 00:19:48,926
There was a sympathy.
324
00:19:49,057 --> 00:19:50,406
Maybe the Russians should know alittle bit of what we're doing,
325
00:19:50,537 --> 00:19:51,973
so maybe there was
sympathy among some
326
00:19:52,103 --> 00:19:54,671
of Oppenheimer's students.
327
00:19:54,802 --> 00:19:57,457
>> Oppenheimer had gatheredaround him a circle
328
00:19:57,587 --> 00:20:00,503
of exceptional
research students.
329
00:20:00,634 --> 00:20:03,898
Oppenheimer himself supportedcommunist organizations
330
00:20:04,028 --> 00:20:06,205
and groups.
331
00:20:06,335 --> 00:20:09,730
For Bohm, politics andphysics were inseparable,
332
00:20:09,860 --> 00:20:13,734
and he soon discovered thatseveral of Oppenheimer students
333
00:20:13,864 --> 00:20:18,086
were interested in what theytermed The Russian Experiment,
334
00:20:18,217 --> 00:20:20,741
in which a Marxist
society would lead
335
00:20:20,871 --> 00:20:23,961
to the transformation
of the individual.
336
00:20:24,092 --> 00:20:26,486
This idea also played
into Bohm's work
337
00:20:26,616 --> 00:20:29,228
in physics, where
he saw parallels
338
00:20:29,358 --> 00:20:31,404
between the movement
of electrons
339
00:20:31,534 --> 00:20:34,581
and the possibility of
individual human freedom.
340
00:20:38,585 --> 00:20:42,763
This led Bohm to one of his most
important early discoveries,
341
00:20:42,893 --> 00:20:45,461
the theory of the
plasma in metals.
342
00:20:50,423 --> 00:20:52,860
>> A plasma is called the
fourth state of matter.
343
00:20:52,990 --> 00:20:56,646
There's gases, there's
liquids, there's solids,
344
00:20:56,777 --> 00:20:59,562
and the phosphate is like a
gas in which the gases are
345
00:20:59,693 --> 00:21:01,216
charged particles.
346
00:21:01,347 --> 00:21:03,000
So it would be a bit like
what happens around the sun.
347
00:21:03,131 --> 00:21:05,786
You have a gas of charged
particles, and in a metal,
348
00:21:05,916 --> 00:21:08,049
the idea was a metal you'd
have a lattice, where
349
00:21:08,179 --> 00:21:10,704
all the nuclear in the
lattice, the charge.
350
00:21:10,834 --> 00:21:12,227
An electron runs through.
351
00:21:12,358 --> 00:21:14,142
There's a gas of
electrons running through,
352
00:21:14,273 --> 00:21:18,364
and Bohm's idea was like,
can I look at the gas?
353
00:21:18,494 --> 00:21:20,540
Can I find a theory
for this gas?
354
00:21:20,670 --> 00:21:24,587
What he found was that
the extent to which
355
00:21:24,718 --> 00:21:29,810
an electron participated in this
gas, it became relatively free.
356
00:21:29,940 --> 00:21:33,292
So it went back to his old idea
about the Russian experiment.
357
00:21:33,422 --> 00:21:36,425
To what extent-- if I am a
member of the collective-- can
358
00:21:36,556 --> 00:21:37,731
I have individual freedom?
359
00:21:37,861 --> 00:21:38,906
It seems a paradox.
360
00:21:39,036 --> 00:21:40,299
If I'm a member
of the collective,
361
00:21:40,429 --> 00:21:41,909
then I don't have freedom.
362
00:21:42,039 --> 00:21:43,693
I'm part of the group.
363
00:21:43,824 --> 00:21:46,479
But he found to the extent to
which an electron participated
364
00:21:46,609 --> 00:21:48,350
in the plasma, it became free.
365
00:21:48,481 --> 00:21:50,570
It became free of the
interaction of other electrons,
366
00:21:50,700 --> 00:21:52,876
so he began to say,
yes, within the plasma,
367
00:21:53,007 --> 00:21:55,488
within the collective, there
can be individual freedom.
368
00:21:55,618 --> 00:21:58,665
So it was both a theory
of the plasma in metals
369
00:21:58,795 --> 00:22:01,450
and the theory of freedom
in the collective.
