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{\an8}The time before 1914 is usually seen
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{\an8}as the time before the First World War.
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{\an8}But of course, people then did not know
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there would be a First World War.
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(dramatic music)
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Forget that a world war broke out in 1914.
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Forget all the stories of the good old days.
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(dramatic music)
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For people living between 1900 and 1914,
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it was a time of terrific upheaval.
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Things they'd been sure of yesterday
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seemed to have changed overnight.
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And that was frightening.
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Millions of urban dwellers were starting to see themselves
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in a completely new way.
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Women were demanding their rights.
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Men were becoming less sure of themselves
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and looking for a new masculinity.
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The old monarchies still clung to power.
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Art and science were shattering the old world view.
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And like today, all Europe was in the throes of change.
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(car engine roaring)
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The traditional against the modern.
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The biggest challenge for people living then
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was to survive and manage this raging transformation.
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Imagine you could see the years before 1914
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with all their contradictions and with their open future.
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Imagine you could see them
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as people back then experienced them.
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These are the vertigo years.
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(dramatic music)
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1900 to 2013 seems a very short period
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considering the long time span.
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{\an8}(dramatic music)
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It was the century of women.
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{\an8}(dramatic music)
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The beginning of the century promised so much.
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(dramatic music)
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Paris, 1900.
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The World's Fair reveals
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the new possibilities of electricity
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to millions of visitors.
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Machines from many countries are competing with one another,
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and progress and technology explode into the world.
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The 20th century begins with the flick of a switch.
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(machinery whirring)
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Paris provided the stately backdrop
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for the World Exhibition.
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It was visited by more than 50 million people.
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The main entrance alone was designed
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to admit 60,000 people an hour.
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(dramatic music)
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Behind the traditional style facades
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of the national pavilions,
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it was clear that a revolutionary new era had already begun.
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Every hall was filled with new machines and inventions,
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gleaming, rotating and vibrating.
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New technologies were beginning to change
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every aspect of life.
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Telephone operators were kept busy
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connecting cities and continents.
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(dramatic music)
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Ferdinand Porsche presented the first electric car
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at the exhibition.
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His patent fell into oblivion.
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Among the millions of tourists
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was a German schoolmaster Jean Sauvage.
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(dramatic music)
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When the Berlin school teacher, Jean Sauvage,
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bought a hat in a Paris hat shop,
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he didn't want to be recognized as a German in the streets,
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not by the tour guides, who would pursue him
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and ask him for money,
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and not by the Parisians
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who would see him as part of the nation
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that had won a war against France only 30 years before.
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Sauvage wanted to go around unrecognized,
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discover the technological miracles of the Paris exhibition
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which he had come here to visit,
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so that he could tell his students in Berlin all about it.
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(machinery hissing)
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You gaze at this giant machine with admiration
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and a certain frisson of excitement.
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A shudder grips you when you see the huge wheel
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spinning on its axis in a terrific whirl,
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and you behold its unearthly strength.
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It would smash a puny human being to atoms
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if ever its bonds were loosened.
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Everything was overshadowed
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by those gigantic dynamos softly humming.
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Another victory for German technology.
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The softly humming dynamos were delivering electricity
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for 50,000 light bulbs in the Palace of Electricity
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and also for mechanical walkways
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going at three different speeds.
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The old world was on the move.
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Stable structures were beginning to break down.
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All certainties were beginning to waiver.
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Artists and scientists were making this process clear.
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The German doctor, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen,
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even worked out how to look behind the facade
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of the human body.
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In 1901, he was awarded the Nobel prize
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for his discovery of x-rays.
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Radioactive equipment used during those days
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is still being held in a basement
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underneath the Paris Technical University.
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Electrical apparatuses and x-rays
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changed the ways in which people saw the world,
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but in this room,
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which is really nothing more than a decent kitchen,
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someone changed the way
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in which matter itself was perceived.
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Marie Curie came from Poland,
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and as a woman and as a foreigner,
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she was an outsider twice over in science.
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In a drafty little shed, under life-threatening conditions,
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Marie Curie and her husband, Pierre, labored at discoveries
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that would change the world.
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The element uranium possessed an energy
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that was identified for the first time as radioactivity.
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Her immense persistence and her scientific intelligence
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allowed her not only to unravel the secrets of radium
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but also to enjoy a career that ended in two Nobel prizes.
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But despite her great achievements,
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the French remained hostile
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to the brilliant foreigner among them.
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For many of them, the new century
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was a time of uncertainty and even threat.
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Their defeat in the war against Prussia in 1871
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was still an open wound.
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Since then, industrialization and immigration
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had altered their once-familiar cities.
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So much rapid change was frightening.
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The great World Exhibition was also a temporary distraction
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from a long and deep crisis in France itself.
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The country was split into monarchists and republicans,
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reactionaries and modernists.
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(speaking in French)
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{\an8}France was undergoing a transformation.
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{\an8}It was a conservative society
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{\an8}with a strong monarchical tradition,
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{\an8}a tradition of aristocratic elites.
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And then there was a great change,
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with the ideas of human rights
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and the rights of the citizen.
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But then this process came to a halt
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and nationalism began to take hold again.
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And why?
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Because it was a time of bitter rivalry with the Germans.
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Germany had beaten France in 1871.
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France had lost Alsace and Lorraine.
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She wanted to get it back and get her revenge.
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The view over the Rhine alarmed the French.
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While their own population was static,
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German families were having more children,
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more potential soldiers and workers.
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Germany had become their great rival in Europe.
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(energetic music)
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Germany, an empire since 1871,
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was the fast-beating heart of the continent.
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(energetic music)
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In the rural area, new towns sprang up
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faster than anywhere else.
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In little more than a generation,
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the region had become a gigantic industrial metropolis.
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Chemical works, machine tool factories, blast furnaces,
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car manufacturers, and arms factories,
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formed the backbone of German success.
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(guns blasting)
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Germany's official image was stamped
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by the pomp of the Prussian army.
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The victory against France had finally united the nation.
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Berlin burst on the scene as the capital of the new empire.
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Within just 30 years,
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more than a million people had moved to the city,
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making it the fifth largest metropolis in the world.
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Kaiser Wilhelm II had enlarged the city
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with splendid new buildings
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along the Boulevard Unter den Linden
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and a new residence of his own, the Palais in Potsdam.
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As head of the Protestant church,
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the Kaiser also brought about the construction
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of Berlin Cathedral, a solid world made of stone,
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at least mimicking stability.
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But in the Berlin suburb of Caputh,
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Einstein was shaking this apparent certainty.
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In his general theory of relativity, he showed
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that there was no fixed dimension to space and time.
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The so-called Einstein Tower was constructed
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to test the theory empirically.
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Physicist Max Planck had made
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a further astounding discovery.
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Depending on how it was observed,
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light could behave either as wave or as particles,
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the so-called quantum of action.
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A new branch of physics had emerged.
