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ITALICO SANDRO MUSSOLINI
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
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See you tomorrow, girls!
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MILAN, MAY 1938
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No, don't run or I'll look bad. Come on!
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Liliana, sorry. Come.
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I want to set up your bud.
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-That's it.
-Thanks.
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Maestra Cesarina, do you have children?
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No, I don't.
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I'm nubile.
But fortunately I have you, girls.
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And I love you as you were my children.
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But Mom has the others.
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True.
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So it means I love you
more than the others.
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-Liliana.
-Dad!
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-Hello, Dr. Segre.
-Hello.
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How did it go today? Were you good?
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Sure, very good as always.
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Shall we go?
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-Goodbye.
-Goodbye.
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-Goodbye, Maestra Cesarina.
-Bye, Liliana, see you tomorrow.
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In Milan, at school, Liliana waited
all morning for that moment.
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The time when your father would arrive
and take you by the hand.
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Before the racial laws I was just a girl.
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In a small family.
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Petty bourgeois, lay.
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So it was a Jewish family
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but with no particular rites.
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Or particular friendships.
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I didn't even know I was Jewish.
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NAPLES, JUNE 1938
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Guys, it's ready in half an hour, eh!
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Okay, Ma'!
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Let's make the teams then.
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There are five of us, but four Kahns.
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-You go play with them and that's it.
-Okay.
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00:03:25,880 --> 00:03:29,240
In Naples
Tullio loved the streets of Vomero Hill,
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the sea and soccer matches
against the Kahn brothers
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with whom he'd share far more
than passion for football.
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We were a bourgeois family
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composed of Dad, Mom and five siblings.
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And I was the youngest.
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We were a peaceful family, if you like.
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PISA, JULY 1938
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In Pisa Guido had a dream.
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To become a man like his father,
good and brave.
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And with his dad he'd discover
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a child's courage could be bigger
than an adult's.
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00:04:07,040 --> 00:04:10,760
Come on, Augusto!
Why don't you come work here too?
50
00:04:10,840 --> 00:04:14,560
-Why are you still in Rail?
-Rail is a safe job.
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It's nice, but we'll have to see the end.
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00:04:17,519 --> 00:04:20,320
And you like trains, don't you, Guido?
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00:04:22,840 --> 00:04:26,000
Uncle, but writing is gold, right?
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00:04:28,560 --> 00:04:31,200
When it's there,
I will consider working here.
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-Nice.
-Good work, Uncle.
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Most shops used to be Jews'.
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That included my uncles' shops,
let's say my family's.
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It was my gran's shop, but family.
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00:04:51,880 --> 00:04:55,640
ROME, SEPTEMBER 1938
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00:04:57,520 --> 00:05:03,280
In Rome Lia really loved reading
children's books and making up things.
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00:05:03,360 --> 00:05:05,840
She was a good singer too.
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00:05:06,440 --> 00:05:09,120
Lia, will you do this homework?
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Yes, now I will.
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00:05:11,200 --> 00:05:13,280
Enough! I'm switching it off.
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00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:15,440
No, no, wait! Let the song finish.
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No, no.
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Dad's coming. Do the homework and fast.
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00:05:21,200 --> 00:05:23,600
Okay, then I'll finish it at home.
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I know anyway.
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For sure.
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00:05:37,480 --> 00:05:42,040
And what can you do, Signora?
Lia is better than the radio.
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I belonged to a bourgeois family.
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Let's say, quite well off
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with Jewish values.
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00:05:58,120 --> 00:06:03,760
But it wasn't completely observant
apart from tradition.
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00:06:03,840 --> 00:06:07,040
It being quite an informed family
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00:06:07,120 --> 00:06:11,080
I picked up on anxiety
even before the racial laws.
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00:06:11,160 --> 00:06:15,040
World Jewishness was,
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during 16 years and despite our politics,
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an enemy irreconcilable with fascism!
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One needs a clear,
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severe,
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racial conscience
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to fix not only differences
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but very clear superiority!
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00:06:42,440 --> 00:06:47,520
On 5 September 1938,
in Tenuta di San Rossore in Pisa,
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King Vittorio Emanuele signed
the first decree of the laws
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to forbid in a few months Jews
from performing most jobs
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and especially Jewish children
from going to school.
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00:06:59,080 --> 00:07:01,640
It's the start
of an out and out persecution
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00:07:01,720 --> 00:07:07,120
of 50,000 Italians' civil rights
whose only crime was being Jewish.
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00:07:08,240 --> 00:07:11,200
It's a disgrace! A disgrace!
It's impossible!
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00:07:11,280 --> 00:07:13,680
I don't understand.
I don't know what's with Mussolini.
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00:07:13,760 --> 00:07:16,280
Where are you going, eh?
Amedeo, won't you talk?
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00:07:16,360 --> 00:07:20,200
And what can I say, eh?
And Mussolini was different before.
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00:07:20,280 --> 00:07:22,360
Mussolini is Mussolini!
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00:07:22,440 --> 00:07:25,640
What's got into you? He's Hitler's ally!
What were you thinking?
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00:07:25,720 --> 00:07:28,760
The Germans didn't ask him
to do what he's doing!
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00:07:28,840 --> 00:07:30,720
It's his initiative, his idea!
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-Enough, leave me in peace!
-Yes, go, go. Go!
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00:07:34,520 --> 00:07:36,560
Roberto,
you shouldn't take it out on your brother.
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What's he to do with it?
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Yes, but that's too easy!
Now what will we tell Liliana?
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What happened?
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Huh? What's up, what did I do?
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Nothing, you did nothing.
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Listen,
maybe you'd better talk there a minute.
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00:08:05,240 --> 00:08:10,720
To understand
the terrible impact of the racial laws
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00:08:10,800 --> 00:08:14,480
towards those guys of '38
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00:08:14,560 --> 00:08:17,800
you also need to understand
the betrayal they suffered.
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00:08:17,880 --> 00:08:19,520
They were Italian,
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00:08:19,600 --> 00:08:23,760
deeply immersed
in the culture of the time.
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00:08:23,840 --> 00:08:29,000
They were boys feeling fascist 100%.
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00:08:29,080 --> 00:08:32,919
And overall,
their Jewish culture was just marginal.
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00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:35,559
But the introduction of the racial laws
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throws their Jewishness in their face.
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They make them feel Jewish
because others force them to.
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The State Central Archive, in Rome,
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is almost bursting
with notes and texts by Mussolini
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00:08:54,280 --> 00:08:59,160
relating to the anti-Jewish law writings.
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00:08:59,920 --> 00:09:05,040
It's clear this person
who applied himself, studied,
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00:09:05,120 --> 00:09:10,000
and the laws that finally came out,
given that he's the dictator,
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00:09:10,080 --> 00:09:15,680
are the fruit of work and a considered,
if we can use this term,
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00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:20,400
"serious" and deep thinking
from his point of view, obviously.
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00:09:23,520 --> 00:09:25,760
From October 1938
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00:09:25,840 --> 00:09:29,240
Tullio Foà, Lia Levi,
Guido Cava and Liliana Segre
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00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:31,360
will no longer be children
like all the rest.
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00:09:33,640 --> 00:09:36,000
-They expelled you.
-Expelled?
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00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:37,200
You cannot go back to school.
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00:09:37,280 --> 00:09:39,680
-What did I do?
-Nothing, you did nothing.
131
00:09:40,720 --> 00:09:42,040
It's the…
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00:09:42,120 --> 00:09:45,200
The government made laws, new laws,
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prohibiting Jewish children from going
to school with the others.
134
00:09:50,920 --> 00:09:52,640
But why me?
135
00:09:53,320 --> 00:09:54,920
We're Jews, Liliana.
136
00:09:55,800 --> 00:09:57,960
Yes, but so what?
137
00:09:58,040 --> 00:10:01,680
I'm Italian.
Did they expel Italian children?
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00:10:02,560 --> 00:10:06,760
Not Catholic Italians,
who they call "Aryan".
139
00:10:08,640 --> 00:10:12,520
The word "expelled"
from the elementary school,
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00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:15,800
where I was in first and second year,
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00:10:15,880 --> 00:10:18,760
was very bad news.
142
00:10:18,840 --> 00:10:22,440
I could hardly bear it.
143
00:10:22,520 --> 00:10:25,720
Because even a child knows
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being expelled from school
means you did something bad.
145
00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:33,480
And I started with that question
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00:10:33,560 --> 00:10:38,480
"Why? Why? Why?"
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00:10:39,880 --> 00:10:42,640
that I could never answer.
148
00:10:42,720 --> 00:10:44,880
I still can't.
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00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:49,640
It doesn't make sense.
150
00:10:51,720 --> 00:10:53,600
Does it mean we are worth less?
151
00:10:54,480 --> 00:10:56,240
For them.
152
00:10:56,320 --> 00:10:59,320
Not so. Not so at all.
153
00:11:02,160 --> 00:11:06,840
For me you are worth
the same as all children, more, in fact!
154
00:11:10,240 --> 00:11:11,800
What'll we do now?
155
00:11:12,800 --> 00:11:17,480
Now I'll see and find a school
that takes Jewish children too.
156
00:11:19,720 --> 00:11:22,120
But you won't see Maestra Cesarina again.
157
00:11:27,440 --> 00:11:29,240
How can we tell her?
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00:11:30,920 --> 00:11:32,800
She likes me so much.
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00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:40,600
JEWISH TEACHERS AND STUDENTS
EXPELLED FROM SCHOOL
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00:11:40,680 --> 00:11:42,000
FROM THE 16TH OCTOBER
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00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:47,040
THE FATHER AND THE MOTHER
DO NOT BELONG TO THE JEWISH RACE
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The racial laws took us all by surprise.
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00:11:53,320 --> 00:11:57,600
After a bit of muttering
I heard at home, my mother
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took me aside and said,
"I have to talk to you".
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00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:06,560
The whole talk was
that I wouldn't go back to school.
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00:12:06,640 --> 00:12:10,600
There, that was the start of my upset,
albeit unaware.
167
00:12:12,320 --> 00:12:14,720
"From tomorrow
you two won't go back to school."
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00:12:14,800 --> 00:12:17,200
I was eight, my brother 11.
169
00:12:17,280 --> 00:12:18,880
So I said, "But why, Pa?
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00:12:18,960 --> 00:12:23,760
We studied a lot, we got good marks.
Why won't we go back to school?"
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00:12:23,840 --> 00:12:27,320
"Because. Just because, okay, you won't."
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00:12:30,240 --> 00:12:34,440
The children do not just have
to bear this new reality striking them.
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00:12:35,240 --> 00:12:39,440
They also see their families
plunge into chaos and desperation.
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00:12:41,280 --> 00:12:43,320
Isn't it nice, Guido?
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00:12:47,440 --> 00:12:48,920
Augusto, what's up?
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00:12:51,120 --> 00:12:51,960
Augusto?
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00:12:52,040 --> 00:12:55,040
-I don't know how to say it, Cinzia.
-Come, Guido.
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You stay with the little one, eh.
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00:12:57,840 --> 00:13:00,040
There, with your little sister.
180
00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:04,920
Augusto, what's wrong?
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00:13:07,320 --> 00:13:08,680
I lost my job, Cinzia.