370
00:22:01,581 --> 00:22:05,280
>> Now having set up
that plasma physics,
371
00:22:05,411 --> 00:22:09,110
he was recognized by
the people in Berkeley,
372
00:22:09,240 --> 00:22:12,809
and he was offered a job
at Princeton University.
373
00:22:12,940 --> 00:22:16,204
Remember, Einstein was at
the Advanced Study Institute,
374
00:22:16,335 --> 00:22:18,206
but he was offered
a job at Princeton,
375
00:22:18,337 --> 00:22:20,643
because they taught
him a very talented
376
00:22:20,774 --> 00:22:22,602
young American physicist.
377
00:22:22,732 --> 00:22:25,996
>> He went to Princeton, andhe took a room in a house next
378
00:22:26,127 --> 00:22:29,391
door to Einstein so he
would meet Einstein,
379
00:22:29,522 --> 00:22:32,263
they become close, he would goto Einstein-- in the evening,
380
00:22:32,394 --> 00:22:35,005
Einstein would have Germanexpatriates over playing
381
00:22:35,136 --> 00:22:36,964
the cello, violin,
have concerts,
382
00:22:37,094 --> 00:22:40,881
and he would go to thoseand talk a lot to Einstein.
383
00:22:41,011 --> 00:22:46,016
>> Dear Mr. Bohm, your letter
has interested me very much.
384
00:22:46,147 --> 00:22:48,802
I am very astonished
about your announcement
385
00:22:48,932 --> 00:22:52,109
to establish some connectionbetween the formalism
386
00:22:52,240 --> 00:22:56,418
of quantum theory andrelativistic field theory.
387
00:22:56,549 --> 00:22:59,160
I must confess that I
am not able to guess
388
00:22:59,290 --> 00:23:01,423
how such unification
could be achieved.
389
00:23:04,470 --> 00:23:07,124
>> Einstein said that he felt
Bohm was his spiritual son.
390
00:23:11,912 --> 00:23:15,568
>> In this period, Bohm also
wrote a standard textbook
391
00:23:15,698 --> 00:23:19,267
on quantum theory, which
presented the orthodox
392
00:23:19,398 --> 00:23:21,922
Copenhagen interpretation
of the theory,
393
00:23:22,052 --> 00:23:24,577
as outlined by Niels Bohr.
394
00:23:24,707 --> 00:23:29,495
>> He then was asked to give
a course on quantum mechanics,
395
00:23:29,625 --> 00:23:33,716
and he gave an orthodox
course on quantum mechanics.
396
00:23:33,847 --> 00:23:35,675
At the end of the
course, he thought, well,
397
00:23:35,805 --> 00:23:39,418
I don't really understand
this quantum mechanics.
398
00:23:39,548 --> 00:23:41,550
So it's the best thing to
do if you don't understand
399
00:23:41,681 --> 00:23:43,857
something is to write a book.
400
00:23:43,987 --> 00:23:48,601
So he then wrote a book, which
he entitled "Quantum Theory,"
401
00:23:48,731 --> 00:23:50,603
which had a reputation
of being one
402
00:23:50,733 --> 00:23:54,389
of the best books on
quantum theory at the time.
403
00:23:54,520 --> 00:23:58,306
He was describing standard
quantum mechanics,
404
00:23:58,437 --> 00:23:59,742
Bohr's point of view.
405
00:23:59,873 --> 00:24:02,266
He was trying to defend
Bohr's point of view.
406
00:24:02,397 --> 00:24:05,269
Had a lot of discussions
about Bohr's point of view,
407
00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:08,708
as well as some very
interesting applications
408
00:24:08,838 --> 00:24:10,100
of quantum mechanics.
409
00:24:10,231 --> 00:24:13,669
And it was there
by looking at Bohr
410
00:24:13,800 --> 00:24:17,760
that he became very interested
in this notion of wholeness.
411
00:24:17,891 --> 00:24:23,505
A notion, which he carried into
a much more general situations,
412
00:24:23,636 --> 00:24:25,855
as he got clearer
and clearer how
413
00:24:25,986 --> 00:24:29,032
wholeness was arising in the
quantum structure itself.
414
00:24:31,818 --> 00:24:35,691
>> However, Bohm began to feel
that something was not quite
415
00:24:35,822 --> 00:24:38,955
right about Niels
Bohr's interpretation,
416
00:24:39,086 --> 00:24:42,350
believing that it placed a limit
on what could be said about
417
00:24:42,481 --> 00:24:43,264
the quantum world.