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If we're talking about quantum physics,
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{\an8}it has the most enormous consequences.
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{\an8}Practically the whole of modern high technology
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{\an8}depends on quantum physics.
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{\an8}Modern computers and semiconductors
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work on principles of quantum physics.
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Lasers work on principles of quantum physics,
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and so on and so forth.
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(perky music)
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Germany was being propelled
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by a breathtaking technical and scientific revolution.
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Universities, fundamental research, Nobel prize winners,
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Germany was beating all its international competitors
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in every field.
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(perky music)
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The impulsive young kaiser, constantly on the move
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and rushing from one meeting to the next,
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symbolized this new Germany.
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(rhythmic music)
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The latecomer nation was running
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an unprecedented race of catch-up
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with the other European powers.
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Germany's neighbors were apprehensive.
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The impulsive young kaiser was capable of anything.
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His most earnest wish was
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to impress his grandmother, Queen Victoria.
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(water swishing)
(ship's horn blasting)
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During Wilhelm's birth,
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it appears that his body got caught.
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{\an8}It was a breech birth, and it was very hard to deliver him,
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{\an8}and so an obstetrician arrived, but very late,
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and sort of had to force him out,
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and his left arm seems to have become dislocated,
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or something happened,
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and so subsequently, it never really developed properly,
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and he couldn't use it.
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And there was, I think, a very strong feeling
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in the royal family in Prussia, in Germany,
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that a man who wasn't fully a man,
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who wasn't completely able
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to ride and shoot and be athletic
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could really be a good kaiser for Germany.
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(perky music)
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The most absurd methods were used
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in an attempt to heal his crippled arm.
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The terrorized child was bathed in hare's blood
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and clamped in stretching machines.
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(dramatic music)
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The German army was incredibly important to Wilhelm.
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I mean, it was very important in Germany, anyway, obviously.
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It was, in a country that had only recently been unified,
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it became almost the sole symbol of the collective Germany.
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Wilhelm always wore military uniforms
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as if to prove how incredibly tough and hard he was.
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And he was fascinated by that.
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I think partly, perhaps, because of the withered arm.
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The painter discreetly concealed little William's arm
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behind flounces,
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but his mother, the daughter of Queen Victoria,
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was appalled by her child's disability.
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For the past two decades, the British Empire
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had been ruled not from London,
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but from Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.
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Queen Victoria had had this country residence built
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in happier days with her German husband, Prince Albert.
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Now she returned to it to rest from the official duties
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and the tiresome reverence of her subjects,
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and to escape the popeyed vulgarity
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of her eldest son, Prince Edward.
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(solemn music)
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From a little writing desk surrounded by knick-knacks,
269
00:14:51,350 --> 00:14:54,620
she ruled a vast empire.
270
00:14:54,620 --> 00:14:57,081
(solemn music)
271
00:14:57,081 --> 00:14:59,664
(rhythmic music)
272
00:15:01,675 --> 00:15:04,592
Great Britain was the richest and most powerful nation
273
00:15:06,370 --> 00:15:09,500
in the world.
274
00:15:09,500 --> 00:15:10,527
(perky music)
275
00:15:10,527 --> 00:15:13,027
But even the greatest power on earth
276
00:15:17,040 --> 00:15:18,780
couldn't stop the rush of modernity.
277
00:15:18,780 --> 00:15:20,870
Here, too, centuries-old structures collapsed
278
00:15:20,870 --> 00:15:23,850
within the space of a few years.
279
00:15:23,850 --> 00:15:26,200
Until 1900, Great Britain had been the engine
280
00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:29,400
of the global economy.
281
00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:30,770
It was not the meek but the British
282
00:15:30,770 --> 00:15:32,750
who had inherited the earth.
283
00:15:32,750 --> 00:15:34,363
The strands of power were woven together
284
00:15:36,290 --> 00:15:38,670
in the drawing rooms of a few London clubs.
285
00:15:38,670 --> 00:15:41,523
For Great Britain, the Victorian era
286
00:15:43,040 --> 00:15:45,270
had been a time of colossal achievement.
287
00:15:45,270 --> 00:15:47,753
(ceremonious music)
288
00:15:47,753 --> 00:15:51,050
God looked at this mighty empire and saw that it was good.
289
00:15:51,050 --> 00:15:55,410
No nation could compete with Great Britain
290
00:15:55,410 --> 00:15:58,050
with its possessions, with its navy, with its glory.
291
00:15:58,050 --> 00:16:02,554
(birds cawing)
292
00:16:02,554 --> 00:16:05,137
But at the heart of this magnificent success
293
00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:10,570
lay a deceptive idyll.
294
00:16:10,570 --> 00:16:12,103
(dogs barking)
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00:16:14,462 --> 00:16:16,240
For centuries, the British aristocracy
296
00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:18,670
had managed to defend their position of power.
297
00:16:18,670 --> 00:16:21,710
Now the revolution was coming, not from the cannon's mouth
298
00:16:21,710 --> 00:16:25,040
or the savage swish of the guillotine,
299
00:16:25,040 --> 00:16:27,500
but quite peacefully, from overseas,
300
00:16:27,500 --> 00:16:30,390
accompanied by a gentle drone.
301
00:16:30,390 --> 00:16:32,683
Refrigerator ships were bringing meat from Australia
302
00:16:34,040 --> 00:16:37,090
and wheat from Canada,
303
00:16:37,090 --> 00:16:38,760
and these imports struck British agriculture
304
00:16:38,760 --> 00:16:41,340
with enormous force.
305
00:16:41,340 --> 00:16:43,552
(machinery swishing)
306
00:16:43,552 --> 00:16:46,635
By 1905, the island kingdom was importing 60% of its meat
307
00:16:48,560 --> 00:16:53,350
and 80% of its grain
308
00:16:53,350 --> 00:16:55,680
at much lower prices than local farmers could ask.
309
00:16:55,680 --> 00:16:59,500
Globalization had begun.
310
00:16:59,500 --> 00:17:01,663
(energetic music)
311
00:17:02,546 --> 00:17:05,463
For the aristocrats and landed gentry, this was a disaster.
312
00:17:17,490 --> 00:17:21,240
Prices for agricultural products fell by as much as 60%,
313
00:17:21,240 --> 00:17:25,320
and soon, 14,000 country estates were mortgaged.
314
00:17:25,320 --> 00:17:29,153
Those who still had money speculated.
315
00:17:30,670 --> 00:17:32,920
The stock exchange boomed.
316
00:17:32,920 --> 00:17:34,820
From now on, real power was wielded in the city of London,
317
00:17:34,820 --> 00:17:38,410
where vast sums of money were moved about
318
00:17:38,410 --> 00:17:41,200
and trade deals turned around an empty space
319
00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:44,060
like a solar system.
320
00:17:44,060 --> 00:17:45,580
Nothing was solid anymore.