182
00:13:08,760 --> 00:13:11,080
I was fired this morning. Laws.
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00:13:11,160 --> 00:13:13,440
But Rail can't.
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00:13:13,520 --> 00:13:16,560
Yes, they can fire me. Must, in fact.
185
00:13:16,640 --> 00:13:18,720
And soon there'll be no more
school for Guido.
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00:13:20,440 --> 00:13:23,120
The office boss called my pa and said
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00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:27,720
"Cava, I'm glad you've become a father.
188
00:13:29,320 --> 00:13:33,040
But I have to give you…
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00:13:33,120 --> 00:13:37,120
The good news is
that you had a third daughter.
190
00:13:37,200 --> 00:13:40,200
But I have to give you more news."
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00:13:40,280 --> 00:13:43,280
He opened the drawer
and gave him the firing letter.
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00:13:43,360 --> 00:13:46,760
My pa knew about the racial laws
and had expected it.
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00:13:48,240 --> 00:13:49,640
And they fired him.
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00:13:49,720 --> 00:13:53,360
-But why us?
-"Why"? Because we're Jewish.
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00:13:55,440 --> 00:13:57,240
Just Jewish.
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00:14:12,640 --> 00:14:15,920
-Pa, what's going on?
-I don't know, Guido.
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00:14:17,840 --> 00:14:18,880
I don't know.
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00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:21,840
Especially for the youngest children
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00:14:21,920 --> 00:14:26,080
the world starts with the awareness
given from their parents,
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00:14:26,160 --> 00:14:28,600
the security parents imbue in children.
201
00:14:28,680 --> 00:14:33,880
So to see, without even knowing
what was happening,
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00:14:33,960 --> 00:14:37,520
seeing their parents weakened, in tears,
203
00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:40,160
unable to reassure children
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00:14:40,240 --> 00:14:43,400
was the first sense of uncertainty
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00:14:43,480 --> 00:14:47,000
and loss of a child's world.
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00:14:56,840 --> 00:15:00,240
We know the great lines of the racial laws
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00:15:00,320 --> 00:15:02,080
that destroyed Jews' lives
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00:15:02,160 --> 00:15:06,800
and made them not second class citizens,
but "not citizens".
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00:15:06,880 --> 00:15:12,080
But all the minor,
even incompressible, worries
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00:15:12,160 --> 00:15:14,240
struck daily life.
211
00:15:14,880 --> 00:15:16,520
I'm hardly going!
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00:15:16,600 --> 00:15:19,280
They said it other times,
but it never happened.
213
00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:22,920
It was okay till then
because my brother-in-law was a war hero.
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00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:25,160
That protected us.
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00:15:25,240 --> 00:15:29,080
But now it's not enough.
We can't keep you in service any more.
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00:15:31,920 --> 00:15:33,320
But why?
217
00:15:34,280 --> 00:15:35,440
Because you are Aryan.
218
00:15:36,560 --> 00:15:37,560
Aryan?
219
00:15:38,240 --> 00:15:41,720
I'm Aryan? I'm from Tivoli.
What does it mean?
220
00:15:41,800 --> 00:15:43,320
For the State you're Aryan.
221
00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:46,400
And Jews can no longer have Aryans
in service.
222
00:15:47,440 --> 00:15:51,320
Over the years,
the serving lady was like family.
223
00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:55,880
And for us it was like removing a pillar,
224
00:15:55,960 --> 00:15:58,200
a home character.
225
00:15:58,280 --> 00:16:03,280
So we experienced it
as almost incommensurable,
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00:16:03,360 --> 00:16:04,720
not possible.
227
00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:07,000
What will Lia do without me?
228
00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:12,120
Actually there may be a solution,
as long as you agree.
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00:16:12,200 --> 00:16:15,760
-Mrs. Colatei.
-The neighbor?
230
00:16:15,840 --> 00:16:18,600
I spoke to her.
She seems willing to pretend to hire you.
231
00:16:19,440 --> 00:16:22,360
-What does "pretend" mean?
-You continue working here.
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00:16:22,440 --> 00:16:24,520
But you'll go to bed at Colatei's.
233
00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:28,280
-So I'll work for them?
-Oh no! You might do some chores.
234
00:16:28,360 --> 00:16:31,320
You can lend them a hand, just to be kind.
235
00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:33,200
You'll stay with us, right?
236
00:16:33,280 --> 00:16:35,640
It looks a bit odd to me.
237
00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:39,880
But if you say so, Signora, it's okay.
238
00:16:39,960 --> 00:16:41,040
Hurrah!
239
00:16:45,520 --> 00:16:47,080
The pact was that we paid her
240
00:16:47,160 --> 00:16:51,640
but she stayed with this family
and sometimes came to help in the home.
241
00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:54,880
But as it happens in life,
she got swallowed up
242
00:16:54,960 --> 00:16:57,360
and identified with the other family.
243
00:16:57,440 --> 00:17:01,520
And as well as the deprivation,
we suffered enormous jealousy.
244
00:17:01,600 --> 00:17:05,200
Because there were other girls there
and she tended to them.
245
00:17:13,760 --> 00:17:15,040
Hello.
246
00:17:15,119 --> 00:17:16,680
Hello.
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00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:32,800
There were heart-rending scenes too.
248
00:17:32,880 --> 00:17:34,680
Always in daily life, not big things.
249
00:17:34,760 --> 00:17:38,560
But minor dramas do affect people's lives.
250
00:17:42,120 --> 00:17:44,560
Children do not understand the reasons
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00:17:44,640 --> 00:17:49,080
everyone suddenly turns their backs
on them and on their parents.
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00:17:53,040 --> 00:17:55,720
As for all motherless children,
253
00:17:55,800 --> 00:18:00,800
the teacher took on a special role
254
00:18:00,880 --> 00:18:06,840
in my small heart, in how I felt then.
255
00:18:06,920 --> 00:18:09,240
She was this female figure…
256
00:18:11,480 --> 00:18:17,960
in whom I invested affection and hope.
257
00:18:19,040 --> 00:18:21,840
Liliana has great trust in you.
258
00:18:21,920 --> 00:18:24,920
But she's restless.
259
00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:29,080
Just think, she worries
more for you than herself.
260
00:18:29,160 --> 00:18:30,240
For me?
261
00:18:30,320 --> 00:18:33,840
I didn't know how to tell you,
I was scared I'd upset you.
262
00:18:33,920 --> 00:18:35,560
Sure.
263
00:18:35,640 --> 00:18:37,720
She's a very sensitive girl.
264
00:18:40,120 --> 00:18:42,600
But just see,
she'll understand in the end.
265
00:18:42,680 --> 00:18:44,040
Yes, I hope so.
266
00:18:44,120 --> 00:18:47,240
You're her teacher and…
267
00:18:47,320 --> 00:18:49,480
And as this has to happen,
268
00:18:49,560 --> 00:18:53,160
you may help make it easier.
269
00:18:53,240 --> 00:18:56,840
Me? Sorry, how?
What do I have to do with it?
270
00:18:56,920 --> 00:19:00,320
It's not up to me to decide
whether Liliana can go back to school.
271
00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:03,960
-I didn't make these laws.
-Of course, I know.
272
00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:07,640
But maybe you can help her understand,
support her in the first stages.
273
00:19:07,720 --> 00:19:10,480
Dr. Segre, you try to understand me.
274
00:19:11,440 --> 00:19:14,560
Getting involved in these matters
has become very dangerous.
275
00:19:14,640 --> 00:19:16,800
I am a civil servant.
276
00:19:17,920 --> 00:19:19,880
I also have to think of myself
277
00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:22,400
and all the other girls.
278
00:19:27,240 --> 00:19:28,960
It's not just you Jews.
279
00:19:35,280 --> 00:19:38,120
Now if you don't mind, I must go.
280
00:19:54,920 --> 00:19:56,720
-Goodbye.
-Goodbye.
281
00:20:02,720 --> 00:20:05,960
I remember
it was a great disappointment for me.
282
00:20:06,040 --> 00:20:10,880
Because I expected kisses
and hugs and great pain
283
00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:15,440
that she wouldn't have me at school
but she said:
284
00:20:15,520 --> 00:20:18,920
"I didn't make the racial laws.
How am I involved?"
285
00:20:20,160 --> 00:20:22,240
She didn't even send greeting to me.
286
00:20:23,920 --> 00:20:28,320
And it was… a very bad moment.
287
00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:41,760
I think there were 25 girls then.
288
00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:48,360
And only two were still my friends.
289
00:20:48,440 --> 00:20:52,480
They continued
inviting me to their little parties
290
00:20:52,560 --> 00:20:56,160
and coming round to play.
291
00:20:56,240 --> 00:21:01,960
The others didn't notice
I'd stopped going to school.
292
00:21:06,520 --> 00:21:08,720
School is just the first step.
293
00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:12,400
The regime wants to eliminate Jews
from all areas of public life
294
00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:14,520
and all institutions,
295
00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:17,080
even at the cost of paying a big price.
296
00:21:17,160 --> 00:21:19,560
In fact it finally sacks
professors, professionals
297
00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:23,760
and our country's
high profile intellectuals.
298
00:21:25,040 --> 00:21:26,600
Like scientists Emilio Segré,
299
00:21:26,680 --> 00:21:29,680
Bruno Pontecorvo
and the two Nobel Prizewinners.
300
00:21:29,760 --> 00:21:32,600
Physicist Enrico Fermi, married to a Jew.
301
00:21:32,680 --> 00:21:35,320
And economist Franco Modigliani.
302
00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:45,040
Italian society does not protest publicly.
303
00:21:45,120 --> 00:21:46,960
The King does not protest.
304
00:21:47,040 --> 00:21:51,920
The other real, great and different power
does not protest,
305
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:56,760
even counter power, that is the Holy See.
306
00:21:56,840 --> 00:22:02,160
The 1938 laws are accompanied
by a consensus,
307
00:22:02,240 --> 00:22:08,600
or these blessed formulas
of quite high tacit consent.
308
00:22:12,120 --> 00:22:16,920
The government that issued the laws
on 5 September 1938
309
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:20,320
altered the law.
310
00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:25,200
And said that if it was possible
to organize, just for elementary school,
311
00:22:25,280 --> 00:22:29,520
a class of ten girls and boys
from first to fifth year of elementary
312
00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:33,000
they would authorize them
to go to a state school.
313
00:22:39,120 --> 00:22:40,520
Sir, sorry, but I didn't…
314
00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:47,440
Totò, be so kind, come here.
315
00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:55,000
Can you get me a coffee? But not out here.
316
00:22:55,080 --> 00:22:57,040
-Go to the piazza. It's better.
-Fine.
317
00:23:12,640 --> 00:23:15,160
Mrs. Foà, we have a problem.
318
00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:27,800
The law allows
forming a special class for Judeans
319
00:23:27,880 --> 00:23:30,720
if there are
at least ten six-year-old kids.
320
00:23:32,240 --> 00:23:35,880
Here at Scuola Vanvitelli
we only have nine.
321
00:23:37,240 --> 00:23:40,200
I know, my children study here.
322
00:23:40,280 --> 00:23:43,840
-Remo and Mario.
-Yes, I know.
323
00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:46,760
I'm interested in the other one.