418
00:24:47,573 --> 00:24:50,837
[music playing]
419
00:24:52,969 --> 00:24:56,712
The quantum domain is
the subatomic realm.
420
00:24:56,843 --> 00:24:59,976
The world of the smallest
things in the universe.
421
00:25:00,107 --> 00:25:02,501
All that is invisible
to the naked eye.
422
00:25:09,072 --> 00:25:12,380
Since the 1920s, there
has been one experiment,
423
00:25:12,511 --> 00:25:15,122
which puts us up against
all the paradoxes
424
00:25:15,252 --> 00:25:16,471
and mysteries of nature.
425
00:25:19,256 --> 00:25:22,172
The double slit
experiment, which
426
00:25:22,303 --> 00:25:25,436
showed how everything we
assumed about electrons
427
00:25:25,567 --> 00:25:28,744
since their discovery in the
19th century had been wrong.
428
00:25:31,791 --> 00:25:36,578
If we fire electrons through twoslits, they start as particles,
429
00:25:36,709 --> 00:25:39,407
but instead of creating
two distinct bands
430
00:25:39,538 --> 00:25:42,149
on the wall and the
other side, they in fact
431
00:25:42,279 --> 00:25:47,023
create an interference
pattern like waves.
432
00:25:47,154 --> 00:25:49,722
In an effort to
decode this mystery,
433
00:25:49,852 --> 00:25:54,335
physicists decided to put ameasuring detector by one slit,
434
00:25:54,465 --> 00:25:57,643
but when they did, theelectrons did not produce
435
00:25:57,773 --> 00:25:59,993
any interference pattern.
436
00:26:00,123 --> 00:26:02,735
The very act of
conscious observation
437
00:26:02,865 --> 00:26:05,694
collapse the wave
pattern, and the electrons
438
00:26:05,825 --> 00:26:10,873
returned once again to
behaving like particles.
439
00:26:11,004 --> 00:26:14,007
How is this possible?
440
00:26:14,137 --> 00:26:16,662
What could be influencing
this curious behavior?
441
00:26:20,100 --> 00:26:22,711
This paradox has
been an accepted part
442
00:26:22,842 --> 00:26:25,061
of orthodox quantum physics.
443
00:26:25,192 --> 00:26:27,368
One that Niels Bohr
claimed could not
444
00:26:27,498 --> 00:26:29,979
be probed or explained.
445
00:26:30,110 --> 00:26:32,460
But Bohm was developing
a strong hunch
446
00:26:32,591 --> 00:26:35,637
that there must be something
underneath the seemingly
447
00:26:35,768 --> 00:26:38,901
quixotic nature of electrons.
448
00:26:39,032 --> 00:26:42,209
That there was a process
or a potential that somehow
449
00:26:42,339 --> 00:26:43,689
informed their behavior.
450
00:26:47,475 --> 00:26:51,044
>> Bohr had this idea that we
could not say anything about
451
00:26:51,174 --> 00:26:54,395
the underlying reality, and
people have taken that also
452
00:26:54,525 --> 00:26:58,181
to mean that they may not
be an underlying reality.
453
00:26:58,312 --> 00:27:01,794
Einstein completely disagreed
with this point of view.
454
00:27:01,924 --> 00:27:05,101
He thought there must be
an underlying reality,
455
00:27:05,232 --> 00:27:07,016
and this underlying
reality would
456
00:27:07,147 --> 00:27:11,847
produce the effects we actually
see in our instruments.
457
00:27:11,978 --> 00:27:15,764
Now, the question then was,
what is the underlying reality?
458
00:27:15,895 --> 00:27:19,115
>> Bohm was saying, yes, we
can talk about quantum objects,
459
00:27:19,246 --> 00:27:21,204
we can talk about
the quantum world,
460
00:27:21,335 --> 00:27:24,164
but the quantum world is
radically different from
461
00:27:24,294 --> 00:27:25,078
the classical world.
462
00:27:25,208 --> 00:27:27,733
[music playing]
463
00:27:29,560 --> 00:27:32,476
>> Bohm felt that something
mysterious was happening,
464
00:27:32,607 --> 00:27:36,132
and the key for Bohm is that
what we observe as distinct
465
00:27:36,263 --> 00:27:40,397
and separate in our everyday
world of space and time is,
466
00:27:40,528 --> 00:27:44,227
in fact, connected and not
separate at the deeper quantum
467
00:27:44,358 --> 00:27:48,405
level, because they are part
of a single system where
468
00:27:48,536 --> 00:27:52,409
separation does not exist.