321
00:17:45,580 --> 00:17:47,413
At the University of Cambridge, Ernest Rutherford discovered
322
00:17:50,580 --> 00:17:53,920
that even solid matter wasn't really solid at all.
323
00:17:53,920 --> 00:17:57,083
He had observed radioactive waves passing
324
00:17:59,430 --> 00:18:02,090
through gold leaf
325
00:18:02,090 --> 00:18:02,970
with only a few particles appearing
326
00:18:02,970 --> 00:18:04,950
to bounce off the surface.
327
00:18:04,950 --> 00:18:06,683
As a physicist, he knew that there was only one explanation.
328
00:18:08,090 --> 00:18:11,730
Atoms were not what they'd been thought to be.
329
00:18:11,730 --> 00:18:14,920
An atom was not like a big cake
330
00:18:14,920 --> 00:18:17,060
with electrons scattered about like sultanas.
331
00:18:17,060 --> 00:18:20,260
Instead, it was like a solar system,
332
00:18:20,260 --> 00:18:22,780
mostly made up of empty space,
333
00:18:22,780 --> 00:18:25,040
with its mass concentrated in a kernel,
334
00:18:25,040 --> 00:18:27,620
and the electrons circling the kernel like planets.
335
00:18:27,620 --> 00:18:32,030
The discovery spelled the end of matter
336
00:18:32,030 --> 00:18:34,600
in the conventional sense.
337
00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:36,460
Rutherford had demonstrated
338
00:18:36,460 --> 00:18:37,980
that matter was neither fixed nor static,
339
00:18:37,980 --> 00:18:41,010
but rather a state of energy constantly in movement.
340
00:18:41,010 --> 00:18:44,798
(Geiger counter clicking)
341
00:18:44,798 --> 00:18:48,020
The new scientific discoveries and theories
342
00:18:48,020 --> 00:18:50,860
made a deep impression on artists.
343
00:18:50,860 --> 00:18:52,992
(sirens wailing)
344
00:18:52,992 --> 00:18:56,550
Hearing of Rutherford's results,
345
00:18:56,550 --> 00:18:58,210
the painter, Wassily Kandinsky, noted:
346
00:18:58,210 --> 00:19:00,793
The discovery struck me with a terrific power,
347
00:19:02,120 --> 00:19:04,780
as if the end of the world had come.
348
00:19:04,780 --> 00:19:07,040
All things had become transparent,
349
00:19:07,040 --> 00:19:08,970
without solidity or certainty.
350
00:19:08,970 --> 00:19:11,073
The hurtling emptiness of modernity
351
00:19:13,590 --> 00:19:15,600
had motivated the young Kandinsky to withdraw
352
00:19:15,600 --> 00:19:18,280
from what was going on around him,
353
00:19:18,280 --> 00:19:20,330
and to turn instead to the old folk rituals
354
00:19:20,330 --> 00:19:23,230
of Russia's Komi people,
355
00:19:23,230 --> 00:19:25,490
He was fascinated by the animistic symbols
356
00:19:25,490 --> 00:19:28,210
on everyday objects he found.
357
00:19:28,210 --> 00:19:30,303
The path to modernity led Kandinsky and other artists
358
00:19:33,070 --> 00:19:36,350
back to a pre-Christian era, back to forms
359
00:19:36,350 --> 00:19:39,910
which spoke to an earlier collective memory
360
00:19:39,910 --> 00:19:42,800
and whispered of a world without electric light,
361
00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:45,890
or cars, or even cities.
362
00:19:45,890 --> 00:19:48,233
With artists like Kandinsky seeking a new art,
363
00:19:55,040 --> 00:19:58,600
and scientists shaking the foundations
364
00:19:58,600 --> 00:20:00,700
of matter and the cosmos,
365
00:20:00,700 --> 00:20:02,340
Great Britain symbolically reached the end of an era.
366
00:20:02,340 --> 00:20:05,908
(ceremonious music)
367
00:20:05,908 --> 00:20:08,908
When Queen Victoria died on the 22nd of January, 1901,
368
00:20:12,120 --> 00:20:16,800
her grandson, Kaiser Wilhelm II, was at her side.
369
00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:20,880
The story is true that she died in his arms,
370
00:20:20,880 --> 00:20:23,340
or rather his arm,
371
00:20:23,340 --> 00:20:24,390
because (chuckles) he only had one that worked.
372
00:20:24,390 --> 00:20:27,130
But yes, it's certainly true that he was the one
373
00:20:27,130 --> 00:20:30,710
who was holding her when she died.
374
00:20:30,710 --> 00:20:32,640
And I think he felt it was a very important moment,
375
00:20:32,640 --> 00:20:34,930
that in a way, somehow, her status
376
00:20:34,930 --> 00:20:39,410
as the sort of grandmother of Europe,
377
00:20:39,410 --> 00:20:41,140
was going to pass directly to him.
378
00:20:41,140 --> 00:20:43,980
But of course, that ignored the fact
379
00:20:43,980 --> 00:20:46,120
that he had his uncle, Edward,
380
00:20:46,120 --> 00:20:48,840
who was actually Queen Victoria's heir,
381
00:20:48,840 --> 00:20:50,700
to contend with.
382
00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:51,632
(cannons blasting)
(ceremonious music)
383
00:20:51,632 --> 00:20:53,940
Behind the gun carriage rode her son, Edward,
384
00:20:53,940 --> 00:20:56,650
and representatives of every kingdom in Europe.
385
00:20:56,650 --> 00:21:01,000
Europe wouldn't be the same without Victoria.
386
00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:03,463
And as at Windsor, they bore the widow
387
00:21:04,750 --> 00:21:06,690
to her last resting place,
388
00:21:06,690 --> 00:21:08,930
there were many who wondered, fearful of change,
389
00:21:08,930 --> 00:21:13,530
unsure of the future, unsure of themselves.
390
00:21:13,530 --> 00:21:17,113
When Victoria had died at Osborne house,
391
00:21:17,960 --> 00:21:20,470
Henry James noted in his diary,
392
00:21:20,470 --> 00:21:22,927
"The wild waters are upon us now,"
393
00:21:22,927 --> 00:21:25,850
but what came upon the British Empire
394
00:21:25,850 --> 00:21:28,050
was Edward VII, Edward the Caresser.
395
00:21:28,050 --> 00:21:31,790
Short, fat and vulgar,
396
00:21:31,790 --> 00:21:33,510
he was only interested in his own pleasure,
397
00:21:33,510 --> 00:21:36,550
and his first act of state, as it were,
398
00:21:36,550 --> 00:21:39,040
was to waddle through Windsor Castle
399
00:21:39,040 --> 00:21:41,840
and to destroy the statues of his mother,
400
00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:44,720
her papers, her photographs,
401
00:21:44,720 --> 00:21:47,050
and to make crystal clear,
402
00:21:47,050 --> 00:21:48,750
the Victorian era has ended, the Edwardian age has begun.