That's why I called for you.
324
00:23:46,840 --> 00:23:48,080
What's his name?
325
00:23:49,560 --> 00:23:51,480
-Tullio.
-Tullio.
326
00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:55,760
-And how old is Tullio?
-Five.
327
00:23:55,840 --> 00:23:58,360
You're quite sure he's five?
328
00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:07,680
No.
329
00:24:08,480 --> 00:24:10,600
He's six.
330
00:24:10,680 --> 00:24:12,680
Fine, quite fine.
331
00:24:12,760 --> 00:24:15,120
We'll join him to the other nine
and form the class.
332
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:18,960
If he'd been five,
it would have been impossible.
333
00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:20,560
But if that's the way.
334
00:24:21,960 --> 00:24:24,640
Thank you, Sir. Thank you.
335
00:24:27,320 --> 00:24:30,200
-Did you hear?
-Do I have to go to school a year early?
336
00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:33,320
-And I have to thank you too?
-Tullio.
337
00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:36,040
-Thank you.
-You're welcome.
338
00:24:39,640 --> 00:24:41,200
-Goodbye.
-Goodbye.
339
00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:43,960
Goodbye, little one.
340
00:24:44,040 --> 00:24:46,160
-Goodbye.
-Goodbye.
341
00:24:48,160 --> 00:24:49,040
Thank you.
342
00:24:50,320 --> 00:24:52,520
All great, I was very content,
343
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,320
I went to school with my elder brother
and the friends
344
00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:58,880
I met in our place of worship,
called a synagogue.
345
00:24:58,960 --> 00:25:02,000
I had my outfit too, my black apron,
346
00:25:02,080 --> 00:25:05,160
my starched white collar and nice red bud.
347
00:25:05,240 --> 00:25:08,440
But a few days later
I started to notice something strange.
348
00:25:08,520 --> 00:25:09,560
One.
349
00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:11,240
Two.
350
00:25:12,240 --> 00:25:15,840
Scuola Vanvitelli has a very big gate
351
00:25:15,920 --> 00:25:18,520
and very small side gate.
352
00:25:19,240 --> 00:25:23,240
All the boys and girls went in
by the main gate.
353
00:25:23,320 --> 00:25:29,000
And just the ten of us, only us,
we went in by this secondary gate
354
00:25:29,080 --> 00:25:31,280
fifteen minutes before the others.
355
00:25:31,360 --> 00:25:35,720
We also left by this gate
15 minutes after the others.
356
00:25:37,240 --> 00:25:41,320
There, that's when it was clear
we were the abnormal ones.
357
00:25:47,280 --> 00:25:48,960
What are they doing?
358
00:25:49,040 --> 00:25:52,640
They're Jews.
They can't do gym with us normal ones.
359
00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:00,520
We couldn't have contacts
with the other children.
360
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:03,920
And clearly they said:
"They're Jews! They're Jews!"
361
00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:06,520
But even they didn't know what it meant.
362
00:26:12,440 --> 00:26:16,560
All the minor,
even incompressible, worries
363
00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:19,160
struck everyday life.
364
00:26:19,240 --> 00:26:22,880
For example, the fact
that Jews couldn't have a radio.
365
00:26:22,960 --> 00:26:26,240
Even then, I thought and said,
366
00:26:26,320 --> 00:26:28,320
"It isn't a broadcasting radio."
367
00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:30,840
If it were one,
368
00:26:30,920 --> 00:26:35,880
you could pass information to the enemy
but you could only listen to this radio.
369
00:26:35,960 --> 00:26:40,520
And that did hit me, because it was like
denying children a TV.
370
00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:47,640
And things got worse rapidly.
371
00:26:47,720 --> 00:26:51,200
A series of circulars
increasingly hardens the racial laws.
372
00:26:56,040 --> 00:26:59,640
It's a gust of discrimination
and prohibitions of all kinds.
373
00:27:05,920 --> 00:27:10,320
And it doesn't matter that most
of the constrictions are totally absurd.
374
00:27:11,040 --> 00:27:12,840
What's prohibited doesn't count.
375
00:27:12,920 --> 00:27:17,560
Because life is what they want
to make impossible for Jews.
376
00:27:17,640 --> 00:27:24,160
By that, the regime gets
two results at the same time.
377
00:27:24,240 --> 00:27:28,080
One is simple and pure,
to persecute the Jews.
378
00:27:28,160 --> 00:27:31,800
The other is to incite their leaving.
379
00:27:34,280 --> 00:27:36,240
Dad was vice director of a bank.
380
00:27:36,320 --> 00:27:40,160
And he was told that from today
he would no longer be part of the bank
381
00:27:40,240 --> 00:27:41,960
because he was fired.
382
00:27:42,040 --> 00:27:45,800
Dad asked for the reason
and they said it was because he is Jewish.
383
00:27:48,880 --> 00:27:52,880
And Dad emigrated to Africa,
Asmara to be precise,
384
00:27:52,960 --> 00:27:56,200
where it was thought
that there was work for Italians.
385
00:27:56,280 --> 00:28:00,480
And because there the racial laws
were not as rigid
386
00:28:00,560 --> 00:28:02,240
as they were becoming in Italy.
387
00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:16,360
JEWS
388
00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:26,200
-When did it happen?
-Tonight.
389
00:28:26,280 --> 00:28:28,120
Cowards.
390
00:28:28,200 --> 00:28:30,640
Better that way.
Imagine if you were inside.
391
00:28:30,720 --> 00:28:33,360
Yes. Now we even have
to be thankful for what happened.
392
00:28:34,320 --> 00:28:35,560
Franco, listen.
393
00:28:35,640 --> 00:28:38,200
Is your offer to me still valid?
394
00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:40,920
Are you sure? Now it's more dangerous.
395
00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:45,760
-We really don't know how it'll end.
-They took my job from me. And know what?
396
00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:48,920
I'll get a new job.
I don't care if it is dangerous.
397
00:28:49,840 --> 00:28:51,320
Is that okay for you?
398
00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:53,400
Of course, Augusto. Great!
399
00:28:59,920 --> 00:29:01,720
Come on then, let's get busy.
400
00:29:07,840 --> 00:29:10,240
And I don't even know why,
I just felt like it,
401
00:29:10,320 --> 00:29:16,840
I picked up a shard from the window.
402
00:29:17,520 --> 00:29:21,880
Who knows why?
I just felt like it, let's say.
403
00:29:21,960 --> 00:29:23,520
And I put it in my pocket.
404
00:29:24,520 --> 00:29:28,600
And I even kept it after the war.
I'm sorry I later lost it.
405
00:29:29,640 --> 00:29:33,000
You know, cannon shots, bombardments…
406
00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:36,320
Anyway I kept it,
I remember I had it after the war.
407
00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:38,560
People of Italy!
408
00:29:39,320 --> 00:29:41,120
Run to arms!
409
00:29:44,040 --> 00:29:45,640
And show…
410
00:29:45,720 --> 00:29:46,960
ROME, 10 JUNE 1940
411
00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:48,640
…your tenacity!
412
00:29:50,320 --> 00:29:52,320
Your courage!
413
00:29:53,840 --> 00:29:55,840
Your value!
414
00:29:58,600 --> 00:30:00,960
At home, Mom looked worried.
415
00:30:01,040 --> 00:30:04,800
Worried grandparents, aunts
and uncles, elder brothers too.
416
00:30:16,720 --> 00:30:21,120
When I went home,
I always noticed one less picture
417
00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:23,320
or table or carpet.
418
00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:26,400
To feed these four kids
419
00:30:26,480 --> 00:30:28,920
Mom sold all she could.
420
00:30:32,840 --> 00:30:35,240
We practically became poor.
421
00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:37,440
But being poor is no disgrace.
422
00:30:37,520 --> 00:30:40,960
It's a condition.
423
00:30:43,440 --> 00:30:47,240
So Mom made a decision
after consulting with us.
424
00:30:47,320 --> 00:30:49,240
To let a room.
425
00:30:49,320 --> 00:30:54,640
A room was let to a very tall gentleman
whom I remember very well.
426
00:30:54,720 --> 00:30:56,240
This man came.
427
00:30:56,320 --> 00:31:01,760
And we realized
that he listened to Radio London.
428
00:31:01,840 --> 00:31:05,360
It was practically a very important radio,
429
00:31:05,440 --> 00:31:10,600
with an Italian speaker
sending strange messages to Italy.
430
00:31:10,680 --> 00:31:13,320
Felice is not felicitous.
431
00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:15,800
It meant nothing to normal people.
432
00:31:15,880 --> 00:31:18,680
The cow doesn't give milk.
433
00:31:18,760 --> 00:31:22,720
But for the partisans
getting organized against the Germans
434
00:31:22,800 --> 00:31:24,040
it meant a lot.
435
00:31:24,120 --> 00:31:29,320
It meant the planes
would probably parachute medicines,
436
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:30,520
arms, money.
437
00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:34,440
But when Mom realized
this man was listening to Radio London
438
00:31:34,520 --> 00:31:36,520
she told him,
"You can't stay here any more".
439
00:31:36,600 --> 00:31:40,800
"I have four young children
and we're at the nub of the cyclone.
440
00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:42,680
Be kind, you must go away."
441
00:31:42,760 --> 00:31:47,040
The gentleman left.
His name was Piero Calamandrei.
442
00:31:48,040 --> 00:31:52,360
He was one of the characters
who wrote the Constitution.
443
00:31:54,640 --> 00:31:56,640
Who removed the seal?
444
00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:02,720
Maybe, I don't know,
listen to Radio London.
445
00:32:06,720 --> 00:32:08,960
That's torn it.
446
00:32:09,040 --> 00:32:10,480
Do you know?
447
00:32:11,120 --> 00:32:14,840
Sorry, it must have been the service lady
who hit it while cleaning.
448
00:32:14,920 --> 00:32:17,200
I think it's easy to repair.
449
00:32:18,240 --> 00:32:20,240
I think it can be repaired!
450
00:32:21,720 --> 00:32:23,640
Give the other rooms a look.
451
00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:06,320
Please, Comrade, check our documents.
452
00:33:06,400 --> 00:33:09,000
-You'll see we're decent.
-Documents?
453
00:33:09,720 --> 00:33:11,320
I know who you are.
454
00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:16,720
Please, check anyway.
455
00:33:42,240 --> 00:33:43,640
That's fine.
456
00:33:45,120 --> 00:33:46,960
Let's go!
457
00:33:47,040 --> 00:33:49,760
Come on then!
458
00:33:49,840 --> 00:33:53,160
-What, we just go away?
-Yes, you do.
459
00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:55,360
Take that and good night.
460
00:34:02,240 --> 00:34:03,840
That way you won't be tempted.
461
00:34:05,520 --> 00:34:07,200
Right?
462
00:34:07,280 --> 00:34:09,520
Thank me then.
463
00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:13,920
Thank you.
464
00:34:32,840 --> 00:34:34,440
Nothing has happened.
465
00:34:34,920 --> 00:34:38,320
Nothing, it's over. It's over, my girl.
466
00:34:39,639 --> 00:34:42,159
There is also a form of violence,
467
00:34:42,239 --> 00:34:45,239
I mean
the bureaucratic application of these laws
468
00:34:45,320 --> 00:34:48,520
recently discovered
by the Anselmi Commission.