469
00:27:52,540 --> 00:27:55,151
But while Bohm continued
to be preoccupied
470
00:27:55,282 --> 00:27:58,111
with such questions,
his communist leanings,
471
00:27:58,241 --> 00:28:01,984
coupled with concerns at LosAlamos about possible leaks
472
00:28:02,115 --> 00:28:04,944
of classified informationto the Russians,
473
00:28:05,074 --> 00:28:08,991
was to impact dramaticallyon his life within physics,
474
00:28:09,122 --> 00:28:15,258
and ultimately, his own viewof the scientific orthodoxy.
475
00:28:15,389 --> 00:28:19,915
>> McCarthyism had suddenly
come back to the fore the Korean
476
00:28:20,046 --> 00:28:25,486
War, and McCarthy was trying to
get people to testify against
477
00:28:25,616 --> 00:28:29,969
colleagues at Berkeley
and Los Alamos.
478
00:28:30,099 --> 00:28:34,582
And David Bohm was asked
to testify and he refused.
479
00:28:34,713 --> 00:28:36,540
>> He was asked to give names.
480
00:28:36,671 --> 00:28:40,980
He refused to give names,
and as a result of that,
481
00:28:41,110 --> 00:28:43,983
he was arrested for
contempt of Congress.
482
00:28:44,113 --> 00:28:46,594
>> He wanted to plead
the First Amendment,
483
00:28:46,725 --> 00:28:49,684
which is freedom of speech,
but the lawyer suggested, no,
484
00:28:49,815 --> 00:28:52,078
that will be a difficult
thing to get out of.
485
00:28:52,208 --> 00:28:54,950
You must plead the
Fifth Amendment,
486
00:28:55,081 --> 00:28:57,083
and the trouble with
the Fifth Amendment
487
00:28:57,213 --> 00:28:59,476
is that it's essentially
preventing you
488
00:28:59,607 --> 00:29:01,827
from incriminating yourself.
489
00:29:01,957 --> 00:29:04,743
McCarthy was absolutely
frustrated with all
490
00:29:04,873 --> 00:29:08,572
these people
refusing to testify,
491
00:29:08,703 --> 00:29:11,053
so he put to the
Supreme Court that it
492
00:29:11,184 --> 00:29:15,014
should be illegal to be madeillegal or unconstitutional
493
00:29:15,144 --> 00:29:18,147
to plead the Fifth
Amendment in this case.
494
00:29:18,278 --> 00:29:21,107
And one day, when
Bohm was in Princeton,
495
00:29:21,237 --> 00:29:23,674
a Sheriff came and
actually arrested him,
496
00:29:23,805 --> 00:29:27,635
and he was arrested because he
was using the Fifth Amendment.
497
00:29:27,766 --> 00:29:29,811
The interesting
story here is that he
498
00:29:29,942 --> 00:29:33,206
said the Sheriff was a
very intelligent Sheriff,
499
00:29:33,336 --> 00:29:36,035
and they had a discussion on
the foundations of quantum
500
00:29:36,165 --> 00:29:38,689
mechanics as he was
driven from Princeton
501
00:29:38,820 --> 00:29:41,649
to Washington, which is
unbeliev-- but typical
502
00:29:41,780 --> 00:29:43,956
David Bohm.
503
00:29:44,086 --> 00:29:47,611
Then he was bailed, but
very shortly after the bail,
504
00:29:47,742 --> 00:29:50,136
the high court ruled
that it was not
505
00:29:50,266 --> 00:29:55,924
unconstitutional to plead the
fifth, and so he was released.
506
00:29:56,055 --> 00:30:00,711
But because he had been
enmeshed in this mess,
507
00:30:00,842 --> 00:30:03,540
the principal or the
head of the University
508
00:30:03,671 --> 00:30:05,978
banned him from the campus.
509
00:30:06,108 --> 00:30:08,676
[music playing]
510
00:30:13,724 --> 00:30:17,206
Einstein actually wanted
him to become his assistant,
511
00:30:17,337 --> 00:30:20,601
but Oppenheimer objected.