403
00:21:48,750 --> 00:21:53,473
No one sees this.
404
00:21:57,860 --> 00:21:59,330
I'll show it to you today, but normally
405
00:21:59,330 --> 00:22:01,180
it's hidden in the storeroom, and no one sees it,
406
00:22:01,180 --> 00:22:03,970
even if they ask to see it.
407
00:22:03,970 --> 00:22:05,603
London was preparing for Edward's coronation,
408
00:22:09,640 --> 00:22:12,890
the first in 65 years.
409
00:22:12,890 --> 00:22:15,473
This piece was made by Soubrier
410
00:22:17,090 --> 00:22:18,830
at the end of the 19th century
411
00:22:18,830 --> 00:22:21,140
for a famous establishment,
412
00:22:21,140 --> 00:22:23,406
a brothel called Le Chabanais,
413
00:22:23,406 --> 00:22:25,856
a place for the upper echelons
414
00:22:25,856 --> 00:22:27,640
of the amusement seekers of Paris.
415
00:22:27,640 --> 00:22:29,853
{\an8}It was the place to come to,
416
00:22:32,680 --> 00:22:35,077
{\an8}and this piece was made to Edward VII's specifications.
417
00:22:35,077 --> 00:22:38,617
{\an8}At the time, he was still Prince of Wales,
418
00:22:38,617 --> 00:22:41,415
(speaking in French)
419
00:22:41,415 --> 00:22:44,498
and you can see for yourself,
420
00:22:47,070 --> 00:22:48,673
I think it was made for several people at the time.
421
00:22:49,640 --> 00:22:52,740
It's not for me to tell you how it was used,
422
00:22:52,740 --> 00:22:55,257
but the possibilities are endless.
423
00:22:55,257 --> 00:22:57,583
Edward was crowned in 1902,
424
00:23:01,090 --> 00:23:03,420
in a splendidly decked out Westminster Abbey,
425
00:23:03,420 --> 00:23:06,150
and to the strains of Elgar's "Pomp and Circumstance",
426
00:23:06,150 --> 00:23:09,620
watched by his present and former mistresses.
427
00:23:09,620 --> 00:23:13,193
Among Edward's set, there was a feeling
428
00:23:16,320 --> 00:23:17,780
that you could pretty much do whatever you wanted,
429
00:23:17,780 --> 00:23:20,380
as long as you weren't found out.
430
00:23:20,380 --> 00:23:21,760
And the main thing was never to be found out,
431
00:23:21,760 --> 00:23:24,840
because if you went public with anything,
432
00:23:24,840 --> 00:23:26,810
the rest of society could criticize you, and also question
433
00:23:26,810 --> 00:23:30,150
why you had this exalted position in the first place.
434
00:23:30,150 --> 00:23:33,181
(solemn music)
435
00:23:33,181 --> 00:23:35,764
In Vienna, the double moral standards prevailing
436
00:23:41,010 --> 00:23:43,930
in aristocratic and bourgeois circles
437
00:23:43,930 --> 00:23:46,340
were particularly strongly marked.
438
00:23:46,340 --> 00:23:48,533
Doctor Sigmund Freud made it his mission
439
00:23:52,570 --> 00:23:54,550
to analyze the effects of this double standard.
440
00:23:54,550 --> 00:23:57,343
It's no coincidence that psychoanalysis
441
00:23:59,660 --> 00:24:02,180
was developed in Vienna.
442
00:24:02,180 --> 00:24:04,200
The dangerous national feelings of different peoples
443
00:24:04,200 --> 00:24:07,570
were welling up in all the provinces,
444
00:24:07,570 --> 00:24:10,150
and could be suffocated only under the mantle
445
00:24:10,150 --> 00:24:13,060
of the almighty House of Hapsburg.
446
00:24:13,060 --> 00:24:15,333
The facades of the Ringstrasse in Vienna,
447
00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:20,480
the capital of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy,
448
00:24:20,480 --> 00:24:23,520
were escapism in stone,
449
00:24:23,520 --> 00:24:25,260
a petrified determination on the part of the Viennese
450
00:24:25,260 --> 00:24:28,690
to flee the problems of their own time.
451
00:24:28,690 --> 00:24:31,240
Politically stagnant and culturally torn,
452
00:24:31,240 --> 00:24:33,890
Vienna was a place of bitter controversy.
453
00:24:33,890 --> 00:24:36,473
Sigmund Freud succeeded in looking
454
00:24:39,730 --> 00:24:41,830
behind the facades of this society.
455
00:24:41,830 --> 00:24:44,323
(speaking in foreign language)
456
00:24:45,943 --> 00:24:49,179
With a combination of medicine and psychology,
457
00:24:49,179 --> 00:24:52,240
Freud was able to fulfill his ambitions and realize a dream
458
00:24:52,240 --> 00:24:56,820
that would influence an entire century.
459
00:24:56,820 --> 00:24:59,693
In 1900,
460
00:25:03,839 --> 00:25:04,672
he published "The Interpretation of Dreams".
461
00:25:04,672 --> 00:25:07,567
Freud had finished the book before 1900.
462
00:25:09,635 --> 00:25:12,950
It was already at the printers,
463
00:25:12,950 --> 00:25:14,500
but the publishers wanted to delay publication
464
00:25:15,350 --> 00:25:18,080
until they could stamp it with the historic date of 1900.
465
00:25:18,080 --> 00:25:21,933
{\an8}That's how "The Interpretation of Dreams"
466
00:25:24,380 --> 00:25:27,110
{\an8}became the book of the century.
467
00:25:27,110 --> 00:25:28,743
{\an8}(men speaking in foreign language)
468
00:25:31,149 --> 00:25:35,399
Freud's analysis of his patients' dreams
469
00:25:46,440 --> 00:25:48,840
was the raw material of his therapy.
470
00:25:48,840 --> 00:25:51,253
The poet Hofmannsthal once said
471
00:25:53,460 --> 00:25:55,280
the two most important tasks that young Vienna set itself
472
00:25:56,220 --> 00:25:59,070
were to dissect its own soul and to dream.
473
00:26:00,010 --> 00:26:03,073
(dreamy music)
474
00:26:04,580 --> 00:26:07,163
Maurice Ravel's "La Valse"
475
00:26:08,501 --> 00:26:09,960
was originally supposed to be called "Vienna".
476
00:26:09,960 --> 00:26:13,160
The piece captures the city's atmosphere in music.
477
00:26:13,160 --> 00:26:16,380
Ravel describes an imperial residence
478
00:26:16,380 --> 00:26:18,770
and dancing couples whirling around,
479
00:26:18,770 --> 00:26:21,420
but the piece ends in dissonance and chaos.
480
00:26:21,420 --> 00:26:24,220
(chaotic music)
481
00:26:24,220 --> 00:26:26,887
The end of the dual monarchy was already in the air.