469
00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:50,400
It's read in the confiscation reports.
470
00:34:50,480 --> 00:34:53,480
Imagine the police
entering the Jews' homes
471
00:34:53,560 --> 00:34:58,360
to confiscate brushes,
chamber pots, tools for everyday life.
472
00:34:59,440 --> 00:35:04,280
There are two phases
in the ownership of goods.
473
00:35:04,360 --> 00:35:09,960
In an initial period,
from 1938 to 1943,
474
00:35:10,040 --> 00:35:12,560
the tips are polished off.
475
00:35:12,640 --> 00:35:16,160
I mean a ceiling is placed,
quite low actually,
476
00:35:16,240 --> 00:35:20,120
on the goods a Jew can own.
477
00:35:20,200 --> 00:35:24,600
Beyond that ceiling
he is forced to cede them
478
00:35:24,680 --> 00:35:30,560
and undergo expropriation
receiving in exchange certificates
479
00:35:30,640 --> 00:35:35,880
at a rate quite lower
than the market one then.
480
00:35:36,840 --> 00:35:41,440
So buying and reselling Jews' houses
was a manna for the State.
481
00:35:42,520 --> 00:35:46,000
After 8 September 1943
482
00:35:46,080 --> 00:35:50,160
it goes to the generalized confiscation
483
00:35:50,240 --> 00:35:54,200
of all Jewish owned goods.
484
00:36:00,120 --> 00:36:05,800
Very few were able
to understand the necessity to flee.
485
00:36:11,120 --> 00:36:14,960
And understanding that was not enough,
they also needed knowledge,
486
00:36:15,040 --> 00:36:19,000
they needed to get visas,
the documents for expatriation.
487
00:36:19,080 --> 00:36:23,080
Most countries closed their borders
to fleeing Jews.
488
00:36:23,160 --> 00:36:27,200
So many saw the chance to go away
denied too.
489
00:36:30,520 --> 00:36:35,160
And there was also the random element,
the decision to trust a neighbor
490
00:36:35,240 --> 00:36:37,160
rather than a stranger.
491
00:36:37,240 --> 00:36:40,040
Because sometimes
it could be the neighbor who betrayed
492
00:36:40,120 --> 00:36:43,560
and vice versa,
the stranger who helped keep you safe.
493
00:37:01,920 --> 00:37:03,920
Tell me what's up, Mom.
494
00:37:17,320 --> 00:37:18,160
Mrs. Foà?
495
00:37:21,440 --> 00:37:25,040
Salvatore Pace, Public Safety.
Let's continue walking, please.
496
00:37:26,040 --> 00:37:30,840
Let's treat this like a nice conversation.
Smile.
497
00:37:32,080 --> 00:37:34,560
A report reached us.
498
00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:38,120
And when this happens,
as I'm police, I'm forced to verify.
499
00:37:40,240 --> 00:37:44,040
-What report?
-They're after you. Understand?
500
00:37:45,520 --> 00:37:48,960
And in your position tracing you is easy.
501
00:37:49,040 --> 00:37:52,840
That's the problem.
It's dangerous for you and your family.
502
00:37:52,920 --> 00:37:54,720
And what do you want from me?
503
00:37:57,840 --> 00:37:59,840
Is there anyone,
504
00:37:59,920 --> 00:38:02,880
some friend of yours who's not your race
505
00:38:02,960 --> 00:38:07,800
and ready to put your house in his name?
506
00:38:07,880 --> 00:38:09,720
Your bills, the water, the light.
507
00:38:10,520 --> 00:38:13,160
I don't know, I'll have to think. Why?
508
00:38:13,240 --> 00:38:14,440
Do it at once.
509
00:38:15,640 --> 00:38:17,680
Then you'll finally disappear.
510
00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:21,320
Maybe you'll become ghosts for us.
511
00:38:22,240 --> 00:38:24,240
We don't know each other.
512
00:38:30,440 --> 00:38:32,840
Thank you. Let's go.
513
00:38:35,160 --> 00:38:37,960
We are very grateful
to Commissioner Salvatore Pace
514
00:38:38,040 --> 00:38:39,360
for helping us.
515
00:38:39,440 --> 00:38:42,720
But we didn't know who he was,
and he didn't know us either.
516
00:38:42,800 --> 00:38:46,520
So it was a remarkable act of altruism.
517
00:38:46,600 --> 00:38:50,920
Like Marcello Magrì too,
who was a family friend,
518
00:38:51,000 --> 00:38:56,960
who put the deeds and rent in his name,
even facing dangers
519
00:38:57,040 --> 00:39:01,240
deriving from the penalties
the Party meted out.
520
00:39:06,840 --> 00:39:11,320
After the USA entered the war,
the wind started to change.
521
00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:16,360
On 10 July 1943 the Allies land in Sicily.
522
00:39:18,040 --> 00:39:22,800
Soon after, on 25 July,
Mussolini is deposed and arrested.
523
00:39:24,240 --> 00:39:28,200
On 8 September
General Badoglio proclaims armistice.
524
00:39:28,280 --> 00:39:30,520
Many Italians think the war is over.
525
00:39:30,600 --> 00:39:32,480
Not so.
526
00:39:37,440 --> 00:39:39,280
Italy precipitates into chaos.
527
00:39:39,360 --> 00:39:41,800
The King and government
flee from Rome to Brindisi
528
00:39:41,880 --> 00:39:44,920
leaving the Italian army without orders.
529
00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:49,000
Hundreds of thousands of soldiers
are caught by Germans
530
00:39:49,080 --> 00:39:50,720
and deported into Northern Europe.
531
00:39:53,440 --> 00:39:55,480
The country splits in two.
532
00:39:55,560 --> 00:39:57,320
The South is controlled by the Allies
533
00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:01,680
while the center and North
are occupied by Nazi fascist forces.
534
00:40:07,040 --> 00:40:11,880
When Livorno was navally bombarded,
535
00:40:11,960 --> 00:40:16,520
Pisa citizens were fraught with worry too.
536
00:40:42,160 --> 00:40:43,440
What have we here?
537
00:40:46,440 --> 00:40:50,760
-Where is the Jewish capitalist?
-He lives there, in that house.
538
00:40:56,320 --> 00:40:57,320
Break the door down!
539
00:41:03,640 --> 00:41:04,640
Help!
540
00:41:05,440 --> 00:41:07,040
Help! Let go!
541
00:41:07,120 --> 00:41:08,120
Help!
542
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:10,640
Let go! Help!
543
00:41:13,840 --> 00:41:15,720
Move! You, dirty Jew, get up!
544
00:41:15,800 --> 00:41:19,280
Get up, come on! I've no time to lose!
545
00:41:20,760 --> 00:41:22,240
Where's the gold?
546
00:41:24,400 --> 00:41:25,880
Where's the gold?
547
00:41:29,720 --> 00:41:31,200
Where's the gold?
548
00:41:38,480 --> 00:41:40,280
Guido, get away from the window!
549
00:41:49,560 --> 00:41:51,480
We have to go, we must leave.
550
00:41:52,720 --> 00:41:53,800
We'll do this…
551
00:41:55,240 --> 00:41:58,040
You take Flora and go to your aunt.
552
00:41:58,120 --> 00:42:02,440
Guido and I can go
to my brother in Calci, okay?
553
00:42:09,440 --> 00:42:12,640
Mussolini, freed by the Nazis,
returns to power
554
00:42:12,720 --> 00:42:14,720
and is placed at the head
of the Republic of Salò
555
00:42:14,800 --> 00:42:18,440
which goes from Lazio,
including Rome, to all the center-North.
556
00:42:20,120 --> 00:42:24,080
While the allied forces
support King Vittorio Emanuele III
557
00:42:24,160 --> 00:42:26,840
in the Kingdom of Italy,
made up of all the South,
558
00:42:26,920 --> 00:42:30,800
Mussolini chooses
to adhere totally to Hitler's fury.
559
00:42:32,760 --> 00:42:34,400
Those belonging to the Jewish race
560
00:42:34,480 --> 00:42:37,720
are officially declared
foreign and enemies.
561
00:42:38,320 --> 00:42:41,080
Jews, all Jews, must be arrested
562
00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:45,160
and deported to concentration camps
in Germany and Poland.
563
00:42:45,240 --> 00:42:47,560
Freedom and peace seemed to be close.
564
00:42:47,640 --> 00:42:51,640
But for Italian Jews it is the start
of the most atrocious nightmare.
565
00:42:52,920 --> 00:42:59,480
The Carta di Verona is a document
approved in mid-November 1943.
566
00:42:59,560 --> 00:43:04,800
It holds a series of objectives
on the social field.
567
00:43:04,880 --> 00:43:06,560
And its contents declare
568
00:43:06,640 --> 00:43:10,640
that those belonging to the Jewish race
are foreign
569
00:43:10,720 --> 00:43:14,560
and during this war
belong to enemy nationality.
570
00:43:14,640 --> 00:43:20,880
At that moment citizenship
for Italian Jews is revoked.
571
00:43:25,640 --> 00:43:26,640
Breathe.
572
00:43:48,520 --> 00:43:49,880
Will you come out with me for a moment?
573
00:44:04,240 --> 00:44:05,640
The child has pneumonia.
574
00:44:07,080 --> 00:44:08,640
He must be hospitalized now.
575
00:44:11,160 --> 00:44:12,400
No, that's impossible.
576
00:44:12,480 --> 00:44:14,760
-It's impossible.
-Why?
577
00:44:14,840 --> 00:44:16,240
Because we are Jewish.
578
00:44:18,640 --> 00:44:20,440
That's why we're hiding here.
579
00:44:20,520 --> 00:44:26,480
My pa said,
"Doctor, look, we're a family of Jews.
580
00:44:26,560 --> 00:44:31,400
We can't go to the hospital
as the Germans would take us away."
581
00:44:32,560 --> 00:44:33,640
I understand.
582
00:44:48,640 --> 00:44:50,400
He's a fascist.
583
00:44:51,320 --> 00:44:52,800
What if he reports us?
584
00:45:02,240 --> 00:45:05,040
He starts the engine and goes.
585
00:45:06,960 --> 00:45:08,240
He goes.
586
00:45:08,320 --> 00:45:10,640
After barely an hour…
587
00:45:13,240 --> 00:45:14,080
It was the doctor.
588
00:45:16,960 --> 00:45:18,760
The fever is still high.
589
00:45:31,440 --> 00:45:32,440
Here.
590
00:45:33,480 --> 00:45:36,120
One tablet every six hours.
591
00:45:36,200 --> 00:45:38,440
Every six hours, mind.
592
00:45:39,400 --> 00:45:41,520
Tomorrow tell me how he is.
593
00:45:42,240 --> 00:45:45,120
-Thank you.
-Thank you, Doctor.
594
00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:48,960
Back then there was no penicillin,
just medicine like that.
595
00:45:49,040 --> 00:45:52,560
And for a week he came twice a day.
596
00:45:52,640 --> 00:45:53,960
Morning and night.
597
00:46:13,800 --> 00:46:19,240
Families have brothers, sisters,
598
00:46:19,320 --> 00:46:24,120
sometimes even twins
599
00:46:24,200 --> 00:46:29,000
whose destiny is sealed.