512
00:30:20,731 --> 00:30:24,474
In fact, Oppenheimer saw Bohm
at Princeton once, and said,
513
00:30:24,605 --> 00:30:26,912
I thought I asked you to get
out of the country, because I
514
00:30:27,042 --> 00:30:29,392
think for your own safety,
you should leave the country.
515
00:30:32,831 --> 00:30:36,356
>> This was crushing to
David Bohm on many levels.
516
00:30:36,486 --> 00:30:38,924
Just as he was gaining
professional momentum
517
00:30:39,054 --> 00:30:41,752
and respect within
the science community,
518
00:30:41,883 --> 00:30:44,190
his own mentor and
surrogate father figure
519
00:30:44,320 --> 00:30:46,801
was telling him to get lost.
520
00:30:46,932 --> 00:30:49,282
Given Oppenheimer's
power at the time,
521
00:30:49,412 --> 00:30:53,982
Bohm was quickly shunned
by peers and friends.
522
00:30:54,113 --> 00:30:56,593
>> I know he did write toEinstein asked him to help him,
523
00:30:56,724 --> 00:30:58,378
but no.
524
00:30:58,508 --> 00:31:01,076
The only thing was to leave the
United States and go to Brazil.
525
00:31:01,207 --> 00:31:03,078
So he had no future
in the States.
526
00:31:03,209 --> 00:31:04,993
He just had to leave,
and that was it.
527
00:31:05,124 --> 00:31:08,388
[plane revving]
528
00:31:11,478 --> 00:31:15,221
[music playing]
529
00:31:23,229 --> 00:31:25,535
>> Though he was able to
get a teaching position
530
00:31:25,666 --> 00:31:29,191
at the University of Sao
Paulo, exile was a chilling
531
00:31:29,322 --> 00:31:30,105
experience.
532
00:31:33,326 --> 00:31:37,069
At Princeton, he had been
surrounded by friends.
533
00:31:37,199 --> 00:31:41,116
His work on plasmas was
recognized as significant.
534
00:31:41,247 --> 00:31:46,948
His book on quantum theory
was considered the best,
535
00:31:47,079 --> 00:31:50,604
but Bohm found a way to turn
exiled to his advantage.
536
00:31:53,737 --> 00:31:55,696
With this distance,
he was able to look
537
00:31:55,826 --> 00:31:58,829
at the impasse between
Einstein and Niels Bohr
538
00:31:58,960 --> 00:32:04,226
with new perspective in a paperentitled "Hidden Variables."
539
00:32:04,357 --> 00:32:08,665
>> Bohm realized that thesuccess of quantum mechanics,
540
00:32:08,796 --> 00:32:11,451
success in predictions
of quantum mechanics,
541
00:32:11,581 --> 00:32:14,584
and also the stability
of quantum mechanics,
542
00:32:14,715 --> 00:32:17,761
where evidences
offer a new kind,
543
00:32:17,892 --> 00:32:20,460
a new type of physical theories.
544
00:32:20,590 --> 00:32:24,029
>> Well, he had really
questioned the orthodox
545
00:32:24,159 --> 00:32:27,554
interpretation of Bohr and
Heisenberg and Copenhagen
546
00:32:27,684 --> 00:32:31,123
interpretation, and he decided
to develop his own approach,
547
00:32:31,253 --> 00:32:32,472
which he called
hidden variables.
548
00:32:38,391 --> 00:32:41,611
>> In the decades to come,hidden variables would become
549
00:32:41,742 --> 00:32:46,703
a key component to Bohm'sintellectual legacy.
550
00:32:46,834 --> 00:32:49,837
But in 1952, it
sparked hostility
551
00:32:49,968 --> 00:32:53,101
and would serve to finish himin the eyes of the physics
552
00:32:53,232 --> 00:32:53,972
orthodoxy.
553
00:32:58,019 --> 00:33:02,067
Bohm's hidden variables stated
that the behavior of quantum
554
00:33:02,197 --> 00:33:04,895
particles were not
chance processes,
555
00:33:05,026 --> 00:33:08,160
for the motion of electrons
were guided by underlying pilot
556
00:33:08,290 --> 00:33:08,943
waves.
557
00:33:09,074 --> 00:33:11,685
[music playing]
558
00:33:14,296 --> 00:33:18,039
When he finished his paper,he sent it for publication,
559
00:33:18,170 --> 00:33:22,522
believing it would act asa shock wave to physicists.