482
00:26:30,540 --> 00:26:34,540
The different nationalities within the empire
483
00:26:34,540 --> 00:26:37,050
had nothing in common, but the figure of the emperor
484
00:26:37,050 --> 00:26:40,260
peering down upon them
485
00:26:40,260 --> 00:26:41,980
from hundreds of thousands of portrait photographs.
486
00:26:41,980 --> 00:26:46,210
In this way, every Hapsburg subject became a little Oedipus,
487
00:26:46,210 --> 00:26:50,970
trying to overcome and perhaps kill his almighty father.
488
00:26:50,970 --> 00:26:55,513
Since 1848, the emperor Franz Joseph had ruled
489
00:26:57,840 --> 00:27:01,410
over German-speaking Austrians, Hungarians,
490
00:27:01,410 --> 00:27:04,760
Czechs, Poles, Slovenes, Jews, Italians,
491
00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:07,950
Serbo-Croats, Bosnians, Romanians and other minorities
492
00:27:07,950 --> 00:27:12,020
living not so much with one another as against one another.
493
00:27:12,020 --> 00:27:16,030
On the whole, the imperial government seemed to think
494
00:27:16,030 --> 00:27:19,310
that it could triumph simply by surviving,
495
00:27:19,310 --> 00:27:22,010
by wielding a longer arm than history itself.
496
00:27:22,010 --> 00:27:25,313
The emperor himself was only happy
497
00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:30,290
going off in his lederhosen on hunting trips to Bad Ischl
498
00:27:30,290 --> 00:27:33,680
or visiting his mistress, the actress, Katharina Schratt.
499
00:27:33,680 --> 00:27:37,430
Like everything else in his empire,
500
00:27:37,430 --> 00:27:39,670
this affair lasted for decades
501
00:27:39,670 --> 00:27:41,940
without ever reaching a climax.
502
00:27:41,940 --> 00:27:44,383
I think it was just the length of time.
503
00:27:46,610 --> 00:27:48,890
{\an8}When you reign so long that people can even say
504
00:27:48,890 --> 00:27:51,110
{\an8}their grandparents were born under the same emperor.
505
00:27:51,110 --> 00:27:54,460
then it's very hard to stay flexible,
506
00:27:54,460 --> 00:27:56,930
very hard to react to changing developments.
507
00:27:56,930 --> 00:27:59,613
And the emperor had come to the throne
508
00:28:02,150 --> 00:28:03,900
just after the 1848 revolution.
509
00:28:03,900 --> 00:28:06,710
It was a different world,
510
00:28:06,710 --> 00:28:08,830
and he'd continued on into these modern times
511
00:28:08,830 --> 00:28:11,904
that had taken off so rapidly.
512
00:28:11,904 --> 00:28:13,923
The empire burrowed itself in for good,
513
00:28:15,150 --> 00:28:18,180
extending the Hofburg palace with a vast new wing.
514
00:28:18,180 --> 00:28:21,563
Behind the splendid facade with its columns and statues,
515
00:28:23,270 --> 00:28:26,730
the construction of the building itself revealed the reality
516
00:28:26,730 --> 00:28:30,080
of the new industrial age.
517
00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:32,141
(dreamy music)
518
00:28:32,141 --> 00:28:34,724
Behind the scenes, steel and technology ruled.
519
00:28:37,740 --> 00:28:41,171
(perky music)
520
00:28:41,171 --> 00:28:43,671
Directly opposite the Hofburg's neo-baroque entrance,
521
00:28:46,960 --> 00:28:50,490
Adolf Loos showed what modern architecture
522
00:28:50,490 --> 00:28:52,820
could really look like.
523
00:28:52,820 --> 00:28:54,570
Commissioned by an exclusive gentleman's tailoring business,
524
00:28:54,570 --> 00:28:58,130
he designed a very new building indeed.
525
00:28:58,130 --> 00:29:00,613
In the immediate vicinity
526
00:29:02,700 --> 00:29:04,250
of the august presence of his majesty,
527
00:29:04,250 --> 00:29:06,770
Loos erected a building of aggressive functionality,
528
00:29:06,770 --> 00:29:10,490
a building without ornament,
529
00:29:10,490 --> 00:29:12,440
in fact, without a facade at all.
530
00:29:12,440 --> 00:29:14,803
for Loos, dishonesty and decoration
531
00:29:18,020 --> 00:29:20,940
were two sides of the same coin.
532
00:29:20,940 --> 00:29:23,017
"Ornament," he wrote, "is crime."
533
00:29:23,017 --> 00:29:25,587
The evolution of culture is synonymous
534
00:29:26,860 --> 00:29:29,040
with the removal of ornament from the object of utility.
535
00:29:29,040 --> 00:29:32,533
We have transcended ornament.
536
00:29:33,550 --> 00:29:35,600
We have brought ourselves to a state of being
537
00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:37,790
without ornament.
538
00:29:37,790 --> 00:29:39,820
The time is nigh, fulfillment awaits us.
539
00:29:39,820 --> 00:29:43,020
Soon, the city streets will gleam like white walls,
540
00:29:43,020 --> 00:29:46,200
like the holy city of Zion, the shining city of heaven.
541
00:29:46,200 --> 00:29:50,400
Then all will be fulfilled.
542
00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:52,713
When the scaffolding came down
543
00:29:54,680 --> 00:29:56,360
from the house without eyebrows,
544
00:29:56,360 --> 00:29:58,060
there was a huge scandal
545
00:29:58,060 --> 00:29:59,770
because the building was a manifesto against historicism.
546
00:29:59,770 --> 00:30:04,770
The disgusted emperor ordered all curtains
547
00:30:05,170 --> 00:30:08,140
on this side of the Hofburg palace to be closed,
548
00:30:08,140 --> 00:30:11,930
and with the falling of the curtains, the curtains also fell
549
00:30:11,930 --> 00:30:15,990
for the future of the house of Hapsburg.
550
00:30:15,990 --> 00:30:18,274
(loud applause)
551
00:30:18,274 --> 00:30:20,041
{\an8}(men speak in foreign language)
552
00:30:20,041 --> 00:30:24,041
{\an8}To find such another
553
00:30:38,490 --> 00:30:39,720
{\an8}quarreling, unhinged family,
554
00:30:39,720 --> 00:30:41,440
{\an8}you'd have to go into Greek mythology.
555
00:30:41,440 --> 00:30:44,200
{\an8}The Habsburgs' many tragedies provided raw material
556
00:30:44,200 --> 00:30:47,070
for films, books, and stage plays.
557
00:30:47,070 --> 00:30:50,620
Even before Romy Schneider's famous impersonation,
558
00:30:50,620 --> 00:30:53,930
a romantic aura hung about the Empress Elisabeth,
559
00:30:53,930 --> 00:30:56,890
known as Sisi.