600
00:46:29,680 --> 00:46:31,880
Everything will be fine, Guido.
601
00:46:31,960 --> 00:46:38,360
The two Segre brothers,
Amedeo and Alberto, were a year apart.
602
00:46:38,440 --> 00:46:41,720
The two were very different.
603
00:46:41,800 --> 00:46:45,040
One winner.
604
00:46:45,120 --> 00:46:46,960
It was my uncle.
605
00:46:47,040 --> 00:46:50,480
One loser. It was my dad.
606
00:46:54,480 --> 00:46:59,240
When the moment came to flee,
607
00:46:59,320 --> 00:47:02,560
the hardest moment for everyone,
608
00:47:02,640 --> 00:47:07,320
my uncle, now married to a Catholic,
609
00:47:07,400 --> 00:47:12,160
fled to the mountain with his wife.
610
00:47:12,240 --> 00:47:17,560
Just like that, he left my dad
with the two parents.
611
00:47:17,640 --> 00:47:21,480
Granddad, very ill with Parkinson's,
612
00:47:21,560 --> 00:47:24,520
and Gran, who was losing it a bit
613
00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:27,480
over all the fear and shock.
614
00:47:27,560 --> 00:47:32,840
My dad, an extraordinary son and father,
615
00:47:32,920 --> 00:47:36,160
was so scarily conflicted.
616
00:47:36,240 --> 00:47:38,920
He wanted to keep me safe.
617
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:43,080
But how could he leave
his parents alone? How?
618
00:47:59,240 --> 00:48:04,360
The Nazi fascist forces immediately
implement their deportation plan
619
00:48:04,440 --> 00:48:06,520
and choose the city to start from.
620
00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:11,240
The deportations would start from Naples.
621
00:48:11,320 --> 00:48:14,080
The Germans had organized everything
very well.
622
00:48:14,160 --> 00:48:16,000
Colonel Scholl,
623
00:48:16,080 --> 00:48:20,920
commander of the Campania region
and positioned at Naples,
624
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:23,520
organized everything very meticulously.
625
00:48:23,600 --> 00:48:27,880
He even chose music to accompany the Jews.
626
00:48:27,960 --> 00:48:30,560
To ease the Jewish march.
627
00:48:30,640 --> 00:48:34,920
It was "Lacrimosa",
from Mozart's Requiem Mass in D Minor.
628
00:48:43,920 --> 00:48:50,720
But Colonel Scholl underestimated
the Neapolitans.
629
00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:55,440
Because in four days the Neapolitans
managed to quash the Germans.
630
00:49:06,880 --> 00:49:11,240
Amid partisans, lads and lasses,
631
00:49:11,320 --> 00:49:13,960
the Germans fled in these four days.
632
00:49:14,040 --> 00:49:17,560
And, if we like,
Naples is the only city in the world
633
00:49:17,640 --> 00:49:21,400
that was liberated alone
without help from any army.
634
00:49:25,840 --> 00:49:30,520
On 9 October in Trieste
and 16 October 1943 in Rome
635
00:49:30,600 --> 00:49:33,040
thousands of Jews are arrested
636
00:49:33,120 --> 00:49:36,520
and after some checks
are loaded onto livestock trucks
637
00:49:36,600 --> 00:49:39,600
and sent to concentration camps
in Central Europe.
638
00:49:43,440 --> 00:49:50,000
The 1,259 people arrested in the capital
include 207 children.
639
00:49:50,080 --> 00:49:55,000
But only 15 men and one woman
will return from Auschwitz.
640
00:49:55,080 --> 00:49:57,320
Many in Rome manage to save themselves
641
00:49:57,400 --> 00:50:01,600
hiding in those convents
that bravely open their doors.
642
00:50:04,640 --> 00:50:06,840
These are the documents of a girl
who studied here
643
00:50:06,920 --> 00:50:08,920
and because of the war
has not yet returned.
644
00:50:10,000 --> 00:50:14,680
Now they are yours.
It says Maria Cristina Cataldi.
645
00:50:16,200 --> 00:50:18,640
This will be your name from now on.
646
00:50:18,720 --> 00:50:21,640
You will only answer
if they use that name.
647
00:50:21,720 --> 00:50:26,240
Lia no longer exists. Forget her for now.
648
00:50:26,320 --> 00:50:30,280
They gave me an 11-year-old girl's name
649
00:50:30,360 --> 00:50:32,880
called Maria Cristina Cataldi.
650
00:50:32,960 --> 00:50:36,960
And the best thing for a Jew is
to be called Maria Cristina--
651
00:50:37,040 --> 00:50:38,480
The surname doesn't matter.
652
00:50:38,560 --> 00:50:41,320
I know that for many Jewish children
653
00:50:41,400 --> 00:50:44,360
this business of losing their name
was a tragedy.
654
00:50:44,440 --> 00:50:46,120
For me it wasn't like a tragedy.
655
00:50:46,200 --> 00:50:51,720
For me it was like becoming another,
let's say, like in a play.
656
00:50:51,800 --> 00:50:56,240
Before eating, the girls in the refectory
always make the sign of the cross.
657
00:50:56,320 --> 00:51:01,960
Maria Cristina, you should too,
or the others will understand.
658
00:51:02,720 --> 00:51:04,640
-Can you do it?
-Yes.
659
00:51:09,920 --> 00:51:11,560
Yes, more or less like this.
660
00:51:11,640 --> 00:51:14,120
Just that you did it the wrong way.
661
00:51:14,200 --> 00:51:18,960
Catholics do it like this,
from left to right.
662
00:51:19,040 --> 00:51:21,800
You did it like an Orthodox,
from right to left.
663
00:51:25,960 --> 00:51:28,640
Very good, that's it.
664
00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:31,760
Fiamma!
665
00:51:31,840 --> 00:51:33,440
Come here, please.
666
00:51:35,800 --> 00:51:38,280
-Yes, Mother.
-This is Maria Cristina.
667
00:51:38,360 --> 00:51:41,080
From now on
she'll be in the room with you.
668
00:51:41,160 --> 00:51:43,400
Accompany her,
so she can settle her things.
669
00:51:45,640 --> 00:51:47,040
Go.
670
00:51:47,920 --> 00:51:50,400
I'm Fiamma. Do you like it here?
671
00:51:50,480 --> 00:51:52,280
I don't know, maybe.
672
00:51:52,360 --> 00:51:54,520
You'll be fine, you'll see.
673
00:51:54,600 --> 00:51:58,360
If you like, you can sleep
with me and my sister Fioretta.
674
00:51:58,440 --> 00:51:59,440
-Hi.
-Hi.
675
00:52:01,440 --> 00:52:06,960
In the convent, even there,
danger was close by.
676
00:52:07,040 --> 00:52:09,360
Because the Germans came
twice, three times.
677
00:52:09,440 --> 00:52:11,280
And once…
678
00:52:11,360 --> 00:52:14,960
I heard a year ago from a sister
who's still alive.
679
00:52:15,040 --> 00:52:16,400
And once they were looking for Jews.
680
00:52:16,480 --> 00:52:19,560
But they made do
with the first two floors.
681
00:52:19,640 --> 00:52:21,000
Over a type of miracle,
682
00:52:21,080 --> 00:52:24,840
just as they were about to go
up the third flight
683
00:52:24,920 --> 00:52:27,880
where Jews were hiding, they left.
684
00:52:36,880 --> 00:52:38,040
If you're in the North,
685
00:52:38,120 --> 00:52:41,880
where the dominium is firmly
in the hands of the Nazi fascist forces
686
00:52:41,960 --> 00:52:46,840
the only true hope is to stay hidden
or to flee to Switzerland.
687
00:52:52,840 --> 00:52:56,040
My father found a system,
688
00:52:56,120 --> 00:53:00,480
that then seemed a way
to salvation for the grandparents.
689
00:53:00,560 --> 00:53:04,320
A permit from Como Station.
690
00:53:04,400 --> 00:53:07,520
Given his age and health,
691
00:53:07,600 --> 00:53:13,440
Como Station issued this permit
for two old people
692
00:53:13,520 --> 00:53:18,480
where it said they were unable
to harm the German Reich.
693
00:53:24,040 --> 00:53:29,120
And that's when we tried
to flee to Switzerland.
694
00:53:51,920 --> 00:53:53,720
Are we there? Are we in Switzerland?
695
00:53:54,800 --> 00:53:55,920
Not yet.
696
00:53:56,000 --> 00:53:58,880
And from here on it's more dangerous.
697
00:53:58,960 --> 00:54:00,200
It's full of patrols.
698
00:54:01,800 --> 00:54:04,480
-So?
-So it's another thousand lire.
699
00:54:04,560 --> 00:54:07,160
How come, another thousand lire?
I already gave you 1,000 lire.
700
00:54:07,240 --> 00:54:09,760
Then you'll find Switzerland yourselves.
701
00:54:11,320 --> 00:54:13,240
No, wait. Wait.
702
00:54:22,720 --> 00:54:25,400
This is gold.
It's worth more than a thousand lire.
703
00:54:41,840 --> 00:54:43,240
We were…
704
00:54:45,040 --> 00:54:48,720
Two small, petty bourgeois
facing the mountain.
705
00:54:48,800 --> 00:54:51,600
Incapable, grotesque.
706
00:54:51,680 --> 00:54:56,960
My dad had always said,
"We'll never do it".
707
00:54:57,040 --> 00:55:02,440
Me, "Yes, we absolutely must.
Let's go, let's go".
708
00:55:02,520 --> 00:55:07,440
And I felt like some kind of heroine
709
00:55:07,520 --> 00:55:10,160
on the mountains behind Varese.
710
00:55:10,960 --> 00:55:13,040
Behind the smugglers who would say,
711
00:55:13,120 --> 00:55:16,440
"Quick, or a patrol will pass and shoot!"
712
00:55:23,120 --> 00:55:25,920
Over that crest. That's Switzerland there.
713
00:55:29,240 --> 00:55:30,640
Aren't you coming?
714
00:55:32,040 --> 00:55:34,040
You have to go to Switzerland, not me.
715
00:55:34,120 --> 00:55:37,560
-Baggage.
-There!
716
00:55:47,320 --> 00:55:49,320
It'll arrive before you, you'll see.
717
00:55:58,840 --> 00:56:01,360
When we arrived in Switzerland,
we were happy.
718
00:56:01,440 --> 00:56:06,640
I said, "See, Dad? We did it!"
And we hugged happily.
719
00:56:07,640 --> 00:56:08,520
Not so.
720
00:56:08,600 --> 00:56:10,280
Stop! Hands up!
721
00:56:11,160 --> 00:56:12,240
Who are you?
722
00:56:13,240 --> 00:56:15,760
Jews. Italian Jews.
723
00:56:15,840 --> 00:56:17,240
Documents.
724
00:56:18,640 --> 00:56:20,560
Thank goodness you came.
725
00:56:20,640 --> 00:56:23,120
Our lives are in danger.
You know that, right?
726
00:56:23,200 --> 00:56:25,400
What I know is you could be a deserter.
727
00:56:25,480 --> 00:56:28,080
It was a terrible character.