560
00:33:22,652 --> 00:33:24,089
>> And that was what he wanted.
561
00:33:24,219 --> 00:33:26,178
Some people say, no,
I want to be accepted.
562
00:33:26,308 --> 00:33:28,528
No, it's not that I
want to be accepted.
563
00:33:28,658 --> 00:33:31,574
I want to open the door tothe debate that he felt was--
564
00:33:31,705 --> 00:33:33,794
with the Copenhagen
interpretation,
565
00:33:33,924 --> 00:33:35,448
the orthodoxy had
closed the door.
566
00:33:35,578 --> 00:33:37,754
There was a bit of controversy,
but let's close the door.
567
00:33:37,885 --> 00:33:39,278
Let's all agree.
568
00:33:39,408 --> 00:33:41,062
We'll all come together,
we'll come to Copenhagen,
569
00:33:41,193 --> 00:33:43,412
we'll all have some meetings,
we'll have a lot of arguments,
570
00:33:43,543 --> 00:33:46,415
but in the end, we'll agree, OK,
we all believe the same thing.
571
00:33:46,546 --> 00:33:48,374
No, Bohm said, I
want to open it up.
572
00:33:48,504 --> 00:33:50,593
So that's what he felt. And
when this paper comes out,
573
00:33:50,724 --> 00:33:52,291
it will cause great controversy.
574
00:33:52,421 --> 00:33:55,337
He's in Brazil, the
paper appears, nothing.
575
00:33:55,468 --> 00:33:56,382
He hears nothing.
576
00:33:56,512 --> 00:33:57,644
He only heard from one person.
577
00:33:57,774 --> 00:33:58,862
de Broglie's assistant.
578
00:33:58,993 --> 00:33:59,646
That's it.
579
00:33:59,776 --> 00:34:00,777
He heard nothing.
580
00:34:00,908 --> 00:34:01,691
And he was shocked.
581
00:34:01,822 --> 00:34:02,605
Why?
582
00:34:02,736 --> 00:34:04,172
Why is there nothing?
583
00:34:04,303 --> 00:34:05,521
Why aren't people writing to me?
584
00:34:05,652 --> 00:34:09,177
Why is there no controversy?
585
00:34:09,308 --> 00:34:13,572
>> This deeply puzzled Bohm,and it was only later that he
586
00:34:13,703 --> 00:34:16,489
discovered the reason.
587
00:34:16,619 --> 00:34:21,668
>> There was a student who hadread Bohm's paper in Princeton
588
00:34:21,797 --> 00:34:25,237
when Bohm wasn't in thecountry and took the paper
589
00:34:25,367 --> 00:34:28,543
to Oppenheimer and said,look, this is what Bohm wrote.
590
00:34:28,675 --> 00:34:31,721
Nobody refers to it,
nobody's discussing it.
591
00:34:31,851 --> 00:34:33,636
What's wrong with it?
592
00:34:33,766 --> 00:34:36,683
And Oppenheimer said nothing.
593
00:34:36,813 --> 00:34:39,860
>> And Oppenheimer had called
a conference at Princeton,
594
00:34:39,989 --> 00:34:43,559
invited the leading physicists
to discuss Bohm's paper
595
00:34:43,690 --> 00:34:46,822
and find a flaw in the argument.
596
00:34:46,954 --> 00:34:49,391
And if we cannot find
an error in Bohm,
597
00:34:49,522 --> 00:34:51,437
we must all agree to ignore him.
598
00:34:51,567 --> 00:34:53,743
So word went out,
ignore Bohm, and that's
599
00:34:53,873 --> 00:34:55,527
what Oppenheimer had done.
600
00:34:55,658 --> 00:34:59,140
Ignore Bohm, and that was a--
for Bohm, a tremendous shock.
601
00:34:59,271 --> 00:35:05,407
>> Few people laughed,
few people cried.
602
00:35:05,538 --> 00:35:11,239
I remembered the line from Hindu
scripture the Bhagavad Gita,
603
00:35:11,370 --> 00:35:15,504
now I am become death,
destroyer of worlds.
604
00:35:15,635 --> 00:35:17,289
[explosion]
605
00:35:17,419 --> 00:35:19,073
[music playing]
606
00:36:52,210 --> 00:36:55,387
[music playing]
47685
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