560
00:30:56,890 --> 00:30:58,830
Her life wasn't much more than a succession
561
00:30:58,830 --> 00:31:01,000
of temper tantrums, attacks of anorexia,
562
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:04,230
and long Mediterranean journeys
563
00:31:04,230 --> 00:31:06,130
in search for the elixir of eternal youth.
564
00:31:06,130 --> 00:31:08,592
(whimsical music)
565
00:31:08,592 --> 00:31:10,800
But the reputation of this mostly absent
566
00:31:10,800 --> 00:31:13,260
and deeply unpopular empress
567
00:31:13,260 --> 00:31:15,490
was rescued for posterity by an assassin.
568
00:31:15,490 --> 00:31:19,330
In Geneva, in 1898, he thrust a file into her heart
569
00:31:19,330 --> 00:31:23,980
and turned her into a martyr.
570
00:31:23,980 --> 00:31:26,308
(dramatic music)
571
00:31:26,308 --> 00:31:29,074
(gentle music)
572
00:31:29,074 --> 00:31:31,995
It was the second violent death in the family
573
00:31:31,995 --> 00:31:34,490
in less than a decade.
574
00:31:34,490 --> 00:31:36,043
(somber music)
575
00:31:37,197 --> 00:31:39,780
The first tragedy had befallen Crown Prince Rudolf
576
00:31:40,970 --> 00:31:43,910
and his mistress, Mary Vetsera,
577
00:31:43,910 --> 00:31:46,070
The brilliant crown prince realized
578
00:31:49,570 --> 00:31:51,670
that he had no chance of succeeding to the throne.
579
00:31:51,670 --> 00:31:54,703
For one thing, his ideas were too liberal.
580
00:31:55,970 --> 00:31:59,100
For another, he was suffering from syphilis.
581
00:31:59,100 --> 00:32:02,430
The emperor knew that a dreadful end awaited his son.
582
00:32:02,430 --> 00:32:05,787
In 1889, Crown Prince Rudolph,
583
00:32:09,930 --> 00:32:12,420
together with Mary Vetsera,
584
00:32:12,420 --> 00:32:14,050
had shot himself in Mayerling.
585
00:32:14,050 --> 00:32:16,343
If you look at Austria,
586
00:32:18,800 --> 00:32:20,540
you have enormous numbers of Hapsburgs
587
00:32:20,540 --> 00:32:23,300
who turned out to be cross-dressers, or completely mad.
588
00:32:23,300 --> 00:32:27,573
France Joseph's youngest brother, Ludwig Viktor,
589
00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:32,070
had a palace built for himself on the Ring.
590
00:32:32,070 --> 00:32:34,770
From there, it was only a step
591
00:32:34,770 --> 00:32:36,400
to the central bath house, today's Kaiserbruendl,
592
00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:40,120
where the prince was fondly known as Lutzi-Wutzi.
593
00:32:40,120 --> 00:32:43,806
(jaunty music)
594
00:32:43,806 --> 00:32:46,389
Ludwig Viktor's escapades in women's clothes and gay clubs
595
00:32:50,507 --> 00:32:54,240
were legendary.
596
00:32:54,240 --> 00:32:55,805
(jaunty music)
597
00:32:55,805 --> 00:32:58,388
But when he approached an imperial officer
598
00:33:02,730 --> 00:33:04,870
in the central bath house,
599
00:33:04,870 --> 00:33:06,470
a brawl broke out.
600
00:33:06,470 --> 00:33:08,068
(jaunty music)
601
00:33:08,068 --> 00:33:10,651
Ludwig Viktor got away with no more than a black eye,
602
00:33:17,050 --> 00:33:20,310
but it was too much for his stern brother,
603
00:33:20,310 --> 00:33:23,010
and Ludwig was exiled to Salzburg.
604
00:33:23,010 --> 00:33:25,503
(dramatic music)
605
00:33:26,455 --> 00:33:29,205
The emperor let none of this come to public attention.
606
00:33:30,760 --> 00:33:33,833
In the dual monarchy, concealing the obvious
607
00:33:35,830 --> 00:33:38,960
was a fundamental principle.
608
00:33:38,960 --> 00:33:40,759
(hooves clattering)
(jaunty music)
609
00:33:40,759 --> 00:33:45,570
But one group of Vienna artists
610
00:33:45,570 --> 00:33:47,440
wasn't prepared to play this game.
611
00:33:47,440 --> 00:33:49,740
Gustav Klimt revealed the emotions beneath the surface.
612
00:33:49,740 --> 00:33:53,130
In Klimt's hands, "Nuda Veritas", the naked truth,
613
00:33:56,547 --> 00:34:00,550
the slogan of the secession movement,
614
00:34:00,550 --> 00:34:03,000
unfolded it's subversive power.
615
00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:05,330
His new goddesses confronted the observer
616
00:34:05,330 --> 00:34:07,960
with his own desires, and worse,
617
00:34:07,960 --> 00:34:10,620
with the desires and fantasies of the women themselves.
618
00:34:10,620 --> 00:34:14,323
When Klimt received the commission
619
00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:18,330
to decorate the Ceremonial Hall of Vienna University
620
00:34:18,330 --> 00:34:21,530
with three large wall paintings,
621
00:34:21,530 --> 00:34:23,480
women were still forbidden to study there.
622
00:34:23,480 --> 00:34:25,883
The fascinating thing about Klimt
623
00:34:28,408 --> 00:34:30,210
is the conflict with the soul, the unconscious,
624
00:34:30,210 --> 00:34:33,300
{\an8}with the human libido, weakness, human infirmity.
625
00:34:33,300 --> 00:34:36,870
{\an8}Everything is placed in a wider context.
626
00:34:36,870 --> 00:34:39,433
Klimt presented his paintings in 1902.
627
00:34:41,590 --> 00:34:45,400
The professors were appalled.
628
00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:47,033
Today, only reproductions survive,
629
00:34:49,710 --> 00:34:52,797
"Philosophie", with the enigmatic sphinx,
630
00:34:52,797 --> 00:34:55,463
"Jurisprudence", with the accused helpless before her,
631
00:34:57,457 --> 00:35:01,163
"Medicine", with her longing for eternal life, and lust.
632
00:35:01,997 --> 00:35:05,793
Perhaps the Senate of Vienna University felt
633
00:35:07,610 --> 00:35:10,580
that Klimt's paintings had shown them
634
00:35:10,580 --> 00:35:12,840
too much about themselves.
635
00:35:12,840 --> 00:35:14,750
In any case, they rejected the works,
636
00:35:14,750 --> 00:35:17,520
which enraged the artist so much that he withdrew them.
637
00:35:17,520 --> 00:35:21,900
Vienna was not ready for its own avant garde,
638
00:35:21,900 --> 00:35:24,920
and in the political world,
639
00:35:24,920 --> 00:35:26,400
there were controversies everywhere.
640
00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:29,430
Vienna waltz, as Karl Kraus had said,
641
00:35:29,430 --> 00:35:31,860
an experimental station for the apocalypse.