728
00:56:28,160 --> 00:56:33,520
He despised us, said we were liars,
729
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:39,680
that it wasn't true
that Jews were persecuted in Italy.
730
00:56:39,760 --> 00:56:43,240
That, at the age of 43,
my dad wanted to escape the call up,
731
00:56:43,320 --> 00:56:47,200
forgetting
that due to the fascist racial laws
732
00:56:47,280 --> 00:56:52,480
Jews couldn't participate in army duty.
733
00:56:52,560 --> 00:56:55,240
If you take us to your superior,
we can explain.
734
00:56:55,320 --> 00:56:58,240
I won't take you anywhere!
Go back to where you cam from!
735
00:56:58,320 --> 00:57:01,480
Please, you don't understand
what it means for us.
736
00:57:01,560 --> 00:57:05,560
You don't understand!
If we go back, they'll kill us!
737
00:57:05,640 --> 00:57:07,680
I beg you! Please!
738
00:57:09,040 --> 00:57:13,480
I threw myself to the ground, pleaded.
739
00:57:13,560 --> 00:57:18,080
He sent us back at gunpoint.
740
00:57:18,160 --> 00:57:21,640
When we were arrested
there on the border…
741
00:57:24,160 --> 00:57:29,040
I still didn't understand at that moment,
742
00:57:29,120 --> 00:57:31,520
why I was there with my dad,
743
00:57:31,600 --> 00:57:36,400
what would happen later,
it was impossible to imagine.
744
00:57:38,480 --> 00:57:41,160
I was simply in my thoughts of then,
745
00:57:41,240 --> 00:57:44,640
albeit prematurely aged by what happened.
746
00:57:51,640 --> 00:57:54,200
But when I first entered…
747
00:57:56,120 --> 00:57:58,120
Varese woman's prison,
748
00:57:58,200 --> 00:58:01,000
the digital fingerprints,
the photography…
749
00:58:01,840 --> 00:58:03,160
Why?
750
00:58:03,240 --> 00:58:07,920
Why? Why? Why?
751
00:58:08,000 --> 00:58:12,440
I had that obsessive question inside
toward the void
752
00:58:12,520 --> 00:58:15,720
of why I was there.
753
00:58:19,600 --> 00:58:22,720
Then they took me to Como Prison
754
00:58:22,800 --> 00:58:27,800
and after,
the great Milanese San Vittore Jail.
755
00:58:27,880 --> 00:58:32,680
I was born in Milan and would always ride
my bike round the prison.
756
00:58:32,760 --> 00:58:37,000
But I never thought
I'd see it from inside.
757
00:58:37,080 --> 00:58:41,320
The prison I saw from outside.
758
00:58:46,120 --> 00:58:49,640
And after 40 days
759
00:58:49,720 --> 00:58:54,560
of imprisonment in cell 202, fifth block,
760
00:58:54,640 --> 00:58:56,560
where my dad and I stayed…
761
00:58:58,200 --> 00:59:02,000
After standing the anguish
762
00:59:02,080 --> 00:59:05,120
of seeing him taken away twice,
three times a week
763
00:59:05,200 --> 00:59:09,280
for terrible GESTAPO interrogations…
764
00:59:11,320 --> 00:59:14,320
Well, I grew old.
765
00:59:15,640 --> 00:59:19,800
When he came back and we hugged…
766
00:59:22,080 --> 00:59:24,400
I was his mom.
767
00:59:24,480 --> 00:59:26,800
I was his sister.
768
00:59:26,880 --> 00:59:30,680
He was my child to console.
769
00:59:32,320 --> 00:59:34,960
Then the day came
770
00:59:35,040 --> 00:59:39,880
when a German official entered the block
771
00:59:39,960 --> 00:59:45,360
and said we were to prepare to leave
for an unknown destination the next day.
772
01:00:03,240 --> 01:00:07,520
How can you look in the wagon?
How do you feel?
773
01:00:07,600 --> 01:00:09,080
How do you…
774
01:00:09,160 --> 01:00:11,920
How do you accept it?
775
01:00:12,000 --> 01:00:14,120
What do you wonder?
776
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:16,480
Why? Who did this?
777
01:00:16,560 --> 01:00:19,160
Who organized this?
778
01:00:19,240 --> 01:00:22,320
They are men like us. They aren't crazy.
779
01:00:27,520 --> 01:00:31,400
At first everyone in the wagon cries.
780
01:00:31,480 --> 01:00:34,600
These tears that no one wipes away.
781
01:00:35,440 --> 01:00:39,880
This terror of being locked inside.
782
01:00:39,960 --> 01:00:42,400
And then no one cries any more.
783
01:00:46,920 --> 01:00:48,920
And there's the prayer.
784
01:00:49,000 --> 01:00:53,200
The prayer of those gathered
in the center of the wagon
785
01:00:53,280 --> 01:00:55,240
who thank God.
786
01:00:57,240 --> 01:00:59,320
We look at them in envy.
787
01:01:00,720 --> 01:01:03,720
They even praise God in that situation.
788
01:01:05,080 --> 01:01:07,040
Where was God?
789
01:01:07,120 --> 01:01:08,760
I don't know.
790
01:01:22,080 --> 01:01:24,120
There was Jewish Easter.
791
01:01:24,200 --> 01:01:27,960
The family of two girls in the group,
I mean two Jewish girls
792
01:01:28,040 --> 01:01:33,800
decided that for one day,
to have Jewish Easter
793
01:01:33,880 --> 01:01:37,640
they could go back home.
794
01:01:37,720 --> 01:01:38,720
Just one day.
795
01:01:38,800 --> 01:01:41,120
Actually, they said,
"The Germans don't know everything".
796
01:01:41,200 --> 01:01:44,240
And these words hit me
so I said to my mom,
797
01:01:44,320 --> 01:01:47,560
"Listen, it's true,
why don't we go for a day too?"
798
01:01:47,640 --> 01:01:50,120
My mother said,
"Don't even think about it".
799
01:01:50,200 --> 01:01:53,320
The Germans did know everything,
800
01:01:53,400 --> 01:01:56,400
because the neighbors grassed.
801
01:01:56,480 --> 01:02:01,160
And these children were taken away
together with all the family.
802
01:02:01,240 --> 01:02:03,240
And we waited for them.
803
01:02:03,320 --> 01:02:06,800
We waited for them to return the next day.
804
01:02:09,560 --> 01:02:11,880
Yes? Tell me.
805
01:02:14,160 --> 01:02:15,120
Oh no.
806
01:02:16,800 --> 01:02:18,640
When did it happen?
807
01:02:18,720 --> 01:02:19,960
And the girls?
808
01:02:23,080 --> 01:02:24,320
Thank you.
809
01:02:27,080 --> 01:02:28,640
Is there news?
810
01:02:30,000 --> 01:02:31,560
A grass.
811
01:02:31,640 --> 01:02:34,120
They took them. All.
812
01:02:34,200 --> 01:02:36,400
Even Fiamma and Fioretta?
813
01:02:37,360 --> 01:02:40,400
Yes, the girls too.
814
01:02:47,240 --> 01:02:49,440
The nun had to tell us.
815
01:02:49,520 --> 01:02:53,520
And everybody cried terribly.
816
01:02:54,800 --> 01:02:59,200
A drama that hit to the bone.
817
01:03:10,120 --> 01:03:14,400
In January 1944,
the worst year in the war,
818
01:03:14,480 --> 01:03:18,400
the Americans land in Anzio,
60 km from Rome.
819
01:03:18,480 --> 01:03:22,160
But it will take them six months
to free the capital.
820
01:03:22,240 --> 01:03:24,840
In the territories
already under Allied control
821
01:03:24,920 --> 01:03:28,320
20 January sees the start of
the repeal of the racial laws.
822
01:03:28,400 --> 01:03:31,800
But the road will be slow and hard.
823
01:03:44,240 --> 01:03:45,600
-I'll kill you.
-Drop dead!
824
01:03:49,840 --> 01:03:52,160
-I'll kill you.
-Drop dead!
825
01:04:17,720 --> 01:04:21,440
-Stop! What are you doing? Stop!
-Who are you?
826
01:04:22,560 --> 01:04:25,960
Get away! He's a fascist, to be executed!
827
01:04:26,040 --> 01:04:29,560
I'm a Jew!
And this man saved my son's life.
828
01:04:30,240 --> 01:04:33,240
-If you kill him, where is justice?
-Here.
829
01:04:33,320 --> 01:04:37,240
And if you don't go away,
you'll have to worry about your life.
830
01:04:39,240 --> 01:04:43,200
No, it's true!
We're Jews, but he still saved my life.
831
01:04:43,280 --> 01:04:45,920
What does that mean? He's still a fascist!
832
01:04:46,000 --> 01:04:48,800
And you? Want to be like him?
833
01:04:50,640 --> 01:04:55,120
He was fascist like 90% of Italians,
let's say, no?
834
01:04:55,200 --> 01:04:58,560
Seventy percent were antifascist,
let's say.
835
01:04:58,640 --> 01:05:00,960
Twenty percent were mini fascists.
836
01:05:01,040 --> 01:05:04,040
And then there were 10%
who were foolish, dirty, crooks
837
01:05:04,120 --> 01:05:06,000
doing what they were doing.
838
01:05:09,360 --> 01:05:12,520
Meanwhile, despite the Allied advance,
839
01:05:12,600 --> 01:05:17,000
as many as 7,172 Italian Jews,
including almost 1,000 children,
840
01:05:17,080 --> 01:05:21,960
are deported to Germany and Poland,
mostly to Auschwitz.
841
01:05:22,040 --> 01:05:24,760
Only a few hundred will survive.
842
01:05:26,440 --> 01:05:31,240
Rather than turn military resources
to slowing the enemy advance
843
01:05:31,320 --> 01:05:35,120
the Nazis and their allies
actually accelerate the implementation
844
01:05:35,200 --> 01:05:38,640
of the Final Solution against the Jews.
845
01:05:41,640 --> 01:05:43,640
Auschwitz is reached.
846
01:05:45,800 --> 01:05:49,000
Whistles, barks, shouts in German.
847
01:05:49,080 --> 01:05:53,320
We hurl ourselves down
from those wagons, our legs stiff.
848
01:05:53,400 --> 01:05:58,760
People who just cannot get out
are thrown out of the wagon.
849
01:06:03,920 --> 01:06:08,040
And there, on that "Judenrampe",
850
01:06:08,120 --> 01:06:12,120
that long since prepared,
artificial station,
851
01:06:12,200 --> 01:06:14,080
you came to a world that is not a world.
852
01:06:14,160 --> 01:06:18,000
You came to a nightmare.
853
01:06:18,080 --> 01:06:21,680
You're part of a diabolical design
854
01:06:21,760 --> 01:06:26,360
you're not ready for and you wonder why.
855
01:06:33,040 --> 01:06:37,800
And then I let go of my father's hand
forever.
856
01:06:43,920 --> 01:06:48,640
And I hope he also thought
we would meet again that night.
857
01:06:48,720 --> 01:06:49,560
But…
858
01:06:50,640 --> 01:06:52,360
we never would.
859
01:06:52,440 --> 01:06:54,800
But then we didn't know.
860
01:06:54,880 --> 01:06:58,120
I hope
he didn't know at that moment either.