642
00:35:31,860 --> 00:35:35,170
(somber music)
643
00:35:35,170 --> 00:35:37,753
In 1905, it looked as if the apocalypse of the old world
644
00:35:40,090 --> 00:35:44,110
would begin in Russia.
645
00:35:44,110 --> 00:35:45,603
(somber music)
646
00:35:46,586 --> 00:35:49,169
Russia's cities, too, were on the path to the 20th century.
647
00:35:50,560 --> 00:35:54,059
(somber music)
648
00:35:54,059 --> 00:35:56,642
But in the countryside, little had changed
649
00:35:58,990 --> 00:36:01,330
since the middle ages.
650
00:36:01,330 --> 00:36:02,883
In 1905, the Russian photographer, Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky,
651
00:36:05,690 --> 00:36:09,980
built a camera that could capture images in color.
652
00:36:09,980 --> 00:36:13,330
People being photographed had only to keep perfectly still.
653
00:36:13,330 --> 00:36:17,610
The resulting 700 plates left us
654
00:36:17,610 --> 00:36:20,250
a wonderfully bright picture of the Czarist empire,
655
00:36:20,250 --> 00:36:24,010
but the reality on the land was much less colorful.
656
00:36:24,010 --> 00:36:27,357
(somber music)
(dogs barking)
657
00:36:27,357 --> 00:36:31,040
In the villages, several generations lived
658
00:36:31,040 --> 00:36:33,690
under the same roof.
659
00:36:33,690 --> 00:36:34,980
Only one in every five children went to the village school.
660
00:36:34,980 --> 00:36:38,570
Justice was dispensed by village courts
661
00:36:38,570 --> 00:36:41,630
without the benefit of formal laws.
662
00:36:41,630 --> 00:36:44,110
Those condemned might be whipped, castrated,
663
00:36:44,110 --> 00:36:47,310
branded, or hacked to death with sickles.
664
00:36:47,310 --> 00:36:50,480
Everyday life, too, was marked by extreme violence,
665
00:36:50,480 --> 00:36:53,910
especially towards women,
666
00:36:53,910 --> 00:36:55,187
who were unprotected by any law
667
00:36:55,187 --> 00:36:57,420
from the whim and will of their husbands.
668
00:36:57,420 --> 00:37:00,480
With the onset of industrialization,
669
00:37:00,480 --> 00:37:02,660
hundreds of thousands of peasants,
670
00:37:02,660 --> 00:37:05,000
driven by hunger and poverty,
671
00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:06,910
arrived in the factory slums
672
00:37:06,910 --> 00:37:08,850
of Moscow and Saint Petersburg.
673
00:37:08,850 --> 00:37:10,903
In Saint Petersburg ruled Czar Nicholas II.
674
00:37:13,210 --> 00:37:16,430
Isolated from the social and political realities
675
00:37:16,430 --> 00:37:19,190
of the empire,
676
00:37:19,190 --> 00:37:20,490
he did everything that lay in his almost unlimited power
677
00:37:20,490 --> 00:37:24,020
to crush every impulse towards democracy or free thinking.
678
00:37:24,020 --> 00:37:28,163
Czar Nicholas saw himself as guardian of the mystical union
679
00:37:29,410 --> 00:37:33,900
between the Russian people and divine providence.
680
00:37:33,900 --> 00:37:37,170
His authority came directly from above,
681
00:37:37,170 --> 00:37:40,140
and all those seeking social reforms
682
00:37:40,140 --> 00:37:43,450
couldn't hope for a sympathetic ear.
683
00:37:43,450 --> 00:37:45,950
To him, industrialization was only a means to the end
684
00:37:45,950 --> 00:37:50,360
of financing his medieval vision of Russia.
685
00:37:50,360 --> 00:37:53,420
(somber music)
686
00:37:53,420 --> 00:37:55,930
One doctor described the living conditions
687
00:37:55,930 --> 00:37:58,170
and the urban underworld from his own observations.
688
00:37:58,170 --> 00:38:02,010
These people aren't living they're rotting.
689
00:38:02,010 --> 00:38:04,610
Down there, the people believe in nothing.
690
00:38:04,610 --> 00:38:07,070
They love no one, nothing impresses them.
691
00:38:07,070 --> 00:38:09,793
Through his competence as an engineer
692
00:38:12,340 --> 00:38:14,320
and through hard work,
693
00:38:14,320 --> 00:38:15,810
Sergei Witte had climbed the ladder
694
00:38:15,810 --> 00:38:17,830
from provincial official to prime minister.
695
00:38:17,830 --> 00:38:21,110
He described the czar from close proximity.
696
00:38:21,110 --> 00:38:23,793
Nicholas II
697
00:38:25,170 --> 00:38:26,130
is like an average guards officer from a good family,
698
00:38:26,130 --> 00:38:29,170
amiable, but totally ineffective and unrealistic.
699
00:38:29,170 --> 00:38:32,800
His wife, the German, Alexandra Feodorovna,
700
00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:35,770
with her blunt, self-serving character,
701
00:38:35,770 --> 00:38:38,090
has a strong influence on the effeminate monarch.
702
00:38:38,090 --> 00:38:41,190
She would be suitable for a czar with backbone,
703
00:38:41,190 --> 00:38:43,660
but unfortunately, this czar has no will of his own.
704
00:38:43,660 --> 00:38:46,343
Nicholas did see the death
705
00:38:49,140 --> 00:38:50,560
of his grandfather, Alexander II.
706
00:38:50,560 --> 00:38:52,860
He bled to death after being hit by a bomb, basically,
707
00:38:52,860 --> 00:38:57,860
in front of his grandson,
708
00:38:58,260 --> 00:38:59,650
and it was obviously the most tremendous traumatic event
709
00:38:59,650 --> 00:39:03,010
in his life.
710
00:39:03,010 --> 00:39:03,920
I think it did make him feel
711
00:39:03,920 --> 00:39:05,780
that the forces of revolt and change were obviously evil.
712
00:39:05,780 --> 00:39:10,780
Even today, it remains difficult
713
00:39:13,920 --> 00:39:15,810
to bring about democratic change in Russia.
714
00:39:15,810 --> 00:39:18,303
(speaking in foreign language)
715
00:39:21,325 --> 00:39:24,050
In our country, there is a tradition
716
00:39:24,050 --> 00:39:25,690
of fundamental mistrust on the part of the citizens
717
00:39:25,690 --> 00:39:28,520
towards those in power.
718
00:39:28,520 --> 00:39:30,276
{\an8}So to have a better claim to their own authority
719
00:39:30,276 --> 00:39:33,180
{\an8}in the eyes of the people,
720
00:39:33,180 --> 00:39:34,720
{\an8}they use the church
721
00:39:34,720 --> 00:39:35,760
{\an8}as a kind of transcendental force from God, the father,
722
00:39:35,760 --> 00:39:38,630
that confirms their own power.