861
01:07:11,920 --> 01:07:13,800
In the first hovel…
862
01:07:14,920 --> 01:07:16,800
you're stripped.
863
01:07:22,640 --> 01:07:25,160
You're shaven, razored.
864
01:07:25,240 --> 01:07:29,240
Your number is tattooed on your left arm.
865
01:07:29,960 --> 01:07:34,200
You're no longer the one who got down
from the wagon two hours ago.
866
01:07:41,440 --> 01:07:42,840
How can you…
867
01:07:44,360 --> 01:07:46,960
not go mad at 13?
868
01:07:47,520 --> 01:07:50,640
I saw this world…
869
01:07:52,040 --> 01:07:59,040
in which order, severity, and terror
870
01:07:59,120 --> 01:08:04,920
applied to every human being
as long as they remained alive
871
01:08:05,000 --> 01:08:09,040
turned you into a number.
872
01:08:09,120 --> 01:08:12,920
They turned you into a "Stück", a piece
873
01:08:13,000 --> 01:08:16,439
just like your murderers wanted you to be.
874
01:08:24,640 --> 01:08:30,560
Fortunately I looked older than I was.
875
01:08:30,640 --> 01:08:33,560
Both because I was very tall
876
01:08:33,640 --> 01:08:37,439
and because the journey dried me.
877
01:08:37,520 --> 01:08:41,319
So no one asked for my age.
878
01:08:41,399 --> 01:08:46,800
Later I discovered they could consider
me a 15-year-old
879
01:08:46,880 --> 01:08:48,680
or a 16-year-old.
880
01:08:48,760 --> 01:08:51,720
Because at 13 you went to the gas chamber.
881
01:09:13,279 --> 01:09:18,520
A few days later
I was taken to work in a factory.
882
01:09:21,720 --> 01:09:24,720
We made chests for machine guns.
883
01:09:24,800 --> 01:09:27,800
It was a factory working for the war.
884
01:09:29,640 --> 01:09:34,560
And at the machine
there was a French girl called Janine.
885
01:09:34,640 --> 01:09:37,319
She was a pretty girl.
886
01:09:37,399 --> 01:09:40,319
And though it was totally forbidden
887
01:09:40,399 --> 01:09:44,399
we always exchanged a few words
in this coming and going.
888
01:09:44,960 --> 01:09:50,560
After we'd worked together
for several months
889
01:09:50,640 --> 01:09:55,520
the machine sliced two phalanxes
off two of her fingers.
890
01:09:56,120 --> 01:10:00,400
And in the following days
there was a selection.
891
01:10:00,480 --> 01:10:06,440
A terrible one, as they sometimes did
to get rid of all the sick,
892
01:10:06,520 --> 01:10:10,720
all those no longer able to work,
and send them to the gas chamber.
893
01:10:10,800 --> 01:10:14,640
They were moments of total terror.
894
01:10:20,040 --> 01:10:24,080
You had an overwhelming fear
arriving there,
895
01:10:24,160 --> 01:10:26,240
your heart beating like mad.
896
01:10:26,320 --> 01:10:30,120
"I want to live.
I want to live. I want to live."
897
01:10:31,480 --> 01:10:36,320
We had to line up in single file,
898
01:10:36,400 --> 01:10:41,040
arrive where there were two officials.
899
01:10:41,120 --> 01:10:42,360
And they…
900
01:10:42,440 --> 01:10:47,040
Imagine a nude woman before uniformed men
901
01:10:47,120 --> 01:10:50,640
looking at her in front,
behind, in the mouth.
902
01:10:52,920 --> 01:10:56,240
Then they make that fantastic gesture…
903
01:10:58,120 --> 01:11:01,480
"Go, you live this time."
904
01:11:06,840 --> 01:11:11,360
You feel grateful to your killer,
you're still alive, you're happy.
905
01:11:11,440 --> 01:11:14,840
Behind me they stop Janine.
906
01:11:14,920 --> 01:11:17,280
And decide to send her to the gas.
907
01:11:18,240 --> 01:11:20,480
It was horrible.
908
01:11:20,560 --> 01:11:26,000
I became a hungry, selfish wolf
909
01:11:26,080 --> 01:11:28,400
no longer willing to love anyone
910
01:11:28,480 --> 01:11:32,680
or to stand distances.
911
01:11:36,920 --> 01:11:40,800
I didn't turn. I didn't say, "Bye, Janine.
912
01:11:40,880 --> 01:11:42,800
I love you.
913
01:11:42,880 --> 01:11:44,880
Be brave."
914
01:11:44,960 --> 01:11:46,920
Or even just, "Janine".
915
01:11:49,080 --> 01:11:50,840
I got dressed again.
916
01:11:53,120 --> 01:11:57,000
And the next day
there was another worker in her place.
917
01:12:01,040 --> 01:12:04,480
I never forgave myself.
918
01:12:05,600 --> 01:12:09,000
Janine didn't grow old…
919
01:12:10,480 --> 01:12:12,640
because she was born.
920
01:12:20,640 --> 01:12:25,040
Meanwhile the allied troops on one side,
the Soviet army on the other
921
01:12:25,120 --> 01:12:28,840
advance and get closer and closer
to the concentration camps.
922
01:12:29,800 --> 01:12:33,800
In Poland the Nazis leave the camps
that are about to be conquered
923
01:12:33,880 --> 01:12:37,200
and start to transfer
the deported Jews to Germany.
924
01:12:37,280 --> 01:12:41,560
Auschwitz is liberated on 27 January 1945.
925
01:12:41,640 --> 01:12:44,840
A date now celebrated as Memory Day.
926
01:12:47,480 --> 01:12:51,520
The order came to leave the factory,
927
01:12:51,600 --> 01:12:55,160
and start walking.
928
01:12:55,240 --> 01:12:58,920
This march would later be called
"the march of death".
929
01:13:06,720 --> 01:13:11,840
And how do you walk first through Poland
930
01:13:11,920 --> 01:13:13,840
and then Germany?
931
01:13:13,920 --> 01:13:19,240
You did over 700 km.
932
01:13:19,320 --> 01:13:21,600
One foot and then the next.
933
01:13:22,480 --> 01:13:23,440
How do you do it?
934
01:13:23,520 --> 01:13:27,320
If you fall,
you're killed by an escort guard
935
01:13:27,400 --> 01:13:30,280
ordered to shoot in the head
anyone falling.
936
01:13:33,520 --> 01:13:38,800
"You can't die on that road
with the bloody snow.
937
01:13:39,840 --> 01:13:40,840
You must live."
938
01:13:40,920 --> 01:13:44,040
And one foot before the next,
one before the next.
939
01:13:44,120 --> 01:13:47,560
And you walk, walk, walk.
940
01:13:47,640 --> 01:13:51,480
You see people die on the streets,
you see them fall.
941
01:14:03,400 --> 01:14:07,200
And when I think of that girl
942
01:14:07,280 --> 01:14:11,880
walking on the snow,
unable to lean on anyone,
943
01:14:11,960 --> 01:14:15,720
alone, completely alone,
944
01:14:15,800 --> 01:14:18,640
in that universe of evil,
945
01:14:18,720 --> 01:14:22,240
who coped with everything
that happened to her,
946
01:14:22,320 --> 01:14:25,240
with the things she saw…
947
01:14:26,720 --> 01:14:29,080
my pain is infinite.
948
01:14:29,160 --> 01:14:31,040
How did she manage?
949
01:14:31,120 --> 01:14:37,000
How did she manage?
How did she manage to be here, now, old?
950
01:14:37,080 --> 01:14:38,400
How?
951
01:14:45,920 --> 01:14:50,560
On 1 May the Red Army enters
the Malchow Concentration Camp
952
01:14:50,640 --> 01:14:54,400
north of Berlin,
where Liliana Segre is found prisoner.
953
01:15:01,640 --> 01:15:04,240
The Nazis, in terror, start to flee
954
01:15:04,320 --> 01:15:06,720
and try to camouflage themselves
as prisoners.
955
01:15:10,720 --> 01:15:15,800
Then I saw the commander of the last camp,
956
01:15:15,880 --> 01:15:18,240
a terrible SS officer,
957
01:15:18,320 --> 01:15:24,800
whipping the moribund women
we have become
958
01:15:24,880 --> 01:15:29,720
smacks just to prove himself a monster.
959
01:15:29,800 --> 01:15:35,240
I had dreamt of revenge for over a year,
960
01:15:35,320 --> 01:15:38,760
I had hate and desperation inside.
961
01:15:39,320 --> 01:15:44,240
So when I saw him
cast his weapon to the ground…
962
01:15:47,320 --> 01:15:51,720
I was sorely tempted.
963
01:15:51,800 --> 01:15:58,600
I thought,
"Now I'll take the pistol and shoot him".
964
01:16:02,600 --> 01:16:05,600
It felt like the right finale
965
01:16:05,680 --> 01:16:10,360
for all the violence
I suffered and saw others suffer.
966
01:16:13,120 --> 01:16:15,160
But it was a moment.
967
01:16:15,240 --> 01:16:18,880
I understood I was unlike my assassin.
968
01:16:18,960 --> 01:16:23,720
That I chose life
and couldn't take it from anyone.
969
01:16:24,440 --> 01:16:28,800
From that moment on,
I was the free woman
970
01:16:28,880 --> 01:16:31,720
and the woman of peace I am now.
971
01:17:32,480 --> 01:17:36,960
MILAN, SEPTEMBER 1945
972
01:17:54,640 --> 01:17:56,640
-Hi.
-Hello.
973
01:17:59,360 --> 01:18:00,880
Go, go from here.
974
01:18:00,960 --> 01:18:03,000
We have nothing to give.
975
01:18:05,400 --> 01:18:06,640
Antonio.
976
01:18:08,480 --> 01:18:09,840
Don't you recognize me?
977
01:18:11,600 --> 01:18:14,120
I'm Liliana. Liliana Segre.
978
01:18:15,640 --> 01:18:17,640
Oh, Lord.
979
01:18:17,720 --> 01:18:20,320
Liliana. Liliana!
980
01:18:27,640 --> 01:18:28,680
I knew.
981
01:18:29,520 --> 01:18:32,000
I knew you were alive.
982
01:18:32,080 --> 01:18:34,320
Look here, look.
983
01:18:37,840 --> 01:18:41,880
It's the Red Cross card
I sent you from Germany.
984
01:18:43,880 --> 01:18:45,800
Sorry, it was the only address I had.
985
01:18:45,880 --> 01:18:47,320
"Sorry"?
986
01:18:48,800 --> 01:18:52,240
As soon as it arrived,
I called your Uncle Amedeo.
987
01:18:53,240 --> 01:18:56,640
No one lives here now,
but they left me your phone.
988
01:18:58,640 --> 01:19:01,640
Come to the lodge,
we'll call at once, come.
989
01:19:04,720 --> 01:19:07,120
Return and home.
990
01:19:09,320 --> 01:19:11,880
I think
both concepts are impossible in this case.
991
01:19:16,640 --> 01:19:21,200
At the moment you are welcomed back
992
01:19:21,280 --> 01:19:24,240
by surviving relatives
993
01:19:24,320 --> 01:19:27,760
and you try to start living again…
994
01:19:29,080 --> 01:19:34,080
Often, even in good faith,
you are told to forge.
995
01:19:34,160 --> 01:19:37,440
So paradoxically, for many,
996
01:19:37,520 --> 01:19:41,920
the survival and silence that come later
are the real trauma.
997
01:19:42,000 --> 01:19:46,240
Not being able to tell,
or being heard or understood.
998
01:19:46,320 --> 01:19:47,960
So closing oneself in silence.
999
01:19:58,440 --> 01:20:02,240
The face of my relatives
when they saw me…
1000
01:20:02,320 --> 01:20:06,720
It was disappointment
written on their countenance.
1001
01:20:06,800 --> 01:20:12,320
They were so overwhelmed before that being
1002
01:20:12,400 --> 01:20:17,240
so unlike the one
they imagined they would meet.
1003
01:20:18,440 --> 01:20:25,000
So unlike the nice little girl
of their final memory.
1004
01:20:31,040 --> 01:20:32,560
Was it good, dear?
1005
01:20:34,800 --> 01:20:36,720
Eat, eat. You do well.
1006
01:20:57,320 --> 01:20:58,320
There.
1007
01:20:59,040 --> 01:21:00,440
So you read better.
1008
01:21:01,320 --> 01:21:02,960
Want to play Lotto with them too?
1009
01:21:04,000 --> 01:21:07,560
-Liliana, apologize to your aunt.
-Why?
1010
01:21:07,640 --> 01:21:11,320
It was her looking at me. Her face!
1011
01:21:11,400 --> 01:21:13,440
Liliana, this is wrong.
1012
01:21:13,520 --> 01:21:16,640
Amedeo, don't worry.
It doesn't matter, really.
1013
01:21:25,120 --> 01:21:29,720
Liliana, dear, for the apple…
Knife and fork.
1014
01:21:30,520 --> 01:21:32,120
What do you know about apples?
1015
01:21:32,200 --> 01:21:34,200
The apple is a gift from God.
1016
01:21:34,280 --> 01:21:37,320
Know how much I care
about your knife and fork?
1017
01:21:47,320 --> 01:21:49,000
I was a virgin.
1018
01:21:49,080 --> 01:21:51,480
It was my biggest problem.
1019
01:21:51,560 --> 01:21:54,040
They had me examined,
they didn't believe it.
1020
01:21:55,400 --> 01:21:57,240
It was humiliating.
1021
01:21:59,880 --> 01:22:03,240
Nothing happened in that way.
1022
01:22:03,320 --> 01:22:08,080
We weren't raped. That's all myth.
1023
01:22:08,160 --> 01:22:12,320
We were skeletal,
monstrous, dirty, with abscesses.
1024
01:22:12,400 --> 01:22:15,960
Would nice German soldiers choose us?
1025
01:22:16,040 --> 01:22:19,760
They went with their peers ready for use.
1026
01:22:29,720 --> 01:22:34,440
I was also different from my friends
1027
01:22:34,520 --> 01:22:40,160
who thought of boys,
new clothes, going dancing.
1028
01:22:40,240 --> 01:22:42,840
And I caught up at school.
1029
01:22:42,920 --> 01:22:46,000
In private I did five years in one.
1030
01:22:47,120 --> 01:22:49,520
And mainly I learnt…
1031
01:22:50,560 --> 01:22:54,520
to stop hoping to find my father.
1032
01:23:02,240 --> 01:23:05,680
Listeners, ladies and gentlemen,
1033
01:23:05,760 --> 01:23:09,560
our great New Voices contest continues.
1034
01:23:09,640 --> 01:23:13,720
Many letters already arrived,
but we expect many more.
1035
01:23:13,800 --> 01:23:18,280
Write to RAI, Radio Audizioni Italiane.
1036
01:23:18,360 --> 01:23:23,160
It was post war and we listened
to the radio we finally had back.
1037
01:23:23,240 --> 01:23:25,520
It was a game,
1038
01:23:25,600 --> 01:23:27,920
They asked questions
and children could write.
1039
01:23:28,000 --> 01:23:31,120
So I wrote a letter
to participate in the contest
1040
01:23:31,200 --> 01:23:32,800
and had my mother read it.
1041
01:23:50,840 --> 01:23:51,800
Mom!
1042
01:23:55,680 --> 01:23:58,480
The contest people said
they were expecting new letters.
1043
01:23:58,560 --> 01:24:00,480
If they choose you, they let you sing.
1044
01:24:00,560 --> 01:24:01,880
Let me read it.
1045
01:24:03,040 --> 01:24:06,640
"Dear radio, I'm Lia Levi, a Jewish girl."
1046
01:24:18,120 --> 01:24:20,880
Mom, what are you doing?
1047
01:24:20,960 --> 01:24:23,400
We'll rewrite this, eh.
1048
01:24:23,480 --> 01:24:27,680
You're not a Jewish girl. Understand?
1049
01:24:27,760 --> 01:24:31,080
You're a girl. Just a girl.
1050
01:24:34,640 --> 01:24:36,440
I didn't understand,
and then she repeated it.
1051
01:24:36,520 --> 01:24:40,280
"You're not a Jewish girl.
You're just a girl."
1052
01:24:41,040 --> 01:24:44,760
That was moving.
1053
01:24:44,840 --> 01:24:48,240
Because first you understand things
like that, vaguely.
1054
01:24:48,320 --> 01:24:52,600
But that's how it sinks in.
It's a concept, no longer just a word.
1055
01:24:59,240 --> 01:25:02,040
Luckily, three years after my return
1056
01:25:02,120 --> 01:25:06,240
I went to the sea with my grandparents,
one summer.
1057
01:25:06,320 --> 01:25:11,080
I joined a group of boys and girls
by the sea.
1058
01:25:11,160 --> 01:25:14,160
And the group accepted me.
1059
01:25:15,560 --> 01:25:18,240
I at once noticed a boy.
1060
01:25:18,320 --> 01:25:20,320
We started to chat.
1061
01:25:21,840 --> 01:25:24,520
And I took to him.
1062
01:25:33,440 --> 01:25:38,720
In fact, I had the thrill
of feeling feminine.
1063
01:25:38,800 --> 01:25:42,280
Because before that I was a poor girl.
1064
01:25:52,320 --> 01:25:54,720
He saw my tattooed arm and said…
1065
01:25:54,800 --> 01:25:56,200
I know what it is.
1066
01:25:59,640 --> 01:26:01,640
You must have suffered a lot.
1067
01:26:04,040 --> 01:26:07,760
I know because I was a prisoner too.
1068
01:26:11,720 --> 01:26:13,520
I saw many like you.
1069
01:26:15,720 --> 01:26:21,760
He was an IMI,
one of those 600,000 poor unarmed
1070
01:26:21,840 --> 01:26:26,160
who then chose the concentration camp
1071
01:26:26,240 --> 01:26:29,280
so as not to adhere
to the Republic of Salò.
1072
01:26:40,040 --> 01:26:41,080
Let's go.
1073
01:26:42,240 --> 01:26:44,280
Yes, let's.
1074
01:26:56,640 --> 01:27:00,640
And so we fell in love, greatly,
with each other.
1075
01:27:04,840 --> 01:27:08,560
He took me by the hand
and taught me it was I
1076
01:27:08,640 --> 01:27:15,240
who, having chosen to return
to the so-called civilized society,
1077
01:27:15,320 --> 01:27:17,640
it was I who had to adjust.
1078
01:27:17,720 --> 01:27:21,920
I couldn't demand that
others adjust to me.
1079
01:27:24,440 --> 01:27:30,080
And with his love,
with his hand tight on mine
1080
01:27:30,160 --> 01:27:33,400
it was the great miracle of my life.
1081
01:27:33,480 --> 01:27:34,680
It was him.
1082
01:27:43,240 --> 01:27:46,840
When I entered middle school…
1083
01:27:47,920 --> 01:27:50,320
my emotion was intense.
1084
01:27:51,200 --> 01:27:55,200
Because I understood I regained freedom.
1085
01:27:56,840 --> 01:27:59,640
But mostly I regained dignity.
1086
01:28:00,520 --> 01:28:03,080
And no one had destroyed me.
1087
01:28:07,240 --> 01:28:11,040
And everything went, bit by bit.
1088
01:28:11,120 --> 01:28:13,440
And in 1947 my dad died.
1089
01:28:13,520 --> 01:28:17,800
My mom brought up her three children
with relatives' help.
1090
01:28:17,880 --> 01:28:21,280
Basically, we returned to business
and it went on.
1091
01:28:21,360 --> 01:28:24,320
And here we are now relating
all these nice things.
1092
01:28:32,320 --> 01:28:38,600
Fortunately time was kind.
1093
01:28:39,240 --> 01:28:41,760
Time, the great soother.
1094
01:28:41,840 --> 01:28:45,160
A soother, not a healer.
1095
01:28:50,720 --> 01:28:52,360
What do I have left?
1096
01:28:52,440 --> 01:28:55,960
That I formed myself at that time.
1097
01:28:56,040 --> 01:28:59,280
I mean, it's not that I'm like this
and there's a distant memory.
1098
01:28:59,360 --> 01:29:01,760
My formation, my way of life…
1099
01:29:03,040 --> 01:29:06,240
Even something in
how I defend myself from life
1100
01:29:06,320 --> 01:29:08,080
I inherited from that part.
1101
01:29:08,160 --> 01:29:11,480
Even now there are difficulties
1102
01:29:11,560 --> 01:29:16,360
just like obstacles in life,
but I think…
1103
01:29:16,440 --> 01:29:21,120
"Okay, we did it then,
we can do it again."
1104
01:29:29,320 --> 01:29:33,760
Liliana, Lia, Tullio and Guido
are children of destiny.
1105
01:29:33,840 --> 01:29:37,240
In the years after the war
they worked, married
1106
01:29:37,320 --> 01:29:39,520
and built their families.
1107
01:29:39,600 --> 01:29:44,400
This has been their victory
over those they considered enemies.
1108
01:30:01,600 --> 01:30:05,160
Liliana Segre currently lives in Milan,
has three children and five grandchildren.
1109
01:30:05,240 --> 01:30:06,240
On 19th January 2018,
1110
01:30:06,320 --> 01:30:09,560
the President of Italy Sergio Mattarella
appointed her senator for life.
1111
01:30:12,360 --> 01:30:14,840
Tullio Foà now lives in Naples.
His mother died at 103 years old
1112
01:30:14,920 --> 01:30:17,360
and he visits his siblings regularly,
although they don't play
1113
01:30:17,440 --> 01:30:19,720
soccer matches against
the Kahn brothers anymore.
1114
01:30:22,480 --> 01:30:25,480
Guido Cava lives in Pisa.
He worked in the book trade
1115
01:30:25,560 --> 01:30:28,920
and was president of the
Jewish Community in his hometown.
1116
01:30:31,240 --> 01:30:34,960
Lia Levi didn't become a singer,
she became a writer and a journalist.
1117
01:30:35,040 --> 01:30:37,320
In 2018, she won
the Strega Ragazzi Prize.
1118
01:30:39,400 --> 01:30:45,960
"Dedicated to all the children that could
not become adults because of hatred."
81393
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