723
00:39:38,630 --> 00:39:40,233
(people singing)
724
00:39:42,984 --> 00:39:45,350
In Moscow's Red Square, government representatives,
725
00:39:45,350 --> 00:39:48,460
together with the Orthodox Church,
726
00:39:48,460 --> 00:39:50,670
celebrate their 1025th anniversary
727
00:39:50,670 --> 00:39:53,640
of Russia's Christianization.
728
00:39:53,640 --> 00:39:55,744
(speaking in foreign language)
729
00:39:55,744 --> 00:39:59,710
They manipulate the national faith in the Orthodox Church
730
00:39:59,710 --> 00:40:02,313
so that the people don't just believe in God,
731
00:40:02,313 --> 00:40:04,640
but also in Putin, for example.
732
00:40:04,640 --> 00:40:06,990
In some Russian churches, there are Putin icons now.
733
00:40:06,990 --> 00:40:09,603
At that time, the czar was worshiped like a God.
734
00:40:11,100 --> 00:40:14,303
The modern factory surfs gathered together
735
00:40:16,870 --> 00:40:19,400
in workers' unions.
736
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:21,160
Their leader was the charismatic Orthodox priest,
737
00:40:21,160 --> 00:40:23,640
Father Gapon.
738
00:40:23,640 --> 00:40:24,773
When he began to campaign for four workers,
739
00:40:26,330 --> 00:40:28,970
140,000 people went on strike.
740
00:40:28,970 --> 00:40:32,113
A peaceful procession to the czar was organized
741
00:40:33,280 --> 00:40:35,670
to request his support against the exploiters.
742
00:40:35,670 --> 00:40:38,623
On the 9th of January, 1905, Sergei Witte stepped out
743
00:40:39,710 --> 00:40:43,980
onto the balcony of his city palace.
744
00:40:43,980 --> 00:40:46,570
He'd heard noises.
745
00:40:46,570 --> 00:40:48,300
What he saw was a sea of heads,
746
00:40:48,300 --> 00:40:51,420
{\an8}more than 100,000 workers with holy icons and flags,
747
00:40:51,420 --> 00:40:55,350
{\an8}on their way to present a petition to Nicholas II.
748
00:40:55,350 --> 00:40:58,763
Their Little Father knew nothing
749
00:40:59,700 --> 00:41:02,010
of their miserable living conditions, they were convinced.
750
00:41:02,010 --> 00:41:05,290
If only they could tell him, he would help them.
751
00:41:05,290 --> 00:41:08,454
(somber music)
752
00:41:08,454 --> 00:41:11,037
(guns firing)
753
00:41:16,320 --> 00:41:18,820
Amid the hail of shots and saber thrusts,
754
00:41:22,970 --> 00:41:25,600
disillusion struck the demonstrators
755
00:41:25,600 --> 00:41:27,570
more bitterly than any bullet.
756
00:41:27,570 --> 00:41:29,577
"There is no czar, there is no God," shouted Father Gapon,
757
00:41:29,577 --> 00:41:33,480
as those around him fell to the snow-covered ground,
758
00:41:33,480 --> 00:41:36,520
wounded or dead.
759
00:41:36,520 --> 00:41:38,193
It's true that the Romanovs have been canonized, yes.
760
00:41:40,360 --> 00:41:43,620
And there is now a church on the spot
761
00:41:43,620 --> 00:41:47,210
where they were murdered in Ekaterinburg,
762
00:41:47,210 --> 00:41:50,100
and it's described as being on the blood,
763
00:41:50,100 --> 00:41:52,130
and that's a sort of traditional phrase
764
00:41:52,130 --> 00:41:54,510
for a martyr, basically.
765
00:41:54,510 --> 00:41:57,160
So yes, they are now saints.
766
00:41:57,160 --> 00:41:59,063
In the year 2000, Nicholas II,
767
00:41:59,920 --> 00:42:02,340
together with his wife,
768
00:42:02,340 --> 00:42:03,840
became saints of the Russian Orthodox Church
769
00:42:03,840 --> 00:42:06,780
in Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Savior.
770
00:42:06,780 --> 00:42:09,977
(group singing)
771
00:42:09,977 --> 00:42:12,644
That's why we performed
772
00:42:15,140 --> 00:42:16,230
in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior,
773
00:42:16,230 --> 00:42:18,490
because it's an important place in our country.
774
00:42:18,490 --> 00:42:21,150
The Russian Orthodox Church meddles in national politics
775
00:42:21,150 --> 00:42:24,240
and dictates which laws are to be adopted and which are not,
776
00:42:24,240 --> 00:42:27,340
which the church shouldn't do in a secular state.
777
00:42:27,340 --> 00:42:29,940
That is absolutely not correct at all.
778
00:42:29,940 --> 00:42:32,270
That's why we went to the Cathedral of Christ the Savior,
779
00:42:32,270 --> 00:42:35,030
because it's a central symbol
780
00:42:35,030 --> 00:42:36,350
for the Russian Orthodox Church and for its new power,
781
00:42:36,350 --> 00:42:39,420
and also for the Putin regime.
782
00:42:39,420 --> 00:42:41,283
(somber music)
783
00:42:42,770 --> 00:42:45,353
The unrest continued.
784
00:42:46,380 --> 00:42:48,280
In December, 1905, in Saint Petersburg alone,
785
00:42:48,280 --> 00:42:51,367
418,000 workers went on strike.
786
00:42:51,367 --> 00:42:54,873
Interior Minister Bulygin tried to persuade the monarch
787
00:42:56,180 --> 00:42:58,963
that he must make concessions.
788
00:42:58,963 --> 00:43:01,670
Nicholas II answered, "One would think you were afraid
789
00:43:01,670 --> 00:43:04,800
of a revolution."
790
00:43:04,800 --> 00:43:06,597
"Majesty," said the minister,
791
00:43:06,597 --> 00:43:08,697
"the revolution has already begun."
792
00:43:08,697 --> 00:43:11,017
From the electricity of the universal exhibition
793
00:43:12,830 --> 00:43:15,900
to the little Russian revolution of 1905,
794
00:43:15,900 --> 00:43:19,000
gigantic tensions were being released.
795
00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:22,420
Nothing was as it had been before,
796
00:43:22,420 --> 00:43:24,890
and the course of history
797
00:43:24,890 --> 00:43:26,490
appeared to be accelerating by the day.
798
00:43:26,490 --> 00:43:28,853
People looked into their future with exhilaration,
799
00:43:29,690 --> 00:43:33,020
but also with fear.
800
00:43:33,020 --> 00:43:34,890
Max Weber wrote that it was like sitting in a speeding train
801
00:43:34,890 --> 00:43:38,980
and not knowing where the points were set.
802
00:43:38,980 --> 00:43:41,695
(dramatic music)
62492
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